Analysis of 26 STR loci (PowerPlex® Fusion 6C System) in a mestizo population from Mexico city

BACKGROUND

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are the most widely used genetic markers in forensic genetics. Therefore, it is essential to document genetic population data of new kits designed for human identification purposes to enable laboratories to use these genetic systems to interpret and solve forensic casework. However, in Mexico, there are no studies with the PowerPlex Fusion 6C System, which includes 26 STRs (23 autosomal STRs and 3 Y-STRs).

METHODS AND RESULTS

600 DNA samples from Mexico City were subjected to genotyping using the PowerPlex Fusion 6C System. For autosomal STRs, 312 different alleles were observed. Combined PE and PD were 99.999999809866% and 99.99999999999999999999999818795%, respectively. Genetic distances and AMOVA test showed low but significant differentiation between Mexican populations.

CONCLUSIONS

The results reported in this work demonstrate the efficacy of this system for human identification purposes in the population studied and justify its possible application in other Mexican Mestizo populations.

PTCH1 Gene Variants, mRNA Expression, and Bioinformatics Insights in Mexican Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

BACKGROUND

Skin cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) constitutes 20% of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cases. PTCH1, a tumor suppressor gene involved in the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, plays a crucial role in neoplastic processes.

METHODS

An analytical cross-sectional study, encompassing 211 cSCC patients and 290 individuals in a control group (CG), was performed. A subgroup of samples was considered for the relative expression analysis, and the results were obtained using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with TaqMan® probes. The functional, splicing, and disease-causing effects of the proposed variants were explored via bioinformatics.

RESULTS

cSCC was predominant in men, especially in sun-exposed areas such as the head and neck. No statistically significant differences were found regarding the rs357564, rs2236405, rs2297086, and rs41313327 variants of PTCH1, or in the risk of cSCC, nor in the mRNA expression between the cSCC group and CG. A functional effect of rs357564 and a disease-causing relation to rs41313327 was identified.

CONCLUSION

The proposed variants were not associated with cSCC risk in this Mexican population, but we recognize the need for analyzing larger population groups to elucidate the disease-causing role of rare variants.

Seroprevalence of IgM/IgG and Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Unvaccinated Young Adults from Mexico Who Reported Not Having Had a Previous COVID-19 Infection

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is estimated that more than half of new infections are transmitted by asymptomatic people; therefore, the isolation of symptomatic people is not enough to control the spread of the disease.

Methods

A total of 171 unvaccinated young adults (18-35 years) from Sonora, Mexico, who underwent a structured survey to identify prior COVID-19 infections, were included in this study. A qualitative determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum was performed by lateral flow immunoassay (Certum IgG/IgM Rapid Test™ cassette kit) and neutralizing antibodies were also determined (GenScript cPass assay).

Results

A total of 36 people reported a history of COVID-19 infection, and 135 reported no history of COVID-19. In contrast, 49.6% (67/135) of individuals who had not reported a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were seropositive to the rapid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, and 48.1% (65/135) of them had neutralizing antibodies.

Conclusions

These results suggest that in young adults, SARS-CoV-2 infections could be asymptomatic in a high percentage of individuals, which could contribute in part to the slow control of the current pandemic due to the large number of asymptomatic cases that are contagious and that could be a silent spread of the virus.

STAT4 Gene Variant rs7574865 Is Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity and Anti-CCP Levels in the Western but Not in the Southern Population of Mexico

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease. Currently, several genes play an important role in the development of the disease. The objective was to evaluate the association of the STAT4 rs7574865 and rs897200 gene variants with RA susceptibility, DAS28, RF, and anti-CCP in Western and Southern Mexico populations. Genotyping was performed on 476 samples (cases = 240; controls = 236) using the Taqman® system and qPCR probes. Disease activity was assessed using DAS28 and HAQ DI. CRP, ESR, RF, and anti-CCP were determined for clinical assessment. Our study showed there is a statistically significant association with susceptibility to RA for the rs7574865 variant in the Western population for the GT and TT genotypes. The same genotypes also showed a moderate-to-high activity according to DAS28 and positive anti-CCP compared to the control group. This association was not found in the Southern population. This work confirms the association of the rs7574865 variant with RA, as well as a moderate-to-high activity and positive anti-CCP in the Western population but not in the Southern population. No association of the rs897200 variant was found in any of the studied populations.

Beyond SARS-CoV-2: epidemiological surveillance of respiratory viruses in Jalisco, Mexico

Introduction

Respiratory viral infections represent a significant global health burden. Historically, influenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus have been the prevalent viruses; however, the landscape shifted with the widespread emergence of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of viral respiratory infections in Jalisco, Mexico.

Methods

Data encompassing individuals with flu-like symptoms from July 2021 to February 2023 was scrutinized for viral diagnosis through PCR multiplex. The effect of social mobility on the increase in respiratory viral diagnosis infection was considered to estimate its impact. Additionally, sequences of respiratory viruses stored in public databases were retrieved to ascertain the phylogenetic classification of previously reported viruses in Mexico.

Results

SARS-CoV-2 was the most detected virus (n = 5,703; 92.2%), followed by influenza (n = 479; 7.78%). These viruses were also found as the most common co-infection (n = 11; 50%), and for those with influenza, a higher incidence of severe disease was reported (n = 122; 90.4%; p < 0.001). Regarding comorbidities and unhealthy habits, smoking was found to be a risk factor for influenza infection but a protective factor for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 2.62; IC 95%: 1.66-4.13; OR = 0.65; IC 95%: 0.45-0.94), respectively. Furthermore, our findings revealed a direct correlation between mobility and the prevalence of influenza infection (0.214; p < 0.001).

