1
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Hulse SV, Antonovics J, Hood ME, Bruns EL. Host-pathogen coevolution promotes the evolution of general, broad-spectrum resistance and reduces foreign pathogen spillover risk. Evol Lett 2023; 7:467-477. [PMID: 38045717 PMCID: PMC10693004 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation for disease resistance within host populations can strongly impact the spread of endemic pathogens. In plants, recent work has shown that within-population variation in resistance can also affect the transmission of foreign spillover pathogens if that resistance is general. However, most hosts also possess specific resistance mechanisms that provide strong defenses against coevolved endemic pathogens. Here we use a modeling approach to ask how antagonistic coevolution between hosts and their endemic pathogen at the specific resistance locus can affect the frequency of general resistance, and therefore a host's vulnerability to foreign pathogens. We develop a two-locus model with variable recombination that incorporates both general resistance (effective against all pathogens) and specific resistance (effective against endemic pathogens only). With coevolution, when pathogens can evolve to evade specific resistance, we find that the regions where general resistance can evolve are greatly expanded, decreasing the risk of foreign pathogen invasion. Furthermore, coevolution greatly expands the conditions that maintain polymorphisms at both resistance loci, thereby driving greater genetic diversity within host populations. This genetic diversity often leads to positive correlations between host resistance to foreign and endemic pathogens, similar to those observed in natural populations. However, if resistance loci become linked, the resistance correlations can shift to negative. If we include a third linkage-modifying locus in our model, we find that selection often favors complete linkage. Our model demonstrates how coevolutionary dynamics with an endemic pathogen can mold the resistance structure of host populations in ways that affect its susceptibility to foreign pathogen spillovers, and that the nature of these outcomes depends on resistance costs, as well as the degree of linkage between resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V Hulse
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Emily L Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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2
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Hood ME, Nelson S, Cho J, Launi M, Antonovics J, Bruns EL. Quantitative disease resistance in wild Silene vulgaris to its endemic pathogen Microbotryum silenes-inflatae. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10797. [PMID: 38125956 PMCID: PMC10731388 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of disease resistances is an expected feature of plant-pathogen systems, but whether the genetics of this trait most often produces qualitative or quantitative phenotypic variation is a significant gap in our understanding of natural populations. These two forms of resistance variation are often associated with differences in number of underlying loci, the specificities of host-pathogen coevolution, as well as contrasting mechanisms of preventing or slowing the infection process. Anther-smut disease is a commonly studied model for disease of wild species, where infection has severe fitness impacts, and prior studies have suggested resistance variation in several host species. However, because the outcome of exposing the individual host to this pathogen is binary (healthy or diseased), resistance has been previously measured at the family level, as the proportion of siblings that become diseased. This leaves uncertain whether among-family variation reflects contrasting ratios of segregating discrete phenotypes or continuous trait variation among individuals. In the host Silene vulgaris, plants were replicated by vegetative propagation in order to quantify the infection rates of the individual genotype with the endemic anther-smut pathogen, Microbotryum silenes-inflatae. The variance among field-collected families for disease resistance was significant, while there was unimodal continuous variation in resistance among genotypes. Using crosses between genotypes within ranked resistance quartiles, the offspring infection rate was predicted by the parental resistance values. While the potential remains in this system for resistance genes having major effects, as there were suggestions of such qualitative resistance in a prior study, here the quantitative disease resistance to the endemic anther-smut pathogen is indicated for S. vulgaris. The variation in natural populations and strong heritability of the trait, combined with severe fitness consequences of anther-smut disease, suggests that resistance in these host populations is highly capable of responding to disease-induced selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydney Nelson
- Department of BiologyAmherst CollegeAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jae‐Hoon Cho
- Department of BiologyAmherst CollegeAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michelle Launi
- Department of BiologyAmherst CollegeAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Emily L. Bruns
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Maryland at College ParkCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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3
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Hulse SV, Antonovics J, Hood ME, Bruns EL. Host-pathogen coevolution promotes the evolution of general, broad-spectrum resistance and reduces foreign pathogen spillover risk. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.04.548430. [PMID: 37577528 PMCID: PMC10418218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.548430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation for disease resistance within host populations can strongly impact the spread of endemic pathogens. In plants, recent work has shown that within-population variation in resistance can also affect the transmission of foreign spillover pathogens if that resistance is general. However, most hosts also possess specific resistance mechanisms that provide strong defenses against coevolved endemic pathogens. Here we use a modeling approach to ask how antagonistic coevolution between hosts and their endemic pathogen at the specific resistance locus can affect the frequency of general resistance, and therefore a host's vulnerability to foreign pathogens. We develop a two-locus model with variable recombination that incorporates both general (resistance to all pathogens) and specific (resistance to endemic pathogens only). We find that introducing coevolution into our model greatly expands the regions where general resistance can evolve, decreasing the risk of foreign pathogen invasion. Furthermore, coevolution greatly expands which conditions maintain polymorphisms at both resistance loci, thereby driving greater genetic diversity within host populations. This genetic diversity often leads to positive correlations between host resistance to foreign and endemic pathogens, similar to those observed in natural populations. However, if resistance loci become linked, the resistance correlations can shift to negative. If we include a third, linkage modifying locus into our model, we find that selection often favors complete linkage. Our model demonstrates how coevolutionary dynamics with an endemic pathogen can mold the resistance structure of host populations in ways that affect its susceptibility to foreign pathogen spillovers, and that the nature of these outcomes depends on resistance costs, as well as the degree of linkage between resistance genes.
