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Papadopoulou MV, Bloomer WD, Torti VR, Page JG. Investigational New Drug-Directed Toxicology and Pharmacokinetic Study of 4-[3-(2-Nitro-1-Imidazolyl)-Propylamino]-7-Chloroquinoline Hydrochloride (NLCQ-1, NSC 709257) in Beagle Dogs. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 106:511-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Papadopoulou MV, Bloomer WD, Torti VR, Page JG. Investigational New Drug-Directed, 5-Day Repeat Dose Toxicity Study of 4-[3-(2-Nitro-1-Imidazolyl)-Propylamino]-7-Chloroquinoline Hydrochloride (NLCQ-1, NSC 709257) Administered with or without Taxol® in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 106:497-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jia L, Schweikart K, Tomaszewski J, Page JG, Noker PE, Buhrow SA, Reid JM, Ames MM, Munn DH. Toxicology and pharmacokinetics of 1-methyl-d-tryptophan: absence of toxicity due to saturating absorption. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:203-11. [PMID: 17868966 PMCID: PMC2744343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1-methyl-d-tryptophan (D-1MT) reverses the immunosuppressive effect of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and it is currently being developed both as a vaccine adjuvant and as an immunotherapeutic agent for combination with chemotherapy. The present study examined the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of D-1MT in preparation for clinical trials. Incubation of D-1MT in rat plasma for 24h produced no significant degradation, with <15% of D-1MT being bound to plasma protein. Following oral administration, D-1MT exhibited a larger AUC and V(d), longer elimination t(1/2), and slower clearance in rats than in dogs. When oral doses of D-1MT exceeded levels of 600 mg/m(2)/day in rats, or 1200 mg/m(2)/day in dogs, the C(max) and AUC values decreased, resulting in a corresponding decrease in oral bioavailability. Thus, the doses were indicative of the lowest saturating doses in dogs and rats corresponding with an elimination t(1/2) of 6.0 h and 28.7 h, a T(max) of 1h and 8h, and a bioavailability of 47% and 92%, respectively. Tissue concentrations of D-1MT in mice were highest in the kidney, followed by the liver, muscle, heart, lung, and spleen, respectively; 48 h post dosing, D-1MT was excreted in the urine (35.1%) and feces (13.5%). Oral administration of D-1MT in rats from 150 to 3000 mg/m(2)/day (25-500 mg/kg/day) and in dogs from 600 to 1200 mg/m(2)/day (30 and 60 mg/kg/day) for 28 consecutive days did not lead to mortality, adverse events, histopathological lesions, or significant changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, and body weight. These results suggested that 3000 and 1200 mg/m(2)/day were the no-observed-adverse-effect levels in rats and dogs, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations of D-1MT (600 and 1200 mg/m(2)/day) in dogs 1h post dosing were 54.4 and 69.5 microg/ml on Day 1, respectively, and 53.1 and 66.6 microg/ml on Day 28, respectively; thus, indicating no increase in plasma D-1MT with a change in dose. In conclusion, D-1MT has little toxicity when administered orally to rats and dogs. Exceeding the saturating dose of D-1MT is unlikely to cause systemic toxicity, since any further increase in D-1MT plasma levels would be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Jia
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Rm 8042, 6130 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Page JG, Tian B, Schweikart K, Tomaszewski J, Harris R, Broadt T, Polley-Nelson J, Noker PE, Wang M, Makhija S, Aurigemma R, Curiel DT, Alvarez RD. Identifying the safety profile of a novel infectivity-enhanced conditionally replicative adenovirus, Ad5-delta24-RGD, in anticipation of a phase I trial for recurrent ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:389.e1-9; discussion 389.e9-10. [PMID: 17403430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution and toxicity of the tropism-modified infectivity-enhanced conditionally replicative adenovirus, Ad5-delta24-arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD). STUDY DESIGN Cohorts of cotton rats were treated intravenously or intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days with 5 x 10(8) to 5 x 10(11) particles/kg of Ad5-delta24-RGD or controls and killed on day 8, 17, or 56. For biodistribution studies, tissue samples from 14 organ sites and serum samples were evaluated for the presence of virus with the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. For toxicity experiments, tissue samples from more than 30 organ sites and serum samples were obtained for the assessment of vector-related tissue or laboratory effects. RESULTS Ad5-delta24-RGD was noted in tested samples at days 8 and 17 in animals that were treated intravenously and intraperitoneally with clearance by day 56. There were lower copies of vector noted in the blood and liver specimens of intraperitoneally treated animals. Mild peritonitis histopathologic findings were noted in rats that were treated intraperitoneally with Ad5-delta24-RGD; pathologic findings did not vary significantly with dose, over time, or in comparison to that noted in animals that were treated with Ad5-delta24. CONCLUSION These studies provide critical insights regarding Ad5-delta24-RGD dosing and anticipated toxicity for a planned clinical trial for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Page
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Crowell JA, Page JG, Levine BS, Tomlinson MJ, Hebert CD. Indole-3-carbinol, but not its major digestive product 3,3'-diindolylmethane, induces reversible hepatocyte hypertrophy and cytochromes P450. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 211:115-23. [PMID: 16043203 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) have been shown to reduce the incidence and multiplicity of cancers in laboratory animal models. Based on the observation that I-3-C induced hepatocyte hypertrophy when administered orally for 13 weeks to rats, a treatment and recovery study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the induction of hepatocyte hypertrophy and cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity by I-3-C are adaptive, reversible responses. Additionally, we directly compared the effects of I-3-C to those of its principle metabolite DIM. Rats were treated orally for 28 days with 2 doses of I-3-C (5 and 50 mg I-3-C/kg body weight/day) and DIM (7.5 and 75 mg DIM/kg body weight/day) and then one-half of the animals were not treated for an additional 28 days. Organ weights, histopathology, and the CYP enzyme activities of 1A1/2, 2B1/2, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, and 19 A were measured both after treatment and after recovery. Oral administration of 50 mg I-3-C/kg body weight/day to rats for 28 days significantly increased liver weights and CYP enzyme activities. The effects in males were more pronounced and persistent after recovery than the effects in females. The increased organ weights returned to control values after treatment. Conversely, DIM did not alter liver weights and had no effect on CYP activities after the 28-day treatment. Some changes in CYP activities were measured after the DIM recovery period but the magnitudes of the changes were considered biologically insignificant. The results show that I-3-C, but not DIM, induces reversible adaptive responses in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Crowell
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7322, USA.
