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Fuchs CJ, Trommelen J, Weijzen MEG, Smeets JSJ, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Becoming a World Champion Powerlifter at 71 Years of Age: It Is Never Too Late to Start Exercising. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38458181 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
This case study assessed body composition, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic health of the present female world champion powerlifter in the 70+ age category who started resistance exercise training at 63 years of age with no prior experience with structured exercise training. Measures of body composition (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, leg volume); strength (one-repetition maximum leg press and extension, maximum voluntary contraction, and handgrip strength); physical function (short physical performance battery); cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption); and metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test) were assessed. In addition, a muscle biopsy was collected to assess muscle fiber type distribution and cross-sectional area (CSA). Where possible, data were compared with previously (un)published sex- and age-matched data using z scores. Skeletal muscle mass index was calculated by dividing limb muscle mass by height squared. Data from the control groups are expressed as mean ± 95% confidence interval. Our participant (age: 71 years; body mass: 64.5 kg; body mass index: 27.6 kg/m2) reported a good bone mineral density of 1.09 g/cm2 (T score between -1 and +1) and very low values of abdominal and organ body fat (i.e., between 20% and 70% lower compared with a reference group of postmenopausal women). In addition, she showed a 33% greater skeletal muscle mass index when compared with healthy, older female control subjects (7.9 vs. 5.9 [5.7-6.2] kg/m2; n = 61) as well as 37% greater muscle quadriceps CSA (63.8 vs. 46.6 [44.5-48.7] cm2; n = 48) and 46% greater Type II muscle fiber CSA (4,536 vs. 3,097 [2,707-3,488] μm2; n = 19). Absolute leg press muscle strength was 36% greater (190 vs. 140 [132-147] kg; n = 30) and handgrip strength was 33% greater (33 vs. 25 [23-26] kg; n = 48) when compared with healthy, age-matched controls. In conclusion, even for resistance exercise naïve individuals, starting exercise at an advanced age can lead to improvements in body composition and muscle strength allowing older adults to reduce the risk for developing metabolic syndrome, live independently, and even compete at a world class level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Trommelen J, van Lieshout GAA, Nyakayiru J, Holwerda AM, Smeets JSJ, Hendriks FK, van Kranenburg JMX, Zorenc AH, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, Gijsen AP, van Loon LJC. The anabolic response to protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has no upper limit in magnitude and duration in vivo in humans. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101324. [PMID: 38118410 PMCID: PMC10772463 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The belief that the anabolic response to feeding during postexercise recovery is transient and has an upper limit and that excess amino acids are being oxidized lacks scientific proof. Using a comprehensive quadruple isotope tracer feeding-infusion approach, we show that the ingestion of 100 g protein results in a greater and more prolonged (>12 h) anabolic response when compared to the ingestion of 25 g protein. We demonstrate a dose-response increase in dietary-protein-derived plasma amino acid availability and subsequent incorporation into muscle protein. Ingestion of a large bolus of protein further increases whole-body protein net balance, mixed-muscle, myofibrillar, muscle connective, and plasma protein synthesis rates. Protein ingestion has a negligible impact on whole-body protein breakdown rates or amino acid oxidation rates. These findings demonstrate that the magnitude and duration of the anabolic response to protein ingestion is not restricted and has previously been underestimated in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Glenn A A van Lieshout
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Pinckaers PJ, Domić J, Petrick HL, Holwerda AM, Trommelen J, Hendriks FK, Houben LH, Goessens JP, van Kranenburg JM, Senden JM, de Groot LC, Verdijk LB, Snijders T, van Loon LJ. Higher Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Following Ingestion of an Omnivorous Meal Compared with an Isocaloric and Isonitrogenous Vegan Meal in Healthy, Older Adults. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)72723-5. [PMID: 37972895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived proteins are considered to have fewer anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The anabolic properties of isolated proteins do not necessarily reflect the anabolic response to the ingestion of whole foods. The presence or absence of the various components that constitute the whole-food matrix can strongly impact protein digestion and amino acid absorption and, as such, modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. So far, no study has compared the anabolic response following ingestion of an omnivorous compared with a vegan meal. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal providing 100 g lean ground beef with an isonitrogenous, isocaloric whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. METHODS In a randomized, counter-balanced, cross-over design, 16 older (65-85 y) adults (8 males, 8 females) underwent 2 test days. On one day, participants consumed a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef as the primary source of protein (0.45 g protein/kg body mass; MEAT). On the other day, participants consumed an isonitrogenous and isocaloric whole-food vegan meal (PLANT). Primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied with blood and muscle biopsies being collected frequently for 6 h to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis rates. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations and were analyzed by 2 way-repeated measures analysis of variance and paired-samples t tests. RESULTS MEAT increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PLANT over the 6-h postprandial period (incremental area under curve 87 ± 37 compared with 38 ± 54 mmol·6 h/L, respectively; P-interaction < 0.01). Ingestion of MEAT resulted in ∼47% higher postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of PLANT (0.052 ± 0.023 and 0.035 ± 0.021 %/h, respectively; paired-samples t test: P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef results in greater postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of an isonitrogenous whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05151887.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jm Pinckaers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Domić
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather L Petrick
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris K Hendriks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Hp Houben
