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Fahy WD, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. When Does Multiphase Chemistry Influence Indoor Chemical Fate? Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4257-4267. [PMID: 38380897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Human chemical exposure often occurs indoors, where large variability in contaminant concentrations and indoor chemical dynamics make assessments of these exposures challenging. A major source of uncertainty lies in the rates of chemical transformations which, due to high surface-to-volume ratios and rapid air change rates relative to rates of gas-phase reactions indoors, are largely gas-surface multiphase processes. It remains unclear how important such chemistry is in controlling indoor chemical lifetimes and, therefore, human exposure to both parent compounds and transformation products. We present a multimedia steady-state fugacity-based model to assess the importance of multiphase chemistry relative to cleaning and mass transfer losses, examine how the physicochemical properties of compounds and features of the indoor environment affect these processes, and investigate uncertainties pertaining to indoor multiphase chemistry and chemical lifetimes. We find that multiphase reactions can play an important role in chemical fate indoors for reactive compounds with low volatility, i.e., octanol-air equilibrium partitioning ratios (Koa) above 108, with the impact of this chemistry dependent on chemical identity, oxidant type and concentration, and other parameters. This work highlights the need for further research into indoor chemical dynamics and multiphase chemistry to constrain human exposure to chemicals in the built environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Fahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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2
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Yu J, Gong Y, Nair P, Liggio J, Peng H, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Ozonolysis of Bisphenol A: Chemical Transformations on Surfaces in the Environment. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:3931-3941. [PMID: 38349611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
High global plastic production volumes have led to the widespread presence of bisphenol compounds in human living and working environments. The most common bisphenol, bisphenol A (BPA), despite being endocrine disruptive and estrogenic, is still not fully banned worldwide, leading to continued human exposure via particles in air, dust, and surfaces in both outdoor and indoor environments. While its abundance is well documented, few studies have addressed the chemical transformations of BPA, the properties of its reactive products, and their toxicity. Here, the first gas-surface multiphase ozonolysis experiment of BPA thin films, at a constant ozone mixing ratio of 100 ppb, was performed in a flow tube for periods up to 24 h. Three transformation products involving the addition of 1, 2, and 3 oxygen atoms to the molecule were identified by LC-ESI-HRMS analyses. Exposure of indoor air to thin BPA surface films and BPA-containing thermal paper over periods of days validated the flow tube experiments, demonstrating the rapid nature of this multiphase ozonolysis reaction at atmospherically relevant ozone levels. Multiple transformation pathways are proposed that are likely applicable to not only BPA but also emerging commercial bisphenol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Pranav Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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3
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Folkerson AP, Schneider SR, Abbatt JPD, Mabury SA. Avoiding Regrettable Replacements: Can the Introduction of Novel Functional Groups Move PFAS from Recalcitrant to Reactive? Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:17032-17041. [PMID: 37877468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are present in a range of commercial and consumer products. These chemicals are often high-performance surfactants or nonstick/water-repellant coatings due to their chemical stability; however, this stability leads to select PFAS being environmentally persistent. To facilitate degradation, new fluorosurfactant building blocks (F7C3-O-CHF-CF2-S-CH2-CH2-OH (FESOH), F3C-O-CHF-CF2-S-CH2-CH2-OH (MeFESOH), F7C3-O-CHF-CF2-O-CH2-CH2-OH (ProFdiEOH), F7C3-O-CHF-CF2-CH2-OH (ProFEOH), and F3C-O-CHF-CF2-O-CH2-CH2-OH (MeFdiEOH)) have been systematically developed with heteroatom linkages such as ethers, thioethers, and polyfluorinated carbons. The room temperature, gas-phase OH oxidation rate constants, and products of these chemicals were monitored in an atmospheric chamber to investigate their fate in the atmosphere. Analysis was performed using online high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) using the iodide reagent ion and via offline UPLC-MS/MS. FESOH and MeFESOH, the thioether congeners, were observed to have the largest rate constants of kFESOH = 2.82 (±0.33) and kMeFESOH = 2.17 (±0.17) (×10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1, respectively). First-, second-, and third-generation products of OH oxidation were observed as a function of time, while product quantification yielded ultrashort perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA) and short polyfluoroether acid species as the terminal products for FESOH and ProFdiEOH. There was evidence for MeFESOH being fully mineralized, demonstrating the potential benign chemical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Folkerson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Link MF, Li J, Ditto JC, Huynh H, Yu J, Zimmerman SM, Rediger KL, Shore A, Abbatt JPD, Garofalo LA, Farmer DK, Poppendieck D. Ventilation in a Residential Building Brings Outdoor NO x Indoors with Limited Implications for VOC Oxidation from NO 3 Radicals. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16446-16455. [PMID: 37856830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Energy-efficient residential building standards require the use of mechanical ventilation systems that replace indoor air with outdoor air. Transient outdoor pollution events can be transported indoors via the mechanical ventilation system and other outdoor air entry pathways and impact indoor air chemistry. In the spring of 2022, we observed elevated levels of NOx (NO + NO2) that originated outdoors, entering the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility through the mechanical ventilation system. Using measurements of NOx, ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we modeled the effect of the outdoor-to-indoor ventilation of NOx pollution on the production of nitrate radical (NO3), a potentially important indoor oxidant. We evaluated how VOC oxidation chemistry was affected by NO3 during NOx pollution events compared to background conditions. We found that nitric oxide (NO) pollution introduced indoors titrated O3 and inhibited the modeled production of NO3. NO ventilated indoors also likely ceased most gas-phase VOC oxidation chemistry during plume events. Only through the artificial introduction of O3 to the ventilation duct during a NOx pollution event (i.e., when O3 and NO2 concentrations were high relative to typical conditions) were we able to measure NO3-initiated VOC oxidation products, indicating that NO3 was impacting VOC oxidation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Link
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
| | - Jienan Li
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario,Canada
| | - Han Huynh
- University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario,Canada
| | - Jie Yu
- University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario,Canada
| | - Stephen M Zimmerman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
| | - Katelyn L Rediger
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Andrew Shore
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
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5
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Schneider SR, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Correction: Iodine emission from the reactive uptake of ozone to simulated seawater. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023; 25:1732. [PMID: 37791473 DOI: 10.1039/d3em90034g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Iodine emission from the reactive uptake of ozone to simulated seawater' by Stephanie R. Schneider et al., Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2023, 25, 254-263, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00111J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Jorga SD, Liu T, Wang Y, Hassan S, Huynh H, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics of hypochlorous acid reactions with organic and chloride-containing tropospheric aerosol. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023; 25:1645-1656. [PMID: 37721367 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine plays an important role in tropospheric oxidation processes, in both marine and continental environments. Although modeling studies have explored the importance of halogen chemistry, uncertainty remains in associated chemical mechanisms and fundamental kinetics parameters. Prior kinetics measurements of multiphase halogen recycling reactions have been largely performed with dilute, bulk solutions, leaving unexplored more realistic chemical systems which have high solute concentrations and are internally mixed with both halide and organic components. Here, we address the multiphase kinetics of gaseous HOCl using an aerosol flow tube and aerosol mass spectrometer to study its reactions with particulate chloride, using atmospherically relevant particle acidity, solute concentrations, and ionic strength. We also investigate the chemistry that results when biomass burning (BB) aerosol components and chloride are internally mixed. Using pH-buffered deliquesced particles, we show that the rate constant for reaction of dissolved HOCl with H+ and Cl- at high relative humidity (RH) (80-85%) is within a factor of two of the literature value for bulk phase conditions. However, at lower RH values (60-70%) where the particles are considerably more concentrated, the rate constant for chloride loss from the particles is an order of magnitude higher. For pure organic compounds commonly found in biomass burning (BB) aerosol, such as coniferaldehyde, salicylic acid and furfural, an increase in the aerosol chlorine content occurs with HOCl exposure, indicating the formation of organochlorine species. Together, these independent findings explain results for internally mixed aerosol particles with both chloride and BB components present where we observed behavior consistent with both chloride loss and organochlorine formation occurring simultaneously upon HOCl exposure. Our results indicate that chlorine recycling via HOCl uptake by chloride-containing particles will occur in the atmosphere efficiently over a wide range of RH conditions, even when reactive organic compounds are present in the same particles as chloride. Simultaneously, formation of organochlorine compounds, which are commonly toxic, is likely occurring when reactive organic components are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro D Jorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Sumaiya Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Han Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
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7
