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Heesterbeek CJ, Lenaerts L, Tjan-Heijnen VCG, Amant F, van Rij MC, Theunis M, de Die-Smulders CEM, Vermeesch JR, Macville MVE. Comprehensive Recommendations for the Clinical Management of Pregnant Women With Noninvasive Prenatal Test Results Suspicious of a Maternal Malignancy. JCO Oncol Pract 2024:OP2300594. [PMID: 38608208 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this article, we defined comprehensive recommendations for the clinical follow-up of pregnant women with a malignancy-suspicious NIPT result, on the basis of the vast experience with population-based NIPT screening programs in two European countries complemented with published large data sets. These recommendations provide a tool for classifying NIPT results as malignancy-suspicious, and guide health care professionals in structured clinical decision making for the diagnostic process of pregnant women who receive such a malignancy-suspicious NIPT result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina J Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vivianne C G Tjan-Heijnen
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje C van Rij
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Miel Theunis
- Centre of Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine E M de Die-Smulders
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Centre of Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Merryn V E Macville
- Department of Clinical Genetics, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Vervoort L, Dierckxsens N, Santos MS, Meynants S, Souche E, Cools R, Heung T, Devriendt K, Peeters H, McDonald-McGinn DM, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Emanuel BS, Van Esch H, Bassett AS, Vermeesch JR. Multiple paralogues and recombination mechanisms drive the high incidence of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.14.585046. [PMID: 38562770 PMCID: PMC10983858 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common microdeletion disorder. Why the incidence of 22q11.2DS is much greater than that of other genomic disorders remains unknown. Short read sequencing cannot resolve the complex segmental duplicon structure to provide direct confirmation of the hypothesis that the rearrangements are caused by non-allelic homologous recombination between the low copy repeats on chromosome 22 (LCR22s). To enable haplotype-specific assembly and rearrangement mapping in LCR22 regions, we combined fiber-FISH optical mapping with whole genome (ultra-)long read sequencing or rearrangement-specific long-range PCR on 24 duos (22q11.2DS patient and parent-of-origin) comprising several different LCR22-mediated rearrangements. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that not only different paralogous segmental duplicon but also palindromic AT-rich repeats (PATRR) are driving 22q11.2 rearrangements. In addition, we show the existence of two different inversion polymorphisms preceding rearrangement, and somatic mosaicism. The existence of different recombination sites and mechanisms in paralogues and PATRRs which are copy number expanding in the human population are a likely explanation for the high 22q11.2DS incidence.
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Freud LR, Galloway S, Crowley TB, Moldenhauer J, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Borrell A, Vora NL, Cuneo B, Hoffman H, Gilbert L, Nowakowska B, Geremek M, Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Busa T, Sigaudy S, Vigneswaran T, Simpson JM, Dungan J, Gotteiner N, Gloning KP, Digilio MC, Unolt M, Putotto C, Marino B, Repetto G, Fadic M, Garcia-Minaur S, Achón Buil A, Thomas MA, Fruitman D, Beecroft T, Hui PW, Oskarsdottir S, Bradshaw R, Criebaum A, Norton ME, Lee T, Geiger M, Dunnington L, Isaac J, Wilkins-Haug L, Hunter L, Izzi C, Toscano M, Ghi T, McGlynn J, Romana Grati F, Emanuel BS, Gaiser K, Gaynor JW, Goldmuntz E, McGinn DE, Schindewolf E, Tran O, Zackai EH, Yan Q, Bassett AS, Wapner R, McDonald-McGinn DM. Prenatal vs postnatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: cardiac and noncardiac outcomes through 1 year of age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:368.e1-368.e12. [PMID: 37717890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common microdeletion syndrome and is frequently associated with congenital heart disease. Prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is increasingly offered. It is unknown whether there is a clinical benefit to prenatal detection as compared with postnatal diagnosis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine differences in perinatal and infant outcomes between patients with prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study across multiple international centers (30 sites, 4 continents) from 2006 to 2019. Participants were fetuses, neonates, or infants with a genetic diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by 1 year of age with or without congenital heart disease; those with prenatal diagnosis or suspicion (suggestive ultrasound findings and/or high-risk cell-free fetal DNA screen for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with postnatal confirmation) were compared with those with postnatal diagnosis. Perinatal management, cardiac and noncardiac morbidity, and mortality by 1 year were assessed. Outcomes were adjusted for presence of critical congenital heart disease, gestational age at birth, and site. RESULTS A total of 625 fetuses, neonates, or infants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (53.4% male) were included: 259 fetuses were prenatally diagnosed (156 [60.2%] were live-born) and 122 neonates were prenatally suspected with postnatal confirmation, whereas 244 infants were postnatally diagnosed. In the live-born cohort (n=522), 1-year mortality was 5.9%, which did not differ between groups but differed by the presence of critical congenital heart disease (hazard ratio, 4.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-11.18; P<.001) and gestational age at birth (hazard ratio, 0.78 per week; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.89; P<.001). Adjusting for critical congenital heart disease and gestational age at birth, the prenatal cohort was less likely to deliver at a local community hospital (5.1% vs 38.2%; odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.23; P<.001), experience neonatal cardiac decompensation (1.3% vs 5.0%; odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.49; P=.004), or have failure to thrive by 1 year (43.4% vs 50.3%; odds ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.91; P=.019). CONCLUSION Prenatal detection of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was associated with improved delivery management and less cardiac and noncardiac morbidity, but not mortality, compared with postnatal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Freud
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Galloway
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | | | - Julie Moldenhauer
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ann Swillen
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antoni Borrell
- Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neeta L Vora
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bettina Cuneo
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Hilary Hoffman
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Lisa Gilbert
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | | | | | | | - Joris R Vermeesch
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Trisha Vigneswaran
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John M Simpson
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Dungan
- Prentice Women's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nina Gotteiner
- Prentice Women's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Marta Unolt
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriela Repetto
- Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena Fadic
- Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Mary Ann Thomas
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Deborah Fruitman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Taylor Beecroft
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Pui Wah Hui
- Queen Mary Hospital, Tsan Yuk Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Rachael Bradshaw
- SSM Health Cardinal Glennon St. Louis Fetal Care Institute, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Amanda Criebaum
- SSM Health Cardinal Glennon St. Louis Fetal Care Institute, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mary E Norton
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tiffany Lee
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Miwa Geiger
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Leslie Dunnington
- Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Lindsey Hunter
- Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Izzi
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Tullio Ghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kimberly Gaiser
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J William Gaynor
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel E McGinn
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erica Schindewolf
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Oanh Tran
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Qi Yan
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronald Wapner
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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De Coster T, Zhao Y, Tšuiko O, Demyda-Peyrás S, Van Soom A, Vermeesch JR, Smits K. Genome-wide equine preimplantation genetic testing enabled by simultaneous haplotyping and copy number detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2003. [PMID: 38263320 PMCID: PMC10805710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In different species, embryonic aneuploidies and genome-wide errors are a major cause of developmental failure. The increasing number of equine embryos being produced worldwide provides the opportunity to characterize and rank or select embryos based on their genetic profile prior to transfer. Here, we explored the possibility of generic, genome-wide preimplantation genetic testing concurrently for aneuploidies (PGT-A) and monogenic (PGT-M) traits and diseases in the horse, meanwhile assessing the incidence and spectrum of chromosomal and genome-wide errors in in vitro-produced equine embryos. To this end, over 70,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) positions were genotyped in 14 trophectoderm biopsies and corresponding biopsied blastocysts, and in 26 individual blastomeres from six arrested cleavage-stage embryos. Subsequently, concurrent genome-wide copy number detection and haplotyping by haplarithmisis was performed and the presence of aneuploidies and genome-wide errors and the inherited parental haplotypes for four common disease-associated genes with high carrier frequency in different horse breeds (GBE1, PLOD1, B3GALNT2, MUTYH), and for one color coat-associated gene (STX17) were compared in biopsy-blastocyst combinations. The euploid (n = 12) or fully aneuploid (n = 2) state and the inherited parental haplotypes for 42/45 loci of interest of the biopsied blastocysts were predicted by the biopsy samples in all successfully analyzed biopsy-blastocyst combinations (n = 9). Two biopsies showed a loss of maternal chromosome 28 and 31, respectively, which were confirmed in the corresponding blastocysts. In one of those biopsies, additional complex aneuploidies not present in the blastocyst were found. Five out of six arrested embryos contained chromosomal and/or genome-wide errors in most of their blastomeres, demonstrating their contribution to equine embryonic arrest in vitro. The application of the described PGT strategy would allow to select equine embryos devoid of genetic errors and pathogenetic variants, and with the variants of interest, which will improve foaling rate and horse quality. We believe this approach will be a gamechanger in horse breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Coster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Tšuiko
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Demyda-Peyrás
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Van Soom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Smits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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5
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De Coster T, Van Poucke M, Bogado Pascottini O, Angel-Velez D, Van den Branden E, Peere S, Papas M, Gerits I, Govaere J, Peelman L, Vermeesch JR, Van Soom A, Smits K. Single closed-tube quantitative real-time PCR assay with dual-labelled probes for improved sex determination of equine embryos. Animal 2023; 17:100952. [PMID: 37913607 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to fulfilling many breeders' curiosity, equine embryonic sex determination can have a profound commercial impact. However, the application of currently described assays for equine embryonic sexing has rendered variable diagnosis and validation rates, with sensitivity being the main problem. In addition, while pregnancy results of in vivo-flushed equine embryos following a needle aspiration biopsy equal those of non-biopsied embryos, the effect on in vitro-produced embryos is unknown. Here, we aimed to develop a highly sensitive and specific assay for equine sex determination that can be directly performed on few embryonic cells, and to test the effect of a needle aspiration biopsy on the viability of the in vitro-produced embryo. To this end, a multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay with dual-labelled probes was designed to allow the simultaneous generation of both male-specific and control fragments in a single closed-tube reaction, avoiding potential sample loss or contamination. To improve sensitivity, multicopy and polymeric genes were chosen to be specifically amplified, i.e., eight copies of Y-chromosomal ETSTY5 as male-specific and four autosomal UBC monomers as control fragment. Specificity was enhanced by the equine-specific character of ETSTY5 and by using dual-labelled probes. The assay was optimised with equine male and female genomic DNA and demonstrated a 100% accuracy and a >95% qPCR efficiency down to 10 pg of DNA. The assay was subsequently applied to determine the sex of 44 in vitro-produced embryos, collecting trophectoderm biopsies by means of a needle aspiration biopsy and herniating cells. Of all trophectoderm biopsies and herniating cell samples (n = 54), 87% could be diagnosed. Assay results were validated on a second sample obtained from the biopsied embryo (n = 18) or, by ultrasound-based sex determination of the foetus (n = 7) following the transfer of the biopsied embryo to a recipient mare, with about half of the embryos being fillies and colts. The needle aspiration biopsy procedure did not impair initial pregnancy rate or early pregnancy losses as compared to non-biopsied embryos. In conclusion, we report a safe, reliable, fast, and cost-effective assay for equine sex determination which was validated for the sex determination of in vitro-produced embryos based on few embryonic cells, and needle aspiration biopsy did not impair the embryo's viability. The assay and safe biopsy strategy hold potential for other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Coster
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - M Van Poucke
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - O Bogado Pascottini
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Angel-Velez
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Research Group in Animal Sciences - INCA-CES, Universidad CES, Medellin, Colombia
| | - E Van den Branden
- Clinic of Large Animal Reproduction, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Peere
- Clinic of Large Animal Reproduction, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Papas
- Clinic of Large Animal Reproduction, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Gerits
- Clinic of Large Animal Reproduction, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Govaere