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy Pb Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau Mx van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Cpgm de Groot
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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van Lieshout GAA, Trommelen J, Nyakayiru J, van Kranenburg J, Senden JM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Response Does Not Differ Following the Ingestion of a Solid Versus a Liquid Milk Protein Product in Healthy Adult Females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023; 33:247-254. [PMID: 37348850 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption rates are modulated by numerous factors such as the food matrix. It has been speculated that protein ingested in liquid form is more rapidly digested and absorbed when compared with ingestion in solid form. Here, we assessed the postprandial plasma amino acid availability following ingestion of a single bolus of protein provided in either liquid or solid form. Twelve healthy, young females were included in this randomized cross-over study. On two separate test days, participants ingested 20-g milk protein concentrate in solid form (protein bar) or in liquid form (protein drink). Products were composed of matched ingredients and, thereby, had the same macro- and micronutrient composition. On both test days, arterialized blood samples were collected at regular time intervals for up to 4 hr following protein ingestion to assess the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid concentrations. Protein ingestion robustly elevated circulating plasma amino acid concentrations (p < .001), with no significant differences between treatments (p = .088). The incremental area under the curve of the postprandial rise in total plasma amino acid concentrations did not differ following bar versus drink consumption (160 ± 73 vs. 160 ± 71 mmol·L-1·240 min-1, respectively; 95% confidence interval [-37, 37]; Cohen's dz = 0.003; p = .992). Ingestion of protein in liquid or solid form does not modulate postprandial amino acid availability in healthy, female adults. Any differences in protein digestion and amino acid absorption due to differences in food matrix are not attributed to the protein being consumed as a bar or as a drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A A van Lieshout
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort,The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | | | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
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Hendriks FK, Trommelen J, van der Sande FM, van Kranenburg JMX, Kuijpers JHW, Houtvast DCJ, Jetten GHJ, Goessens JPB, Meex SJR, Kooman JP, van Loon LJC. Branched-chain ketoacid co-ingestion with protein lowers amino acid oxidation during hemodialysis: A randomized controlled cross-over trial. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1436-1444. [PMID: 37441814 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hemodialysis removes amino acids from the circulation, thereby stimulating muscle proteolysis. Protein ingestion during hemodialysis can compensate for amino acid removal but may also increase uremic toxin production. Branched-chain ketoacid (BCKA) co-ingestion may provide an additional anabolic stimulus without adding to uremic toxin accumulation. In the present study we assessed the impact of BCKA co-ingestion with protein on forearm amino acid balance and amino acid oxidation during hemodialysis. METHODS Nine patients (age: 73 ± 10 y) on chronic hemodialysis participated in this crossover trial. During two 4-h hemodialysis sessions, patients ingested 18 g protein with (PRO + BCKA) or without (PRO) 9 g BCKAs in a randomized order. Test beverages were labeled with L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine and provided throughout the last 3 h of hemodialysis as 18 equal sips consumed with 10-min intervals. Arterial and venous plasma as well as breath samples were collected frequently throughout hemodialysis. RESULTS Arterial plasma total amino acid (TAA) concentrations during PRO and PRO + BCKA treatments were significantly lower after 1 h of hemodialysis (2.6 ± 0.3 and 2.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L, respectively) when compared to pre-hemodialysis concentrations (4.2 ± 1.0 and 4.0 ± 0.5 mmol/L, respectively; time effect: P < 0.001). Arterial plasma TAA concentrations increased throughout test beverage ingestion (time effect: P = 0.027) without differences between treatments (time∗treatment: P = 0.62). Forearm arteriovenous TAA balance during test beverage ingestion did not differ between timepoints (time effect: P = 0.31) or treatments (time∗treatment: P = 0.34). Whole-body phenylalanine oxidation was 33 ± 16% lower during PRO + BCKA when compared to PRO treatments (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BCKA co-ingestion with protein during hemodialysis does not improve forearm net protein balance but lowers amino acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank M van der Sande
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey H W Kuijpers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dion C J Houtvast
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guus H J Jetten
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven J R Meex
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P Kooman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Trommelen J, van Lieshout GAA, Pabla P, Nyakayiru J, Hendriks FK, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, van Kranenburg JMX, Gijsen AP, Verdijk LB, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Med 2023; 53:1445-1455. [PMID: 36857005 PMCID: PMC10289916 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Casein protein ingestion prior to sleep has been shown to increase myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep. It remains to be assessed whether pre-sleep protein ingestion can also increase mitochondrial protein synthesis rates. Though it has been suggested that casein protein may be preferred as a pre-sleep protein source, no study has compared the impact of pre-sleep whey versus casein ingestion on overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the impact of casein and whey protein ingestion prior to sleep on mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from a bout of endurance-type exercise. METHODS Thirty-six healthy young men performed a single bout of endurance-type exercise in the evening (19:45 h). Thirty minutes prior to sleep (23:30 h), participants ingested 45 g of casein protein, 45 g of whey protein, or a non-caloric placebo. Continuous intravenous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied, with blood and muscle tissue samples being collected to assess overnight mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. RESULTS Pooled protein ingestion resulted in greater mitochondrial (0.087 ± 0.020 vs 0.067 ± 0.016%·h-1, p = 0.005) and myofibrillar (0.060 ± 0.014 vs 0.047 ± 0.011%·h-1, p = 0.012) protein synthesis rates when compared with placebo. Casein and whey protein ingestion did not differ in their capacity to stimulate mitochondrial (0.082 ± 0.019 vs 0.092 ± 0.020%·h-1, p = 0.690) and myofibrillar (0.056 ± 0.009 vs 0.064 ± 0.018%·h-1, p = 0.440) protein synthesis rates. CONCLUSIONS Protein ingestion prior to sleep increases both mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from exercise. The overnight muscle protein synthetic response to whey and casein protein does not differ. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NTR7251 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn A A van Lieshout