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Zhou Z, Crilley LR, Ditto JC, VandenBoer TC, Abbatt JPD. Chemical Fate of Oils on Indoor Surfaces: Ozonolysis and Peroxidation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15546-15557. [PMID: 37647222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated triglycerides found in food and skin oils are reactive in ambient air. However, the chemical fate of such compounds has not been well characterized in genuine indoor environments. Here, we monitored the aging of oil coatings on glass surfaces over a range of environmental conditions, using mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Upon room air exposure (up to 17 ppb ozone), the characteristic ozonolysis products, secondary ozonides, were observed on surfaces near the cooking area of a commercial kitchen, along with condensed-phase aldehydes. In an office setting, ozonolysis is also the dominant degradation pathway for oil films exposed to air. However, for indoor enclosed spaces such as drawers, the depleted air flow makes lipid autoxidation more favorable after an induction period of a few days. Forming hydroperoxides as the major primary products, this radical-mediated peroxidation behavior is accelerated by indoor direct sunlight, but the initiation step in dark settings is still unclear. These results are in accord with radical measurements, indicating that indoor photooxidation facilitates radical formation on surfaces. Overall, many intermediate and end products observed are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may induce oxidative stress in human bodies. Given that these species can be widely found on both food and household surfaces, their toxicological properties are worth further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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8
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Gregson FKA, Gerrebos NGA, Schervish M, Nikkho S, Schnitzler EG, Schwartz C, Carlsten C, Abbatt JPD, Kamal S, Shiraiwa M, Bertram AK. Phase Behavior and Viscosity in Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol and Climatic Impacts. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14548-14557. [PMID: 37729583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Smoke particles generated by burning biomass consist mainly of organic aerosol termed biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA). BBOA influences the climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation or acting as nuclei for cloud formation. The viscosity and the phase behavior (i.e., the number and type of phases present in a particle) are properties of BBOA that are expected to impact several climate-relevant processes but remain highly uncertain. We studied the phase behavior of BBOA using fluorescence microscopy and showed that BBOA particles comprise two organic phases (a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic phase) across a wide range of atmospheric relative humidity (RH). We determined the viscosity of the two phases at room temperature using a photobleaching method and showed that the two phases possess different RH-dependent viscosities. The viscosity of the hydrophobic phase is largely independent of the RH from 0 to 95%. We use the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation to extrapolate our results to colder and warmer temperatures, and based on the extrapolation, the hydrophobic phase is predicted to be glassy (viscosity >1012 Pa s) for temperatures less than 230 K and RHs below 95%, with possible implications for heterogeneous reaction kinetics and cloud formation in the atmosphere. Using a kinetic multilayer model (KM-GAP), we investigated the effect of two phases on the atmospheric lifetime of brown carbon within BBOA, which is a climate-warming agent. We showed that the presence of two phases can increase the lifetime of brown carbon in the planetary boundary layer and polar regions compared to previous modeling studies. Hence, the presence of two phases can lead to an increase in the predicted warming effect of BBOA on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence K A Gregson
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nealan G A Gerrebos
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sepehr Nikkho
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Saeid Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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9
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Wang C, Liggio J, Wentzell JJB, Jorga S, Folkerson A, Abbatt JPD. Chloramines as an important photochemical source of chlorine atoms in the urban atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220889120. [PMID: 37459517 PMCID: PMC10372683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220889120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine (NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3) are measured in the ambient atmosphere, in downtown Toronto in summer (median 39, 15 and 2.8 ppt) and winter (median 11, 7.3 and 0.7 ppt). NCl3 and NHCl2 were also measured in summer (median 1.3 and 14 ppt) from a suburban Toronto location. Measurements at two locations demonstrate prevalence of chloramines in an urban atmosphere. At both sites, NCl3 exhibits a strong diel pattern with maximum values during the night, and photolytic loss with sunrise. At the downtown site, a strong positive correlation between NH2Cl and NHCl2 in the summer night indicates a common source, with daily average peak mixing ratios approaching 500 and 250 ppt, respectively. As a previously unidentified source of chlorine (Cl) atoms, we demonstrate that NCl3 photolysis contributes 49 to 82% of the total local summertime Cl production rate at different times during the day with an average noontime peak of 3.8 × 105 atoms/cm3/s, with smaller contributions from ClNO2 and Cl2. Photolysis of NH2Cl and NHCl2 may augment this Cl production rate. Our measurements also demonstrate a daytime enhancement of chloroacetone in both the summer and winter, demonstrating the importance of Cl photochemistry. The results suggest that chloramines are an important source of Cl atoms in urban areas, with potential impacts on the abundance of organic compounds, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Future studies should explore the vertical gradients of chloramines and their contribution to Cl production throughout the boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H6, Canada
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ONM3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jeremy J. B. Wentzell
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ONM3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Spiro Jorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew Folkerson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H6, Canada
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10
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Ditto JC, Crilley LR, Lao M, VandenBoer TC, Abbatt JPD, Chan AWH. Indoor and outdoor air quality impacts of cooking and cleaning emissions from a commercial kitchen. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023; 25:964-979. [PMID: 37102581 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gas and particulate emissions from commercial kitchens are important contributors to urban air quality. Not only are these emissions important for occupational exposure of kitchen staff, but they can also be vented to outdoors, causing uncertain health and environmental impacts. In this study, we chemically speciated volatile organic compounds and measured particulate matter mass concentrations in a well-ventilated commercial kitchen for two weeks, including during typical cooking and cleaning operations. From cooking, we observed a complex mixture of volatile organic gases dominated by oxygenated compounds commonly associated with the thermal degradation of cooking oils. Gas-phase chemicals existed at concentrations 2-7 orders of magnitude lower than their exposure limits, due to the high ventilation in the room (mean air change rate of 28 h-1 during operating hours). During evening kitchen cleaning, we observed an increase in the signal of chlorinated gases from 1.1-9.0 times their values during daytime cooking. Particulate matter mass loadings tripled at these times. While exposure to cooking emissions in this indoor environment was reduced effectively by the high ventilation rate, exposure to particulate matter and chlorinated gases was elevated during evening cleaning periods. This emphasizes the need for careful consideration of ventilation rates and methods in commercial kitchen environments during all hours of kitchen operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - Melodie Lao
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Schneider SR, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Iodine emission from the reactive uptake of ozone to simulated seawater. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023; 25:254-263. [PMID: 35838601 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reaction of ozone and iodide is both an important source of atmospheric iodine and dry deposition pathway of ozone in marine environments. While the iodine generated from this reaction is primarily in the form of HOI and I2, there is also evidence of volatile organoiodide compound emissions in the presence of organics without biological activity occuring [M. Martino, G. P. Mills, J. Woeltjen and P. S. Liss, A new source of volatile organoiodine compounds in surface seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2009, 36, L01609, L. Tinel, T. J. Adams, L. D. J. Hollis, A. J. M. Bridger, R. J. Chance, M. W. Ward, S. M. Ball and L. J. Carpenter, Influence of the Sea Surface Microlayer on Oceanic Iodine Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54, 13228-13237]. In this study, we evaluate our fundamental understanding of the ozonolysis of iodide which leads to gas-phase iodine emissions. To do this, we compare experimental measurements of ozone-driven gas-phase I2 formation in a flow tube to predictions made with the kinetic multilayer model for surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB). The KM-SUB model uses literature rate coefficients used in current atmospheric chemistry models to predict I2(g) formation in pH-buffered solutions of marine composition containing chloride, bromide, and iodide compared to solutions containing only iodide. Experimentally, I2(g) formation was found to be suppressed in solutions containing seawater levels of chloride compared to solutions containing only iodide, but the model does not predict this effect using literature rate constants. However, the model is able to predict this trend upon adjustment of two specific reaction rate constants. To more closely represent true oceanic conditions, we add an organic component to the proxy seawater solutions using material generated from Thalassiosira pseudonana phytoplankton cultures. Whereas the rate of ozone deposition is unaffected, the formation rate of I2(g) is strongly suppressed in the presence of biological organic material, indicative of a sink or reduction of reactive iodine formed during the oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Stubbs AD, Lao M, Wang C, Abbatt JPD, Hoffnagle J, VandenBoer TC, Kahan TF. Near-source hypochlorous acid emissions from indoor bleach cleaning. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023; 25:56-65. [PMID: 36602445 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00405d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning surfaces with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) bleach can lead to high levels of gaseous chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl); these have high oxidative capacities and are linked to respiratory issues. We developed a novel spectral analysis procedure for a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) analyzer to enable time-resolved (3 s) HOCl quantification. We measured HOCl levels in a residential bathroom while disinfecting a bathtub and sink, with a focus on spatial and temporal trends to improve our understanding of exposure risks during bleach use. Very high (>10 ppmv) HOCl levels were detected near the bathtub, with lower levels detected further away. Hypochlorous acid concentrations plateaued in the room at a level that depended on distance from the bathtub. This steady-state concentration was maintained until the product was removed by rinsing. Mobile experiments with the analyzer inlet secured to the researcher's face were conducted to mimic potential human exposure to bleach emissions. The findings from mobile experiments were consistent with the spatial and temporal trends observed in the experiments with fixed inlet locations. This work provides insight on effective strategies to reduce exposure risk to emissions from bleach and other cleaning products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annastacia D Stubbs
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada.