- Clinic of Large Animal Reproduction, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peelman
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Van Soom
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Smits
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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van Riel M, Zhao Y, Jatsenko T, Lannoo L, Timmerman D, Vermeesch JR. Ultrasensitive Microhaplotype-Based Detection of Minor Alleles in Cervical Samples of Pregnant Women Identifies Sperm Rather Than Fetal DNA. Clin Chem 2023; 69:1089-1091. [PMID: 37522347 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lore Lannoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Timmerman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Zhao Y, Wang Y, Shi L, McDonald-McGinn DM, Crowley TB, McGinn DE, Tran OT, Miller D, Lin JR, Zackai E, Johnston HR, Chow EWC, Vorstman JAS, Vingerhoets C, van Amelsvoort T, Gothelf D, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Vermeesch JR, Eliez S, Schneider M, van den Bree MBM, Owen MJ, Kates WR, Repetto GM, Shashi V, Schoch K, Bearden CE, Digilio MC, Unolt M, Putotto C, Marino B, Pontillo M, Armando M, Vicari S, Angkustsiri K, Campbell L, Busa T, Heine-Suñer D, Murphy KC, Murphy D, García-Miñaúr S, Fernández L, Zhang ZD, Goldmuntz E, Gur RE, Emanuel BS, Zheng D, Marshall CR, Bassett AS, Wang T, Morrow BE. Chromatin regulators in the TBX1 network confer risk for conotruncal heart defects in 22q11.2DS. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:17. [PMID: 37463940 PMCID: PMC10354062 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affecting the conotruncal region of the heart, occurs in 40-50% of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). This syndrome is a rare disorder with relative genetic homogeneity that can facilitate identification of genetic modifiers. Haploinsufficiency of TBX1, encoding a T-box transcription factor, is one of the main genes responsible for the etiology of the syndrome. We suggest that genetic modifiers of conotruncal defects in patients with 22q11.2DS may be in the TBX1 gene network. To identify genetic modifiers, we analyzed rare, predicted damaging variants in whole genome sequence of 456 cases with conotruncal defects and 537 controls, with 22q11.2DS. We then performed gene set approaches and identified chromatin regulatory genes as modifiers. Chromatin genes with recurrent damaging variants include EP400, KAT6A, KMT2C, KMT2D, NSD1, CHD7 and PHF21A. In total, we identified 37 chromatin regulatory genes, that may increase risk for conotruncal heart defects in 8.5% of 22q11.2DS cases. Many of these genes were identified as risk factors for sporadic CHD in the general population. These genes are co-expressed in cardiac progenitor cells with TBX1, suggesting that they may be in the same genetic network. The genes KAT6A, KMT2C, CHD7 and EZH2, have been previously shown to genetically interact with TBX1 in mouse models. Our findings indicate that disturbance of chromatin regulatory genes impact the TBX1 gene network serving as genetic modifiers of 22q11.2DS and sporadic CHD, suggesting that there are some shared mechanisms involving the TBX1 gene network in the etiology of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Lijie Shi
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel E McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Oanh T Tran
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Daniella Miller
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jhih-Rong Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - H Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute and Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, the Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, the Netherlands
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Sapfra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, 5262000, Israel
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13202, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13202, USA
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7710162, Chile
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - M Cristina Digilio
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, 00165, Italy
| | - Marta Unolt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, 00165, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Carolina Putotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, 00165, Italy
| | - Marco Armando
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, 00165, Italy
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Unit at Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, 00165, Italy
| | - Kathleen Angkustsiri
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Linda Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, 2258, Australia
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Damian Heine-Suñer
- Genomics of Health and Unit of Molecular Diagnosis and Clinical Genetics, Son Espases University Hospital, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, 07120, Spain
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, 505095, Ireland
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Behavioral and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, Behavioral Genetics Clinic, National Adult Autism and ADHD Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation National Health Service Trust, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, 28046, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, 28046, Spain
| | - Zhengdong D Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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8
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Lin JR, Zhao Y, Jabalameli MR, Nguyen N, Mitra J, Swillen A, Vorstman JAS, Chow EWC, van den Bree M, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Owen MJ, Williams NM, Bassett AS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE, Bearden CE, Morrow BE, Lachman HM, Zhang ZD. Rare coding variants as risk modifiers of the 22q11.2 deletion implicate postnatal cortical development in syndromic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2071-2080. [PMID: 36869225 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion is one of the strongest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Recent whole-genome sequencing of schizophrenia cases and controls with this deletion provided an unprecedented opportunity to identify risk modifying genetic variants and investigate their contribution to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Here, we apply a novel analytic framework that integrates gene network and phenotype data to investigate the aggregate effects of rare coding variants and identified modifier genes in this etiologically homogenous cohort (223 schizophrenia cases and 233 controls of European descent). Our analyses revealed significant additive genetic components of rare nonsynonymous variants in 110 modifier genes (adjusted P = 9.4E-04) that overall accounted for 4.6% of the variance in schizophrenia status in this cohort, of which 4.0% was independent of the common polygenic risk for schizophrenia. The modifier genes affected by rare coding variants were enriched with genes involved in synaptic function and developmental disorders. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic analyses identified an enrichment of coexpression between modifier and 22q11.2 genes in cortical brain regions from late infancy to young adulthood. Corresponding gene coexpression modules are enriched with brain-specific protein-protein interactions of SLC25A1, COMT, and PI4KA in the 22q11.2 deletion region. Overall, our study highlights the contribution of rare coding variants to the SCZ risk. They not only complement common variants in disease genetics but also pinpoint brain regions and developmental stages critical to the etiology of syndromic schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Rong Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Reza Jabalameli
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nha Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joydeep Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Eva W C Chow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Herbert M Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengdong D Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Rack K, Bie J, Ameye G, Gielen O, Demeyer S, Cools J, Keersmaecker K, Vermeesch JR, Maertens J, Segers H, Michaux L, Dewaele B. Optimizing the diagnostic workflow for acute lymphoblastic leukemia by optical genome mapping. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:548-561. [PMID: 35119131 PMCID: PMC9314940 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy that can be subdivided into distinct entities based on clinical, immunophenotypic and genomic features, including mutations, structural variants (SVs), and copy number alterations (CNA). Chromosome banding analysis (CBA) and Fluorescent In‐Situ Hybridization (FISH) together with Multiple Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), array and PCR‐based methods form the backbone of routine diagnostics. This approach is labor‐intensive, time‐consuming and costly. New molecular technologies now exist that can detect SVs and CNAs in one test. Here we apply one such technology, optical genome mapping (OGM), to the diagnostic work‐up of 41 ALL cases. Compared to our standard testing pathway, OGM identified all recurrent CNAs and SVs as well as additional recurrent SVs and the resulting fusion genes. Based on the genomic profile obtained by OGM, 32 patients could be assigned to one of the major cytogenetic risk groups compared to 23 with the standard approach. The latter identified 24/34 recurrent chromosomal abnormalities, while OGM identified 33/34, misinterpreting only 1 case with low hypodiploidy. The results of MLPA were concordant in 100% of cases. Overall, there was excellent concordance between the results. OGM increased the detection rate and cytogenetic resolution, and abrogated the need for cascade testing, resulting in reduced turnaround times. OGM also provided opportunities for better patient stratification and accurate treatment options. However, for comprehensive cytogenomic testing, OGM still needs to be complemented with CBA or SNP‐array to detect ploidy changes and with BCR::ABL1 FISH to assign patients as soon as possible to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Rack
- Laboratory for the Cytogenetic and Molecular Diagnosis of Hematological Malignancies, Centre for Human Genetics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jolien Bie
- Laboratory for the Cytogenetic and Molecular Diagnosis of Hematological Malignancies, Centre for Human Genetics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Geneviève Ameye
- Laboratory for the Cytogenetic and Molecular Diagnosis of Hematological Malignancies, Centre for Human Genetics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Olga Gielen
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Centre for Cancer Biology Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Leuven Belgium
| | - Sofie Demeyer
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Centre for Cancer Biology Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Centre for Cancer Biology Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Leuven Belgium
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI) KU Leuven – University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kim Keersmaecker
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI) KU Leuven – University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Joris R. Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Centre for Human Genetics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Hematology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Heidi Segers
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI) KU Leuven – University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Oncology‐Hematology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lucienne Michaux
- Laboratory for the Cytogenetic and Molecular Diagnosis of Hematological Malignancies, Centre for Human Genetics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Barbara Dewaele
- Laboratory for the Cytogenetic and Molecular Diagnosis of Hematological Malignancies, Centre for Human Genetics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
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10
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Masset H, Ding J, Dimitriadou E, Debrock S, Tšuiko O, Smits K, Peeraer K, Voet T, Zamani Esteki M, Vermeesch JR. Single-cell genome-wide concurrent haplotyping and copy-number profiling through genotyping-by-sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e63. [PMID: 35212381 PMCID: PMC9226495 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell whole-genome haplotyping allows simultaneous detection of haplotypes associated with monogenic diseases, chromosome copy-numbering and subsequently, has revealed mosaicism in embryos and embryonic stem cells. Methods, such as karyomapping and haplarithmisis, were deployed as a generic and genome-wide approach for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) and are replacing traditional PGT methods. While current methods primarily rely on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, we envision sequencing-based methods to become more accessible and cost-efficient. Here, we developed a novel sequencing-based methodology to haplotype and copy-number profile single cells. Following DNA amplification, genomic size and complexity is reduced through restriction enzyme digestion and DNA is genotyped through sequencing. This single-cell genotyping-by-sequencing (scGBS) is the input for haplarithmisis, an algorithm we previously developed for SNP array-based single-cell haplotyping. We established technical parameters and developed an analysis pipeline enabling accurate concurrent haplotyping and copy-number profiling of single cells. We demonstrate its value in human blastomere and trophectoderm samples as application for PGT for monogenic disorders. Furthermore, we demonstrate the method to work in other species through analyzing blastomeres of bovine embryos. Our scGBS method opens up the path for single-cell haplotyping of any species with diploid genomes and could make its way into the clinic as a PGT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Masset
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jia Ding
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Sophie Debrock
- Leuven University Fertility Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Olga Tšuiko
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrien Smits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Karen Peeraer
- Leuven University Fertility Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Thierry Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Masoud Zamani Esteki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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11
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Dierckxsens N, Li T, Vermeesch JR, Xie Z. A benchmark of structural variation detection by long reads through a realistic simulated model. Genome Biol 2021; 22:342. [PMID: 34911553 PMCID: PMC8672642 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate simulations of structural variation distributions and sequencing data are crucial for the development and benchmarking of new tools. We develop Sim-it, a straightforward tool for the simulation of both structural variation and long-read data. These simulations from Sim-it reveal the strengths and weaknesses for current available structural variation callers and long-read sequencing platforms. With these findings, we develop a new method (combiSV) that can combine the results from structural variation callers into a superior call set with increased recall and precision, which is also observed for the latest structural variation benchmark set developed by the GIAB Consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dierckxsens