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Pardeep Pabla
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Weijzen MEG, van Gassel RJJ, Kouw IWK, Trommelen J, Gorissen SHM, van Kranenburg J, Goessens JPB, van de Poll MCG, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Ingestion of Free Amino Acids Compared with an Equivalent Amount of Intact Protein Results in More Rapid Amino Acid Absorption and Greater Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Availability Without Affecting Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Young Adults in a Double-Blind Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2021; 152:59-67. [PMID: 34642762 PMCID: PMC8754581 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of protein digestion and amino acid absorption determines the postprandial rise in circulating amino acids and modulates postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare protein digestion, amino acid absorption kinetics, and the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response following ingestion of intact milk protein or an equivalent amount of free amino acids. METHODS Twenty-four healthy, young participants (mean ± SD age: 22 ± 3 y and BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m2; sex: 12 male and 12 female participants) received a primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and l-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, after which they ingested either 30 g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled milk protein or an equivalent amount of free amino acids labeled with l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained to assess protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics (secondary outcome), whole-body protein net balance (secondary outcome), and mixed muscle protein synthesis rates (primary outcome) throughout the 6-h postprandial period. RESULTS Postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations increased after ingestion of intact milk protein and free amino acids (both P < 0.001), with a greater increase following ingestion of the free amino acids than following ingestion of intact milk protein (P-time × treatment < 0.001). Exogenous phenylalanine release into plasma, assessed over the 6-h postprandial period, was greater with free amino acid ingestion (76 ± 9%) than with milk protein treatment (59 ± 10%; P < 0.001). Ingestion of free amino acids and intact milk protein increased mixed muscle protein synthesis rates (P-time < 0.001), with no differences between treatments (from 0.037 ± 0.015%/h to 0.053 ± 0.014%/h and 0.039 ± 0.016%/h to 0.051 ± 0.010%/h, respectively; P-time × treatment = 0.629). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of a bolus of free amino acids leads to more rapid amino acid absorption and greater postprandial plasma amino acid availability than ingestion of an equivalent amount of intact milk protein. Ingestion of free amino acids may be preferred over ingestion of intact protein in conditions where protein digestion and amino acid absorption are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J J van Gassel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C G van de Poll
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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Trommelen J, Holwerda AM, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, VAN Kranenburg J, Gijsen AP, Verdijk LB, VAN Loon LJC. Casein Ingestion Does Not Increase Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:1983-1991. [PMID: 32195768 PMCID: PMC7431152 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary protein ingestion on intramuscular connective tissue protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from a single bout of resistance exercise. METHODS Thirty-six healthy, young males were randomly assigned to one of three treatments. One group ingested 30 g intrinsically L-[1-C]-phenylalanine-labeled casein protein before sleep (PRO, n = 12). The other two groups performed a bout of resistance exercise in the evening and ingested either placebo (EX, n = 12) or 30 g intrinsically L-[1-C]-phenylalanine-labeled casein protein before sleep (EX + PRO, n = 12). Continuous intravenous infusions of L-[ring-H5]-phenylalanine and L-[1-C]-leucine were applied, and blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess connective tissue protein synthesis rates and dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation in the connective tissue protein fraction. RESULTS Resistance exercise resulted in higher connective tissue protein synthesis rates when compared with rest (0.086 ± 0.017%·h [EX] and 0.080 ± 0.019%·h [EX + PRO] vs 0.059 ± 0.016%·h [PRO]; P < 0.05). Postexercise casein protein ingestion did not result in higher connective tissue protein synthesis rates when compared with postexercise placebo ingestion (P = 1.00). Dietary protein-derived amino acids were incorporated into the connective tissue protein fraction at rest, and to a greater extent during recovery from exercise (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Resistance exercise increases intramuscular connective tissue protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep, with no further effect of postexercise protein ingestion. However, dietary protein-derived amino acids are being used as precursors to support de novo connective tissue protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan M Senden
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Janneau VAN Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
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9
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Weijzen M, van Gassel R, Kouw I, Trommelen J, Gorissen S, van Kranenburg J, Goessens J, van de Poll M, Verdijk L, van Loon L. Ingestion of a bolus of free amino acids is followed by more rapid amino acid absorption and greater postprandial plasma amino acid availability when compared to the ingestion of an equivalent amount of intact protein. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Gorissen SHM, Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Pennings B, Groen BBL, Wall BT, Churchward-Venne TA, Horstman AMH, Koopman R, Burd NA, Fuchs CJ, Dirks ML, Res PT, Senden JMG, Steijns JMJM, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans. J Nutr 2020; 150:2041-2050. [PMID: 32069356 PMCID: PMC7398787 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics. OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans. METHODS We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals. RESULTS A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P < 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P < 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H M Gorissen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - René Koopman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter T Res