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4
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Hulse SV, Antonovics J, Hood ME, Bruns EL. Specific resistance prevents the evolution of general resistance and facilitates disease emergence. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:753-763. [PMID: 36971466 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Host-shifts, where pathogens jump from an ancestral host to a novel host, can be facilitated or impeded by standing variation in disease resistance, but only if resistance provides broad-spectrum general resistance against multiple pathogen species. Host resistance comes in many forms and includes both general resistance, as well as specific resistance, which may only be effective against a single pathogen species or even genotype. However, most evolutionary models consider only one of these forms of resistance, and we have less understanding of how these two forms of resistance evolve in tandem. Here, we develop a model that allows for the joint evolution of specific and general resistance and asks if the evolution of specific resistance drives a decrease in the evolution of general resistance. We also explore how these evolutionary outcomes affect the risk of foreign pathogen invasion and persistence. We show that in the presence of a single endemic pathogen, the two forms of resistance are strongly exclusionary. Critically, we find that specific resistance polymorphisms can prevent the evolution of general resistance, facilitating the invasion of foreign pathogens. We also show that specific resistance polymorphisms are a necessary condition for the successful establishment of foreign pathogens following invasion, as they prevent the exclusion of the foreign pathogen by the more transmissible endemic pathogen. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the joint evolution of multiple forms of resistance when evaluating a population's susceptibility to foreign pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V Hulse
- University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Emily L Bruns
- University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
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5
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Uricchio LH, Bruns EL, Hood ME, Boots M, Antonovics J. Multimodal pathogen transmission as a limiting factor in host distribution. Ecology 2023; 104:e3956. [PMID: 36511901 PMCID: PMC9992245 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models suggest that infectious diseases could play a substantial role in determining the spatial extent of host species, but few studies have collected the empirical data required to test this hypothesis. Pathogens that sterilize their hosts or spread through frequency-dependent transmission could have especially strong effects on the limits of species' distributions because diseased hosts that are sterilized but not killed may continue to produce infectious stages and frequency-dependent transmission mechanisms are effective even at very low population densities. We collected spatial pathogen prevalence data and population abundance data for alpine carnations infected by the sterilizing pathogen Microbotryum dianthorum, a parasite that is spread through both frequency-dependent (vector-borne) and density-dependent (aerial spore transmission) mechanisms. Our 13-year study reveals rapid declines in population abundance without a compensatory decrease in pathogen prevalence. We apply a stochastic, spatial model of parasite spread that accommodates spatial habitat heterogeneity to investigate how the population dynamics depend on multimodal (frequency-dependent and density-dependent) transmission. We found that the observed rate of population decline could plausibly be explained by multimodal transmission, but is unlikely to be explained by either frequency-dependent or density-dependent mechanisms alone. Multimodal pathogen transmission rates high enough to explain the observed decline predicted that eventual local extinction of the host species is highly likely. Our results add to a growing body of literature showing how multimodal transmission can constrain species distributions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Uricchio
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Emily L Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael E Hood
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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6
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Antonovics J, Amoroso CR, Bruns E, Hood M. Host density shapes the relative contribution of vector-based and aerial transmission of a pathogenic fungus. Ecology 2022; 104:e3970. [PMID: 36576452 PMCID: PMC10073241 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen transmission mode is a key determinant of epidemiological outcomes. Theory shows that host density can influence the spread of pathogens differentially depending on their mode of transmission. Host density could therefore play an important role in determining the pathogen transmission mode. We tested theoretical expectations using floral arrays of the alpine carnation Dianthus pavonius in field experiments of spore dispersal of the anther-smut fungus, Microbotryum, by vector (pollinator)-based floral transmission and passive aerial transmission at a range of host densities. Pollinators deposited fewer spores per plant at high host density than at lower density (ranging from a 0.2-2 m spacing between plants), and vector-based spore deposition at higher densities declined more steeply with distance from diseased plant sources. In contrast, while aerial spore deposition declined with distance from the diseased source, the steepness of this decline was independent of host density. Our study indicates that the amount and distance of vector-based transmission are likely to be a nonmonotonic function of host density as a result of vector behavior, which is not readily encapsulated by fixed dispersal functions. We conclude that the spatial spread of pathogens by vectors is likely to be greater at lower and intermediate densities, whereas the spatial spread of aerially transmitted pathogens would be greater at high densities. These contrasting patterns could lead to differential importance of each transmission mode in terms of its contribution to subsequent infections across host densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Caroline R Amoroso
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Bruns EB, Hood ME, Antonovics J, Ballister IH, Troy SE, Cho J. Can disease resistance evolve independently at different ages? Genetic variation in age-dependent resistance to disease in three wild plant species. J Ecol 2022; 110:2046-2061. [PMID: 36250132 PMCID: PMC9541240 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Juveniles are typically less resistant (more susceptible) to infectious disease than adults, and this difference in susceptibility can help fuel the spread of pathogens in age-structured populations. However, evolutionary explanations for this variation in resistance across age remain to be tested.One hypothesis is that natural selection has optimized resistance to peak at ages where disease exposure is greatest. A central assumption of this hypothesis is that hosts have the capacity to evolve resistance independently at different ages. This would mean that host populations have (a) standing genetic variation in resistance at both juvenile and adult stages, and (b) that this variation is not strongly correlated between age classes so that selection acting at one age does not produce a correlated response at the other age.Here we evaluated the capacity of three wild plant species (Silene latifolia, S. vulgaris and Dianthus pavonius) to evolve resistance to their anther-smut pathogens (Microbotryum fungi), independently at different ages. The pathogen is pollinator transmitted, and thus exposure risk is considered to be highest at the adult flowering stage.Within each species we grew families to different ages, inoculated individuals with anther smut, and evaluated the effects of age, family and their interaction on infection.In two of the plant species, S. latifolia and D. pavonius, resistance to smut at the juvenile stage was not correlated with resistance to smut at the adult stage. In all three species, we show there are significant age × family interaction effects, indicating that age specificity of resistance varies among the plant families. Synthesis. These results indicate that different mechanisms likely underlie resistance at juvenile and adult stages and support the hypothesis that resistance can evolve independently in response to differing selection pressures as hosts age. Taken together our results provide new insight into the structure of genetic variation in age-dependent resistance in three well-studied wild host-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Bruns