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Cleynen I, Engchuan W, Hestand MS, Heung T, Holleman AM, Johnston HR, Monfeuga T, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE, Morrow BE, Swillen A, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE, Chow EWC, van den Bree M, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Warren ST, Owen MJ, Chopra P, Cutler DJ, Duncan R, Kotlar AV, Mulle JG, Voss AJ, Zwick ME, Diacou A, Golden A, Guo T, Lin JR, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Marshall C, Merico D, Jin A, Lilley B, Salmons HI, Tran O, Holmans P, Pardinas A, Walters JTR, Demaerel W, Boot E, Butcher NJ, Costain GA, Lowther C, Evers R, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, van Duin E, Vingerhoets C, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Vergaelen E, Vogels A, Crowley TB, McGinn DE, Moss EM, Sharkus RJ, Unolt M, Zackai EH, Calkins ME, Gallagher RS, Gur RC, Tang SX, Fritsch R, Ornstein C, Repetto GM, Breetvelt E, Duijff SN, Fiksinski A, Moss H, Niarchou M, Murphy KC, Prasad SE, Daly EM, Gudbrandsen M, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, Buzzanca A, Fabio FD, Digilio MC, Pontillo M, Marino B, Vicari S, Coleman K, Cubells JF, Ousley OY, Carmel M, Gothelf D, Mekori-Domachevsky E, Michaelovsky E, Weinberger R, Weizman A, Kushan L, Jalbrzikowski M, Armando M, Eliez S, Sandini C, Schneider M, Béna FS, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Kates WR, Belzeaux R, Busa T, Philip N, Campbell LE, McCabe KL, Hooper SR, Schoch K, Shashi V, Simon TJ, Tassone F, Arango C, Fraguas D, García-Miñaúr S, Morey-Canyelles J, Rosell J, Suñer DH, Raventos-Simic J, Epstein MP, Williams NM, Bassett AS. Genetic contributors to risk of schizophrenia in the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4496-4510. [PMID: 32015465 PMCID: PMC7396297 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia occurs in about one in four individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The aim of this International Brain and Behavior 22q11.2DS Consortium (IBBC) study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia, in addition to the ~20-fold increased risk conveyed by the 22q11.2 deletion. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 519 unrelated individuals with 22q11.2DS, we conducted genome-wide comparisons of common and rare variants between those with schizophrenia and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. Available microarray data enabled direct comparison of polygenic risk for schizophrenia between 22q11.2DS and independent population samples with no 22q11.2 deletion, with and without schizophrenia (total n = 35,182). Polygenic risk for schizophrenia within 22q11.2DS was significantly greater for those with schizophrenia (padj = 6.73 × 10-6). Novel reciprocal case-control comparisons between the 22q11.2DS and population-based cohorts showed that polygenic risk score was significantly greater in individuals with psychotic illness, regardless of the presence of the 22q11.2 deletion. Within the 22q11.2DS cohort, results of gene-set analyses showed some support for rare variants affecting synaptic genes. No common or rare variants within the 22q11.2 deletion region were significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that in addition to the deletion conferring a greatly increased risk to schizophrenia, the risk is higher when the 22q11.2 deletion and common polygenic risk factors that contribute to schizophrenia in the general population are both present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - H Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Monfeuga
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Duncan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alex V Kotlar
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna J Voss
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Golden
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jhih-Rong Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christian Marshall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Deep Genomics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Jin
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brenna Lilley
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold I Salmons
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oanh Tran
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonio Pardinas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Erik Boot
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory A Costain
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rens Evers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Esther van Duin
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annick Vogels
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward M Moss
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Sharkus
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marta Unolt
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert S Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunny X Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elemi Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sasja N Duijff
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley Moss
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maria Niarchou
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Eileen M Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Buzzanca
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pontillo
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Karlene Coleman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph F Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Opal Y Ousley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miri Carmel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ehud Mekori-Domachevsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Elena Michaelovsky
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronnie Weinberger
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Leila Kushan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Pôle de psychiatrie, Hopital Sainte Marguerite, Batiment Solaris, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, APHM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Kathryn L McCabe
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fraguas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Damià H Suñer
- Laboratorio Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Genética Clínica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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13
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Vervoort L, Dierckxsens N, Pereboom Z, Capozzi O, Rocchi M, Shaikh TH, Vermeesch JR. 22q11.2 Low Copy Repeats Expanded in the Human Lineage. Front Genet 2021; 12:706641. [PMID: 34335701 PMCID: PMC8320366 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.706641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmental duplications or low copy repeats (LCRs) constitute duplicated regions interspersed in the human genome, currently neglected in standard analyses due to their extreme complexity. Recent functional studies have indicated the potential of genes within LCRs in synaptogenesis, neuronal migration, and neocortical expansion in the human lineage. One of the regions with the highest proportion of duplicated sequence is the 22q11.2 locus, carrying eight LCRs (LCR22-A until LCR22-H), and rearrangements between them cause the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The LCR22-A block was recently reported to be hypervariable in the human population. It remains unknown whether this variability also exists in non-human primates, since research is strongly hampered by the presence of sequence gaps in the human and non-human primate reference genomes. To chart the LCR22 haplotypes and the associated inter- and intra-species variability, we de novo assembled the region in non-human primates by a combination of optical mapping techniques. A minimal and likely ancient haplotype is present in the chimpanzee, bonobo, and rhesus monkey without intra-species variation. In addition, the optical maps identified assembly errors and closed gaps in the orthologous chromosome 22 reference sequences. These findings indicate the LCR22 expansion to be unique to the human population, which might indicate involvement of the region in human evolution and adaptation. Those maps will enable LCR22-specific functional studies and investigate potential associations with the phenotypic variability in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zjef Pereboom
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tamim H. Shaikh
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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14
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Masset H, Tšuiko O, Vermeesch JR. Genome-wide abnormalities in embryos: Origins and clinical consequences. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:554-563. [PMID: 33524193 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ploidy or genome-wide chromosomal anomalies such as triploidy, diploid/triploid mixoploidy, chimerism, and genome-wide uniparental disomy are the cause of molar pregnancies, embryonic lethality, and developmental disorders. While triploidy and genome-wide uniparental disomy can be ascribed to fertilization or meiotic errors, the mechanisms causing mixoploidy and chimerism remain shrouded in mystery. Different models have been proposed, but all remain hypothetical and controversial, are deduced from the developmental persistent genomic constitutions present in the sample studied and lack direct evidence. New single-cell genomic methodologies, such as single-cell genome-wide haplotyping, provide an extended view of the constitution of normal and abnormal embryos and have further pinpointed the existence of mixoploidy in cleavage-stage embryos. Based on those recent findings, we suggest that genome-wide anomalies, which persist in fetuses and patients, can for a large majority be explained by a noncanonical first zygotic cleavage event, during which maternal and paternal genomes in a single zygote, segregate to different blastomeres. This process, termed heterogoneic division, provides an overarching theoretical basis for the different presentations of mixoploidy and chimerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Masset
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga Tšuiko
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Davies RW, Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Williams NM, Hooper SR, Monfeuga T, Bassett AS, Owen MJ, Gur RE, Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Swillen A, Chow EWC, van den Bree M, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, van Amelsvoort T, Arango C, Armando M, Campbell LE, Cubells JF, Eliez S, Garcia-Minaur S, Gothelf D, Kates WR, Murphy KC, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, Philip N, Repetto GM, Shashi V, Simon TJ, Suñer DH, Vicari S, Scherer SW, Bearden CE, Vorstman JAS. Using common genetic variation to examine phenotypic expression and risk prediction in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Nat Med 2020; 26:1912-1918. [PMID: 33169016 PMCID: PMC7975627 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a 20-25% risk of schizophrenia. In a cohort of 962 individuals with 22q11DS, we examined the shared genetic basis between schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related early trajectory phenotypes: sub-threshold symptoms of psychosis, low baseline intellectual functioning and cognitive decline. We studied the association of these phenotypes with two polygenic scores, derived for schizophrenia and intelligence, and evaluated their use for individual risk prediction in 22q11DS. Polygenic scores were not only associated with schizophrenia and baseline intelligence quotient (IQ), respectively, but schizophrenia polygenic score was also significantly associated with cognitive (verbal IQ) decline and nominally associated with sub-threshold psychosis. Furthermore, in comparing the tail-end deciles of the schizophrenia and IQ polygenic score distributions, 33% versus 9% of individuals with 22q11DS had schizophrenia, and 63% versus 24% of individuals had intellectual disability. Collectively, these data show a shared genetic basis for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related phenotypes and also highlight the future potential of polygenic scores for risk stratification among individuals with highly, but incompletely, penetrant genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Monfeuga
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Linda E Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joseph F Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sixto Garcia-Minaur
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Damiàn Heine Suñer
- Genomics of Health Group and Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Genetics Unit (UDMGC), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Franck S, Barbé L, Ardui S, De Vlaeminck Y, Allemeersch J, Dziedzicka D, Spits C, Vanroye F, Hilven P, Duqué G, Vermeesch JR, Gheldof A, Sermon K. MSH2 knock-down shows CTG repeat stability and concomitant upstream demethylation at the DMPK locus in myotonic dystrophy type 1 human embryonic stem cells. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3566-3577. [PMID: 33242073 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by expansion of a CTG repeat in the DMPK gene, where expansion size and somatic mosaicism correlates with disease severity and age of onset. While it is known that the mismatch repair protein MSH2 contributes to the unstable nature of the repeat, its role on other disease-related features, such as CpG methylation upstream of the repeat, is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of an MSH2 knock-down (MSH2KD) on both CTG repeat dynamics and CpG methylation pattern in human embryonic stem cells (hESC) carrying the DM1 mutation. Repeat size in MSH2 wild-type (MSH2WT) and MSH2KD DM1 hESC was determined by PacBio sequencing and CpG methylation by bisulfite massive parallel sequencing. We found stabilization of the CTG repeat concurrent with a gradual loss of methylation upstream of the repeat in MSH2KD cells, while the repeat continued to expand and upstream methylation remained unchanged in MSH2WT control lines. Repeat instability was re-established and biased towards expansions upon MSH2 transgenic re-expression in MSH2KD lines while upstream methylation was not consistently re-established. We hypothesize that the hypermethylation at the mutant DM1 locus is promoted by the MMR machinery and sustained by a constant DNA repair response, establishing a potential mechanistic link between CTG repeat instability and upstream CpG methylation. Our work represents a first step towards understanding how epigenetic alterations and repair pathways connect and contribute to the DM1 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Franck
- Department Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Lise Barbé
- Center for systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, Finkbeiner lab, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Simon Ardui
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Yannick De Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | | | - Dominika Dziedzicka
- Department Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Department Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Fien Vanroye
- Laboratory HIV/STD, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Pierre Hilven
- Department Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Duqué
- Department Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Gheldof
- Department Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium.,Center of Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Department Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
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17