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joan M G Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
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11
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Trommelen J, Weijzen MEG, van Kranenburg J, Ganzevles RA, Beelen M, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Casein Protein Processing Strongly Modulates Post-Prandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses In Vivo in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2299. [PMID: 32751788 PMCID: PMC7468913 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Micellar casein is characterized as a slowly digestible protein source, and its structure can be modulated by various food processing techniques to modify its functional properties. However, little is known about the impact of such modifications on casein protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and the subsequent post-prandial plasma amino acid responses. In the present study, we determined post-prandial aminoacidemia following ingestion of isonitrogenous amounts of casein protein (40 g) provided as micellar casein (Mi-CAS), calcium caseinate (Ca-CAS), or cross-linked sodium caseinate (XL-CAS). Fifteen healthy, young men (age: 26 ± 4 years, BMI: 23 ± 1 kg·m-2) participated in this randomized cross-over study and ingested 40 g Mi-Cas, Ca-CAS, and XL-CAS protein, with a ~1 week washout between treatments. On each trial day, arterialized blood samples were collected at regular intervals during a 6 h post-prandial period to assess plasma amino acid concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Mi-CAS and Ca-CAS from t = 15 to 90 min (all p < 0.05). Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following ingestion of Mi-CAS compared to Ca-CAS from t = 30 to 45 min (both p < 0.05). Plasma total amino acids iAUC were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Ca-CAS (294 ± 63 vs. 260 ± 75 mmol·L-1, p = 0.006), with intermediate values following Mi-CAS ingestion (270 ± 63 mmol·L-1, p > 0.05). In conclusion, cross-linked sodium caseinate is more rapidly digested when compared to micellar casein and calcium caseinate. Protein processing can strongly modulate the post-prandial rise in plasma amino acid bioavailability in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle E. G. Weijzen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | | | - Milou Beelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Nyakayiru J, Fuchs CJ, Trommelen J, Smeets JSJ, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, Zorenc AH, VAN Loon LJC, Verdijk LB. Blood Flow Restriction Only Increases Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis with Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1137-1145. [PMID: 30694972 PMCID: PMC6553970 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Purpose Combining blood flow restriction (BFR) with exercise can stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Recent observations in an animal model suggest that BFR performed without exercise can also induce anabolic effects. We assessed the effect of BFR performed both with and without low-load resistance-type exercise (LLRE) on in vivo myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young men. Methods Twenty healthy young men (age = 24 ± 1 yr, body mass index = 22.9 ± 0.6 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to remain in resting condition (REST ± BFR; n = 10) or to perform LLRE (LLRE ± BFR at 20% one-repetition maximum; n = 10), combined with two 5-min cycles of single leg BFR. Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were assessed during a 5-h post-BFR period by combining a primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine infusion with the collection of blood samples, and muscle biopsies from the BFR leg and the contralateral control leg. The phosphorylation status of anabolic signaling (mammalian target of rapamycin pathway) and metabolic stress (acetyl-CoA carboxylase)–related proteins, as well as the mRNA expression of genes associated with skeletal muscle mass regulation, was assessed in the collected muscle samples. Results Under resting conditions, no differences in anabolic signaling or myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were observed between REST + BFR and REST (0.044% ± 0.004% vs 0.043% ± 0.004% per hour, respectively; P = 0.683). By contrast, LLRE + BFR increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates by 10% ± 5% compared with LLRE (0.048% ± 0.005% vs 0.043% ± 0.004% per hour, respectively; P = 0.042). Furthermore, compared with LLRE, LLRE + BFR showed higher phosphorylation status of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 4E-BP1 as well as the elevated mRNA expression of MuRF1 (all P < 0.05). Conclusion BFR does not increase myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy young men under resting conditions. When combined with LLRE, BFR increases postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Nyakayiru
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Joan M Senden
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Luc J C VAN Loon
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS.,Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
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13
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Trommelen J, Holwerda AM, Nyakayiru J, Gorissen SHM, Rooyackers O, Burd NA, Boirie Y, van Loon LJC. The intrinsically labeled protein approach is the preferred method to quantify the release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E433-E434. [PMID: 31423800 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00155.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Division of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yves Boirie
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Snijders T, Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The Impact of Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion on the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise in Humans: An Update. Front Nutr 2019; 6:17. [PMID: 30895177 PMCID: PMC6415027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research assessing the effect of pre-sleep protein ingestion on muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep and the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. Protein ingested prior to sleep is effectively digested and absorbed during overnight sleep, thereby increasing overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Protein consumption prior to sleep does not appear to reduce appetite during breakfast the following day and does not change resting energy expenditure. When applied over a prolonged period of resistance-type exercise training, pre-sleep protein supplementation has a beneficial effect on the increase in muscle mass and strength. Protein ingestion before sleep is hypothesized to represent an effective nutritional strategy to preserve muscle mass in the elderly, especially when combined with physical activity or muscle contraction by means of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. In conclusion, protein ingestion prior to sleep is an effective interventional strategy to increase muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep and can be applied to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response to resistance-type exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