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Glaze ER, Lambert AL, Smith AC, Page JG, Johnson WD, McCormick DL, Brown AP, Levine BS, Covey JM, Egorin MJ, Eiseman JL, Holleran JL, Sausville EA, Tomaszewski JE. Preclinical toxicity of a geldanamycin analog, 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), in rats and dogs: potential clinical relevance. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 56:637-47. [PMID: 15986212 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-1000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 17-DMAG is a hydrophilic derivative of the molecular chaperone inhibitor 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG; NSC-330507), which is currently being evaluated for the treatment of cancer in clinical trials. 17-DMAG offers a potential advantage over 17-AAG because its aqueous solubility eliminates the need for complicated formulations that are currently used for administration of 17-AAG. In addition, 17-DMAG undergoes only limited metabolism compared to 17-AAG. The present results are from preclinical toxicity studies evaluating 17-DMAG in rats and dogs. METHODS Doses of 0, 2.4, 12 and 24 mg/m2 per day were administered to rats, while dogs received doses of 0, 8 or 16 mg/m2 per day. In both species, 17-DMAG was administered i.v. (slow bolus for rats; 1-h infusion for dogs) daily for 5 days. An additional cohort of dogs received 16 mg/m2 per day orally for 5 days. Clinical observations were noted, and standard hematology and clinical chemistry parameters were monitored. Selected tissues were evaluated microscopically for drug-related lesions. Tissue and plasma 17-DMAG concentrations were measured by HPLC/MS at selected time-points on days 1 and 5. RESULTS Daily i.v. administration of 17-DMAG at doses of 24 mg/m2 per day in rats or 16 mg/m2 per day in dogs produced lethality on day 6, approximately 24 h following the last dose. Body weight loss was common in rats and dogs. Drug-related gastrointestinal, bone marrow and hepatic toxicities were also common in rats and dogs. Dogs also exhibited signs of renal and gallbladder toxicity. Plasma concentrations of 17-DMAG increased proportionately with dose in rats and disproportionately with dose in dogs. In rat tissues, however, only fourfold to sixfold increases in 17-DMAG concentrations were observed with a tenfold increase in dose. The highest concentrations of 17-DMAG were found in the liver of rats, with progressively lower concentrations in the spleen, lung, kidney and plasma. Regardless of the route of administration, higher drug concentrations were present in plasma (rat and dog) and tissue (rat) samples obtained on day 5 compared to those obtained on day 1. Although plasma concentrations decreased with time, 17-DMAG was still detected in dog plasma for at least 24 h after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS With the recent approval of 17-DMAG for clinical use, the data generated from these preclinical studies will provide guidance to clinicians as they administer this drug to their patients. The MTD of 17-DMAG was 12 mg/m2 per day in rats and 8 mg/m2 per day in dogs; therefore, the recommended starting dose for phase I trial is 1.3 mg/m2 per day for 5 days. Gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity were dose-limiting in rats, and gastrointestinal, renal, gallbladder and bone marrow toxicity were dose-limiting in dogs. All adverse effects were fully reversible in surviving animals after treatment was complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Glaze
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Room 8040, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Kurokawa K, de Almeida DF, Zhang Y, Hébert CD, Page JG, Schweikart KM, Oh SJ. Sensory nerve conduction of the plantar nerve compared with other nerve conduction tests in rats. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115:1677-82. [PMID: 15203069 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In rats the available techniques for evaluation of sensory nerve conduction are limited. We report a new method of sensory nerve conduction of the plantar nerve using needle electrodes as the recording electrodes behind the medial malleolus and ring electrodes as the stimulating electrodes around the three middle toes. METHODS We performed this sensory nerve conduction test in 25 rats during their growth over a 6 weeks' period and compared this method with the motor nerve conduction and H-reflex sensory nerve conduction of the tibial nerve in 10 rats, and with the motor and mixed nerve conductions of the tail nerve in 15 rats. RESULTS There was a highly or moderately significant correlation between the body weight and sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the plantar nerve, mixed NCV and motor NCV of the tail nerve, indicating a growth-related increase in the NCV. The growth-related increase in the NCV was not observed in the motor and H-reflex sensory nerve conductions of the tibial nerves. CONCLUSIONS This test is simple and reliable and can be used for the sensory nerve conduction test in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Kurokawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Station, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Waterhouse RN, Stabin MG, Page JG. Preclinical acute toxicity studies and rodent-based dosimetry estimates of the novel sigma-1 receptor radiotracer [(18)F]FPS. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:555-63. [PMID: 12831995 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(03)00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