| | - Melodie Lao
- Dept. of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Chen Wang
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | | | - Tara F Kahan
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada.
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13
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Reidy E, Bottorff BP, Rosales CM, Cardoso-Saldaña FJ, Arata C, Zhou S, Wang C, Abeleira A, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Goldstein AH, Novoselac A, Kahan TF, Abbatt JPD, Vance ME, Farmer DK, Stevens PS. Measurements of Hydroxyl Radical Concentrations during Indoor Cooking Events: Evidence of an Unmeasured Photolytic Source of Radicals. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:896-908. [PMID: 36603843 PMCID: PMC9850917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is the dominant oxidant in the outdoor environment, controlling the lifetimes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and contributing to the growth of secondary organic aerosols. Despite its importance outdoors, there have been relatively few measurements of the OH radical in indoor environments. During the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign, elevated concentrations of OH were observed near a window during cooking events, in addition to elevated mixing ratios of nitrous acid (HONO), VOCs, and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Particularly high concentrations were measured during the preparation of a traditional American Thanksgiving dinner, which required the use of a gas stove and oven almost continually for 6 h. A zero-dimensional chemical model underpredicted the measured OH concentrations even during periods when direct sunlight illuminated the area near the window, which increases the rate of OH production by photolysis of HONO. Interferences with measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) suggest that unmeasured photolytic VOCs were emitted during cooking events. The addition of a VOC that photolyzes to produce peroxy radicals (RO2), similar to pyruvic acid, into the model results in better agreement with the OH measurements. These results highlight our incomplete understanding of the nature of oxidation in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reidy
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Brandon P. Bottorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Colleen Marciel
F. Rosales
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | | | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York13244, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of Texas, Austin, Texas78712, United
States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Tara F. Kahan
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York13244, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5E6, Canada
| | | | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Philip S. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
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14
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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15
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Wang S, Gallimore PJ, Liu-Kang C, Yeung K, Campbell SJ, Utinger B, Liu T, Peng H, Kalberer M, Chan AWH, Abbatt JPD. Dynamic Wood Smoke Aerosol Toxicity during Oxidative Atmospheric Aging. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1246-1256. [PMID: 36630690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a major source of biomass burning aerosol to the atmosphere, with their incidence and intensity expected to increase in a warmer future climate. However, the toxicity evolution of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) during atmospheric aging remains poorly understood. In this study, we report a unique set of chemical and toxicological metrics of BBOA from pine wood smoldering during multiphase aging by gas-phase hydroxyl radicals (OH). Both the fresh and OH-aged BBOA show activity relevant to adverse health outcomes. The results from two acellular assays (DTT and DCFH) show significant oxidative potential (OP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in OH-aged BBOA. Also, radical concentrations in the aerosol assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy increased by 50% following heterogeneous aging. This enhancement was accompanied by a transition from predominantly carbon-centered radicals (85%) in the fresh aerosol to predominantly oxygen-centered radicals (76%) following aging. Both the fresh and aged biomass burning aerosols trigger prominent antioxidant defense during the in vitro exposure, indicating the induction of oxidative stress by BBOA in the atmosphere. By connecting chemical composition and toxicity using an integrated approach, we show that short-term aging initiated by OH radicals can produce biomass burning particles with a higher particle-bound ROS generation capacity, which are therefore a more relevant exposure hazard for residents in large population centers close to wildfire regions than previously studied fresh biomass burning emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Peter J Gallimore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Carolyn Liu-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kirsten Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Steven J Campbell
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Battist Utinger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
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16
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Jorga SD, Wang Y, Abbatt JPD. Reaction of HOCl with Wood Smoke Aerosol: Impacts on Indoor Air Quality and Outdoor Reactive Chlorine. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1292-1299. [PMID: 36607741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High loadings of biomass burning (BB) aerosol particles from wildfire or residential heating sources can be present in both outdoor and indoor environments, where they deposit onto surfaces such as walls and furniture. These pollutants can interact with oxidants in both the aerosol and deposited forms. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a strong oxidant emitted during cleaning with chlorine-cleaning agents such as bleach, can attain mixing ratios of hundreds of ppbv indoors; moreover, lower mixing ratios are naturally present outdoors. Here, we report the heterogeneous reactivity of HOCl with wood smoke aerosol particles. After exposure to gas-phase HOCl, the particle chlorine content increased reaching chlorine-to-organic mass ratios of 0.07 with the chlorine covalently bound as organochlorine species, many of which are aromatic. Investigating individual potential BB components, we observed that unsaturated species such as coniferaldehyde and furfural react efficiently with HOCl. These observations indicate that organochlorine pollutants will form indoors when bleach cleaning a wildfire impacted space. The chlorine component of particles internally mixed with BB material and chloride initially increased, upon HOCl exposure, indicating that active chlorine recycling in the outdoor environment will be suppressed in the presence of BB emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro D Jorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6Ontario, Canada
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6Ontario, Canada
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17
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Yang D, Liu Q, Wang S, Bozorg M, Liu J, Nair P, Balaguer P, Song D, Krause H, Ouazia B, Abbatt JPD, Peng H. Widespread formation of toxic nitrated bisphenols indoors by heterogeneous reactions with HONO. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq7023. [PMID: 36459560 PMCID: PMC10936053 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With numerous structurally diverse indoor contaminants, indoor transformation chemistry has been largely unexplored. Here, by integrating protein affinity purification and nontargeted mass spectrometry analysis (PUCA), we identified a substantial class of previously unrecognized indoor transformation products formed through gas-surface reactions with nitrous acid (HONO). Through the PUCA, we identified a noncommercial compound, nitrated bisphenol A (BPA), from house dust extracts strongly binding to estrogen-related receptor γ. The compound was detected in 28 of 31 house dust samples with comparable concentrations (ND to 0.30 μg/g) to BPA. Via exposing gaseous HONO to surface-bound BPA, we demonstrated it likely forms via a heterogeneous indoor chemical transformation that is highly selective toward bisphenols with electron-rich aromatic rings. We used 15N-nitrite for in situ labeling and found 110 nitration products formed from indoor contaminants with distinct aromatic moieties. This study demonstrates a previously unidentified class of chemical reactions involving indoor HONO, which should be incorporated into the risk evaluation of indoor contaminants, particularly bisphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qifan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sizhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matin Bozorg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pranav Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Datong Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henry Krause
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Bottorff B, Wang C, Reidy E, Rosales C, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Abbatt JPD, Stevens P. Comparison of Simultaneous Measurements of Indoor Nitrous Acid: Implications for the Spatial Distribution of Indoor HONO Emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13573-13583. [PMID: 36137564 PMCID: PMC9535926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance as a radical precursor and a hazardous pollutant, the chemistry of nitrous acid (HONO) in the indoor environment is not fully understood. We present results from a comparison of HONO measurements from a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) and a laser photofragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) instrument during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign. Experiments during HOMEChem simulated typical household activities and provided a dynamic range of HONO mixing ratios. The instruments measured HONO at different locations in a house featuring a typical air change rate (ACR) (0.5 h-1) and an enhanced mixing rate (∼8 h-1). Despite the distance between the instruments, measurements from the two instruments agreed to within their respective uncertainties (slope = 0.85, R2 = 0.92), indicating that the lifetime of HONO is long enough for it to be quickly distributed indoors, although spatial gradients occurred during ventilation periods. This suggests that emissions of HONO from any source can mix throughout the house and can contribute to OH radical production in sunlit regions, enhancing the oxidative capacity indoors. Measurement discrepancies were likely due to interferences with the LP/LIF instrument as well as calibration uncertainties associated with both instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Bottorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School