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15
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Haskovic M, Derks B, van der Ploeg L, Trommelen J, Nyakayiru J, van Loon LJC, Mackinnon S, Yue WW, Peake RWA, Zha L, Demirbas D, Qi W, Huang X, Berry GT, Achten J, Bierau J, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Coelho AI. Arginine does not rescue p.Q188R mutation deleterious effect in classic galactosemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:212. [PMID: 30477550 PMCID: PMC6260575 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classic galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disease with an unmet treatment need. Current standard of care fails to prevent chronically-debilitating brain and gonadal complications. Many mutations in the GALT gene responsible for classic galactosemia have been described to give rise to variants with conformational abnormalities. This pathogenic mechanism is highly amenable to a therapeutic strategy based on chemical/pharmacological chaperones. Arginine, a chemical chaperone, has shown beneficial effect in other inherited metabolic disorders, as well as in a prokaryotic model of classic galactosemia. The p.Q188R mutation presents a high prevalence in the Caucasian population, making it a very clinically relevant mutation. This mutation gives rise to a protein with lower conformational stability and lower catalytic activity. The aim of this study is to assess the potential therapeutic role of arginine for this mutation. Methods Arginine aspartate administration to four patients with the p.Q188R/p.Q188R mutation, in vitro studies with three fibroblast cell lines derived from classic galactosemia patients as well as recombinant protein experiments were used to evaluate the effect of arginine in galactose metabolism. This study has been registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03580122) on 09 July 2018. Retrospectively registered. Results Following a month of arginine administration, patients did not show a significant improvement of whole-body galactose oxidative capacity (p = 0.22), erythrocyte GALT activity (p = 0.87), urinary galactose (p = 0.52) and urinary galactitol levels (p = 0.41). Patients’ fibroblasts exposed to arginine did not show changes in GALT activity. Thermal shift analysis of recombinant p.Q188R GALT protein in the presence of arginine did not exhibit a positive effect. Conclusions This short pilot study in four patients homozygous for the p.Q188R/p.Q188R mutation reveals that arginine has no potential therapeutic role for galactosemia patients homozygous for the p.Q188R mutation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-018-0954-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Haskovic
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Britt Derks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van der Ploeg
- Department of Dietetics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Mackinnon
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roy W A Peake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Zha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Didem Demirbas
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanshu Qi
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerard T Berry
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jelle Achten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Estela Rubio-Gozalbo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana I Coelho
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Snijders T, Halson SL, Rollo I, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Presleep dietary protein-derived amino acids are incorporated in myofibrillar protein during postexercise overnight recovery. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E457-E467. [PMID: 28536184 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00273.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ingesting 30 g casein protein with and without 2 g free leucine before sleep on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during postexercise overnight recovery. Thirty-six healthy young men performed a single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (1945) after a full day of dietary standardization. Thirty minutes before sleep (2330), subjects ingested 30 g intrinsically l-[1-13C]phenylalanine-labeled protein with (PRO+leu, n = 12) or without (PRO, n = 12) 2 g free leucine, or a noncaloric placebo (PLA, n = 12). Continuous intravenous l-[ ring-2H5]phenylalanine, l-[1-13C]leucine, and l-[ ring-2H2]tyrosine infusions were applied. Blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess whole body protein net balance, myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, and overnight incorporation of dietary protein-derived amino acids into myofibrillar protein. Protein ingestion before sleep improved overnight whole body protein net balance ( P < 0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ significantly between treatments as assessed by l-[ ring-2H5]phenylalanine (0.057 ± 0.002, 0.055 ± 0.002, and 0.055 ± 0.004%/h for PLA, PRO, and PRO+leu, respectively; means ± SE; P = 0.850) or l-[1-13C]leucine (0.080 ± 0.004, 0.073 ± 0.004, and 0.083 ± 0.006%/h, respectively; P = 0.328). Myofibrillar l-[1-13C]phenylalanine enrichments increased following protein ingestion but did not differ between the PRO and PRO+leu treatments. In conclusion, protein ingestion before sleep improves whole body protein net balance and provides amino acids that are incorporated into myofibrillar protein during sleep. However, the ingestion of 30 g casein protein with or without additional free leucine before sleep does not increase muscle protein synthesis rates during postexercise overnight recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Shona L Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia
| | - Ian Rollo