[(18)F]1-(Fluoropropyl)-4-[(4-cyanophenoxy)methyl]piperidine ([(18)F]FPS) is a novel high affinity (KD = 0.5 nM) sigma receptor radioligand that exhibits saturable and selective in vivo binding to sigma receptors in rats, mice and non-human primates. In order to support an IND application for the characterization of [(18)F]FPS through PET imaging studies in humans, single organ and whole body radiation adsorbed doses associated with [(18)F]FPS injection were estimated from distribution data obtained in rats. In addition, acute toxicity studies were conducted in rats and rabbits and limited toxicity analyses were performed in dogs. Radiation dosimetry estimates obtained using rat biodistribution analysis of [(18)F]FPS suggest that most organs would receive around 0.012-0.015 mGy/MBq. The adrenal glands, brain, kidneys, lungs, and spleen would receive slightly higher doses (0.02-0.03 mGy/MBq). The adrenal glands were identified as the organs receiving the greatest adsorbed radiation dose. The total exposure resulting from a 5 mCi administration of [(18)F]FPS is well below the FDA defined limits for yearly cumulative and per study exposures to research participants. Extended acute toxicity studies in rats and rabbits, and limited acute toxicity studies in beagle dogs suggest at least a 175-fold safety margin in humans at a mass dose limit of 2.8 microg per intravenous injection. This estimate is based on the measured no observable effect doses (in mg/m(2)) in these species. These data support the expectation that [(18)F]FPS will be safe for use in human PET imaging studies at a maximum administration of 5 mCi and a mass dose equal to or less than 2.8 microg FPS per injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki N Waterhouse
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Kochak GM, Page JG, Buchanan RA, Peters R, Padgett CS. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of zonisamide, an antiepileptic agent for treatment of refractory complex partial seizures. J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 38:166-71. [PMID: 9549648 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 56-day pharmacokinetic study of zonisamide was conducted in 24 healthy volunteers. Steady state was achieved in 29 days including two dose escalations, and in an average of 15 days from the last dose adjustment. Twice-daily administration of 200 mg every 12 hours produced a 14% serum level fluctuation at steady state. After once-daily administration of 400 mg, a 27% serum level fluctuation was observed. The terminal-phase half-life after the last dose was 63 to 69 hours, which is consistent with the half-life of 52 to 60 hours found in single-dose studies. This result demonstrates that zonisamide is not an autoinducer. Serum oral clearance of 0.60 to 0.71 L/hr (0.121-0.132 mL/min/kg) was similar to that observed in other multiple-dose studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Kochak
- Kansas City Analytical Services, Shawnee, Kansas 66216, USA
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Rodman LE, Farnell DR, Coyne JM, Allan PW, Hill DL, Duncan KL, Tomaszewski JE, Smith AC, Page JG. Toxicity of cordycepin in combination with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin in beagle dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 147:39-45. [PMID: 9356305 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For 3 consecutive days, the nucleoside cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) was administered as 1-hr iv infusions (0, 1, 4, 8, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day) to dogs. These doses were given 1 hr after a bolus iv injection (0.25 mg/kg/day) of 2'-deoxycoformycin (dCF), a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The hypothesis was that dCF would affect the toxicity of cordycepin. Plasma adenosine deaminase activity was strongly inhibited during the dose period and for 5 days following the final dose of dCF. Dogs given cordycepin alone showed no drug-related toxicities. In dogs given only dCF, drug-related toxicity to lymphoid tissue (lymphopenia and thymus lymphoid depletion), thrombocytopenia, and decreases in food consumption were observed. Cordycepin in combination with dCF produced symptoms associated with severe gastrointestinal toxicity (decreased body weights, emesis, diarrhea, decreased food consumption, and necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract) and bone marrow toxicity (lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and depletion of hematopoietic cells). The gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow were sites associated with dose-limiting toxicities. In surviving dogs, most of the effects were reversible by Day 30. The maximum tolerated dose of cordycepin administered in combination with dCF was 8 mg/kg/day (160 mg/m2/day) given daily for 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rodman
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35255, USA
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Crowell JA, Page JG, Rodman LE, Heath JE, Goldenthal EI, Hall LB, Kelloff GJ. Chronic toxicity studies of 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, a potential chemopreventive agent. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1997; 35:9-21. [PMID: 9024669 DOI: 10.1006/faat.1996.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic compound Oltipraz, 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, is related to the 1,2-dithiolthiones naturally found in cruciferous vegetables, the consumption of which has been epidemiologically associated with reduced frequency of colorectal cancers. Oltipraz has shown chemopreventive efficacy in numerous laboratory epithelial cancer models and is a potential chemopreventive, antimutagenic compound that specifically induces Phase II enzymes. Thirteen-week and 1-year toxicity studies in rats and dogs were performed to characterize the toxicities of the compound at high dosages and to support potential further development as a chemopreventive agent in clinical trials. Administration to rats by gavage for 13 weeks at dosages of 5 and 50 mg/kg/day and for 52 weeks at dosages of 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day produced effects on the liver and on clinical chemistry and hematology parameters. Absolute and relative liver weight increases correlated with diffuse hypertrophy in the mid- and high-dose males and centrilobular hypertrophy in the high-dose females. Granularity of hepatocyte cytoplasm was also observed. These anatomical findings were associated with dose-associated slight increases in albumin, total protein, and cholesterol in the males and a moderate increase in cholesterol only in the females. In addition, slight decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit and reticulocyte elevations occurred. The no effect dose was considered 10 mg/kg/day. Administration by capsule to dogs at dosages of 10 and 100 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks and of 5, 15, and 60 mg/kg/day for 52 weeks also produced effects on the same endpoints noted in the rodent studies. In the 13-week study, precipitate was observed in the bile canaliculi, and gonadal atrophy and increased pituitary weights occurred in the males. Cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity were slightly elevated in both studies. Decreased hematology parameters in the 13-week study also occurred. The no effect dose was considered to be 5 mg/kg/day. Oltipraz is being carefully evaluated in clinical trials as a potential antimutagenic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Crowell