- BiologyUniversity of Maryland at College ParkCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E. Troy
- BiologyUniversity of North Carolina SystemChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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8
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Abstract
AbstractReciprocal selection promotes the specificity of host-pathogen associations and resistance polymorphisms in response to disease. However, plants and animals also vary in response to pathogen species not previously encountered in nature, with potential effects on new disease emergence. Using anther smut disease, we show that resistance (measured as infection rates) to foreign pathogens can be correlated with standing variation in resistance to an endemic pathogen. In Silene vulgaris, genetic variation in resistance to its endemic anther smut pathogen correlated positively with resistance variation to an anther smut pathogen from another host, but the relationship was negative between anther smut and a necrotrophic pathogen. We present models describing the genetic basis for assessing resistance relationships between endemic and foreign pathogens and for quantifying infection probabilities on foreign pathogen introduction. We show that even when the foreign pathogen has a lower average infection ability than the endemic pathogen, infection outcomes are determined by the sign and strength of the regression of the host's genetic variation in infection rates by a foreign pathogen on variation in infection rates by an endemic pathogen as well as by resistance allele frequencies. Given that preinvasion equilibria of resistance are determined by factors including resistance costs, we show that protection against foreign pathogens afforded by positively correlated resistances can be lessened or even result in elevated infection risk at the population level, depending on local dynamics. Therefore, a pathogen's emergence potential could be influenced not only by its average infection rate but also by resistance variation resulting from prior selection imposed by endemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Lerner
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Victoria Luizzi
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
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9
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Bruns EL, Antonovics J, Hood ME. From generalist to specialists: Variation in the host range and performance of anther-smut pathogens on Dianthus. Evolution 2021; 75:2494-2508. [PMID: 33983636 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining the processes that drive the evolution of pathogen host range can inform our understanding of disease dynamics and the potential for host shifts. In natural populations, patterns of host range could be driven by genetically based differences in pathogen infectivity or ecological differences in host availability. In northwestern Italy, four reproductively isolated lineages of the fungal plant-pathogen Microbotryum have been shown to co-occur on several species in the genus Dianthus. We carried out cross-inoculation experiments to determine whether patterns of realized host range in these four lineages were driven by differences in infectivity and to test whether there was evidence of a trade-off between host range and within-host reproduction. We found strong concordance between field patterns of host range and pathogen infectivity on different Dianthus species using experimental inoculation, indicating that infection ability is a major driving force of host range. However, we found no evidence of a trade-off between the ability to infect a wider range of host species and spore production on a shared host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Bruns
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002
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10
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Bruns E, Pierce L, Antonovics J, Hood M. Vector preference and heterogeneity in host sex ratio can affect pathogen spread in natural plant populations. Ecology 2021; 102:e03246. [PMID: 33190245 PMCID: PMC9803934 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases threaten human and agricultural health and are a critical component of the ecology of plants and animals. While previous studies have shown that pathogen spread can be affected by vector preferences for host infection status, less attention has been paid to vector preference for host sex, despite abundant evidence of sex-specific variation in disease burden. We investigated vector preference for host infection status and sex in the sterilizing "anther-smut" pathogen (Microbotryum) of the alpine carnation, Dianthus pavonius. The pathogen is transferred among hosts by pollinators that visit infected flowers and become contaminated with spores produced by infected anthers. The host plant has a mixed breeding system with hermaphrodites and females. In experimental floral arrays, pollinators strongly preferred healthy hermaphrodites over both females and diseased plants, consistently across different guilds of pollinators and over multiple years. Using an agent-based model, we showed that pollinator preferences for sex can affect pathogen spread in populations with variable sex ratios, even if there is no preference for infection status. Our results demonstrate that vector preferences for host traits other than infection status can play a critical role in pathogen transmission dynamics when there is heterogeneity for those traits in the host population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emme Bruns
- University of Virginia, Dept. Biology. Charlottesville, VA,,University of Maryland, Dept of Biology. College Park, MD (current address),Corresponding author:
| | - Laura Pierce
- University of Virginia, Dept. Biology. Charlottesville, VA,,McGill University, School of Public Health (Current address)
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11
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Abstract
Behavioural resistance to parasites is widespread in animals, yet little is known about the evolutionary dynamics that have shaped these strategies. We show that theory developed for the evolution of physiological parasite resistance can only be applied to behavioural resistance under limited circumstances. We find that accounting explicitly for the behavioural processes, including the detectability of infected individuals, leads to novel dynamics that are strongly dependent on the nature of the costs and benefits of social interactions. As with physiological resistance, evolutionary dynamics of behavioural resistance can also lead to mixed strategies that balance these costs and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Amoroso
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA
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12
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Rillig MC, Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Anderson IC, Antonovics J, Ballhausen MB, Bergmann J, Bielcik M, Chaudhary VB, Deveautour C, Grünfeld L, Hempel S, Lakovic M, Lammel DR, Lehmann A, Lehmann J, Leifheit EF, Liang Y, Li E, Lozano YM, Manntschke A, Mansour I, Oviatt P, Pinek L, Powell JR, Roy J, Ryo M, Sosa-Hernández MA, Veresoglou SD, Wang D, Yang G, Zhang H. Myristate and the ecology of AM fungi: significance, opportunities, applications and challenges. New Phytol 2020; 227:1610-1614. [PMID: 32147825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A recent study by Sugiura and coworkers reported the non-symbiotic growth and spore production of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, when the fungus received an external supply of certain fatty acids, myristates (C:14). This discovery follows the insight that AM fungi receive fatty acids from their hosts when in symbiosis. If this result holds up and can be repeated under nonsterile conditions and with a broader range of fungi, it has numerous consequences for our understanding of AM fungal ecology, from the level of the fungus, at the plant community level, and to functional consequences in ecosystems. In addition, myristate may open up several avenues from a more applied perspective, including improved fungal culture and supplementation of AM fungi or inoculum in the field. We here map these potential opportunities, and additionally offer thoughts on potential risks of this potentially new technology. Lastly, we discuss the specific research challenges that need to be overcome to come to an understanding of the potential role of myristate in AM ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Max-Bernhard Ballhausen
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana Bergmann
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Milos Bielcik
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Coline Deveautour