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Cristofoli F, Moss T, Moore HW, Devriendt K, Flanagan-Steet H, May M, Jones J, Roelens F, Fons C, Fernandez A, Martorell L, Selicorni A, Maitz S, Vitiello G, Van der Hoeven G, Skinner SA, Bollen M, Vermeesch JR, Steet R, Van Esch H. De Novo Variants in LMNB1 Cause Pronounced Syndromic Microcephaly and Disruption of Nuclear Envelope Integrity. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:753-762. [PMID: 32910914 PMCID: PMC7536573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin B1 plays an important role in the nuclear envelope stability, the regulation of gene expression, and neural development. Duplication of LMNB1, or missense mutations increasing LMNB1 expression, are associated with autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy. On the basis of its role in neurogenesis, it has been postulated that LMNB1 variants could cause microcephaly. Here, we confirm this hypothesis with the identification of de novo mutations in LMNB1 in seven individuals with pronounced primary microcephaly (ranging from -3.6 to -12 SD) associated with relative short stature and variable degree of intellectual disability and neurological features as the core symptoms. Simplified gyral pattern of the cortex and abnormal corpus callosum were noted on MRI of three individuals, and these individuals also presented with a more severe phenotype. Functional analysis of the three missense mutations showed impaired formation of the LMNB1 nuclear lamina. The two variants located within the head group of LMNB1 result in a decrease in the nuclear localization of the protein and an increase in misshapen nuclei. We further demonstrate that another mutation, located in the coil region, leads to increased frequency of condensed nuclei and lower steady-state levels of lamin B1 in proband lymphoblasts. Our findings collectively indicate that de novo mutations in LMNB1 result in a dominant and damaging effect on nuclear envelope formation that correlates with microcephaly in humans. This adds LMNB1 to the growing list of genes implicated in severe autosomal-dominant microcephaly and broadens the phenotypic spectrum of the laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cristofoli
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tonya Moss
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Hannah W Moore
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heather Flanagan-Steet
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Melanie May
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Julie Jones
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Filip Roelens
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, AZ Delta, Brugsesteenweg 90, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Carmen Fons
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernandez
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loreto Martorell
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine IPER, Institut de Recerca, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Pediatric Department, ASST Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, Via Ravona 20, 22042 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, MBBM Foundation, S. Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vitiello
- Department of Translational Medicine and Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gerd Van der Hoeven
- Laboratory of Biosignalling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven A Skinner
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignalling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard Steet
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Van Elslande J, Brison N, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Van Den Bogaert K, Legius E, Van Ranst M, Vermeersch P, Billen J. The sudden death of the combined first trimester aneuploidy screening, a single centre experience in Belgium. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:e294-e297. [PMID: 31112505 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van Elslande
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Brison
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Eric Legius
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeersch
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaak Billen
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium, Phone: 003216347015, Fax: 003216347931
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19
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Aerden M, Bauters M, Van Den Bogaert K, Vermeesch JR, Holvoet M, Plasschaert F, Devriendt K. Genotype-phenotype correlations of UBA2 mutations in patients with ectrodactyly. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104009. [PMID: 32758660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial 19q13.11 deletions are associated with ectrodactyly, which has recently been linked to loss-of-function of the UBA2 gene. We report a boy with a de novo frameshift mutation in UBA2 (c.612delA (p.(Glu205Lysfs*63)), presenting with ectrodactyly of the feet associated with learning difficulties and minor physical anomalies. We review genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with chromosomal 19q13.11 microdeletions compared to those with intragenic UBA2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Aerden
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Bauters
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Van Den Bogaert
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maureen Holvoet
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Plasschaert
- Department of Physical Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Gadsbøll K, Petersen OB, Gatinois V, Strange H, Jacobsson B, Wapner R, Vermeesch JR, Vogel I. Current use of noninvasive prenatal testing in Europe, Australia and the USA: A graphical presentation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2020; 99:722-730. [PMID: 32176318 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell-free fetal DNA has increasingly been adopted as a screening tool for fetal aneuploidies. Several studies have discussed benefits and limitations of NIPT compared with both ultrasound and invasive procedures, but in spite of some shortcomings NIPT has become extensively used within the last 5 years. This study aims to describe the current use of NIPT in Europe, Australia and the USA. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a survey to describe the current use of NIPT. Colleagues filled in a simple email-based questionnaire on NIPT in their own country, providing information on (a) access to NIPT, (b) NIPT's chromosomal coverage, (c) financial coverage of NIPT for the patient and (d) the proportion of women using NIPT in pregnancy. Some data are best clinical estimates, due to a lack of national data. RESULTS In Europe, 14 countries have adopted NIPT into a national policy/program. Two countries (Belgium and the Netherlands) offer NIPT for all pregnant women, whereas most other European countries have implemented NIPT as an offer for higher risk women after first trimester screening. In Australia, either combined first trimester screening (cFTS) or NIPT is used as a primary prenatal screening test. In the USA, there are no national consensus policies on the use of NIPT; however, NIPT is widely implemented. In most European countries offering NIPT, the proportion of women using NIPT is well below 25%. In the Netherlands, Austria, Italy, Spain and most Australian and American States, 25%-50% of women have NIPT performed and in Belgium testing is above 75%. In most countries, NIPT reports on trisomy 13, 18 and 21, and often also on sex chromosome aneuploidies. Only in Belgium, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Greece, Cyprus and Italy is NIPT offered predominantly as a genome-wide test (including some microdeletions or a whole genome coverage). CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive prenatal testing has been widely adopted throughout Europe, Australia and the USA, but only a few countries/states have a national policy on the use of NIPT. The variation in NIPT utilization is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Gadsbøll
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy and Ultrasound, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olav B Petersen
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy and Ultrasound, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Chromosome Genetics Laboratory, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bo Jacobsson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ida Vogel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University/Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Fetal Diagnostics, Aarhus University/Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Vanuytsel K, Cai Q, Khurana S, Shetty S, Vermeesch JR, Ordovas L, Verfaillie CM. Corrigendum to "FANCA knockout in human embryonic stem cells causes a severe growth disadvantage" [Stem Cell Res.13/2 (2014) 240-50]. Stem Cell Res 2020; 44:101763. [PMID: 32199280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vanuytsel
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Qing Cai
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Satish Khurana
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Swati Shetty
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Laura Ordovas
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Demaerel W, Mostovoy Y, Yilmaz F, Vervoort L, Pastor S, Hestand MS, Swillen A, Vergaelen E, Geiger EA, Coughlin CR, Chow SK, McDonald-McGinn D, Morrow B, Kwok PY, Xiao M, Emanuel BS, Shaikh TH, Vermeesch JR. The 22q11 low copy repeats are characterized by unprecedented size and structural variability. Genome Res 2020; 29:1389-1401. [PMID: 31481461 PMCID: PMC6724673 DOI: 10.1101/gr.248682.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low copy repeats (LCRs) are recognized as a significant source of genomic instability, driving genome variability and evolution. The Chromosome 22 LCRs (LCR22s) mediate nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) leading to the 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). However, LCR22s are among the most complex regions in the genome, and their structure remains unresolved. The difficulty in generating accurate maps of LCR22s has also hindered localization of the deletion end points in 22q11DS patients. Using fiber FISH and Bionano optical mapping, we assembled LCR22 alleles in 187 cell lines. Our analysis uncovered an unprecedented level of variation in LCR22s, including LCR22A alleles ranging in size from 250 to 2000 kb. Further, the incidence of various LCR22 alleles varied within different populations. Additionally, the analysis of LCR22s in 22q11DS patients and their parents enabled further refinement of the rearrangement site within LCR22A and -D, which flank the 22q11 deletion. The NAHR site was localized to a 160-kb paralog shared between the LCR22A and -D in seven 22q11DS patients. Thus, we present the most comprehensive map of LCR22 variation to date. This will greatly facilitate the investigation of the role of LCR variation as a driver of 22q11 rearrangements and the phenotypic variability among 22q11DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulia Mostovoy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Feyza Yilmaz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80204, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | | | - Steven Pastor
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- Departement of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000 Belgium.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Departement of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- Departement of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A Geiger
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Curtis R Coughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Stephen K Chow
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Donna McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Bernice Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Ming Xiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tamim H Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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23
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Lévy J, Capri Y, Rachid M, Dupont C, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Verloes A, Tabet AC, Bailleul-Forestier I. LEF1 haploinsufficiency causes ectodermal dysplasia. Clin Genet 2020; 97:595-600. [PMID: 32022899 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasias are a family of genodermatoses commonly associated with variants in the ectodysplasin/NF-κB or the Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Both pathways are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during the development of ectoderm-derived structures. Wnt/β-catenin pathway requires the lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), a nuclear mediator, to activate target gene expression. In mice, targeted inactivation of the LEF1 gene results in a complete block of development of multiple ectodermal appendages. We report two unrelated patients with 4q25 de novo deletion encompassing LEF1, associated with severe oligodontia of primary and permanent dentition, hypotrichosis and hypohidrosis compatible with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Taurodontism and a particular alveolar bone defect were also observed in both patients. So far, no pathogenic variants or variations involving the LEF1 gene have been reported in human. We provide further evidence for LEF1 haploinsufficiency role in ectodermal dysplasia and delineate its clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lévy
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Rachid
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Céline Dupont
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alain Verloes
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Department, Génétique Humaine et Fonction Cognitive Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bailleul-Forestier
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Rare Oral and Dental Competence Center, CHU Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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24
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Cosemans N, Vandenhove L, Vogels A, Devriendt K, Van Esch H, Van Buggenhout G, Olivié H, de Ravel T, Ortibus E, Legius E, Aerssens P, Breckpot J, R Vermeesch J, Shen S, Fitzgerald J, Gallagher L, Peeters H. The clinical relevance of intragenic NRXN1 deletions. J Med Genet 2020; 57:347-355. [PMID: 31932357 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intragenic NRXN1 deletions are susceptibility variants for neurodevelopmental disorders; however, their clinical interpretation is often unclear. Therefore, a literature study and an analysis of 43 previously unpublished deletions are provided. METHODS The literature cohort covered 629 heterozygous NRXN1 deletions: 148 in controls, 341 in probands and 140 in carrier relatives, and was used for clinical hypothesis testing. Exact breakpoint determination was performed for 43 in-house deletions. RESULTS The prevalence of exonic NRXN1 deletions in controls was ~1/3000 as compared with ~1/800 in patients with neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders. The differential distribution of deletions across the gene between controls and probands allowed to distinguish distinct areas within the gene. Exon 6-24 deletions appeared only twice in over 100000 control individuals, had an estimated penetrance for neurodevelopmental disorders of 32.43%, a de novo rate of 50% and segregated mainly with intellectual disability (ID) and schizophrenia. In contrast, exon 1-5 deletions appeared in 20 control individuals, had an estimated penetrance of 12.59%, a de novo rate of 32.5% and were reported with a broad range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Exact breakpoint determination revealed six recurrent intron 5 deletions. CONCLUSION Exon 6-24 deletions have a high penetrance and are mainly associated with ID and schizophrenia. In contrast, the actual contribution of exon 1-5 deletions to a neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorder in an individual patient and family remains very difficult to assess. To enhance the clinical interpretation, this study provides practical considerations for counselling and an interactive table for comparing a deletion of interest with the available literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Cosemans
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Annick Vogels