- National Cancer Institute, Chemoprevention Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Erickson-Miller CL, May RD, Tomaszewski J, Osborn B, Murphy MJ, Page JG, Parchment RE. Differential toxicity of camptothecin, topotecan and 9-aminocamptothecin to human, canine, and murine myeloid progenitors (CFU-GM) in vitro. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997; 39:467-72. [PMID: 9054963 DOI: 10.1007/s002800050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 20(S)-Camptothecin (CAM), topotecan (TPT, active ingredient in Hycamtin) and 9-amino-20(S)-camptothecin (9AC) are topoisomerase I inhibitors that cause similar dose-limiting toxicities to rapidly renewing tissues, such as hematopoietic tissues, in humans, mice, and dogs. However, dose-limiting toxicity occurs at tenfold lower doses in humans than in mice. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether hematopoietic progenitors of the myeloid lineage from humans, mice, and dogs exhibit the differential sensitivity to these compounds that is evident in vivo. METHODS Drug-induced inhibition of in vitro colony formation by a myeloid progenitor in human, murine, and canine marrow colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) provided the basis for interspecies comparisons at concentrations which inhibited colony formation by 50% (IC50) and 90% (IC90). RESULTS Murine IC90 values were 2.6-, 2.3-, 10-, 21-, 5.9-, and 11-fold higher than human values for CAM lactone (NSC-94600) and sodium salt (NSC-100880), TPT (NSC-609699), and racemic (NSC-629971), semisynthetic and synthetic preparations (NSC-603071) of 9AC, respectively. In contrast, canine IC90 values were the same as, or lower than, the human IC90 values for all six compounds. CONCLUSIONS The greater susceptibility of humans and dogs to the myelotoxicity of camptothecins, compared to mice, was evident in vitro at the cellular level. Differential sensitivity between murine and human myeloid progenitors explains why the curative doses of TPT and 9AC in mice with human tumor xenografts are not achievable in patients. Realizing the curative potential of these compounds in humans will require the development of therapies to increase drug tolerance of human CFU-GM at least to a level equal to that of murine CFU-GM. Because these interspecies differences are complicated by species-specific effects of plasma proteins on drug stability, not all in vitro assay conditions will yield results which can contribute to the development of such therapies.
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O'Callaghan JP, Rogers TS, Rodman LE, Page JG. Acute and chronic administration of ibogaine to the rat results in astrogliosis that is not confined to the cerebellar vermis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 801:205-16. [PMID: 8959035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute administration of high doses of ibogaine (IBG) to the male rat results in degeneration of Purkinje cells and reactive gliosis in the cerebellar vermis. We examined whether acute and chronic administration of IBG to male and female rats results in gliosis as determined by quantification of the astroglial intermediate filament protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After acute administration of IBG, rats of both sexes showed dose-related increases in GFAP that were not confined to the cerebellar vermis. After chronic administration of IBG, female, but not male rats, showed large (as much as 200% of control), dose-related increases in GFAP in hippocampus, olfactory bulbs, brain stem and striatum, but not cerebellum. In hippocampus, the cytoskeletal proteins, neurofilament 68 (NF-68) and beta-tubulin were increased in females treated chronically with IBG, findings consistent with a damage-induced sprouting response. Together, the data indicate that IBG damages areas of the brain outside the cerebellum and that the sites damaged are dependent on sex and dosage regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P O'Callaghan
- Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects, Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Page JG, Hubble MW. Recognizing infective endocarditis: case study of a 28-year-old. J Emerg Nurs 1996; 22:24-8. [PMID: 8699653 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-1767(96)80068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify patient groups within Accident and Emergency (A & E) practice where the nurse practitioner, following agreed protocols and treatment regimes, might make a contribution to patient care; and to describe a possible process of preparation required to introduce nurse practitioners into an A & E department. DESIGN A 14-day study (6-12 January and 24-30 July 1994) in which the case notes of all patients attending the A & E department were analysed. SETTING The A & E department of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, UK. PARTICIPANTS A census of the case notes of 1785 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic and clinical characteristics of new patients, diagnosis, investigations, treatment ordered, numbers of return visits, source of referrals and disposal destinations. RESULTS On analyses of the workload profile it became apparent that a small number of injury categories, investigations and treatments, accounted for a significant percentage of patient throughput and that 75% of cases attended between 09:00 and 21:00 h. Many cases were of a minor nature, discharged home after minimal treatment and no follow-up. It was thought possible that the assessment and treatment of a significant percentage of patients (30%) could be carried out by suitably trained and experienced nurses working to an agreed protocol. CONCLUSIONS The paper discusses the concept of the nurse practitioner and seeks to demonstrate a possible role for such a clinical worker using previously agreed protocols devised from a clinical database of patient requirements. Their employment could possibly bring a considerable routine saving in waiting time for patients with minor injuries.