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
- Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Y35 Y521, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Leonie Grünfeld
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hempel
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Milica Lakovic
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel R Lammel
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Lehmann
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eva F Leifheit
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yun Liang
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erqin Li
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yudi M Lozano
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Manntschke
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - India Mansour
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Oviatt
- Program in History, Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liliana Pinek
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Julien Roy
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Masahiro Ryo
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moisés A Sosa-Hernández
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stavros D Veresoglou
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaowen Yang
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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13
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Rozins C, Hood ME, Cho JH, Antonovics J. Exploring density‐ and frequency‐dependent interactions experimentally: An
r
program for generating hexagonal fan designs. Methods Ecol Evol 2020; 11:678-683. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Rozins
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | | | - Jae Hoon Cho
- Department of Biology Amherst College Amherst MA USA
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
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14
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Hood ME, Antonovics J, Wolf M, Stern ZL, Giraud T, Abbate JL. Sympatry and interference of divergent Microbotryum pathogen species. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5457-5467. [PMID: 31110694 PMCID: PMC6509394 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of infectious diseases in natural ecosystems is strongly influenced by the degree of pathogen specialization and by the local assemblies of potential host species. This study investigated anther-smut disease, caused by fungi in the genus Microbotryum, among natural populations of plants in the Caryophyllaceae. A broad geographic survey focused on sites of the disease on multiple host species in sympatry. Analysis of molecular identities for the pathogens revealed that sympatric disease was most often due to co-occurrence of distinct, host-specific anther-smut fungi, rather than localized cross-species disease transmission. Flowers from sympatric populations showed that the Microbotryum spores were frequently moved between host species. Experimental inoculations to simulate cross-species exposure to the pathogens in these plant communities showed that the anther-smut pathogen was less able to cause disease on its regular host when following exposure of the plants to incompatible pathogens from another host species. These results indicate that multi-host/multi-pathogen communities are common in this system and they involve a previously hidden mechanism of interference between Microbotryum fungi, which likely affects both pathogen and host distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Monroe Wolf
- Department of BiologyAmherst CollegeAmherstMassachusetts
| | | | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Jessica L. Abbate
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
- INRA ‐ UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro)Montferrier‐sur‐LezFrance
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15
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Bruns EL, Miller I, Hood ME, Carasso V, Antonovics J. The role of infectious disease in the evolution of females: Evidence from anther-smut disease on a gynodioecious alpine carnation. Evolution 2018; 73:497-510. [PMID: 30411338 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In flowering plants, the evolution of females is widely hypothesized to be the first step in the evolutionary pathway to separate male and female sexes, or dioecy. Natural enemies have the potential to drive this evolution if they preferentially attack hermaphrodites over females. We studied sex-based differences in exposure to anther-smut (Microbotryum), a sterilizing pollinator-transmitted disease, in Dianthus pavonius, a gynodioecious perennial herb. We found that within a heavily diseased population, females consistently had lower levels of Microbotryum spore deposition relative to hermaphrodites and that this difference was driven by rapid floral closing in females following successful pollination. We further show that this protective closing behavior is frequency dependent; females close faster when they are rare. These results indicate that anther-smut disease is an important source of selection for females, especially since we found in a common garden experiment no evidence that females have any inherent fecundity advantages over hermaphrodites. Finally, we show that among populations, those where anther-smut is present have a significantly higher frequency of females than those where the disease is absent. Taken together our results indicate that anther-smut disease is likely an important biotic factor driving the evolution and maintenance of females in this gynodioecious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
| | - Ian Miller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904.,Current Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002
| | | | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
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16
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Oudemans PV, Alexander HM, Antonovics J, Altizer S, Thrall PH, Rose L. The distribution of mating-type bias in natural populations of the anther-smutUstilago violaceaonSilene albain Virginia. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1998.12026921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Oudemans
- Departments of Botany, and Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - H. M. Alexander
- Departments of Botany, and Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - J. Antonovics
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - S. Altizer
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - P. H. Thrall
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - L. Rose
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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17
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Abbate JL, Gladieux P, Hood ME, de Vienne DM, Antonovics J, Snirc A, Giraud T. Co-occurrence among three divergent plant-castrating fungi in the same Silene host species. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:10.1111/mec.14805. [PMID: 30030861 PMCID: PMC6340787 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The competitive exclusion principle postulates that different species can only coexist in sympatry if they occupy distinct ecological niches. The goal of this study was to understand the geographical distribution of three species of Microbotryum anther-smut fungi that are distantly related but infect the same host plants, the sister species Silene vulgaris and S. uniflora, in Western Europe. We used microsatellite markers to investigate pathogen distribution in relation to host specialization and ecological factors. Microbotryum violaceo-irregulare was only found on S. vulgaris at high elevations in the Alps. Microbotryum lagerheimii could be subdivided into two genetically differentiated clusters, one on S. uniflora in the UK and the second on S. vulgaris in the Alps and Pyrenees. The most abundant pathogen species, M. silenes-inflatae, could be subdivided into four genetic clusters, co-occurring in the Alps, the UK and the Pyrenees, and was found on both S. vulgaris and S. uniflora. All three fungal species had high levels of homozygosity, in agreement with the selfing mating system generally observed in anther-smut fungi. The three pathogen species and genetic clusters had large range overlaps, but occurred at sites with different elevations, temperatures and precipitation levels. The three Microbotryum species thus do not appear to be maintained by host specialization or geographic allopatry, but instead may occupy different ecological niches in terms of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Abbate
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD 224, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34394 Montpellier, France
- UMR UMMISCO, IRD 209, UPMC, F-93143 Bondy, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