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Van Esch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Olivié
- Center for Developmental Disabilities Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomy de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Ortibus
- Center for Developmental Disabilities Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Louise Gallagher
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Zhao Y, Diacou A, Johnston HR, Musfee FI, McDonald-McGinn DM, McGinn D, Crowley TB, Repetto GM, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Vermeesch JR, Kates WR, Digilio MC, Unolt M, Marino B, Pontillo M, Armando M, Di Fabio F, Vicari S, van den Bree M, Moss H, Owen MJ, Murphy KC, Murphy CM, Murphy D, Schoch K, Shashi V, Tassone F, Simon TJ, Shprintzen RJ, Campbell L, Philip N, Heine-Suñer D, García-Miñaúr S, Fernández L, Bearden CE, Vingerhoets C, van Amelsvoort T, Eliez S, Schneider M, Vorstman JAS, Gothelf D, Zackai E, Agopian AJ, Gur RE, Bassett AS, Emanuel BS, Goldmuntz E, Mitchell LE, Wang T, Morrow BE. Complete Sequence of the 22q11.2 Allele in 1,053 Subjects with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Reveals Modifiers of Conotruncal Heart Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:26-40. [PMID: 31870554 PMCID: PMC7077921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) results from non-allelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats termed LCR22. About 60%-70% of individuals with the typical 3 megabase (Mb) deletion from LCR22A-D have congenital heart disease, mostly of the conotruncal type (CTD), whereas others have normal cardiac anatomy. In this study, we tested whether variants in the hemizygous LCR22A-D region are associated with risk for CTDs on the basis of the sequence of the 22q11.2 region from 1,053 22q11.2DS individuals. We found a significant association (FDR p < 0.05) of the CTD subset with 62 common variants in a single linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in a 350 kb interval harboring CRKL. A total of 45 of the 62 variants were associated with increased risk for CTDs (odds ratio [OR) ranges: 1.64-4.75). Associations of four variants were replicated in a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies of CTDs in affected individuals without 22q11.2DS. One of the replicated variants, rs178252, is located in an open chromatin region and resides in the double-elite enhancer, GH22J020947, that is predicted to regulate CRKL (CRK-like proto-oncogene, cytoplasmic adaptor) expression. Approximately 23% of patients with nested LCR22C-D deletions have CTDs, and inactivation of Crkl in mice causes CTDs, thus implicating this gene as a modifier. Rs178252 and rs6004160 are expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of CRKL. Furthermore, set-based tests identified an enhancer that is predicted to target CRKL and is significantly associated with CTD risk (GH22J020946, sequence kernal association test (SKAT) p = 7.21 × 10-5) in the 22q11.2DS cohort. These findings suggest that variance in CTD penetrance in the 22q11.2DS population can be explained in part by variants affecting CRKL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - H Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fadi I Musfee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Daniel McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA; Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - M Cristina Digilio
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Marta Unolt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Marco Armando
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Hayley Moss
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 505095, Ireland
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London SE5 8AF, UK; Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, Behavioural Genetics Clinic, National Adult Autism and ADHD Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation National Health Service Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London SE5 8AF, UK; Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, Behavioural Genetics Clinic, National Adult Autism and ADHD Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation National Health Service Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Linda Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2258, Australia
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Damian Heine-Suñer
- Genomics of Health and Unit of Molecular Diagnosis and Clinical Genetics, Son Espases University Hospital, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Sapfra Children's Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University and Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, 52621, Israel
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - A J Agopian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Clinical Genetics Research Program, Toronto M5T 1L8, Ontario Canada; Toronto General Hospital, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto M5T 1L8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1L8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Vervoort L, Demaerel W, Rengifo LY, Odrzywolski A, Vergaelen E, Hestand MS, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Swillen A, McDonald-McGinn DM, Fiksinski AM, Zinkstok JR, Morrow BE, Heung T, Vorstman JAS, Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Shashi V, Vermeesch JR. Atypical chromosome 22q11.2 deletions are complex rearrangements and have different mechanistic origins. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3724-3733. [PMID: 31884517 PMCID: PMC6935389 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority (99%) of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have a deletion that is caused by non-allelic homologous recombination between two of four low copy repeat clusters on chromosome 22q11.2 (LCR22s). However, in a small subset of patients, atypical deletions are observed with at least one deletion breakpoint within unique sequence between the LCR22s. The position of the chromosome breakpoints and the mechanisms driving those atypical deletions remain poorly studied. Our large-scale, whole genome sequencing study of >1500 subjects with 22q11.2DS identified six unrelated individuals with atypical deletions of different types. Using a combination of whole genome sequencing data and fiber-fluorescence in situ hybridization, we mapped the rearranged alleles in these subjects. In four of them, the distal breakpoints mapped within one of the LCR22s and we found that the deletions likely occurred by replication-based mechanisms. Interestingly, in two of them, an inversion probably preceded inter-chromosomal 'allelic' homologous recombination between differently oriented LCR22-D alleles. Inversion associated allelic homologous recombination (AHR) may well be a common mechanism driving (atypical) deletions on 22q11.2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian Odrzywolski
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janneke R Zinkstok
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tracy Heung
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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27
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Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Scambler PJ. Molecular genetics of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 176:2070-2081. [PMID: 30380194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a congenital malformation and neuropsychiatric disorder caused by meiotic chromosome rearrangements. One of the goals of this review is to summarize the current state of basic research studies of 22q11.2DS. It highlights efforts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the 22q11.2 deletion that occurs in meiosis. This mechanism involves the four sets of low copy repeats (LCR22) that are dispersed in the 22q11.2 region and the deletion is mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination events. This review also highlights selected genes mapping to the 22q11.2 region that may contribute to the typical clinical findings associated with the disorder and explain that mutations in genes on the remaining allele can uncover rare recessive conditions. Another important aspect of 22q11.2DS is the existence of phenotypic heterogeneity. While some patients are mildly affected, others have severe medical, cognitive, and/or psychiatric challenges. Variability may be due in part to the presence of genetic modifiers. This review discusses current genome-wide efforts to identify such modifiers that could shed light on molecular pathways required for normal human development, cognition or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Kalbfleisch TS, Rice ES, DePriest MS, Walenz BP, Hestand MS, Vermeesch JR, O'Connell BL, Fiddes IT, Vershinina AO, Saremi NF, Petersen JL, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, McCue ME, Brooks SA, Bailey E, Orlando L, Green RE, Miller DC, Antczak DF, MacLeod JN. Erratum: Author Correction: Improved reference genome for the domestic horse increases assembly contiguity and composition. Commun Biol 2019; 2:342. [PMID: 31531403 PMCID: PMC6739301 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Kalbfleisch
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Edward S Rice
- 2Department of Biomolecular Engineering, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Michael S DePriest
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Brian P Walenz
- 3Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- 4Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- 4Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brendan L O'Connell
- 2Department of Biomolecular Engineering, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.,16Present Address: Medical and Molecular Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Ian T Fiddes
- 2Department of Biomolecular Engineering, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.,510x Genomics, Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94566 USA
| | - Alisa O Vershinina
- 6Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Nedda F Saremi
- 2Department of Biomolecular Engineering, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- 7Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908 USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- 8Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- 8Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,9Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Molly E McCue
- 10Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Samantha A Brooks
- 11UF Genetics Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Ernest Bailey
- 12Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- 13Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Richard E Green
- 2Department of Biomolecular Engineering, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Donald C Miller
- 15Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- 15Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - James N MacLeod
- 12Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
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Unolt M, Kammoun M, Nowakowska B, Graham GE, Crowley TB, Hestand MS, Demaerel W, Geremek M, Emanuel BS, Zackai EH, Vermeesch JR, McDonald-McGinn D. Pathogenic variants in CDC45 on the remaining allele in patients with a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion result in a novel autosomal recessive condition. Genet Med 2019; 22:326-335. [PMID: 31474763 PMCID: PMC7197230 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common microdeletion in humans, with highly variable phenotypic expression. Whereas congenital heart defects, palatal anomalies, immunodeficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and neuropsychiatric conditions are observed in over 50% of patients with 22q11DS, a subset of patients present with additional “atypical” findings such as craniosynostosis and anorectal malformations. Recently, pathogenic variants in the CDC45 (Cell Division Cycle protein 45) gene, located within the LCR22A–LCR22B region of chromosome 22q11.2, were noted to be involved in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis. Methods We performed next-generation sequencing on DNA from 15 patients with 22q11.2DS and atypical phenotypic features such as craniosynostosis, short stature, skeletal differences, and anorectal malformations. Results We identified four novel rare nonsynonymous variants in CDC45 in 5/15 patients with 22q11.2DS and craniosynostosis and/or other atypical findings. Conclusion This study supports CDC45 as a causative gene in craniosynostosis, as well as a number of other anomalies. We suggest that this association results in a condition independent of Meier–Gorlin syndrome, perhaps representing a novel condition and/or a cause of features associated with Baller–Gerold syndrome. In addition, this work confirms that the phenotypic variability observed in a subset of patients with 22q11.2DS is due to pathogenic variants on the nondeleted chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Unolt
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Molka Kammoun
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beata Nowakowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gail E Graham
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Maciej Geremek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Donna McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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30
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Che H, Vileila D, Dimitriadou E, Ding J, Voet T, Vermeesch JR. GENOME-WIDE PROFILING AND HAPLOTYPING OF CELL-FREE DNA ENABLING COMBINED NON-INVASIVE PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF INHERITED MONOGENIC DISEASES AND ANEUPLOIDY. Reprod Biomed Online 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ardui S, Ameur A, Vermeesch JR, Hestand MS. Single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing comes of age: applications and utilities for medical diagnostics. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2159-2168. [PMID: 29401301 PMCID: PMC5861413 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Short read massive parallel sequencing has emerged as a standard diagnostic tool in the medical setting. However, short read technologies have inherent limitations such as GC bias, difficulties mapping to repetitive elements, trouble discriminating paralogous sequences, and difficulties in phasing alleles. Long read single molecule sequencers resolve these obstacles. Moreover, they offer higher consensus accuracies and can detect epigenetic modifications from native DNA. The first commercially available long read single molecule platform was the RS system based on PacBio's single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology, which has since evolved into their RSII and Sequel systems. Here we capsulize how SMRT sequencing is revolutionizing constitutional, reproductive, cancer, microbial and viral genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ardui
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Adam Ameur
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala 75108, Sweden.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Matthew S Hestand
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
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32