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Abstract
Exploration for oil and gas began in the North Sea in the mid 1960s. Since that time offshore medics have had the authority to diagnose and treat patients within a set of guidelines. As such they are one of the earliest groups of British nurse practitioners. Training for offshore medics in the UK sector of the North Sea is regulated by the Health and Safety Commission. In order to promote training based on research, a study was conducted to examine the pattern of referrals to the Accident and Emergency department of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary from offshore. This was done for a 9 year period. The purpose was to establish a reliable database of the most frequently occurring injury types and affected body parts, and to use this information to modify existing training courses for offshore medics. The total number of injury referrals during the study was 6270. The most common injury type was fracture/suspected fracture (mean = 50% +/- 3.2%) and the most common body part affected was the hand (mean = 37% +/- 3.7%). This paper indicates the changes which were made to an offshore medic training programme as a result of the research. It is suggested that unless such research is undertaken it is not possible to claim that the training of nurse practitioners, in this case offshore medics, is research based and therefore relevant to the needs of the community being served.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Halliday
- Department of General Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, UK
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Trang JM, Prejean JD, James RH, Irwin RD, Goehl TJ, Page JG. Zidovudine bioavailability and linear pharmacokinetics in female B6C3F1 mice. Drug Metab Dispos 1993; 21:189-93. [PMID: 8095218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) (AZT) were determined in female B6C3F1 mice after administration of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg doses via oral gavage or intravenous injection. Three animals in each administration group were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected at each of the following times: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min after drug administration. Plasma zidovudine concentrations were determined by HPLC. After oral administration, mean maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 9.1, 18.9, and 40.3 mg/liter were observed at 18.3, 21.7, and 15.0 min (tmax) for the 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg doses, respectively. Following intravenous administration, mean Cmax values of 15.9, 41.8, and 76.0 mg/liter were observed for the 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg doses, respectively. Nonlinear least squares regression of all data sets, using a 1/y weight, indicated that zidovudine disposition was best described by a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption, where appropriate, and first-order elimination. The mean elimination half-life values ranged from 17.3 to 19.9 min for the three intravenous doses and from 16.5 to 21.9 min for the three oral doses. The mean values for the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) ranged from 0.8 to 1.0 liter/kg following oral and intravenous administration. There were no significant differences in Vd between the oral and intravenous groups. The mean total body clearance values ranged from 28.9 to 34.3 ml/min/kg following intravenous administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Trang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229-7027
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Abstract
This study examined the effects of dose and time of administration of lansoprazole on gastric pH and serum gastrin in healthy male volunteers. Three groups of six subjects received 10, 20 or 60 mg doses of lansoprazole or placebo. Doses were administered at 22.00 hours daily for 7 days. An additional 18 subjects received once daily 30 mg oral doses of lansoprazole or placebo; these subjects were dosed at either 08.00 hours or 22.00 hours in a randomized, crossover fashion with a 2-week washout period. Gastric pH was monitored for 24 h following the first and final dose, and 1 week following the completion of dosing. Lansoprazole, at all doses except 20 mg/day, significantly increased the median 24-hour gastric pH following 7 days of dosing (P less than 0.05). In addition, morning dosing in the 30-mg crossover group led to a higher 24-h median pH than evening dosing (P = 0.003). There was no difference in night-time median pH between morning and evening dosing. Morning dosing also led to a significant increase in gastric pH on study Day 1 (P less than 0.05). Plasma concentrations of lansoprazole were highly variable between subjects, but there was a significant correlation between AUC and the median 24-h gastric pH. Plasma concentrations and AUCs were higher on Day 7 than on Day 1 for subjects receiving 10 or 20 mg, but not for those receiving 30 or 60 mg doses. Lansoprazole bioavailability demonstrated a circadian effect manifested by higher plasma concentrations following morning dosing. Serum gastrin concentrations were elevated in all active medication groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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20
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddAdo) and 2'-3'-dideoxyinosine (ddIno) were determined after intravenous bolus administration and long-term intravenous infusion of ddAdo in dogs. ddAdo was rapidly deaminated to ddIno and ddAdo plasma concentrations were only a fraction of ddIno concentrations. The total body clearance of ddAdo exceeded the literature value for the cardiac output of the dog, indicating an extremely rapid metabolism, and the existence of extrahepatic metabolism. Urinary excretion of unchanged ddAdo was a minor route of elimination (approximately 1%). The pharmacokinetics of ddIno was determined assuming complete conversions of ddAdo to ddIno. ddIno elimination was dose-dependent with total body clearance ranging from 4 to 55 ml/min/kg in individual animals. The plasma half-life was approximately 30 min after most routes of administration, but increased to approximately 60 min in two animals receiving a large intravenous dose of 500 mg/kg. ddIno penetrated into the cerebrospinal fluid to a limited extent, reaching concentrations of 3-11% of those in plasma. Urinary excretion of unchanged ddIno accounted for approximately 20% of the administered dose of ddAdo, while uric acid and hypoxanthine were minor urinary metabolites. Concentrations exceeding the in vitro minimal viral inhibitory concentration (2.4 micrograms/mL) could be safely maintained in plasma for a 10-day period. Infusions which gave cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 12 to 17 micrograms/mL resulted in dose limiting myelosuppression and intestinal toxicity, after less than 10 days of infusion. Orally administered ddAdo was absorbed as ddIno, with bioavailabilities ranging from 28 to 93% in experiments where no emesis occurred. These studies indicate the rapid in vivo conversion of ddAdo to ddIno, and support the selection of ddIno over ddAdo for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Wientjes