- INRA, UMR BGPI, Bâtiment K; Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Biology Department, McGuire Life Sciences Building, Amherst College, Rts 9 & 116, Amherst, MA USA 01002-5000
| | - Damien M. de Vienne
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Janis Antonovics
- University of Virginia, Dept. of Biology, Gilmer Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
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18
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Antonovics J, Abbate JL, Bruns EL, Fields PD, Forrester NJ, Gilbert KJ, Hood ME, Park T, Taylor DR. Effect of the anther-smut fungus Microbotryum on the juvenile growth of its host Silene latifolia. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1088-1095. [PMID: 29995339 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plant pathogens that form persistent systemic infections within plants have the potential to affect multiple plant life history traits, yet we tend to focus only on visible symptoms. Anther smut of Silene latifolia caused by the fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae induces the anthers of its host to support fungal spore production instead of pollen, and the pathogen is primarily transmitted among flowering plants by pollinators. Nevertheless, most of its life cycle is spent in the asymptomatic vegetative phase, and spores falling on seedlings or nonflowering plants can also infect the host. The purpose of this study was to ask whether the fungus also had an effect on its host plant in the juvenile vegetative phase before flowering as this is important for the disease dynamics in species where infection of seedlings is commonplace. METHODS Leaf length and leaf number of inoculated and uninoculated juvenile plants were compared in greenhouse experiments, and in one experiment, disease status of the plants at flowering was determined. KEY RESULTS Inoculated plants had shorter but more leaves, and reduced root mass at the early juvenile (preflowering) stage. Some of these effects were detectable in plants that were inoculated but showed no disease symptoms at flowering. CONCLUSIONS These results show that pathogenic fungi can have endophyte-like effects even in the total absence of their typical and more charismatic symptoms, and conversely that the assessment of endophyte effects on the fitness of their hosts should include all stages of the host life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jessica L Abbate
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Emily L Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Peter D Fields
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | | | - Michael E Hood
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Timothy Park
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Douglas R Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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19
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Abstract
This article overviews the dynamics of disease transmission in one-host-one-parasite systems. Transmission is the result of interacting host and pathogen processes, encapsulated with the environment in a 'transmission triangle'. Multiple transmission modes and their epidemiological consequences are often not understood because the direct measurement of transmission is difficult. However, its different components can be analysed using nonlinear transmission functions, contact matrices and networks. A particular challenge is to develop such functions for spatially extended systems. This is illustrated for vector transmission where a 'perception kernel' approach is developed that incorporates vector behaviour in response to host spacing. A major challenge is understanding the relative merits of the large number of approaches to quantifying transmission. The evolution of transmission mode itself has been a rather neglected topic, but is important in the context of understanding disease emergence and genetic variation in pathogens. Disease impacts many biological processes such as community stability, the evolution of sex and speciation, yet the importance of different transmission modes in these processes is not understood. Broader approaches and ideas to disease transmission are important in the public health realm for combating newly emerging infections.This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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20
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Antonovics J, Wilson AJ, Forbes MR, Hauffe HC, Kallio ER, Leggett HC, Longdon B, Okamura B, Sait SM, Webster JP. The evolution of transmission mode. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0083. [PMID: 28289251 PMCID: PMC5352810 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews research on the evolutionary mechanisms leading to different transmission modes. Such modes are often under genetic control of the host or the pathogen, and often in conflict with each other via trade-offs. Transmission modes may vary among pathogen strains and among host populations. Evolutionary changes in transmission mode have been inferred through experimental and phylogenetic studies, including changes in transmission associated with host shifts and with evolution of the unusually complex life cycles of many parasites. Understanding the forces that determine the evolution of particular transmission modes presents a fascinating medley of problems for which there is a lack of good data and often a lack of conceptual understanding or appropriate methodologies. Our best information comes from studies that have been focused on the vertical versus horizontal transmission dichotomy. With other kinds of transitions, theoretical approaches combining epidemiology and population genetics are providing guidelines for determining when and how rapidly new transmission modes may evolve, but these are still in need of empirical investigation and application to particular cases. Obtaining such knowledge is a matter of urgency in relation to extant disease threats.This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Anthony J Wilson
- Integrative Entomology group, Vector-borne Viral Diseases programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mark R Forbes
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B7
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Eva R Kallio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Helen C Leggett
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ben Longdon
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW5 7BD, UK
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London AL9 7TA, UK
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21
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Grant MC, Antonovics J. BIOLOGY OF ECOLOGICALLY MARGINAL POPULATIONS OF ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM
. I. PHENETICS AND DYNAMICS. Evolution 2017; 32:822-838. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1978.tb04637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1977] [Revised: 12/06/1977] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Grant
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
- Department of Botany; Duke University; Durham North Carolina 27706
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
- Department of Botany; Duke University; Durham North Carolina 27706
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22
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Silander JA, Antonovics J. THE GENETIC BASIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDE OF SPARTINA PATENS. I. MORPHOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS. Evolution 2017; 33:1114-1127. [PMID: 28563911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1978] [Revised: 03/16/1979] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Silander
- Ecology Section, Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06268.,Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Ecology Section, Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06268.,Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
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23
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Primack RB, Antonovics J. EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGICAL GENETICS IN
PLANTAGO
. VII. REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT IN POPULATIONS OF
P. LANCEOLATA
L. Evolution 2017; 36:742-752. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1981] [Revised: 10/14/1981] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
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24
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Wyatt R, Antonovics J. BUTTERFLYWEED RE‐REVISITED: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF LEAF SHAPE VARIATION IN