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Destouni A, Dimitriadou E, Masset H, Debrock S, Melotte C, Van Den Bogaert K, Zamani Esteki M, Ding J, Voet T, Denayer E, de Ravel T, Legius E, Meuleman C, Peeraer K, Vermeesch JR. Genome-wide haplotyping embryos developing from 0PN and 1PN zygotes increases transferrable embryos in PGT-M. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:2302-2311. [PMID: 30383227 PMCID: PMC6238370 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can genome-wide haplotyping increase success following preimplantation genetic testing for a monogenic disorder (PGT-M) by including zygotes with absence of pronuclei (0PN) or the presence of only one pronucleus (1PN)? SUMMARY ANSWER Genome-wide haplotyping 0PNs and 1PNs increases the number of PGT-M cycles reaching embryo transfer (ET) by 81% and the live-birth rate by 75%. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although a significant subset of 0PN and 1PN zygotes can develop into balanced, diploid and developmentally competent embryos, they are usually discarded because parental diploidy detection is not part of the routine work-up of PGT-M. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This prospective cohort study evaluated the pronuclear number in 2229 zygotes from 2337 injected metaphase II (MII) oocytes in 268 cycles. PGT-M for 0PN and 1PN embryos developing into Day 5/6 blastocysts with adequate quality for vitrification was performed in 42 of the 268 cycles (15.7%). In these 42 cycles, we genome-wide haplotyped 216 good quality embryos corresponding to 49 0PNs, 15 1PNs and 152 2PNs. The reported outcomes include parental contribution to embryonic ploidy, embryonic aneuploidy, genetic diagnosis for the monogenic disorder, cycles reaching ETs, pregnancy and live birth rates (LBR) for unaffected offspring. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Blastomere DNA was whole-genome amplified and hybridized on the Illumina Human CytoSNP12V2.1.1 BeadChip arrays. Subsequently, genome-wide haplotyping and copy-number profiling was applied to investigate the embryonic genome architecture. Bi-parental, unaffected embryos were transferred regardless of their initial zygotic PN score. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A staggering 75.51% of 0PN and 42.86% of 1PN blastocysts are diploid bi-parental allowing accurate genetic diagnosis for the monogenic disorder. In total, 31% (13/42) of the PGT-M cycles reached ET or could repeat ET with an unaffected 0PN or 1PN embryo. The LBR per initiated cycle increased from 9.52 to 16.67%. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The clinical efficacy of the routine inclusion of 0PN and 1PN zygotes in PGT-M cycles should be confirmed in larger cohorts from multicenter studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Genome-wide haplotyping allows the inclusion of 0PN and 1PN embryos and subsequently increases the cycles reaching ET following PGT-M and potentially PGT for aneuploidy (PGT-A) and chromosomal structural rearrangements (PGT-SR). Establishing measures of clinical efficacy could lead to an update of the ESHRE guidelines which advise against the use of these zygotes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) SymBioSys (PFV/10/016 and C1/018 to J.R.V. and T.V.), the Horizon 2020 WIDENLIFE: 692065 to J.R.V., T.V., E.D., A.D. and M.Z.E. M.Z.E., T.V. and J.R.V. co-invented haplarithmisis (‘Haplotyping and copy-number typing using polymorphic variant allelic frequencies’), which has been licensed to Agilent Technologies. H.M. is fully supported by the (FWO) (ZKD1543-ASP/16). The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Destouni
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eftychia Dimitriadou
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Masset
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Debrock
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Melotte
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Van Den Bogaert
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masoud Zamani Esteki
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Ding
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thiery Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ellen Denayer
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomy de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel Meuleman
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Peeraer
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Coppola A, Cellini E, Stamberger H, Saarentaus E, Cetica V, Lal D, Djémié T, Bartnik‐Glaska M, Ceulemans B, Helen Cross J, Deconinck T, Masi SD, Dorn T, Guerrini R, Hoffman‐Zacharska D, Kooy F, Lagae L, Lench N, Lemke JR, Lucenteforte E, Madia F, Mefford HC, Morrogh D, Nuernberg P, Palotie A, Schoonjans A, Striano P, Szczepanik E, Tostevin A, Vermeesch JR, Van Esch H, Van Paesschen W, Waters JJ, Weckhuysen S, Zara F, Jonghe PD, Sisodiya SM, Marini C. Diagnostic implications of genetic copy number variation in epilepsy plus. Epilepsia 2019; 60:689-706. [PMID: 30866059 PMCID: PMC6488157 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Copy number variations (CNVs) represent a significant genetic risk for several neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy. As knowledge increases, reanalysis of existing data is essential. Reliable estimates of the contribution of CNVs to epilepsies from sizeable populations are not available. METHODS We assembled a cohort of 1255 patients with preexisting array comparative genomic hybridization or single nucleotide polymorphism array based CNV data. All patients had "epilepsy plus," defined as epilepsy with comorbid features, including intellectual disability, psychiatric symptoms, and other neurological and nonneurological features. CNV classification was conducted using a systematic filtering workflow adapted to epilepsy. RESULTS Of 1097 patients remaining after genetic data quality control, 120 individuals (10.9%) carried at least one autosomal CNV classified as pathogenic; 19 individuals (1.7%) carried at least one autosomal CNV classified as possibly pathogenic. Eleven patients (1%) carried more than one (possibly) pathogenic CNV. We identified CNVs covering recently reported (HNRNPU) or emerging (RORB) epilepsy genes, and further delineated the phenotype associated with mutations of these genes. Additional novel epilepsy candidate genes emerge from our study. Comparing phenotypic features of pathogenic CNV carriers to those of noncarriers of pathogenic CNVs, we show that patients with nonneurological comorbidities, especially dysmorphism, were more likely to carry pathogenic CNVs (odds ratio = 4.09, confidence interval = 2.51-6.68; P = 2.34 × 10-9 ). Meta-analysis including data from published control groups showed that the presence or absence of epilepsy did not affect the detected frequency of CNVs. SIGNIFICANCE The use of a specifically adapted workflow enabled identification of pathogenic autosomal CNVs in 10.9% of patients with epilepsy plus, which rose to 12.7% when we also considered possibly pathogenic CNVs. Our data indicate that epilepsy with comorbid features should be considered an indication for patients to be selected for a diagnostic algorithm including CNV detection. Collaborative large-scale CNV reanalysis leads to novel declaration of pathogenicity in unexplained cases and can promote discovery of promising candidate epilepsy genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyWC1N3BGUK
- The Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChesham Lane, Chalfont St PeterBucksUK
- Epilepsy CentreDepartment of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological SciencesFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Elena Cellini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and LaboratoriesNeuroscience DepartmentA Meyer Children‘s HospitalUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Hannah Stamberger
- Neurogenetics GroupCenter for Molecular NeurologyVIB2650AntwerpBelgium
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsInstitute Born‐BungeUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Department of NeurologyAntwerp University HospitalAntwerpBelgium
| | - Elmo Saarentaus
- Analytic and Translational Genetics UnitMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Valentina Cetica
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and LaboratoriesNeuroscience DepartmentA Meyer Children‘s HospitalUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Dennis Lal
- Analytic and Translational Genetics UnitMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Epilepsy CenterNeurological InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH44195US
- Genomic Medicine InstituteLerner Research Institute Cleveland ClinicClevelandOH44195US
- Cologne Center for GenomicsUniversity of CologneGermany
| | - Tania Djémié
- Neurogenetics GroupCenter for Molecular NeurologyVIB2650AntwerpBelgium
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsInstitute Born‐BungeUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Berten Ceulemans
- Department of Neurology‐Pediatric NeurologyUniversity and University Hospital AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - J. Helen Cross
- Neurology DepartmentGreat Ormond Street HospitalNHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Clinical NeuroscienceUCL GOSH Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
- Young EpilepsyLingfieldUK
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics GroupCenter for Molecular NeurologyVIB2650AntwerpBelgium
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsInstitute Born‐BungeUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Thomas Dorn
- Swiss Epilepsy CenterBleulerstrasse 60CH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and LaboratoriesNeuroscience DepartmentA Meyer Children‘s HospitalUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | | | - Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and RegenerationSection Pediatric NeurologyUniversity Hospital KU Leuven3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Nicholas Lench
- North East Thames Regional Genetics ServiceGreat Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenNHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Johannes R. Lemke
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leipzig Hospitals and ClinicsLeipzigGermany
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Pisa, ItalyClinical Trial OfficeMeyer Children‘s HospitalFlorenceItaly
| | - Francesca Madia
- Neurogenetic LaboratoryScientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care (IRCCS) G. Gaslini InstituteGenovaItaly
| | - Heather C. Mefford
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Genetic MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Deborah Morrogh
- North East Thames Regional Genetics ServiceGreat Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenNHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics UnitMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - An‐Sofie Schoonjans
- Department of Neurology‐Pediatric NeurologyUniversity and University Hospital AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases UnitDINOGMI‐Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology Genetics, Maternal and Child HealthUniversity of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ InstituteGenovaItaly
| | - Elzbieta Szczepanik
- Clinic of Neurology of Children and AdolescentsInstitute of Mother and ChildWarsawPoland
| | - Anna Tostevin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyWC1N3BGUK
- The Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChesham Lane, Chalfont St PeterBucksUK
| | - Joris R. Vermeesch
- Center for Human GeneticsUniversity Hospitals LeuvenHerestraat 493000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human GeneticsUniversity Hospitals LeuvenHerestraat 493000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Wim Van Paesschen
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospitals LeuvenHerestraat 493000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Jonathan J Waters
- North East Thames Regional Genetics ServiceGreat Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenNHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Neurogenetics GroupCenter for Molecular NeurologyVIB2650AntwerpBelgium
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsInstitute Born‐BungeUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Department of NeurologyAntwerp University HospitalAntwerpBelgium
| | - Federico Zara
- Neurogenetic LaboratoryScientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care (IRCCS) G. Gaslini InstituteGenovaItaly
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics GroupCenter for Molecular NeurologyVIB2650AntwerpBelgium
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsInstitute Born‐BungeUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Department of NeurologyAntwerp University HospitalAntwerpBelgium
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyWC1N3BGUK
- The Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChesham Lane, Chalfont St PeterBucksUK
| | - Carla Marini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and LaboratoriesNeuroscience DepartmentA Meyer Children‘s HospitalUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
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Costain G, Walker S, Argiropoulos B, Baribeau DA, Bassett AS, Boot E, Devriendt K, Kellam B, Marshall CR, Prasad A, Serrano MA, Stavropoulos DJ, Twede H, Vermeesch JR, Vorstman JAS, Scherer SW. Rare copy number variations affecting the synaptic gene DMXL2 in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:3. [PMID: 30732576 PMCID: PMC6366120 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ultra-rare genetic variants, including non-recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) affecting important dosage-sensitive genes, are important contributors to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Pairing family-based whole-genome sequencing (WGS) with detailed phenotype data can enable novel gene associations in NDDs. Methods We performed WGS of six members from a three-generation family, where three individuals each had a spectrum of features suggestive of a NDD. CNVs and sequence-level variants were identified and further investigated in disease and control databases. Results We identified a novel 252-kb deletion at 15q21 that overlaps the synaptic gene DMXL2 and the gene GLDN. The microdeletion segregated in NDD-affected individuals. Additional rare inherited and de novo sequence-level variants were found that may also be involved, including a missense change in GRIK5. Multiple CNVs and loss-of-function sequence variants affecting DMXL2 were discovered in additional unrelated individuals with a range of NDDs. Conclusions Disruption of DMXL2 may predispose to NDDs including autism spectrum disorder. The robust interpretation of private variants requires a multifaceted approach that incorporates multigenerational pedigrees and genome-wide and population-scale data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Walker
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Anne S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Barbara Kellam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aparna Prasad
- Lineagen, Inc, 2677 East Parleys Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, USA
| | - Moises A Serrano
- Lineagen, Inc, 2677 East Parleys Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, USA
| | - D James Stavropoulos
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hope Twede
- Lineagen, Inc, 2677 East Parleys Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, USA
| | | | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zablotskaya A, Van Esch H, Verstrepen KJ, Froyen G, Vermeesch JR. Mapping the landscape of tandem repeat variability by targeted long read single molecule sequencing in familial X-linked intellectual disability. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:123. [PMID: 30567555 PMCID: PMC6299999 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of more than half of all patients with X-linked intellectual disability remains elusive, despite array-based comparative genomic hybridization, whole exome or genome sequencing. Since short read massive parallel sequencing approaches do not allow the detection of larger tandem repeat expansions, we hypothesized that such expansions could be a hidden cause of X-linked intellectual disability. METHODS We selectively captured over 1800 tandem repeats on the X chromosome and characterized them by long read single molecule sequencing in 3 families with idiopathic X-linked intellectual disability. RESULTS In male DNA samples, full tandem repeat length sequences were obtained for 88-93% of the targets and up to 99.6% of the repeats with a moderate guanine-cytosine content. Read length and analysis pipeline allow to detect cases of > 900 bp tandem repeat expansion. In one family, one repeat expansion co-occurs with down-regulation of the neighboring MIR222 gene. This gene has previously been implicated in intellectual disability and is apparently linked to FMR1 and NEFH overexpression associated with neurological disorders. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the power of single molecule sequencing to measure tandem repeat lengths and detect expansions, and suggests that tandem repeat mutations may be a hidden cause of X-linked intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Zablotskaya