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Conley BA, Sewack GF, Egorin MJ, Subramanyam B, Page JG, Grieshaber CK. The effect of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor isocarboxazid on the canine metabolism of the cell-differentiating agent hexamethylene bisacetamide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991; 28:33-8. [PMID: 2040031 DOI: 10.1007/bf00684953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The acute toxicities of the cellular differentiating agent hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) in humans and animals include CNS toxicity (agitation, somnolence, seizures, hallucinations) and an anion-gap metabolic acidosis. N-Acetyl-1,6-diaminohexane (NADAH), the first metabolite of HMBA, is as active as the parent compound in causing differentiation of leukemic cells in vitro, whereas 6-acetamidohexanoic acid (6AcHA), which is formed by the oxidation of NADAH in the presence of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and aldehyde dehydrogenase, is inactive. To test whether the inhibition of MAO blocks the production of an inactive and possibly toxic HMBA metabolite (6AcHA) or increases the amount of active compounds (HMBA + NADAH) in vivo, we investigated the effect of the MAO inhibitor isocarboxazid on the metabolism and toxicity of HMBA in beagle dogs. Two groups of dogs, composed of one male and one female dog per group, were used in the study. One group received isocarboxazid (3.3 mg/kg p.o. q8h x 9) beginning at 24 h before the initiation of a 48-h i.v. infusion of HMBA (40 mg kg-1 h-1), whereas the other received placebo in an identical fashion prior to the start of an identical HMBA infusion. The mean plasma steady-state concentration (css) of HMBA was 0.91 mM in dogs given HMBA and isocarboxazid as opposed to 0.78 mM in those given HMBA and placebo. As measured spectrophotometrically, plasma MAO activity was inhibited by 86% +/- 3% in dogs receiving isocarboxazid. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detected 6AcHA in the plasma of animals that were given placebo but not in the plasma of dogs that received isocarboxazid. Gas chromatographic analysis of urine samples revealed that the total amount of 6AcHA and of NADAH excreted in urine was 8 times less and 3 times greater, respectively, in isocarboxazid-treated dogs than in animals that received HMBA and placebo. One dog was excitable after the initial two doses of isocarboxazid and developed seizures at the end of the HMBA infusion. Another dog was agitated during treatment with HMBA and isocarboxazid. No CNS toxicity occurred in animals that were treated with HMBA and placebo. We conclude that isocarboxazid inhibits the production of 6AcHA in vivo, thus supporting the involvement of MAO in HMBA metabolism. Because the combination of HMBA and isocarboxazid produces CNS toxicity, 6AcHA is probably not the neurotoxic agent in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Conley
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore 21201
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heaton
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Bioengineering, Aberdeen University
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Kluwe WM, Page JG, Toft JD, Ridder WE, Chung H. Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of orally administered pyridostigmine in dogs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1990; 14:40-53. [PMID: 2307321 DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(90)90229-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyridostigmine bromide, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, was administered orally (capsule gavage) to beagle dogs (10-15 months of age) of both sexes once daily at 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg for 14 days; every 8 hr at 2 or 5 mg/kg for 28 days; or every 8 hr at 0.05, 0.5, or 2 mg/kg for 3 months as part of its preclinical safety assessment. A small portion of the dogs receiving pyridostigmine for 3 months were allowed an untreated recovery period of an additional 3 months. Daily doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg were lethal to some of the dogs when given for up to 14 days and caused severe intestinal distress, including diarrhea, emesis, and reddened feces in all animals. The cause of death was intestinal intussusception. Signs of systemic toxicity apparent at these doses included hypersalivation and tremors. Similar but less severe effects were produced by 5 mg/kg per day; plasma cholinesterase activities were inhibited by all three doses in a dose-related manner. Signs of toxicity in the 28-day and 3-month studies were generally limited to the gastrointestinal tract and included diarrhea or soft stools and reddened or mucoid-containing stools; these signs appeared to reverse upon discontinuation of the drug. A single dog at 2 mg/kg every 8 hr developed an apparent intussusception. There were no pathological changes in clinical chemistry, hematology, or urinalysis parameters associated with doses of 0.05, 0.5, or 2 mg/kg every 8 hr for up to 3 months, nor were any drug-related lesions observed upon gross necropsy and microscopic evaluation of the major tissues and organs. Red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the 3-month study were inhibited by approximately 10, 50, and 70% in the 0.05, 0.5, and 2 mg/kg every 8-hr dose groups, respectively, and these degrees of inhibition were maintained throughout the period of treatment. These data suggest that prolonged oral administration of pyridostigmine at doses sufficient to cause profound and sustained inhibition of RBC AChE activity (i.e., as high as 70%) cause mainly local, gastrointestinal distress related to altered intestinal motility. At the extreme, this can be manifested as a life-threatening intestinal intussusception. Systemic anticholinesterase effects (other than enzyme inhibition) were observed only at doses of 2 mg/kg and greater, while local (gastrointestinal) effects and inhibition of RBC AChE were observed at doses as low as 0.05 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Kluwe
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201