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. Evolution 2017; 35:529-542. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1979] [Revised: 08/08/1980] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wyatt
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
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25
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Clay K, Antonovics J. QUANTITATIVE VARIATION OF PROGENY FROM CHASMOGAMOUS AND CLEISTOGAMOUS FLOWERS IN THE GRASS
DANTHONIA SPICATA. Evolution 2017; 39:335-348. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/1984] [Accepted: 09/28/1984] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Clay
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham NC 27706
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26
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Clay K, Antonovics J. DEMOGRAPHIC GENETICS OF THE GRASSDANTHONIA SPICATA: SUCCESS OF PROGENY FROM CHASMOGAMOUS AND CLEISTOGAMOUS FLOWERS. Evolution 2017; 39:205-210. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb04094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/1982] [Accepted: 09/07/1984] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Clay
- Department of Botany; Duke University; Durham NC 27706
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27
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Shaw J, Antonovics J, Anderson LE. INTER‐ AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF MOSSES IN TOLERANCE TO COPPER AND ZINC. Evolution 2017; 41:1312-1325. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb02469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/1986] [Accepted: 06/04/1987] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham NC 27706
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28
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Primack RB, Antonovics J. EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGICAL GENETICS IN PLANTAGO. V. COMPONENTS OF SEED YIELD IN THE RIBWORT PLANTAIN PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. Evolution 2017; 35:1069-1079. [PMID: 28563397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/1980] [Revised: 02/05/1981] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Primack
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
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29
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Ellstrand NC, Antonovics J. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION II. A TEST OF THE DENSITY-DEPENDENT SELECTION HYPOTHESIS. Evolution 2017; 39:657-666. [PMID: 28561968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/1984] [Accepted: 10/26/1984] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that one evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction is that it produces genetically variable progeny with a density-dependent advantage mediated by resource partitioning or pest pressure. Our experimental approach involved planting separate plots of sexually-derived and asexually-derived tillers of the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum in density gradients at the two natural sites from which the source material was taken. The sexual progeny displayed a significant fitness advantage compared to the asexual progeny. But, in contrast to the expectations of the density-dependent selection hypothesis, the advantage of the sexually produced progeny is most marked at lower densities. Thus, the results of this experiment and our previous report (Antonovics and Ellstrand, 1984) seem to best support the frequency-dependent selection hypothesis for the advantage of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
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30
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Biere A, Antonovics J. SEX‐SPECIFIC COSTS OF RESISTANCE TO THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN
USTILAGO VIOLACEA
(
MICROBOTRYUM VIOLACEUM
) IN
SILENE ALBA. Evolution 2017; 50:1098-1110. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1994] [Accepted: 08/03/1995] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Biere
- Department of Plant Population Biology Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO‐CTO P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren The Netherlands
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
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31
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Schmitt J, Antonovics J. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. III. MATERNAL AND PATERNAL EFFECTS DURING SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT. Evolution 2017; 40:817-829. [PMID: 28556168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/1985] [Accepted: 02/28/1986] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether genetic differences in fitness components exist among seeds and seedlings in a natural population, weighed propagules of six parents of Anthoxanthum odoratum from a reciprocal diallel cross were planted into the parental source population, a mown field. Seed families of maternal genotypes differed in germination success, while paternal families showed no detectable differences. Differential germination success could not be attributed to propagule weight. Seed families ranked differently in germination percentage in different blocks. No survivorship differences among parental seed families could be detected. There were significant cross × block × germination and cross × block × survivorship interactions; different crosses performed better or worse in different blocks. In some cases, crosses sired by different fathers within a maternal seed family differed in germination or survivorship, suggesting that natural selection may be capable of discriminating among juvenile genotypes within a maternal family despite the presence of large overall maternal effects. These results indicate that seedling establishment may differ according to genotype and that microsite heterogeneity may maintain genetic variation in juvenile traits in natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schmitt
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
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Antonovics J, Ellstrand NC. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. I. A TEST OF THE FREQUENCY‐DEPENDENT SELECTION HYPOTHESIS. Evolution 2017; 38:103-115. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/1982] [Revised: 04/26/1983] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Botany Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
| | - Norman C. Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside California 92521
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Schmitt J, Antonovics J. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. IV. EFFECT OF NEIGHBOR RELATEDNESS AND APHID INFESTATION ON SEEDLING PERFORMANCE. Evolution 2017; 40:830-836. [PMID: 28556161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1985] [Accepted: 02/27/1986] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of neighbor relatedness in seedling populations, propagules of six Anthoxanthum odoratum parents, produced from a reciprocal diallel cross, were planted into the parental source population, a mown field. The propagules were either surrounded by four unrelated neighbors in a 1 cm square, four sibling neighbors, or no neighbors. About 45% of the emerging seedlings were attacked by aphids (Schizaphis graminum). Aphid infestation significantly reduced seedling survivorship and did not differ with parental genotype or neighbor relatedness; plants without neighbors had a slightly higher infestation risk. Plants without neighbors had lower survivorship than those surrounded by unrelated neighbors although this difference was only significant for plants infested by aphids. When infested by aphids, plants surrounded by siblings had lower survivorship than plants surrounded by non-relatives, suggesting the operation of minority advantage. These results are consistent with the frequency-dependent selection hypothesis for the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schmitt
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