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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Kouw IW, Holwerda AM, Trommelen J, Kramer IF, Bastiaanse J, Halson SL, Wodzig WK, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2017; 147:2252-2261. [PMID: 28855419 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.254532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging has been attributed to the blunted anabolic response to protein intake. Presleep protein ingestion has been suggested as an effective strategy to compensate for such anabolic resistance.Objective: We assessed the efficacy of presleep protein ingestion on dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics and overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in older men.Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, parallel design, 48 older men (mean ± SEM age: 72 ± 1 y) ingested 40 g casein (PRO40), 20 g casein (PRO20), 20 g casein plus 1.5 g leucine (PRO20+LEU), or a placebo before sleep. Ingestion of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine- and l-[1-13C]-leucine-labeled protein was combined with intravenous l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and l-[1-13C]-leucine infusions during sleep. Muscle and blood samples were collected throughout overnight sleep.Results: Exogenous phenylalanine appearance rates increased after protein ingestion, but to a greater extent in PRO40 than in PRO20 and PRO20+LEU (P < 0.05). Overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (based on l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine) were 0.033% ± 0.002%/h, 0.037% ± 0.003%/h, 0.039% ± 0.002%/h, and 0.044% ± 0.003%/h in placebo, PRO20, PRO20+LEU, and PRO40, respectively, and were higher in PRO40 than in placebo (P = 0.02). Observations were similar based on l-[1-13C]-leucine tracer (placebo: 0.047% ± 0.004%/h and PRO40: 0.058% ± 0.003%/h, P = 0.08). More protein-derived amino acids (l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine) were incorporated into myofibrillar protein in PRO40 than in PRO20 (0.033 ± 0.002 and 0.019 ± 0.002 MPE, respectively, P < 0.001) and tended to be higher than in PRO20+LEU (0.025 ± 0.002 MPE, P = 0.06).Conclusions: Protein ingested before sleep is properly digested and absorbed throughout the night, providing precursors for myofibrillar protein synthesis during sleep in healthy older men. Ingestion of 40 g protein before sleep increases myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep. These findings provide the scientific basis for a novel nutritional strategy to support muscle mass preservation in aging and disease. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR3885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Wk Kouw
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, and.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, and.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, and.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, and.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | | | - Shona L Halson
- Australian Institute of Sport Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia
| | - Will Kwh Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, and.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, and .,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
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Trommelen J, Holwerda AM, Kouw IWK, Langer H, Halson SL, Rollo I, Verdijk LB, VAN Loon LJC. Resistance Exercise Augments Postprandial Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2517-2525. [PMID: 27643743 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have previously shown that protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Whether prior exercise further augments the muscle protein synthetic response to presleep protein ingestion remains to be established. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess whether resistance-type exercise performed in the evening increases the overnight muscle protein synthetic response to presleep protein ingestion. METHODS Twenty-four healthy young men were randomly assigned to ingest 30 g intrinsically L-[1-C]-phenylalanine and L-[1-C]-leucine-labeled casein protein before going to sleep with (PRO + EX, n = 12) or without (PRO, n = 12) prior resistance-type exercise performed in the evening. Continuous intravenous L-[ring-H5]-phenylalanine, L-[1-C]-leucine, and L-[ring-H2]-tyrosine infusions were applied. Blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess whole-body protein balance, myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, and overnight incorporation of dietary protein-derived amino acids into de novo myofibrillar protein. RESULTS A total of 57% ± 1% of the ingested protein-derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation during overnight sleep. Overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 37% (0.055%·h ± 0.002%·h vs. 0.040%·h ± 0.003%·h, P < 0.001, based on L-[ring- H5]-phenylalanine) and 31% (0.073%·h ± 0.004%·h vs. 0.055%·h ± 0.006%·h, P = 0.024, based on L-[1-C]-leucine) higher in PRO + EX compared with PRO. Substantially more of the dietary protein-derived amino acids were incorporated into de novo myofibrillar protein during overnight sleep in PRO + EX compared with PRO (0.026 ± 0.003 vs. 0.015 ± 0.003 molar percent excess, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Resistance-type exercise performed in the evening augments the overnight muscle protein synthetic response to presleep protein ingestion and allows more of the ingested protein-derived amino acids to be used for de novo myofibrillar protein synthesis during overnight sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- 1NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, THE NETHERLANDS; 2Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS; 3AIS Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, AUSTRALIA; and 4Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
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Trommelen J, Fuchs CJ, Beelen M, Lenaerts K, Jeukendrup AE, Cermak NM, van Loon LJ. Fructose and Sucrose Ingestion Increase Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation Rates During Exercise in Trained Cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517350.52485.1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nyakayiru J, Jonvik KL, Trommelen J, Pinckaers PJM, Senden JM, van Loon LJC, Verdijk LB. Beetroot Juice Supplementation Improves High-Intensity Intermittent Type Exercise Performance in Trained Soccer Players. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030314. [PMID: 28327503 PMCID: PMC5372977 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that nitrate supplementation can enhance endurance exercise performance. Recent work suggests that nitrate ingestion can also increase intermittent type exercise performance in recreational athletes. We hypothesized that six days of nitrate supplementation can improve high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players. Thirty-two male soccer players (age: 23 ± 1 years, height: 181 ± 1 m, weight: 77 ± 1 kg, playing experience: 15.2 ± 0.5 years, playing in the first team of a 2nd or 3rd Dutch amateur league club) participated in this randomized, double-blind cross-over study. All subjects participated in two test days in which high-intensity intermittent running performance was assessed using the Yo-Yo IR1 test. Subjects ingested nitrate-rich (140 mL; ~800 mg nitrate/day; BR) or a nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (PLA) for six subsequent days, with at least eight days of wash-out between trials. The distance covered during the Yo-Yo IR1 was the primary outcome measure, while heart rate (HR) was measured continuously throughout the test, and a single blood and saliva sample were collected just prior to the test. Six days of BR ingestion increased plasma and salivary nitrate and nitrite concentrations in comparison to PLA (p < 0.001), and enhanced Yo-Yo IR1 test performance by 3.4 ± 1.3% (from 1574 ± 47 to 1623 ± 48 m; p = 0.027). Mean HR was lower in the BR (172 ± 2) vs. PLA trial (175 ± 2; p = 0.014). Six days of BR ingestion effectively improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kristin L Jonvik