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Smith AC, Liao JT, Page JG, Wientjes MG, Grieshaber CK. Pharmacokinetics of buthionine sulfoximine (NSC 326231) and its effect on melphalan-induced toxicity in mice. Cancer Res 1989; 49:5385-91. [PMID: 2766304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous doses of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, NSC 326231), an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, were eliminated rapidly from mouse plasma in a biexponential manner. The initial phase of the plasma concentration versus time curve had a half-life of 4.9 min and accounted for 94% of the total area under the curve. The half-life of the terminal phase of the curve was 36.7 min and the area accounted for only 6% of the total area under the curve. Plasma clearance of BSO was 28.1 ml/min/kg and the steady state volume of distribution was 280 ml/kg. The oral bioavailability of BSO, based on plasma BSO levels, was extremely low. However, comparable glutathione depletion was apparent after i.v. and p.o. doses of BSO, suggesting a rapid tissue uptake and/or metabolism of BSO. Therefore, due to the rapid elimination of BSO from mouse plasma, plasma drug levels do not directly correlate with BSO-induced tissue glutathione depletion. Administration of multiple i.v. doses of BSO to male and female mice resulted in a marked 88% depletion of liver glutathione at doses of 400-1600 mg/kg/dose. Toxicity of i.v. administered BSO was limited to a transient depression of peripheral WBC levels in female mice given six doses of 1600 mg/kg. Multiple i.v. doses of BSO of up to 800 mg/kg/dose (every 4 h for a total of six doses) did not alter the toxicity of i.v. administered melphalan. However, multiple doses of 1600 mg/kg/dose of BSO did potentiate histopathological evidence of melphalan-induced bone marrow toxicity in 30% of the mice and, additionally, the combination of BSO and melphalan produced renal tubular necrosis in 80% of the male mice. The potentiation of melphalan induced toxicity did not appear to be related to GSH depletion, since: quantitatively similar amount of GSH depletion occurred at lower dose of BSO without any increase in melphalan toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Smith
- Toxicology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Abstract
Leuprolide acetate (D-Leu6 des-Gly-NH2(10), Pro-ethylamide9), a synthetic non-apeptide analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin releasing hormone, was used to treat 62 children with central precocious puberty. Sex steroid levels (testosterone in boys and estradiol in girls) were suppressed during treatment lasting from 3.5 to 24.9 months. Basal follicle-stimulating hormone values and both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone peak responses to stimulation by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone were also suppressed, although basal luteinizing hormone values did not differ. Linear growth rate and the rate of bone age advancement decreased during leuprolide therapy. Side effects were minimal. The long-term safety of this treatment has not yet been established; however, leuprolide appears to be an effective long-term therapy for central precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lee
- Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Abstract
The fate and distribution of T-2 were examined in 6 guinea pigs. T-2 (1.2 micrograms/cm2), in methanol or DMSO, was painted onto the shaved backs of guinea pigs, a screen barrier was applied, urine and feces were collected daily and the guinea pigs were killed after 48 hr. Disks of skin (lateral to the in vivo site of application) were excised from the guinea pigs and used for in vitro penetration studies with static diffusion cells. Skin excised from 6 additional guinea pigs was used for penetration studies with flow-through diffusion cells. For in vitro studies, T-2 dissolved in methanol or DMSO was applied to the epidermal surfaces and the appearance of penetrant in receptor fluid bathing the dermal surfaces was monitored for 48 hr. Metabolism of T-2 was measured by using thin layer radiochromatography to identify metabolites. In the in vivo study, mean cutaneous absorption (n = 3) after 48 hr (expressed as per cent dose) was 22.5 and 51.9 for the methanol and DMSO groups, respectively. In vitro cutaneous penetration for static diffusion cells was 3.9 and 38.4 for the methanol and DMSO groups. For flow-through diffusion cells, mean penetration (n = 9) was 14.6 and 42.6 for the methanol and DMSO groups. Urinary metabolites of T-2 were T-2 triol, 3' OH-HT-2, T-2 tetraol, the glucuronide conjugate of HT-2 and several more polar metabolites. The main metabolite of T-2 in the receptor fluid bathing the dermal surfaces of excised skin was HT-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Kemppainen
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Alabama 36849
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Abstract
The effectiveness of Bentyl (dicyclomine hydrochloride) 40 mg 4 times daily was evaluated in an ambulatory population with recent irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). During the 2-week double-blind study, the effects of dicyclomine hydrochloride compared to placebo were assesed by: 1) physicians' global evaluation of treatment, 2) patients' self-evaluation of treatment, and 3) patients' evaluation of duration of abdominal pain. It was concluded that over a 2-week period dicyclomine hydrochloride 40 mg 4 times a day is superior to placebo in improving the overall condition of the patient, decreasing abdominal pain, decreasing abdominal tenderness, and improving bowel habits. The majority of adverse effects reported were related to the anti-cholinergic activity of the drug.
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Due SL, Sullivan HR, Cochrane RL, Page JG, McMahon RE. Maternal and fetal blood/brain distribution of d-propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in rat and dog. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981; 58:194-202. [PMID: 7245195 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(81)90423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Page JG, Sullivan HR, Due SL, Slater IH. Plasma concentrations and electrocardiographic alterations after repetitive administration of propoxyphene to dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 50:505-14. [PMID: 516064 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(79)90405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Thakkar AL, Hirsch CA, Page JG. Solid dispersion approach for overcoming bioavailability problems due to polymorphism of nabilone, a cannabinoid derivative. J Pharm Pharmacol 1977; 29:783-4. [PMID: 22636 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
1. The metabolism of 1,4-dihydro-6-trifluoromethylquinoxaline-2,3-dione (Lilly 72525), a sedative hypnotic drug, was studied in rat and cat. 2. Plasma concentrations of Lilly 72525 were measured fluorometrically after oral and intravenous doses of the compound in rats. A comparison of the area under the two curves suggested that 84% of the oral dose was absorbed. 3. Studies with 14C-labelled material in both species confirmed that the drug was well absorbed after oral administration and revealed that the dione was mainly eliminated unchanged in the urine. Bile duct cannulation experiments suggested that biliary excretion accounted for most or all of the drug present in faeces of rats. 4. Metabolites isolated from urinary extracts by t.l.c. were identified by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. The only metabolite detected in rat urine or bile extracts was a ring-hydroxylated compound. This metabolite plus two N-hydroxylated metabolites were identified in extracts of cat urine.