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Wilson AJ, Morgan ER, Booth M, Norman R, Perkins SE, Hauffe HC, Mideo N, Antonovics J, McCallum H, Fenton A. What is a vector? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160085. [PMID: 28289253 PMCID: PMC5352812 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many important and rapidly emerging pathogens of humans, livestock and wildlife are 'vector-borne'. However, the term 'vector' has been applied to diverse agents in a broad range of epidemiological systems. In this perspective, we briefly review some common definitions, identify the strengths and weaknesses of each and consider the functional differences between vectors and other hosts from a range of ecological, evolutionary and public health perspectives. We then consider how the use of designations can afford insights into our understanding of epidemiological and evolutionary processes that are not otherwise apparent. We conclude that from a medical and veterinary perspective, a combination of the 'haematophagous arthropod' and 'mobility' definitions is most useful because it offers important insights into contact structure and control and emphasizes the opportunities for pathogen shifts among taxonomically similar species with similar feeding modes and internal environments. From a population dynamics and evolutionary perspective, we suggest that a combination of the 'micropredator' and 'sequential' definition is most appropriate because it captures the key aspects of transmission biology and fitness consequences for the pathogen and vector itself. However, we explicitly recognize that the value of a definition always depends on the research question under study.This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony James Wilson
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Eric René Morgan
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mark Booth
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Thornaby TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Rachel Norman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Perkins
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Centre for Research and Innovation, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Heidi Christine Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Centre for Research and Innovation, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Petit E, Silver C, Cornille A, Gladieux P, Rosenthal L, Bruns E, Yee S, Antonovics J, Giraud T, Hood ME. Co-occurrence and hybridization of anther-smut pathogens specialized on Dianthus hosts. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1877-1890. [PMID: 28231407 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Host specialization has important consequences for the diversification and ecological interactions of obligate pathogens. The anther-smut disease of natural plant populations, caused by Microbotryum fungi, has been characterized by specialized host-pathogen interactions, which contribute in part to the isolation among these numerous fungal species. This study investigated the molecular variation of Microbotryum pathogens within the geographic and host-specific distributions on wild Dianthus species in southern European Alps. In contrast to prior studies on this pathogen genus, a range of overlapping host specificities was observed for four delineated Microbotryum lineages on Dianthus hosts, and their frequent co-occurrence within single-host populations was quantified at local and regional scales. In addition to potential consequences for direct pathogen competition, the sympatry of Microbotryum lineages led to hybridization between them in many populations, and these admixed genotypes suffered significant meiotic sterility. Therefore, this investigation of the anther-smut fungi reveals how variation in the degrees of host specificity can have major implications for ecological interactions and genetic integrity of differentiated pathogen lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Petit
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Casey Silver
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- UMR BGPI, INRA, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Lisa Rosenthal
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Sarah Yee
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Michael E Hood
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
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Abstract
This study presents the first translation from Latin to English of the Linnaean dissertation Mundus invisibilis or The Invisible World, submitted by Johannes Roos in 1769. The dissertation highlights Linnaeus's conviction that infectious diseases could be transmitted by living organisms, too small to be seen. Biographies of Linnaeus often fail to mention that Linnaeus was correct in ascribing the cause of diseases such as measles, smallpox and syphilis to living organisms. The dissertation itself reviews the work of many microscopists, especially on zoophytes and insects, marvelling at the many unexpected discoveries. It then discusses and quotes at length the observations of Münchhausen suggesting that spores from fungi causing plant diseases germinate to produce animalcules, an observation that Linnaeus claimed to have confirmed. The dissertation then draws parallels between these findings and the contagiousness of many human diseases, and urges further studies of this 'invisible world' since, as Roos avers, microscopic organisms may cause more destruction than occurs in all wars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- *Biology Department,Gilmer Hall,McCormick Road,University of Virginia,Charlottesville,VA 22904,USA.
| | - Jacobus Kritzinger
- **Department of Ancient Languages and Cultures,University of Pretoria,Lynnwood Road,Hatfield,Republic of South Africa
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Rillig MC, Antonovics J, Caruso T, Lehmann A, Powell JR, Veresoglou SD, Verbruggen E. Interchange of entire communities: microbial community coalescence. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:470-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Antonovics J, Bergmann J, Hempel S, Verbruggen E, Veresoglou S, Rillig M. The evolution of mutualism from reciprocal parasitism: more ecological clothes for the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Hempel S, Powell JR, Anderson IC, Antonovics J, Bergmann J, Cavagnaro TR, Chen B, Hart MM, Klironomos J, Petermann JS, Verbruggen E, Veresoglou SD, Rillig MC. Branching out: Towards a trait-based understanding of fungal ecology. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bruns E, Hood ME, Antonovics J. Rate of resistance evolution and polymorphism in long- and short-lived hosts. Evolution 2015; 69:551-60. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia 22903
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Department of Biology; Amherst College; Amherst Massachusetts 01002
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia 22903
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Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Powell JR, Anderson IC, Antonovics J, Rillig MC. Ecological understanding of root-infecting fungi using trait-based approaches. Trends Plant Sci 2014; 19:432-438. [PMID: 24613596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Classification schemes have been popular to tame the diversity of root-infecting fungi. However, the usefulness of these schemes is limited to descriptive purposes. We propose that a shift to a multidimensional trait-based approach to disentangle the saprotrophic-symbiotic continuum will provide a better framework to understand fungal evolutionary ecology. Trait information reflecting the separation of root-infecting fungi from free-living soil relatives will help to understand the evolutionary process of symbiosis, the role that species interactions play in maintaining their large diversity in soil and in planta, and their contributions at the ecosystem level. Methodological advances in several areas such as microscopy, plant immunology, and metatranscriptomics represent emerging opportunities to populate trait databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Abbate JL, Antonovics J. Elevational disease distribution in a natural plant-pathogen system: insights from changes across host populations and climate. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Abbate
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionelle et Évolutive (CEFE); UMR 5175, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende FR-34293 Montpellier France
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Dept of Biology; Univ. of Virginia; Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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Abstract