- Department of Human Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 606, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Department of Human Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for Genetics of Cognition, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 606, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- VIB Center for Microbiology and CMPG Lab for Genetics and Genomics, KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1 - box 2471, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Froyen
- Clinical Biology, Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 606, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Dastidar S, Ardui S, Singh K, Majumdar D, Nair N, Fu Y, Reyon D, Samara E, Gerli MF, Klein AF, De Schrijver W, Tipanee J, Seneca S, Tulalamba W, Wang H, Chai Y, In’t Veld P, Furling D, Tedesco F, Vermeesch JR, Joung JK, Chuah MK, VandenDriessche T. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of trinucleotide repeat expansion in myotonic dystrophy patient-derived iPS and myogenic cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:8275-8298. [PMID: 29947794 PMCID: PMC6144820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is an attractive platform to potentially correct dominant genetic diseases by gene editing with unprecedented precision. In the current proof-of-principle study, we explored the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for gene-editing in myotonic dystrophy type-1 (DM1), an autosomal-dominant muscle disorder, by excising the CTG-repeat expansion in the 3'-untranslated-region (UTR) of the human myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene in DM1 patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (DM1-iPSC), DM1-iPSC-derived myogenic cells and DM1 patient-specific myoblasts. To eliminate the pathogenic gain-of-function mutant DMPK transcript, we designed a dual guide RNA based strategy that excises the CTG-repeat expansion with high efficiency, as confirmed by Southern blot and single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. Correction efficiencies up to 90% could be attained in DM1-iPSC as confirmed at the clonal level, following ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transfection of CRISPR/Cas9 components without the need for selective enrichment. Expanded CTG repeat excision resulted in the disappearance of ribonuclear foci, a quintessential cellular phenotype of DM1, in the corrected DM1-iPSC, DM1-iPSC-derived myogenic cells and DM1 myoblasts. Consequently, the normal intracellular localization of the muscleblind-like splicing regulator 1 (MBNL1) was restored, resulting in the normalization of splicing pattern of SERCA1. This study validates the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing of repeat expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitava Dastidar
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Simon Ardui
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Kshitiz Singh
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Debanjana Majumdar
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Nisha Nair
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Yanfang Fu
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deepak Reyon
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ermira Samara
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Mattia F M Gerli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E6DE, UK
| | - Arnaud F Klein
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Association Institute de Myologie, Center de Recherche en Myologie, F-75013 , France
| | - Wito De Schrijver
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Jaitip Tipanee
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Sara Seneca
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Center for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Warut Tulalamba
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Yoke Chin Chai
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Peter In’t Veld
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Denis Furling
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Association Institute de Myologie, Center de Recherche en Myologie, F-75013 , France
| | | | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - J Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marinee K Chuah
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
- Center for Molecular & Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
- Center for Molecular & Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Demaerel W, Hestand MS, Vergaelen E, Swillen A, López-Sánchez M, Pérez-Jurado LA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai E, Emanuel BS, Morrow BE, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR, Antshel K, Arango C, Armando M, Bassett A, Bearden C, Boot E, Bravo-Sanchez M, Breetvelt E, Busa T, Butcher N, Campbell L, Carmel M, Chow E, Crowley TB, Cubells J, Cutler D, Demaerel W, Digilio MC, Duijff S, Eliez S, Emanuel B, Epstein M, Evers R, Fernandez Garcia-Moya L, Fiksinski A, Fraguas D, Fremont W, Fritsch R, Garcia-Minaur S, Golden A, Gothelf D, Guo T, Gur R, Gur R, Heine-Suner D, Hestand M, Hooper S, Kates W, Kushan L, Laorden-Nieto A, Maeder J, Marino B, Marshall C, McCabe K, McDonald-McGinn D, Michaelovosky E, Morrow B, Moss E, Mulle J, Murphy D, Murphy K, Murphy C, Niarchou M, Ornstein C, Owen M, Philip N, Repetto G, Schneider M, Shashi V, Simon T, Swillen A, Tassone F, Unolt M, van Amelsvoort T, van den Bree M, Van Duin E, Vergaelen E, Vermeesch J, Vicari S, Vingerhoets C, Vorstman J, Warren S, Weinberger R, Weisman O, Weizman A, Zackai E, Zhang Z, Zwick M. Retraction Notice to: Nested Inversion Polymorphisms Predispose Chromosome 22q11.2 to Meiotic Rearrangements. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:457. [PMID: 30193139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Lumaka A, Race V, Peeters H, Corveleyn A, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani SN, Song X, Mubungu G, Posey J, Lupski JR, Vermeesch JR, Lukusa P, Devriendt K. A comprehensive clinical and genetic study in 127 patients with ID in Kinshasa, DR Congo. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1897-1909. [PMID: 30088852 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants account for 4 to 41% of patients with intellectual disability (ID) or developmental delay (DD). In Sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of ID is thought to be higher, but data in Central Africa are limited to some case reports. In addition, clinical descriptions of some syndromes are not available for this population. This study aimed at providing an estimate for the fraction of ID/DD for which an underlying etiological genetic cause may be elucidated and provide insights into their clinical presentation in special institutions in a Central African country. A total of 127 patients (33 females and 94 males, mean age 10.03 ± 4.68 years), were recruited from six institutions across Kinshasa. A clinical diagnosis was achieved in 44 but molecular confirmation was achieved in 21 of the 22 patients with expected genetic defect (95% clinical sensitivity). Identified diseases included Down syndrome (15%), submicroscopic copy number variants (9%), aminoacylase deficiency (0.8%), Partington syndrome in one patient (0.8%) and his similarly affected brother, X-linked syndromic Mental Retardation type 33 (0.8%), and two conditions without clear underlying molecular genetic etiologies (Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral and Amniotic Bands Sequence). We have shown that genetic etiologies, similar to those reported in Caucasian subjects, are a common etiologic cause of ID in African patients from Africa. We have confirmed the diagnostic utility of clinical characterization prior to genetic testing. Finally, our clinical descriptions provide insights into the presentation of these genetic diseases in African patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimé Lumaka
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Département des Sciences Biomédicales et Précliniques, GIGA-R, Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo
| | - Valerie Race
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gerrye Mubungu
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Posey
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Genetics Clinic service, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prosper Lukusa
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Département des Sciences Biomédicales et Précliniques, GIGA-R, Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Brison N, Dehaspe L, Vermeesch JR. Response to a comment on "Predicting fetoplacental chromosomal mosaicism during non-invasive prenatal testing". Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:722-723. [PMID: 30027563 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Dehaspe
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Cristofoli F, Devriendt K, Davis EE, Van Esch H, Vermeesch JR. Novel CASK mutations in cases with syndromic microcephaly. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:993-1001. [PMID: 29691940 PMCID: PMC5995665 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CASK cause a wide spectrum of phenotypes in humans ranging from mild X-linked intellectual disability to a severe microcephaly (MC) and pontocerebellar hypoplasia syndrome. Nevertheless, predicting pathogenicity and phenotypic consequences of novel CASK mutations through the exclusive consideration of genetic information and population-based data remains a challenge. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified four novel CASK mutations in individuals with syndromic MC. To understand the functional consequences of the different point mutations on the development of MC and cerebellar defects, we established a transient loss-of-function zebrafish model, and demonstrate recapitulation of relevant neuroanatomical phenotypes. Furthermore, we utilized in vivo complementation studies to demonstrate that the three point mutations confer a loss-of-function effect. This work endorses zebrafish as a tractable model to rapidly assess the effect of novel CASK variants on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cristofoli
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Ardui S, Race V, de Ravel T, Van Esch H, Devriendt K, Matthijs G, Vermeesch JR. Detecting AGG Interruptions in Females With a FMR1 Premutation by Long-Read Single-Molecule Sequencing: A 1 Year Clinical Experience. Front Genet 2018; 9:150. [PMID: 29868108 PMCID: PMC5964127 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragile X syndrome arises from the FMR1 CGG expansion of a premutation (55–200 repeats) to a full mutation allele (>200 repeats) and is the most frequent cause of inherited X-linked intellectual disability. The risk for a premutation to expand to a full mutation allele depends on the repeat length and AGG triplets interrupting this repeat. In genetic counseling it is important to have information on both these parameters to provide an accurate risk estimate to women carrying a premutation allele and weighing up having children. For example, in case of a small risk a woman might opt for a natural pregnancy followed up by prenatal diagnosis while she might choose for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) if the risk is high. Unfortunately, the detection of AGG interruptions was previously hampered by technical difficulties complicating their use in diagnostics. Therefore we recently developed, validated and implemented a new methodology which uses long-read single-molecule sequencing to identify AGG interruptions in females with a FMR1 premutation. Here we report on the assets of AGG interruption detection by sequencing and the impact of implementing the assay on genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ardui
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Race
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomy de Ravel
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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42
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Guo T, Diacou A, Nomaru H, McDonald-McGinn DM, Hestand M, Demaerel W, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Ujueta F, Shan J, Montagna C, Zheng D, Crowley TB, Kushan-Wells L, Bearden CE, Kates WR, Gothelf D, Schneider M, Eliez S, Breckpot J, Swillen A, Vorstman J, Zackai E, Benavides Gonzalez F, Repetto GM, Emanuel BS, Bassett AS, Vermeesch JR, Marshall CR, Morrow BE. Deletion size analysis of 1680 22q11.2DS subjects identifies a new recombination hotspot on chromosome 22q11.2. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1150-1163. [PMID: 29361080 PMCID: PMC6059186 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent, de novo, meiotic non-allelic homologous recombination events between low copy repeats, termed LCR22s, leads to the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS; velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome). Although most 22q11.2DS patients have a similar sized 3 million base pair (Mb), LCR22A-D deletion, some have nested LCR22A-B or LCR22A-C deletions. Our goal is to identify additional recurrent 22q11.2 deletions associated with 22q11.2DS, serving as recombination hotspots for meiotic chromosomal rearrangements. Here, using data from Affymetrix 6.0 microarrays on 1680 22q11.2DS subjects, we identified what appeared to be a nested proximal 22q11.2 deletion in 38 (2.3%) of them. Using molecular and haplotype analyses from 14 subjects and their parent(s) with available DNA, we found essentially three types of scenarios to explain this observation. In eight subjects, the proximal breakpoints occurred in a small sized 12 kb LCR distal to LCR22A, referred to LCR22A+, resulting in LCR22A+-B or LCR22A+-D deletions. Six of these eight subjects had a nested 22q11.2 deletion that occurred during meiosis in a parent carrying a benign 0.2 Mb duplication of the LCR22A-LCR22A+ region with a breakpoint in LCR22A+. Another six had a typical de novo LCR22A-D deletion on one allele and inherited the LCR22A-A+ duplication from the other parent thus appearing on microarrays to have a nested deletion. LCR22A+ maps to an evolutionary breakpoint between mice and humans and appears to serve as a local hotspot for chromosome rearrangements on 22q11.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hiroko Nomaru
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Matthew Hestand
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfram Demaerel
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liangtian Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Ujueta
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jidong Shan
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Terrence B Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Felipe Benavides Gonzalez