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 6960, NL 6503 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Philippe J M Pinckaers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 6960, NL 6503 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Trommelen J, Fuchs CJ, Beelen M, Lenaerts K, Jeukendrup AE, Cermak NM, van Loon LJC. Fructose and Sucrose Intake Increase Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020167. [PMID: 28230742 PMCID: PMC5331598 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates typically reach ~1 g∙min-1 during exercise when ample glucose or glucose polymers are ingested. Fructose co-ingestion has been shown to further increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of fructose co-ingestion provided either as a monosaccharide or as part of the disaccharide sucrose on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates during prolonged exercise in trained cyclists. Ten trained male cyclists (VO2peak: 65 ± 2 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) cycled on four different occasions for 180 min at 50% Wmax during which they consumed a carbohydrate solution providing 1.8 g∙min-1 of glucose (GLU), 1.2 g∙min-1 glucose + 0.6 g∙min-1 fructose (GLU + FRU), 0.6 g∙min-1 glucose + 1.2 g∙min-1 sucrose (GLU + SUC), or water (WAT). Peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates did not differ between GLU + FRU and GLU + SUC (1.40 ± 0.06 vs. 1.29 ± 0.07 g∙min-1, respectively, p = 0.999), but were 46% ± 8% higher when compared to GLU (0.96 ± 0.06 g∙min-1: p < 0.05). In line, exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates during the latter 120 min of exercise were 46% ± 8% higher in GLU + FRU or GLU + SUC compared with GLU (1.19 ± 0.12, 1.13 ± 0.21, and 0.82 ± 0.16 g∙min-1, respectively, p < 0.05). We conclude that fructose co-ingestion (0.6 g∙min-1) with glucose (1.2 g∙min-1) provided either as a monosaccharide or as sucrose strongly increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates during prolonged exercise in trained cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Milou Beelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Asker E Jeukendrup
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Naomi M Cermak
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Trommelen J, Beelen M, Pinckaers PJM, Senden JM, Cermak NM, Van Loon LJC. Fructose Coingestion Does Not Accelerate Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Repletion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:907-12. [PMID: 26606271 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postexercise muscle glycogen repletion is largely determined by the systemic availability of exogenous carbohydrate provided. PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effect of the combined ingestion of fructose and glucose on postexercise muscle glycogen repletion when optimal amounts of carbohydrate are ingested. METHODS Fourteen male cyclists (age: 28 ± 6 yr; Wmax: 4.8 ± 0.4 W·kg⁻¹) were studied on three different occasions. Each test day started with a glycogen-depleting exercise session. This was followed by a 5-h recovery period, during which subjects ingested 1.5 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ glucose (GLU), 1.2 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ glucose + 0.3 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ fructose (GLU + FRU), or 0.9 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ glucose + 0.6 g·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ sucrose (GLU + SUC). Blood samples and gastrointestinal distress questionnaires were collected frequently, and muscle biopsy samples were taken at 0, 120, and 300 min after cessation of exercise to measure muscle glycogen content. RESULTS Plasma glucose responses did not differ between treatments (ANOVA, P = 0.096), but plasma insulin and lactate concentrations were elevated during GLU + FRU and GLU + SUC when compared with GLU (P < 0.01). Muscle glycogen content immediately after exercise averaged 207 ± 112, 219 ± 107, and 236 ± 118 mmol·kg⁻¹ dry weight in the GLU, GLU + FRU, and GLU + SUC treatments, respectively (P = 0.362). Carbohydrate ingestion increased muscle glycogen concentrations during 5 h of postexercise recovery to 261 ± 98, 289 ± 130, and 315 ± 103 mmol·kg⁻¹ dry weight in the GLU, GLU + FRU, and GLU + SUC treatments, respectively (P < 0.001), with no differences between treatments (time × treatment, P = 0.757). CONCLUSIONS Combined ingestion of glucose plus fructose does not further accelerate postexercise muscle glycogen repletion in trained cyclists when ample carbohydrate is ingested. Combined ingestion of glucose (polymers) plus fructose or sucrose reduces gastrointestinal complaints when ingesting large amounts of carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
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Trommelen J, van Loon LJC. Pre-Sleep Protein Ingestion to Improve the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise Training. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120763. [PMID: 27916799 PMCID: PMC5188418 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ingestion following resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates, and enhances the skeletal muscle adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training. As the adaptive response to a single bout of resistance exercise extends well beyond the first couple of hours of post-exercise recovery, recent studies have begun to investigate the impact of the timing and distribution of protein ingestion during more prolonged recovery periods. Recent work has shown that overnight muscle protein synthesis rates are restricted by the level of amino acid availability. Protein ingested prior to sleep is effectively digested and absorbed, and thereby stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery. When applied during a prolonged period of resistance-type exercise training, protein supplementation prior to sleep can further augment gains in muscle mass and strength. Recent studies investigating the impact of pre-sleep protein ingestion suggest that at least 40 g of protein is required to display a robust increase in muscle protein synthesis rates throughout overnight sleep. Furthermore, prior exercise allows more of the pre-sleep protein-derived amino acids to be utilized for de novo muscle protein synthesis during sleep. In short, pre-sleep protein ingestion represents an effective dietary strategy to improve overnight muscle protein synthesis, thereby improving the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Holwerda AM, Kouw IW, Trommelen J, Halson SL, Wodzig WK, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Physical Activity Performed in the Evening Increases the Overnight Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Presleep Protein Ingestion in Older Men. J Nutr 2016; 146:1307-14. [PMID: 27281811 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.230086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass is partly attributed to anabolic resistance to food intake. Dietary protein ingestion before