of Environment Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Emily Reidy
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Colleen Rosales
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Philip
S. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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19
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Hodshire AL, Carter E, Mattila JM, Ilacqua V, Zambrana J, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Arata C, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Ruiz LH, Vance ME, Wang C, Farmer DK. Detailed Investigation of the Contribution of Gas-Phase Air Contaminants to Exposure Risk during Indoor Activities. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12148-12157. [PMID: 35952310 PMCID: PMC9454252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Analytical capabilities in atmospheric chemistry provide new opportunities to investigate indoor air. HOMEChem was a chemically comprehensive indoor field campaign designed to investigate how common activities, such as cooking and cleaning, impacted indoor air in a test home. We combined gas-phase chemical data of all compounds, excluding those with concentrations <1 ppt, with established databases of health effect thresholds to evaluate potential risks associated with gas-phase air contaminants and indoor activities. The chemical composition of indoor air is distinct from outdoor air, with gaseous compounds present at higher levels and greater diversity─and thus greater predicted hazard quotients─indoors than outdoors. Common household activities like cooking and cleaning induce rapid changes in indoor air composition, raising levels of multiple compounds with high risk quotients. The HOMEChem data highlight how strongly human activities influence the air we breathe in the built environment, increasing the health risk associated with exposure to air contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Hodshire
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - James M. Mattila
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Vito Ilacqua
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | - Jordan Zambrana
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | | | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
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20
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Abstract
The high-temperature cooking of protein-rich foods represents an important but poorly constrained source of nitrogen-containing gases and particles to indoor and outdoor atmospheres. For example, panfrying meat may form and emit these nitrogen-containing compounds through complex chemistry occurring between heated proteins and cooking oils. Here, we simulate this cooking process by heating amino acids together with triglycerides. We explore their interactions across different temperatures, triglyceride types, and amino acid precursors to form amide-containing products. Ammonia, arising from the thermal degradation of amino acids, may react with a triglyceride's ester linkages, forming amides and promoting de-esterification reactions that break the triglyceride into volatilizable products. Additionally, triglycerides may thermally oxidize and fragment as they are heated, and the resulting oxygenated breakdown products may react with ammonia to form amides. We observed evidence for amide formation through both of these pathways, including gas-phase emissions of C2-11H5-23NO species, whose emission factors ranged from 33 to 813 μg total gas-phase amides per gram of amino acid precursor. Comparable quantities of particle-phase oleamide (C18H35NO) were emitted, ranging from 45 to 218 μg/g. The observed amide products had variable predicted toxicities, highlighting the importance of understanding their emissions from cooking and their ultimate inhalation exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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21
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Wang C, Mattila JM, Farmer DK, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Abbatt JPD. Behavior of Isocyanic Acid and Other Nitrogen-Containing Volatile Organic Compounds in The Indoor Environment. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7598-7607. [PMID: 35653434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) and other nitrogen-containing volatile chemicals (organic isocyanates, hydrogen cyanide, nitriles, amines, amides) were measured during the House Observation of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign. The indoor HNCO mean mixing ratio was 0.14 ± 0.30 ppb (range 0.012-6.1 ppb), higher than outdoor levels (mean 0.026 ± 0.15 ppb). From the month-long study, cooking and chlorine bleach cleaning are identified as the most important human-related sources of these nitrogen-containing gases. Gas oven cooking emits more isocyanates than stovetop cooking. The emission ratios HNCO/CO (ppb/ppm) during stovetop and oven cooking (mean 0.090 and 0.30) are lower than previously reported values during biomass burning (between 0.76 and 4.6) and cigarette smoking (mean 2.7). Bleach cleaning led to an increase of the HNCO mixing ratio of a factor of 3.5 per liter of cleaning solution used; laboratory studies indicate that isocyanates arise via reaction of nitrogen-containing precursors, such as indoor dust. Partitioned in a temperature-dependent manner to indoor surface reservoirs, HNCO was present at the beginning of HOMEChem, arising from an unidentified source. HNCO levels are higher at the end of the campaign than the beginning, indicative of occupant activities such as cleaning and cooking; however the direct emissions of humans are relatively minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology and Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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22
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Zhou Z, Lakey PSJ, von Domaros M, Wise N, Tobias DJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Ozonolysis of Oleic Acid-Based Lipids: Quantitation of Major Products and Kinetic Multilayer Modeling. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7716-7728. [PMID: 35671499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Commonly found in atmospheric aerosols, cooking oils, and human sebum, unsaturated lipids rapidly decay upon exposure to ozone, following the Criegee mechanism. Here, the gas-surface ozonolysis of three oleic acid-based compounds was studied in a reactor and indoors. Under dry conditions, quantitative product analyses by 1H NMR indicate up to 79% molar yield of stable secondary ozonides (SOZs) in oxidized triolein and methyl oleate coatings. Elevated relative humidity (RH) significantly suppresses the SOZ yields, enhancing the formation of condensed-phase aldehydes and volatile C9 products. Along with kinetic parameters informed by molecular dynamics simulations, these results were used as constraints in a kinetic multilayer model (KM-GAP) simulating triolein ozonolysis. Covering a wide range of coating thicknesses and ozone levels, the model predicts a much faster decay near the gas-lipid interface compared to the bulk. Although the dependence of RH on SOZ yields is well predicted, the model overestimates the production of H2O2 and aldehydes. With negligible dependence on RH, the product composition for oxidized oleic acid is substantially affected by a competitive reaction between Criegee intermediates (CIs) and carboxylic acids. The resulting α-acyloxyalkyl hydroperoxides (α-AAHPs) have much higher molar yields (29-38%) than SOZs (12-16%). Overall, the ozone-lipid chemistry could affect the indoor environment through "crust" accumulation on surfaces and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission. In the atmosphere, the peroxide formation and changes in particle hygroscopicity may have effects on climate. The related health impacts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael von Domaros
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Natsuko Wise
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Douglas J Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Chemical partitioning to surfaces can influence human exposure by various pathways, resulting in adverse health consequences. Clothing can act as a source, a barrier, or a transient reservoir for chemicals that can affect dermal and inhalation exposure rates. A few clothing-mediated exposure studies have characterized the accumulation of a select number of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), but systematic studies on the partitioning behavior for classes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and SVOCs are lacking. Here, the cloth-air equilibrium partition ratios (KCA) for carbonyl, carboxylic acid, and aromatic VOC homologous series were characterized for cellulose-based cotton fabric, using timed exposures in a real indoor setting followed by online thermal desorption and nontargeted mass spectrometric analysis. The analyzed VOCs exhibit rapid equilibration within a day. Homologous series generally show linear correlations of the logarithm of KCA with carbon number and the logarithms of the VOC vapor pressure and octanol-air equilibrium partition ratio (KOA). When expressed as a volume-normalized partition ratio, log KCA_V values are in a range of 5-8, similar to the values for previously measured SVOCs which have lower volatility. When expressed as surface area-normalized adsorption constants, KCA_S values suggest that equilibration corresponds to a saturated surface coverage of adsorbed species. Aqueous solvation may occur for the most water-soluble species such as formic and acetic acids. Overall, this new experimental approach facilitates VOC partitioning studies relevant to environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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24