Individuals are often co-infected with several parasite species, yet the consequences of drug treatment on the dynamics of parasite communities in wild populations have rarely been measured. Here, we experimentally reduced nematode infection in a wild mouse population and measured the effects on other non-target parasites. A single oral dose of the anthelmintic, ivermectin, significantly reduced nematode infection, but resulted in a reciprocal increase in other gastrointestinal parasites, specifically coccidial protozoans and cestodes. These results highlight the possibility that drug therapy may have unintended consequences for non-target parasites and that host–parasite dynamics cannot always be fully understood in the framework of single host–parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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Antonovics J, Boots M, Ebert D, Koskella B, Poss M, Sadd BM. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIFICITY BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION: EVOLVED AND NONHOST RESISTANCE IN HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS. Evolution 2012; 67:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chung E, Petit E, Antonovics J, Pedersen AB, Hood ME. Variation in resistance to multiple pathogen species: anther smuts of Silene uniflora. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:2304-14. [PMID: 23139888 PMCID: PMC3488680 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of multiple pathogen species on a shared host species is unexpected when they exploit the same micro-niche within the host individual. One explanation for such observations is the presence of pathogen-specific resistances segregating within the host population into sites that are differentially occupied by the competing pathogens. This study used experimental inoculations to test whether specific resistances may contribute to the maintenance of two species of anther-smut fungi, Microbotryum silenes-inflatae and Microbotryum lagerheimii, in natural populations of Silene uniflora in England and Wales. Overall, resistance to the two pathogens was strongly positively correlated among host populations and to a lesser degree among host families within populations. A few instances of specific resistance were also observed and confirmed by replicated inoculations. The results suggest that selection for resistance to one pathogen may protect the host from the emergence via host shifts of related pathogen species, and conversely that co-occurrence of two species of pathogens may be dependent on the presence of host genotypes susceptible to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chung
- Department of Biology, Amherst College Amherst, Massachusetts
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Fenton A, Antonovics J, Brockhurst MA. Two-step infection processes can lead to coevolution between functionally independent infection and resistance pathways. Evolution 2012; 66:2030-41. [PMID: 22759282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that successful infection of hosts by pathogens requires a series of independent steps. However, how multistep infection processes affect host-pathogen coevolution is unclear. We present a coevolutionary model, inspired by empirical observations from a range of host-pathogen systems, where the infection process consists of the following two steps: the first is for the pathogen to recognize and locate a suitable host, and the second is to exploit the host while evading immunity. Importantly, these two steps conform to different models of infection genetics: inverse-gene-for-gene (IGFG) and gene-for-gene (GFG), respectively. We show that coevolution under this scenario can lead to coupled gene frequency changes across these two systems. In particular, selection often favors pathogens that are infective at the first, IGFG, step and hosts that are resistant at the second, GFG, step. Hence, there may be signals of positive selection between functionally independent systems whenever there are multistep processes determining resistance and infectivity. Such multistep infection processes are a fundamental, but overlooked feature of many host-pathogen interactions, and have important consequences for our understanding of host-pathogen coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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Baker C, Antonovics J. Evolutionary determinants of genetic variation in susceptibility to infectious diseases in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29089. [PMID: 22242158 PMCID: PMC3252296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetic variation among humans in their susceptibility to infectious diseases has long been appreciated, little focus has been devoted to identifying patterns in levels of variation in susceptibility to different diseases. Levels of genetic variation in susceptibility associated with 40 human infectious diseases were assessed by a survey of studies on both pedigree-based quantitative variation, as well as studies on different classes of marker alleles. These estimates were correlated with pathogen traits, epidemiological characteristics, and effectiveness of the human immune response. The strongest predictors of levels of genetic variation in susceptibility were disease characteristics negatively associated with immune effectiveness. High levels of genetic variation were associated with diseases with long infectious periods and for which vaccine development attempts have been unsuccessful. These findings are consistent with predictions based on theoretical models incorporating fitness costs associated with the different types of resistance mechanisms. An appreciation of these observed patterns will be a valuable tool in directing future research given that genetic variation in disease susceptibility has large implications for vaccine development and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi Baker
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction brings together and recombines different genomes. Associated with these contacts is transmission of microorganisms and selfish genetic elements, many of which can be harmful to the host. In organisms with internal fertilization, sexually transmitted infections are caused by pathogens transmitted between the parents participating in mating. Sexual transmission has different epidemiological dynamics from nonsexual transmission in that it is less likely to be dependent on host density, there may be no population density threshold for disease increase, and it is more likely to lead to host extinction. Analysis of the evolutionary pathways that have led to the sexual mode of transmission in pathogens indicates that sexual transmission appears more often to be derived from nonsexual transmission, although the pathways are highly variable, and several groups of pathogens are exceptions to this rule. Sexual transmission has evolved from a wide variety of alternative transmission modes, although rarely from aerially transmitted diseases. More data are needed on the phylogeny and transmission mode of the relatives of sexually transmitted pathogens in order to guide development of animal models and comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA.
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Borer ET, Antonovics J, Kinkel LL, Hudson PJ, Daszak P, Ferrari MJ, Garrett KA, Parrish CR, Read AF, Rizzo DM. Bridging taxonomic and disciplinary divides in infectious disease. Ecohealth 2011; 8:261-7. [PMID: 22086388 PMCID: PMC3292718 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-011-0718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens traverse disciplinary and taxonomic boundaries, yet infectious disease research occurs in many separate disciplines including plant pathology, veterinary and human medicine, and ecological and evolutionary sciences. These disciplines have different traditions, goals, and terminology, creating gaps in communication. Bridging these disciplinary and taxonomic gaps promises novel insights and important synergistic advances in control of infectious disease. An approach integrated across the plant-animal divide would advance our understanding of disease by quantifying critical processes including transmission, community interactions, pathogen evolution, and complexity at multiple spatial and temporal scales. These advances require more substantial investment in basic disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Abstract
1. A 39-year bumblebee data base was used to study the codistribution of six cuckoo bumblebees in the subgenus Psythirus of Bombus (hereafter called Psythirus) and their free-living bumblebee hosts in the British Isles. 2. A model of nest parasitism predicted host threshold densities and stable deterministic dynamics, with fluctuations only emerging as a result of environmental or demographic stochasticity. 3. Standardized transects indicated that variation in total number of records could be largely attributed to variation in observer effort; analyses were therefore carried out using relative abundance. 4. Spatially, parasite-free zones were evident in areas of low host abundance, but the host threshold for parasite presence differed among species and locations. 5. Temporally, the relative numbers of the parasite and host species remained relatively constant, except that the nest parasite P. campestris declined significantly since 1990. 6. There were consistent negative effects of the parasitic species on the numbers of hosts in the following year, and this pattern was seen over large geographic areas. 7. The spatio-temporal patterns confirmed a high degree of host specificity, except that P. campestris may be parasitizing not only B. pascuorum but also other species in the subgenus Thoracobombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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