sleep could be used as a nutritional strategy to compensate for anabolic resistance. OBJECTIVE The present study assessed whether physical activity performed in the evening can augment the overnight muscle protein synthetic response to presleep protein ingestion in older men. METHODS In a parallel group design, 23 healthy older men (mean ± SEM age: 71 ± 1 y) were randomly assigned to ingest 40 g protein intrinsically labeled with l-[1-(13)C]-phenylalanine and l-[1-(13)C]-leucine before going to sleep with (PRO+EX) or without (PRO) performing physical activity earlier in the evening. Overnight protein digestion and absorption kinetics and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were assessed by combining primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-(2)H5]-phenylalanine, l-[1-(13)C]-leucine, and l-[ring-(2)H2]-tyrosine with the ingestion of intrinsically labeled casein protein. Muscle and blood samples were collected throughout overnight sleep. RESULTS Protein ingested before sleep was normally digested and absorbed, with 54% ± 2% of the protein-derived amino acids appearing in the circulation throughout overnight sleep. Overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 31% (0.058% ± 0.002%/h compared with 0.044% ± 0.003%/h; P < 0.01; based on l-[ring-(2)H5]-phenylalanine) and 27% (0.074% ± 0.004%/h compared with 0.058% ± 0.003%/h; P < 0.01; based on l-[1-(13)C]-leucine) higher in the PRO+EX than in the PRO treatment. More dietary protein-derived amino acids were incorporated into de novo myofibrillar protein during overnight sleep in PRO+EX than in PRO treatment (0.042 ± 0.002 compared with 0.033 ± 0.002 mole percent excess; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity performed in the evening augments the overnight muscle protein synthetic response to presleep protein ingestion and allows more of the ingested protein-derived amino acids to be used for de novo muscle protein synthesis during overnight sleep in older men. This trial was registered at Nederlands Trial Register as NTR3885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Imre Wk Kouw
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Shona L Halson
- AIS Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia
| | - Will Kwh Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, Netherlands; and
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Trommelen J, Holwerda AM, Kouw IW, Halson SL, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Protein Ingestion Before Sleep Provides Precursors For Post-exercise Overnight De Novo Muscle Protein Synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485019.86027.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Holwerda AM, Kouw IWK, Trommelen J, Halson SL, Wodzig WKWH, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Exercise Enhances The Overnight Muscle Protein Synthetic Response To Pre-sleep Protein Feeding In Older Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485016.01275.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kouw I, Holwerda A, Trommelen J, Kramer I, Goessens J, Halson S, Verdijk L, van Loon L. OR001: Ingestion of 40 G Protein Prior to Sleep Stimulates Overnight Myofibrillar Protein Accretion in Healthy Older Men. Clin Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(15)30119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Trommelen J, Groen BBL, Hamer HM, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Exogenous insulin does not increase muscle protein synthesis rate when administered systemically: a systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R25-34. [PMID: 25646407 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though it is well appreciated that insulin plays an important role in the regulation of muscle protein metabolism, there is much discrepancy in the literature on the capacity of exogenous insulin administration to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. OBJECTIVE To assess whether exogenous insulin administration increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young and older adults. DESIGN A systematic review of clinical trials was performed and the presence or absence of an increase in muscle protein synthesis rate was reported for each individual study arm. In a stepwise manner, multiple models were constructed that excluded study arms based on the following conditions: model 1, concurrent hyperaminoacidemia; model 2, insulin-induced hypoaminoacidemia; model 3, supraphysiological insulin concentrations; and model 4, older, more insulin resistant, subjects. CONCLUSIONS From the presented data in the current systematic review, we conclude that: i) exogenous insulin and amino acid administration effectively increase muscle protein synthesis, but this effect is attributed to the hyperaminoacidemia; ii) exogenous insulin administered systemically induces hypoaminoacidemia which obviates any insulin-stimulatory effect on muscle protein synthesis; iii) exogenous insulin resulting in supraphysiological insulin levels exceeding 50, 000 pmol/l may effectively augment muscle protein synthesis; iv) exogenous insulin may have a diminished effect on muscle protein synthesis in older adults due to age-related anabolic resistance; and v) exogenous insulin administered systemically does not increase muscle protein synthesis in healthy, young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike M Hamer
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- Department ofHumanMovement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The
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Van Buggenhout G, Trommelen J, Hamel B, Fryns JP. 13q deletion syndrome in an adult mentally retarded patient. Genet Couns 1999; 10:177-81. [PMID: 10422012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinical features of the 13q deletion syndrome are difficult to define and include retinoblastoma, mental and growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, brain, gastrointestinal, renal and heart malformations, anal atresia and limb and digit malformations. The critical region for development of major organ systems has been defined in 13q32 between the proximal marker 13S132 and distal marker D13S147. We report a severely mentally retarded male patient with a deletion of the distal part of chromosome 13 (13q32.3-->qter) without major organ malformations.
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Van Buggenhout G, Trommelen J, Hamel B, Fryns JP. Björnstad syndrome in a patient with mental retardation. Genet Couns 1998; 9:201-4. [PMID: 9777342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Björnstad syndrome in a patient with mental retardation: Pili torti or twisted hair can appear as an isolated defect, in association with other ectodermal defects, in association with other clinical features or can be acquired. Björnstad syndrome is a rare condition with apparent autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by hearing loss and twisted hairs (pili torti). All patients with Björnstad syndrome reported thusfar have normal intelligence. We report on a patient with severe mental retardation and review the literature.
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