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto General Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine and Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine and Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Masset H, Dimitriadou E, Zamani Esteki M, Voet T, Vermeesch JR. Haplotyping and copy-number profiling of single cells by massive parallel sequencing. Reprod Biomed Online 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Frans G, Meert W, Van der Werff Ten Bosch J, Meyts I, Bossuyt X, Vermeesch JR, Hestand MS. Conventional and Single-Molecule Targeted Sequencing Method for Specific Variant Detection in IKBKG while Bypassing the IKBKGP1 Pseudogene. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Brison N, Neofytou M, Dehaspe L, Bayindir B, Van Den Bogaert K, Dardour L, Peeters H, Van Esch H, Van Buggenhout G, Vogels A, de Ravel T, Legius E, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR. Predicting fetoplacental chromosomal mosaicism during non-invasive prenatal testing. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:258-266. [PMID: 29388226 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-invasive prenatal detection of aneuploidies can be achieved with high accuracy through sequencing of cell-free maternal plasma DNA in the maternal blood plasma. However, false positive and negative non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) results remain. Fetoplacental mosaicism is the main cause for false positive and false negative NIPT. We set out to develop a method to detect placental chromosomal mosaicism via genome-wide circulating cell-free maternal plasma DNA screening. METHOD Aneuploidy detection was combined with fetal fraction determination to enable the detection of placental mosaicism. This pipeline was applied to whole genome sequencing data derived from 19 735 plasma samples. Following an abnormal NIPT, test results were validated by conventional invasive prenatal or postnatal genetic testing. RESULTS Respectively 3.2% (5/154), 12.8% (5/39), and 13.3% (2/15) of trisomies 21, 18, and 13 were predicted and confirmed to be mosaic. The incidence of other, rare autosomal trisomies was ~0.3% (58/19,735), 45 of which were predicted to be mosaic. Twin pregnancies with discordant fetal genotypes were predicted and confirmed. CONCLUSION This approach permits the non-invasive detection of fetal autosomal aneuploidies and identifies pregnancies with a high risk of fetoplacental mosaicism. Knowledge about the presence of chromosomal mosaicism in the placenta influences risk estimation, genetic counseling, and improves prenatal management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luc Dehaspe
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Leila Dardour
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine "Ibn Al Jazzar", Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Annick Vogels
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Legius
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Sermon KD, Spits C, Mertzanidou A, Vermeesch JR, Fiorentino F. Detecting mosaicism in trophectoderm biopsies. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:712-713. [PMID: 28043945 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Research, UZ Leuven, K.U. Leuven, campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesco Fiorentino
- GENOMA-Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Via di Castel Giubileo, 1100138Rome, Italy
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47
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Neofytou M, Brison N, Van den Bogaert K, Dehaspe L, Devriendt K, Geerts A, Vermeesch JR. Maternal liver transplant: Another cause of discordant fetal sex determination using cell-free DNA. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:148-150. [PMID: 29239474 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can very accurately determine fetal sex during pregnancy. We present an exceptional case where NIPT contradicts the ultrasound-based sex determination. The pregnant woman was recipient of a liver transplant from a male donor. Graft-derived cell-free DNA released into the maternal circulation clouded the NIPT-based sex determination. Hence, NIPT is not advisable when the pregnant mother underwent an organ transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neofytou
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luc Dehaspe
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Harper JC, Aittomäki K, Borry P, Cornel MC, de Wert G, Dondorp W, Geraedts J, Gianaroli L, Ketterson K, Liebaers I, Lundin K, Mertes H, Morris M, Pennings G, Sermon K, Spits C, Soini S, van Montfoort APA, Veiga A, Vermeesch JR, Viville S, Macek M. Recent developments in genetics and medically assisted reproduction: from research to clinical applications. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:12-33. [PMID: 29199274 PMCID: PMC5839000 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two leading European professional societies, the European Society of Human Genetics and the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology, have worked together since 2004 to evaluate the impact of fast research advances at the interface of assisted reproduction and genetics, including their application into clinical practice. In September 2016, the expert panel met for the third time. The topics discussed highlighted important issues covering the impacts of expanded carrier screening, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, voiding of the presumed anonymity of gamete donors by advanced genetic testing, advances in the research of genetic causes underlying male and female infertility, utilisation of massively parallel sequencing in preimplantation genetic testing and non-invasive prenatal screening, mitochondrial replacement in human oocytes, and additionally, issues related to cross-generational epigenetic inheritance following IVF and germline genome editing. The resulting paper represents a consensus of both professional societies involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Harper
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Aittomäki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Borry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M C Cornel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Community Genetics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Research Schools CAPHRI and GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W Dondorp
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Research Schools CAPHRI and GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Geraedts
- Department Genetics and Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Gianaroli
- S.I.S.Me.R. Reproductive Medicine Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - I Liebaers
- Center for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Lundin
- Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - H Mertes
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Morris
- Synlab Genetics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Pennings
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Soini
- Helsinki Biobank, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A P A van Montfoort
- IVF Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Veiga
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Reproductive Medicine Service of Dexeus Woman Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Viville
- Institute of Parasitology and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, UF3472-Genetics of Infertility, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University-2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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49
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Harper JC, Aittomäki K, Borry P, Cornel MC, de Wert G, Dondorp W, Geraedts J, Gianaroli L, Ketterson K, Liebaers I, Lundin K, Mertes H, Morris M, Pennings G, Sermon K, Spits C, Soini S, van Montfoort APA, Veiga A, Vermeesch JR, Viville S, Macek M. Recent developments in genetics and medically-assisted reproduction: from research to clinical applications †‡. Hum Reprod Open 2017; 2017:hox015. [PMID: 31486804 PMCID: PMC6276693 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hox015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two leading European professional societies, the European Society of Human Genetics and the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology, have worked together since 2004 to evaluate the impact of fast research advances at the interface of assisted reproduction and genetics, including their application into clinical practice. In September 2016, the expert panel met for the third time. The topics discussed highlighted important issues covering the impacts of expanded carrier screening, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, voiding of the presumed anonymity of gamete donors by advanced genetic testing, advances in the research of genetic causes underlying male and female infertility, utilisation of massively-parallel sequencing in preimplantation genetic testing and non-invasive prenatal screening, mitochondrial replacement in human oocytes, and additionally, issues related to cross-generational epigenetic inheritance following IVF and germline genome editing. The resulting paper represents a consensus of both professional societies involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Harper
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - K Aittomäki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 720, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Borry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 - Box 7001. B-3000, Leuven Belgium
| | - M C Cornel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Research Schools CAPHRI and GROW, Maastricht University, De Byeplein 1, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W Dondorp
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Research Schools CAPHRI and GROW, Maastricht University, De Byeplein 1, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Geraedts
- Department Genetics and Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Gianaroli
- S.I.S.Me.R. Reproductive Medicine Unit, Via Mazzini 12, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - K Ketterson
- Althea Science, Inc., 3 Regent St #301, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA
| | - I Liebaers
- Centre for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Lundin
- Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå Stråket 6, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - H Mertes
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - M Morris
- Synlab Genetics, chemin d'Entre-Bois 21, CH-1018, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Pennings
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - K Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Soini
- Helsinki Biobank, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 400, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A P A van Montfoort
- IVF laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Veiga
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de l' Hospitalet 199, 08908, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Reproductive Medicine Service of Dexeus Woman Health, Gran Via Carles III, 71-75 - 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - Box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Viville
- Institute of Parasitology and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, 3 rue Koberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, UF3472-Genetics of Infertility, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - M Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, Prague CZ-15006, Czech Republic
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Bassett AS, Lowther C, Merico D, Costain G, Chow EWC, van Amelsvoort T, McDonald-McGinn D, Gur RE, Swillen A, Van den Bree M, Murphy K, Gothelf D, Bearden CE, Eliez S, Kates W, Philip N, Sashi V, Campbell L, Vorstman J, Cubells J, Repetto GM, Simon T, Boot E, Heung T, Evers R, Vingerhoets C, van Duin E, Zackai E, Vergaelen E, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR, Owen M, Murphy C, Michaelovosky E, Kushan L, Schneider M, Fremont W, Busa T, Hooper S, McCabe K, Duijff S, Isaev K, Pellecchia G, Wei J, Gazzellone MJ, Scherer SW, Emanuel BS, Guo T, Morrow BE, Marshall CR. Rare Genome-Wide Copy Number Variation and Expression of Schizophrenia in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:1054-1063. [PMID: 28750581 PMCID: PMC5665703 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a more than 20-fold increased risk for developing schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to identify additional genetic factors (i.e., "second hits") that may contribute to schizophrenia expression. METHOD Through an international consortium, the authors obtained DNA samples from 329 psychiatrically phenotyped subjects with 22q11.2DS. Using a high-resolution microarray platform and established methods to assess copy number variation (CNV), the authors compared the genome-wide burden of rare autosomal CNV, outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region, between two groups: a schizophrenia group and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. The authors assessed whether genes overlapped by rare CNVs were overrepresented in functional pathways relevant to schizophrenia. RESULTS Rare CNVs overlapping one or more protein-coding genes revealed significant between-group differences. For rare exonic duplications, six of 19 gene sets tested were enriched in the schizophrenia group; genes associated with abnormal nervous system phenotypes remained significant in a stepwise logistic regression model and showed significant interactions with 22q11.2 deletion region genes in a connectivity analysis. For rare exonic deletions, the schizophrenia group had, on average, more genes overlapped. The additional rare CNVs implicated known (e.g., GRM7, 15q13.3, 16p12.2) and novel schizophrenia risk genes and loci. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that additional rare CNVs overlapping genes outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region contribute to schizophrenia risk in 22q11.2DS, supporting a multigenic hypothesis for schizophrenia. The findings have implications for understanding expression of psychotic illness and herald the importance of whole-genome sequencing to appreciate the overall genomic architecture of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Bassett
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Daniele Merico
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Gregory Costain
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Eva W C Chow
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Donna McDonald-McGinn
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Raquel E Gur
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Ann Swillen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Marianne Van den Bree
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Kieran Murphy
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Doron Gothelf
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephan Eliez
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Wendy Kates
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Nicole Philip
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Vandana Sashi
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Linda Campbell
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Joseph Cubells
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tony Simon
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Erik Boot
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tracy Heung
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Rens Evers
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Esther van Duin
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elaine Zackai
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Koen Devriendt
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Michael Owen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Clodagh Murphy
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elena Michaelovosky
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Leila Kushan
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Maude Schneider
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Wanda Fremont
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tiffany Busa
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephen Hooper
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Kathryn McCabe
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Sasja Duijff
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Karin Isaev
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - John Wei
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Matthew J Gazzellone
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tingwei Guo
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Christian R Marshall
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
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