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Yeh K, Li L, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. Thirdhand smoke from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, methamphetamine and cocaine: Partitioning, reactive fate, and human exposure in indoor environments. Environ Int 2022; 160:107063. [PMID: 34954646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A source of chemical exposure to humans, thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to the contamination that persists indoors following the cessation of a smoking event. The composition of thirdhand smoke depends on the type of substance from which it originates. Although past studies have investigated the effects of tobacco THS on indoor air quality and human health, few have focused on the chemical composition and health impacts of other sources and components of THS. Here we review the state of knowledge of the composition and partitioning behavior of various types of indoor THS, with a focus on THS from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and illicit substances (methamphetamine and cocaine). The discussion is supplemented by estimates of human exposure to THS components made with a chemical fate and exposure model. The modeling results show that while very volatile THS compounds (i.e., aromatics) are likely to be taken up by inhalation, highly water-soluble compounds tended to be dermally absorbed. Conversely, minimally volatile THS compounds with low solubility are predicted to be ingested through hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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25
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Mattila JM, Arata C, Abeleira A, Zhou Y, Wang C, Katz EF, Goldstein AH, Abbatt JPD, DeCarlo PF, Vance ME, Farmer DK. Contrasting Chemical Complexity and the Reactive Organic Carbon Budget of Indoor and Outdoor Air. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:109-118. [PMID: 34910454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive organic carbon (ROC) comprises a substantial fraction of the total atmospheric carbon budget. Emissions of ROC fuel atmospheric oxidation chemistry to produce secondary pollutants including ozone, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. Compared to the outdoor atmosphere, the indoor organic carbon budget is comparatively understudied. We characterized indoor ROC in a test house during unoccupied, cooking, and cleaning scenarios using various online mass spectrometry and gas chromatography measurements of gaseous and particulate organics. Cooking greatly impacted indoor ROC concentrations and bulk physicochemical properties (e.g., volatility and oxidation state), while cleaning yielded relatively insubstantial changes. Additionally, cooking enhanced the reactivities of hydroxyl radicals and ozone toward indoor ROC. We observed consistently higher median ROC concentrations indoors (≥223 μg C m-3) compared to outdoors (54 μg C m-3), demonstrating that buildings can be a net source of reactive carbon to the outdoor atmosphere, following its removal by ventilation. We estimate the unoccupied test house emitted 0.7 g C day-1 from ROC to outdoors. Indoor ROC emissions may thus play an important role in air quality and secondary pollutant formation outdoors, particularly in urban and suburban areas, and indoors during the use of oxidant-generating air purifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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26
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Abbatt JPD, Morrison GC, Grassian VH, Shiraiwa M, Weschler CJ, Ziemann PJ. How should we define an indoor surface? Indoor Air 2022; 32:e12955. [PMID: 35104002 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado, USA
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27
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Liu T, Abbatt JPD. Oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitrogen dioxide accelerated at the interface of deliquesced aerosol particles. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1173-1177. [PMID: 34594012 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the multiphase chemistry of SO2 in aerosol particles is of great importance to air quality under polluted haze conditions, a fundamental understanding of the pertinent mechanisms and kinetics is lacking. In particular, there is considerable debate on the importance of NO2 in the oxidation of SO2 in aerosol particles. Here experiments with atmospherically relevant deliquesced particles at buffered pH values of 4-5 show that the effective rate constant for the reaction of NO2 with SO32- ((1.4 ± 0.5) × 1010 M-1 s-1) is more than three orders of magnitude larger than the value in dilute solutions. An interfacial reaction at the surface of aerosol particles probably drives the very fast kinetics. Our results indicate that oxidation of SO2 by NO2 at aerosol surfaces may be an important source of sulfate aerosols under polluted haze conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Schneider SR, Lee K, Santos G, Abbatt JPD. Air Quality Data Approach for Defining Wildfire Influence: Impacts on PM 2.5, NO 2, CO, and O 3 in Western Canadian Cities. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13709-13717. [PMID: 34609856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the climate warms, it is recognized that wildfires are increasing in size and frequency. The negative effects of wildfires on air quality are well documented, especially on commonly monitored atmospheric pollutants such as PM2.5, NO2, CO, and O3. However, it is not clear how frequently wildfires influence urban air quality and the size of that influence relative to traffic and industrial pollutants. To understand the impact of wildfires on air quality, we have established an automated method to identify wildfire-influenced ambient air measurements. The trajectory-fire interception method (TFIM) compares hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) back-trajectories from an air quality monitoring station to satellite imagery of fire "hot-spots" to determine the number of trajectory-fire interceptions that occur. From the number of interceptions and local PM2.5 measurements, we have defined a wildfire-influenced period to occur if the interception count is ≥20. TFIM wildfire identification compares favorably with Environment and Climate Change Canada's smoke forecast, FireWork, and with the BlueSky trajectory-based forecast. Using TFIM, we studied the impact of wildfire-influenced periods on PM2.5, NO2, CO, and O3 from 2001 to 2019 in Western Canadian urban areas. We show that wildfire-influenced periods have elevated concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and CO but not O3. We show that a decreasing urban baseline of CO and NO2 over time results in a relatively greater impact of wildfires on these pollutants, which emphasizes the changing relative importance of wildfires on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristyn Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guadalupe Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Schwartz-Narbonne H, Abbatt JPD, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Mattila JM, Wang C, Donaldson DJ, Siegel JA. Modeling the Removal of Water-Soluble Trace Gases from Indoor Air via Air Conditioner Condensate. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10987-10993. [PMID: 34342979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble trace gas (WSTG) loss from indoor air via air conditioning (AC) units has been observed in several studies, but these results have been difficult to generalize. In the present study, we designed a box model that can be used to investigate and estimate WSTG removal due to partitioning to AC coil condensate. We compared the model output to measurements of a suite of organic acids cycling in an indoor environment and tested the model by varying the input AC parameters. These tests showed that WSTG loss via AC cycling is influenced by Henry's law constant of the compound in question, which is controlled by air and water temperatures and the condensate pH. Air conditioning unit specifications also impact WSTG loss through variations in the sensible heat ratio, the effective recirculation rate of air through the unit, and the timing of coil and fan operation. These findings have significant implications for indoor modeling. To accurately model the fate of indoor WSTGs, researchers must either measure or otherwise account for these unique environmental and operational characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - D James Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M7
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30
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Osborne IS, Sugden AM, Rai TS, Funk MA, Malo CS, Hines PJ, Szuromi P, Lavine MS, Erkes DA, Jiang D, Nusinovich Y, Smith KT, Ferrarelli LK, Yeston J, Ray LB, Abbatt JPD. This Week in Science. Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1126/science.2021.372.6547.twis] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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31
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Abbatt JPD. Atmospheric ozone and pandemic lockdowns. Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6547.1162-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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32
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Liu T, Chan AWH, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in Polluted Environments. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:4227-4242. [PMID: 33760581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) forms sulfate-containing aerosol particles that impact air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. It is well-known that in-cloud oxidation of SO2 frequently dominates over gas-phase oxidation on regional and global scales. Multiphase oxidation involving aerosol particles, fog, and cloud droplets has been generally thought to scale with liquid water content (LWC) so multiphase oxidation would be negligible for aerosol particles due to their low aerosol LWC. However, recent field evidence, particularly from East Asia, shows that fast sulfate formation prevails in cloud-free environments that are characterized by high aerosol loadings. By assuming that the kinetics of cloud water chemistry prevails for aerosol particles, most atmospheric models do not capture this phenomenon. Therefore, the field of aerosol SO2 multiphase chemistry has blossomed in the past decade, with many oxidation processes proposed to bridge the difference between modeled and observed sulfate mass loadings. This review summarizes recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the aerosol multiphase oxidation of SO2, with a focus on environmental conditions that affect the oxidation rate, experimental challenges, mechanisms and kinetics results for individual reaction pathways, and future research directions. Compared to dilute cloud water conditions, this paper highlights the differences that arise at the molecular level with the extremely high solute strengths present in aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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33