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Maini B, Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR, Flatt JP, Page JG, Bothe A, Benotti P, Rienhoff HY. Cyclic hyperalimentation: an optimal technique for preservation of visceral protein. J Surg Res 1976; 20:515-25. [PMID: 819718 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(76)90085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sullivan HR, Page JG, Due SL. Species differences in the metabolism of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furyl-cyclohexanephenylglycolate, an experimental anticholinergic agent. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1975; 2:53-8. [PMID: 1131394 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism studies in the rat, dog and cat have demonstrated a definite species difference in biotransformation and elimination of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furylcyclohexanephenylglycolate (Lilly 82537), an experimental anticholinergic agent. Separation and identification of urinary and biliary metabolites by gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis has shown three mechanisms to be involved in the metabolism of Lilly 82537 in these species; N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation ahd ester hydrolysis. A major portion of the drug administered was eliminated unaltered in the cat and dog, while only trace quantities of parent drug were observed in the urine and bile of rats. These metabolic differences may be responsible for observed species differences in the pharmacologic activity of Lilly 82537.
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Vesell ES, Passananti GT, Greene FE, Page JG. Genetic control of drug levels and of the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in man: individual variability in the extent of allopurinol and nortriptyline inhibition of drug metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971; 179:752-73. [PMID: 4105797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb46950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
The mean half-life of antipyrine in the plasma of four sets of identical and four sets of fraternal twins after a single oral dose of 16 mg/kg of antipyrine was 12.7 +/-(SD) 3.3 hr. After 2 wk on sodium phenobarbital (2 mg/kg daily) the half-life of antipyrine in the plasma of these twins was reduced to 8.0 +/-(SD) 1.5 hr. Shortening of the plasma antipyrine half-life occurred in all but one of these 16 normal, adult volunteers, but there was considerable variation in the extent of reduction which ranged from 0 to 69%. Phenobarbital administration decreased individual variations in antipyrine metabolism as indicated by the smaller standard deviation of the plasma antipyrine half-lives after phenobarbital than observed initially and by the narrowed range of variation in plasma antipyrine half-lives from 2.8-fold initially to 1.8-fold after phenobarbital. These results suggest that some inducing agents may be used to minimize individual variations in drug metabolism where such variations create therapeutic problems by exposing patients who slowly metabolize certain drugs to toxicity and other patients who rapidly metabolize some drugs to undertreatment. During the course of phenobarbital administration blood levels were determined. Phenobarbital blood levels correlated neither with the final values for plasma antipyrine half-lives nor with the per cent reduction in plasma antipyrine half-life produced by phenobarbital treatment. There was a direct relationship between initial antipyrine half-lives and the per cent shortening of antipyrine half-life produced by phenobarbital administration: the shorter the initial antipyrine half-life, the less the reduction caused by phenobarbital treatment. Larger intrapair variances in fraternal than in identical twins indicate genetic, rather than environmental, control of phenobarbital-induced alterations in plasma antipyrine half-life.
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Page JG, Vesell ES. Hepatic drug metabolism in ten strains of Norway rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1969; 131:256-61. [PMID: 5770115 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-131-33853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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Page JG, Vesell ES. Sex and strain differences in basal and induced aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities from domestic and wild rats. Pharmacology 1969; 2:321-36. [PMID: 5362408 DOI: 10.1159/000136037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
The mean half-life of dicumarol in the plasma of seven sets of identical and seven sets of fraternal twins after a single oral dose of 4 mg/kg was 43.6+/-SD 17.9 hr. Half-lives ranged from 7 to 74 hr in these 28 normal adults not receiving other drugs for 2 wk preceding dicumarol administration. Large differences among unrelated individuals in dicumarol half-life disappeared almost completely in identical twins, but persisted to some extent in most sets of fraternal twins. These results indicate that marked differences among subjects in dicumarol half-life are under genetic rather than environmental control. Reproducibility of values for dicumarol half-life was demonstrated. A direct relationship between the dose and the half-life of dicumarol occurred in unrelated volunteers administered progressively larger doses at 10-day intervals. Dose dependence of the half-life of a drug results in increased variability of half-life and hence in greater risks of toxicity on long-term therapy. Risks of toxicity on the one hand and of failure to anticoagulate adequately on the other can be reduced by determining dicumarol half-life before starting long-term therapy. Half-lives for dicumarol and phenylbutzone tended to be correlated in the 28 twins, but no correlation occurred between dicumarol and antipyrine half-lives.
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Abstract
Antipyrine was administered to identical or monozygotic twins and to fraternal or dizygotic twins. Individuals with identical genotypes (monozygotic twins) exhibited significantly less variability in antipyrine halflife than did genetically different individuals (dizygotic twins). Therefore variations in antipyrine metabolism appear to be determined genetically rather than environmentally. In the 36 twins tested, antipyrine half-lives varied between 5.1 and 16.7 hours. No significant correlation occurred between half-lives for phenylbutazone and antipyrine in the 28 twins who received both drugs.
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Abstract
Phenylbutazone was administered to seven pairs of identical (monozygotic) twins and to seven pairs of fraternal (dizygotic) twins. Individual half-lives ranged from 1.2 to 7.3 days. Subjects with identical genotypes (monozygotic twins) exhibited very similar phenylbutazone half-lives; significantly greater differences in half-life occurred in dizygotic twins. The previously established large variations among individuals in phenylbutazone metabolism appear to be genetically, rather than environmentally, determined.
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Finger KF, Page JG, Feller DR. Influence of various agonists and antagonists on the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1966; 15:1023-32. [PMID: 5973151 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(66)90266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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