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Abstract
The reaction of ozone with iodide in the ocean is a major ozone dry deposition pathway, as well as an important source of reactive iodine to the marine troposphere. Few prior laboratory experiments have been conducted with environmentally relevant ozone mixing ratios and iodide concentrations, leading to uncertainties in the rate of the reaction under marine boundary layer conditions. As well, there remains disagreement in the literature assessment of the relative contributions of an interfacial reaction via ozone adsorbed to the ocean surface versus a bulk reaction with dissolved ozone. In this study, we measure the uptake coefficient of ozone over a buffered, pH 8 salt solution replicating the concentrations of iodide, bromide, and chloride in the ocean over an ozone mixing ratio of 60-500 ppb. Due to iodide depletion in the solution, the measured ozone uptake coefficient is dependent on the exposure time of the solution to ozone and its mixing ratio. A kinetic multilayer model confirms that iodide depletion is occurring not only within ozone's reactodiffusive depth, which is on the order of microns for environmental conditions, but also deeper into the solution as well. Best model-measurement agreement arises when some degree of nondiffusive mixing is occurring in the solution, transporting iodide from deeper in the solution to a thin, diffusively mixed upper layer. If such mixing occurs rapidly in the environment, iodide depletion is unlikely to reduce ozone dry deposition rates. Unrealistically high bulk-to-interface partitioning of iodide is required for the model to predict a substantial interfacial component to the reaction, indicating that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism is not dominant under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada
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34
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Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) deposits to surfaces following smoking events and is a source of chemical exposure to humans. However, the evolution of THS in indoor environments is not well understood. Cannabis THS is a chemically distinct and prevalent form of THS, which has not been studied. The heterogeneous reaction of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a major component of cannabis smoke, with ozone was examined as a pure compound and within cannabis smoke. Oxidative decay via ozonolysis and product formation were monitored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Epoxide, dicarbonyl, and secondary ozonide THC reaction products were detected from both pure THC and cannabis experiments, with the product ratios dependent on relative humidity. The observed reaction kinetics for loss of THC on glass and cotton surfaces are consistent with a relatively short loss lifetime, which will be strongly dependent on the film thickness, ozone mixing ratio, and ozone reactivity of the surface substrate. The low volatility of THC and its oxidation products suggest that their contributions to thirdhand cannabis smoke will be less significant than the role that nicotine plays in thirdhand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D L Wylie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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35
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Wang C, Bottorff B, Reidy E, Rosales CMF, Collins DB, Novoselac A, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Stevens PS, Abbatt JPD. Cooking, Bleach Cleaning, and Air Conditioning Strongly Impact Levels of HONO in a House. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:13488-13497. [PMID: 33064464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of common activities on indoor nitrous acid (HONO) mixing ratios was explored during high time resolution, month-long measurements by chemical ionization mass spectrometry in a previously unoccupied house. Indoor HONO varied from 0.2 to 84.0 ppb (mean: 5.5 ppb; median 3.8 ppb), an order of magnitude higher than simultaneously measured outdoor values, indicating important indoor sources. They agree well with simultaneous measurements of HONO by Laser-Photofragmentation/Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Before any combustion activities, the mixing ratio of 3.0 ± 0.3 ppb is indicative of secondary sources such as multiphase formation from NO2. Cooking (with propane gas), especially the use of an oven, led to significant enhancements up to 84 ppb, with elevated mixing ratios persisting for a few days due to slow desorption from indoor surface reservoirs. Floor bleach cleaning led to prolonged, substantial decreases of up to 71-90% due to reactive processes. Air conditioning modulated HONO mixing ratios driven by condensation to wet surfaces in the AC unit. Enhanced ventilation also significantly lowered mixing ratios. Other conditions including human occupancy, ozone addition, and cleaning with terpene, natural product, and vinegar cleaners had a much smaller influence on HONO background levels measured following these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Brandon Bottorff
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emily Reidy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Colleen Marciel F Rosales
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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36
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Schnitzler EG, Liu T, Hems RF, Abbatt JPD. Emerging investigator series: heterogeneous OH oxidation of primary brown carbon aerosol: effects of relative humidity and volatility. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:2162-2171. [PMID: 33020783 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The climate forcing of light-absorbing organic aerosol, or brown carbon (BrC), emitted from biomass burning may be significant but is currently poorly constrained, in part due to evolution during its residence time in the atmosphere. Here, the effects of ambient relative humidity (RH) and particle volatility on the heterogeneous OH oxidation of primary BrC were investigated in laboratory experiments. Particles were generated from smoldering pine wood, isolated from gaseous emissions, conditioned at 200 °C in a thermal denuder to remove the most volatile particulate organics, and injected into a smog chamber, where they were conditioned at either 15 or 60% RH and exposed to gas phase OH radicals. Changes in composition were monitored using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and changes in absorption at 405 nm were monitored using a photoacoustic spectrometer. Heterogeneous OH oxidation of nascent BrC at 60% RH resulted in steady increases in the AMS fraction of CO2+ (associated with carboxylic acids), the O : C ratio, and the carbon oxidation state, consistent with extensive functionalization. These composition changes corresponded first to very rapid absorption enhancement and then bleaching. Net bleaching was observed after the equivalent of 10 h residence time in the atmosphere. The evolution did not depend strongly on RH, consistent with homogeneously well-mixed primary BrC even at 15% RH at room temperature. In contrast, the evolution did depend strongly on the pre-treatment of the particles, such that only bleaching occurred for particles treated at 200 °C. This suggests that lower volatility constituents of ambient primary BrC have less capacity for absorption enhancement in the atmosphere upon heterogeneous oxidation, potentially as they are already more functionalized and/or oligomeric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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37
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Mattila JM, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Wang C, Abbatt JPD, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Ampollini L, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Zhou S, Kahan TF, Cardoso-Saldaña FJ, Ruiz LH, Abeleira A, Boedicker EK, Vance ME, Farmer DK. Multiphase Chemistry Controls Inorganic Chlorinated and Nitrogenated Compounds in Indoor Air during Bleach Cleaning. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:1730-1739. [PMID: 31940195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report elevated levels of gaseous inorganic chlorinated and nitrogenated compounds in indoor air while cleaning with a commercial bleach solution during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry field campaign in summer 2018. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorine (Cl2), and nitryl chloride (ClNO2) reached part-per-billion by volume levels indoors during bleach cleaning-several orders of magnitude higher than typically measured in the outdoor atmosphere. Kinetic modeling revealed that multiphase chemistry plays a central role in controlling indoor chlorine and reactive nitrogen chemistry during these periods. Cl2 production occurred via heterogeneous reactions of HOCl on indoor surfaces. ClNO2 and chloramine (NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3) production occurred in the applied bleach via aqueous reactions involving nitrite (NO2-) and ammonia (NH3), respectively. Aqueous-phase and surface chemistry resulted in elevated levels of gas-phase nitrogen dioxide (NO2). We predict hydroxyl (OH) and chlorine (Cl) radical production during these periods (106 and 107 molecules cm-3 s-1, respectively) driven by HOCl and Cl2 photolysis. Ventilation and photolysis accounted for <50% and <0.1% total loss of bleach-related compounds from indoor air, respectively; we conclude that uptake to indoor surfaces is an important additional loss process. Indoor HOCl and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) mixing ratios during bleach cleaning reported herein are likely detrimental to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Laura Ampollini
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
| | - Felipe J Cardoso-Saldaña
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78758 , United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78758 , United States
| | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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38
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Wang C, Collins DB, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Mattila JM, Farmer DK, Ampollini L, DeCarlo PF, Novoselac A, Vance ME, Nazaroff WW, Abbatt JPD. Surface reservoirs dominate dynamic gas-surface partitioning of many indoor air constituents. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay8973. [PMID: 32128415 PMCID: PMC7030931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human health is affected by indoor air quality. One distinctive aspect of the indoor environment is its very large surface area that acts as a poorly characterized sink and source of gas-phase chemicals. In this work, air-surface interactions of 19 common indoor air contaminants with diverse properties and sources were monitored in a house using fast-response, on-line mass spectrometric and spectroscopic methods. Enhanced-ventilation experiments demonstrate that most of the contaminants reside in the surface reservoirs and not, as expected, in the gas phase. They participate in rapid air-surface partitioning that is much faster than air exchange. Phase distribution calculations are consistent with the observations when assuming simultaneous equilibria between air and large weakly polar and polar absorptive surface reservoirs, with acid-base dissociation in the polar reservoir. Chemical exposure assessments must account for the finding that contaminants that are fully volatile under outdoor air conditions instead behave as semivolatile compounds indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas B. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James M. Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laura Ampollini
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William W. Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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39
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Abstract
Through air inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal exposure, the indoor environment plays an important role in controlling human chemical exposure. Indoor emissions and chemistry can also have direct impacts on the quality of outdoor air. And so, it is important to have a strong fundamental knowledge of the chemical processes that occur in indoor environments. This review article summarizes our understanding of the indoor chemistry field. Using a molecular perspective, it addresses primarily the new advances that have occurred in the past decade or so and upon developments in our understanding of multiphase partitioning and reactions. A primary goal of the article is to contrast indoor chemistry to that which occurs outdoors, which we know to be a strongly gas-phase, oxidant-driven system in which substantial oxidative aging of gases and aerosol particles occurs. By contrast, indoor environments are dark, gas-phase oxidant concentrations are relatively low, and due to air exchange, only short times are available for reactive processing of gaseous and particle constituents. However, important gas-surface partitioning and reactive multiphase chemistry occur in the large surface reservoirs that prevail in all indoor environments. These interactions not only play a crucial role in controlling the composition of indoor surfaces but also the surrounding gases and aerosol particles, thus affecting human chemical exposure. There are rich research opportunities available if the advanced measurement and modeling tools of the outdoor atmospheric chemistry community continue to be brought indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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40
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Zhou Z, Zhou S, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics and Condensed-Phase Products in Multiphase Ozonolysis of an Unsaturated Triglyceride. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:12467-12475. [PMID: 31600435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is an important oxidant in the environment. To study the nature of multiphase ozonolysis, an unsaturated triglyceride, triolein, of the type present in skin oil, biological membranes, and most cooking oils was oxidized by gas-phase ozone on a surface. A high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) method was developed for analyzing triolein and its oxidized products. Upon exposure to ozone, the decay of thin coatings of triolein was observed, accompanied by the formation of functionalized condensed-phase products including secondary ozonides (SOZ), acids, and aldehydes. By studying the reaction kinetics as a function of average coating thickness and ozone mixing ratio, we determined that the reactive uptake coefficient (γ) is on the order of 10-6 to 10-5. It is also concluded that the reaction occurs in the bulk without a major interfacial component, and the reacto-diffusive depth of ozone in the triolein coating is estimated to be between 8 and 40 nm. The specific nature of the reaction products is affected by the reactions of the Criegee intermediate formed during ozonolysis. In particular, although an increase in the relative humidity to 50% from dry conditions has no effect on the kinetics of triolein decay, the yield of SOZs is significantly depressed, indicating reactions of the Criegee intermediates to form hydroperoxides. Once formed, the SOZ products are thermally stable over periods of at least 48 h at room temperature but decomposition was observed under simulated outdoor sunlight, likely forming organic acids. From an environmental perspective, this chemistry indicates that SOZs and other oxygenates will form via ozonolysis of oily indoor surfaces and skin oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
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41
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Wang C, Collins DB, Abbatt JPD. Indoor Illumination of Terpenes and Bleach Emissions Leads to Particle Formation and Growth. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:11792-11800. [PMID: 31576741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Application of chlorine bleach solution (major component sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl) in indoor environments leads to the emission of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine (Cl2), both of which are strong oxidants. In contrast to the outdoor atmosphere, where mixing ratios of HOCl and Cl2 tend to be low (10s-100s of ppt), indoor HOCl and Cl2 can reach high levels during cleaning activities (100s of ppb or higher). HOCl and Cl2 may react with unsaturated organic compounds on indoor surfaces and in indoor air. In this study, we studied the reaction of limonene, one of the most common indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) arising from use of cleaning products, fragrance, and air fresheners, with HOCl and Cl2 in an environmental chamber. A dark reaction was observed between limonene and HOCl/Cl2 leading to gas-phase reaction products that were investigated using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). With subsequent exposure to indoor fluorescent lights or diffuse sunlight through a nearby window, a substantial mass loading of secondary particles were formed with an averaged mass yield of 40% relative to the amount of limonene consumed. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements indicate a large contribution of particulate chlorine species. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of filter-collected particles indicates the formation of high molecular weight products. This is the first study of the oxidation of limonene with HOCl and Cl2, and it illustrates the potential for particle formation to occur with indoor lighting during the use of common cleaning products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , M5S 3H6 , Canada
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42
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Wang S, Zhou S, Tao Y, Tsui WG, Ye J, Yu JZ, Murphy JG, McNeill VF, Abbatt JPD, Chan AWH. Organic Peroxides and Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol: Source of Particulate Sulfate. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10695-10704. [PMID: 31418552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are important atmospheric trace species in both gas and particulate phases, and sulfate is a major component of atmospheric aerosol. One potentially important source of particulate sulfate formation is the oxidation of dissolved SO2 by organic peroxides, which comprises a major fraction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, we investigated the reaction kinetics and mechanisms between SO2 and condensed-phase peroxides. pH-dependent aqueous phase reaction rate constants between S(IV) and organic peroxide standards were measured. Highly oxygenated organic peroxides with O/C > 0.6 in α-pinene SOA react rapidly with S(IV) species in the aqueous phase. The reactions between organic peroxides and S(IV) yield both inorganic sulfate and organosulfates (OS), as observed by electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. For the first time, 34S-labeling experiments in this study revealed that dissolved SO2 forms OS via direct reactions without forming inorganic sulfate as a reactive intermediate. Kinetics of OS formation was estimated semiquantitatively, and such reaction was found to account for 30-60% of sulfur reacted. The photochemical box model GAMMA was applied to assess the implications of the measured SO2 consumption and OS formation rates. Our findings indicate that this novel pathway of SO2-peroxide reaction is important for sulfate formation in submicron aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - William G Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Columbia , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Columbia , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
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43
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Hems RF, Wang C, Collins DB, Zhou S, Borduas-Dedekind N, Siegel JA, Abbatt JPD. Sources of isocyanic acid (HNCO) indoors: a focus on cigarette smoke. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:1334-1341. [PMID: 30976776 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sources and sinks of isocyanic acid (HNCO), a toxic gas, in indoor environments are largely uncharacterized. In particular, cigarette smoke has been identified as a significant source. In this study, controlled smoking of tobacco cigarettes was investigated in both an environmental chamber and a residence in Toronto, Canada using an acetate-CIMS. The HNCO emission ratio from side-stream cigarette smoke was determined to be 2.7 (±1.1) × 10-3 ppb HNCO/ppb CO. Side-stream smoke from a single cigarette introduced a large pulse of HNCO to the indoor environment, increasing the HNCO mixing ratio by up to a factor of ten from background conditions of 0.15 ppb. Although there was no evidence for photochemical production of HNCO from cigarette smoke in the residence, it was observed in the environmental chamber via oxidation by the hydroxyl radical (1.1 × 107 molecules per cm3), approximately doubling the HNCO mixing ratio after 30 minutes of oxidation. Oxidation of cigarette smoke by O3 (15 ppb = 4.0 × 1017 molecules per cm3) and photo-reaction with indoor fluorescent lights did not produce HNCO. By studying the temporal profiles of both HNCO and CO after smoking, it is inferred that gas-to-surface partitioning of HNCO acts as an indoor loss pathway. Even in the absence of smoking, the indoor HNCO mixing ratios in the Toronto residence were elevated compared to concurrent outdoor measurements by approximately a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Hems
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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44
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Farmer DK, Vance ME, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Alves MR, Arata C, Boedicker E, Bourne S, Cardoso-Saldaña F, Corsi R, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jimenez JL, Kahan TF, Katz EF, Mattila JM, Nazaroff WW, Novoselac A, O'Brien RE, Or VW, Patel S, Sankhyan S, Stevens PS, Tian Y, Wade M, Wang C, Zhou S, Zhou Y. Overview of HOMEChem: House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:1280-1300. [PMID: 31328749 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) study is a collaborative field investigation designed to probe how everyday activities influence the emissions, chemical transformations and removal of trace gases and particles in indoor air. Sequential and layered experiments in a research house included cooking, cleaning, variable occupancy, and window-opening. This paper describes the overall design of HOMEChem and presents preliminary case studies investigating the concentrations of reactive trace gases, aerosol particles, and surface films. Cooking was a large source of VOCs, CO2, NOx, and particles. By number, cooking particles were predominantly in the ultrafine mode. Organic aerosol dominated the submicron mass, and, while variable between meals and throughout the cooking process, was dominated by components of hydrocarbon character and low oxygen content, similar to cooking oil. Air exchange in the house ensured that cooking particles were present for only short periods. During unoccupied background intervals, particle concentrations were lower indoors than outdoors. The cooling coils of the house ventilation system induced cyclic changes in water soluble gases. Even during unoccupied periods, concentrations of many organic trace gases were higher indoors than outdoors, consistent with housing materials being potential sources of these compounds to the outdoor environment. Organic material accumulated on indoor surfaces, and exhibited chemical signatures similar to indoor organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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46
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Abstract
Washing with chlorine bleach leads to high mixing ratios of gas-phase HOCl. Using two methods that are sensitive to surface film composition-attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS)-we present the first study of the chlorination chemistry that occurs when gaseous HOCl reacts with thin films of squalene and oleic acid. At mixing ratios of 600 ppbv, HOCl forms chlorohydrins by adding across carbon-carbon double bonds without breaking the carbon backbone. The initial uptake of one HOCl molecule occurs on the time scale of a few minutes at these mixing ratios. For oleic acid, ester formation proceeds immediately thereafter, leading to dimeric and trimeric chlorinated products. For squalene, subsequent HOCl uptake occurs until all six of its carbon-carbon double bonds become chlorinated within 1-2 h. These results indicate that chlorination of skin oil, which contains substantial carbon unsaturation, is likely to occur rapidly under common cleaning conditions, potentially leading to the irritation associated with chlorinated bleach. This chemistry will likely also proceed with cooking oils, in the human respiratory system which has unsaturated surfactants as important components of lung fluid, and with organic components of the sea surface microlayer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Jennifer Faust
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON Canada M5S 3H6
- Department of Chemistry , College of Wooster , Wooster , Ohio 44691 , United States
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47
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Collins DB, Wang C, Abbatt JPD. Selective Uptake of Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke Components to Inorganic and Organic Aerosol Particles. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:13195-13201. [PMID: 30347142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Third-hand smoke (THS) is an emerging route of exposure to tobacco smoke in the indoor environment. Few studies have investigated the chemical behavior of THS, although initial findings suggest that semivolatile components of THS can partition to indoor aerosol. By exposing single-component particles to THS in an environmental chamber, this study demonstrates a pronounced dependence of THS uptake on aerosol composition. First, it was found that primarily reduced nitrogen compounds (that produced C xH yN z+ ion signal) in THS partitioned strongly to acidic ammoniated sulfate particles, whereas overall THS uptake to more pH-neutral sodium sulfate particles was minimal. Second, THS uptake to pure hydrocarbon particles (squalane) was even greater than to ammoniated sulfate particles with the uptake arising from mainly C xH y compounds. The greater uptake of THS to squalane was mostly driven by the dominant fraction of C xH y compounds in the side stream cigarette smoke aerosol, the composition of which is likely to be broadly similar to THS in these experiments. Third, oxygenated organic particles (sucrose) and solid ammonium sulfate particles showed minimal uptake. These results indicate that particulate THS inhalation exposure will be strongly dependent on the chemical nature of the particles present in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto ; 80 St. George Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto ; 80 St. George Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto ; 80 St. George Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
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48
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Collins DB, Hems RF, Zhou S, Wang C, Grignon E, Alavy M, Siegel JA, Abbatt JPD. Evidence for Gas-Surface Equilibrium Control of Indoor Nitrous Acid. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:12419-12427. [PMID: 30346749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important component of indoor air as a photolabile precursor to hydroxyl radicals and has direct health effects. HONO concentrations are typically higher indoors than outdoors, although indoor concentrations have proved challenging to predict using box models. In this study, time-resolved measurements of HONO and NO2 in a residence showed that [HONO] varied relatively weakly over contiguous periods of hours, while [NO2] fluctuated in association with changes in outdoor [NO2]. Perturbation experiments were performed in which indoor HONO was depleted or elevated and were interpreted using a two-compartment box model. To reproduce the measurements, [HONO] had to be predicted using persistent source and sink processes that do not directly involve NO2, suggesting that HONO was in equilibrium with indoor surfaces. Production of gas phase HONO directly from conversion of NO2 on surfaces had a weak influence on indoor [HONO] during the time of the perturbations. Highly similar temporal responses of HONO and semivolatile carboxylic acids to ventilation of the residence along with the detection of nitrite on indoor surfaces support the concept that indoor HONO mixing ratios are controlled strongly by gas-surface equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Rachel F Hems
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Eloi Grignon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Masih Alavy
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering , University of Toronto , 35 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering , University of Toronto , 35 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , 223 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5T 1R4 , Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Street George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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49
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Alwarda R, Zhou S, Abbatt JPD. Heterogeneous oxidation of indoor surfaces by gas-phase hydroxyl radicals. Indoor Air 2018; 28:655-664. [PMID: 29873111 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of monolayer-thick, surface-sorbed organics, namely di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and palmitic acid (PA), with gas-phase OH. The pseudo-first order rate constants for organic loss at OH concentrations of 1.6 × 108 molecules/cm3 are: (2.3 ± 0.1) × 10-4 to (4.8 ± 0.8) × 10-4 s-1 , and (1.3 ± 0.5) × 10-4 s-1 for DnOP and PA, respectively. Films developed in indoor office environments over a few weeks are also oxidized using the same OH concentration. Heterogeneous decay rate constants of mass signals from these films, attributed to phthalates (MW = 390.6) and to PA, are similar to those for the single-component films, ie, (1.9 ± 0.4) × 10-4 to (3.4 ± 0.5) × 10-4 s-1 , and (1.1 ± 0.4) × 10-4 s-1 , respectively. These results suggest that the lifetimes for OH heterogeneous oxidation of monolayer-thick indoor organic films will be on the timescale of weeks to months. To support this argument, we present the first analysis of the mass transfer processes that occur when short-lived gas-phase molecules, such as OH, are taken up by reactive indoor surfaces. Due to rapid chemical production, the diffusion limitation to mass transfer is less important for short-lived molecules than for molecules with little chemical production, such as ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alwarda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China.
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada.
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