Discussion

The study presents evidence of respiratory virus reemergence and prevalence during the social reactivation, facilitating future preventive measures.

Relationship between lipid profile, anthropometric indicators, and appetite-regulating hormones in infants according to type of feeding

Introduction

Background: infants receiving full breastfeeding (FBF) regulate their appetites differently from those receiving human milk substitutes (HMS). In addition, early exposure to the dietary cholesterol in human milk could lead to better cholesterol regulation in later stages of life. Therefore, the purpose was to compare lipid profiles in 4-month-old infants and to correlate lipid profile with anthropometric indicators and appetite-regulating hormones according to the type of feeding. Methods: this was a cross-sectional and correlational study, which included 145 mother-infant dyads according to the type of feeding; 64 received FBF, 47 partial breastfeeding (PBF), and 34 HMS. The complete lipid profile, total ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide type 1 were measured. Z-scores for weight/age, length/age, weight/length, triceps (TSF) and subscapular folds (SSF) and body mass index for age were also obtained. Results: there were significant differences in triglycerides and LDL cholesterol according to the type of feeding. In the HMS group, an inverse relationship was observed between ghrelin and triglycerides (p = 0.038), ghrelin and total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.026), and peptide YY and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.017). In the PBF group, a direct relationship was observed between length/age (z) and triglycerides (p = 0.001) and between subscapular folds and TC (p = 0.049). In infants receiving HMS, a direct correlation was observed between weight/age (z) and TC (p = 0.045) and between length/age (z) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.010). Conclusion: these findings show a relationship between growth, energy reserve, lipid profile, and modulation of appetite-regulating hormones according to the type of feeding they received.

Aberrant B-cell activation and B-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis: analysis by clinical activity, autoantibody seropositivity, and treatment

Few studies analyze the role of B-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathophysiology. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the differences in B-cell subpopulations and B-cell activation according to disease activity, RA subtype, and absence of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) therapy. These subgroups were compared with control subjects (CS). One hundred and thirty-nine subjects were included, of which 114 were RA patients, and 25 were controls. Patients were divided into 99 with seropositive RA, 6 with seronegative RA, and 9 without DMARDs. The patients with seropositive RA were subclassified based on the DAS28 index. A seven-color multicolor flow cytometry panel was used to identify B-cell immunophenotypes and cell activation markers. There were no changes in total B-cell frequencies between RA patients and controls. However, a lower frequency of memory B cells and pre-plasmablasts was observed in seropositive RA compared to controls (P < 0.0001; P = 0.0043, respectively). In contrast, a higher frequency of mature B cells was observed in RA than in controls (P = 0.0002). Among patients with RA, those with moderate activity had a higher percentage of B cells (P = 0.0021). The CD69+ marker was increased (P < 0.0001) in RA compared to controls, while the CD40+ frequency was decreased in patients (P < 0.0001). Transitional, naïve, and double-negative B-cell subpopulations were higher in seronegative RA than in seropositive (P < 0.01). In conclusion, in seropositive and seronegative RA patients, there are alterations in B-cell activation and B-cell subpopulations, independently of clinical activity and DMARDs therapy.

Transcriptional upregulation of galectin-3 in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of MS are still only partially elucidated. Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding lectins that are involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses and have been shown to exert a role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. There has been an increasing interest in the role of galectin-3 in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In the current study, we have evaluated the expression levels of galectin-3 in different cellular populations involved in the etiopathogenesis of MS. We have observed dramatically higher transcriptomic levels of galectin-3 in encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells in a preclinical model of MS, the MOG-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Also, significantly higher levels of galectin-3 were found in microglial cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes isolated from the spinal cord of EAE mice, as well as in human MS-related white matter lesions. Modular co-expression analysis revealed that galectin-3 is co-expressed with genes involved in the regulation of microglia, cytokine production, and chemotaxis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the expression of galectin-3 in MS, further strengthening its potential pathogenetic role in the etiopathogenesis of this CNS autoimmune disorder.

The Influence of Lifestyle on High-Density Lipoprotein Concentration among Mexican Emerging Adults

Previous studies have highlighted the role of lifestyle on HDL-C concentrations in adults. To our knowledge, the health and nutritional status of emerging adults have been understudied. The present study aimed to explore the most important lifestyle factors, including micronutrient intake adequacy and the percentage of energy from food processing, according to HDL-C concentrations in emerging adults. In this context, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 261 Mexican emerging adults who were apparently healthy. Lifestyle factors were collected through a structured survey and the prevalence of micronutrient intake inadequacy was estimated using the estimated average requirement cut-point method. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods was assessed using the NOVA system. HDL-C was determined using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS. The results revealed that lifestyle factors do not differ according to HDL-C status. The participants showed a poor nutritional diet that was energy-dense and micronutrient-inadequate. Nearly half of their energy came from processed and ultra-processed foods. Most participants did not meet the recommendations for key nutrients (ϖ3 fatty acids and phytosterols) that promote a healthy lipid status. In conclusion, regardless of their HDL-C levels, emerging adults exhibited lifestyle-related risk factors. The persistence of these findings over time could contribute to the development of metabolic disorders in the future. It is crucial to increase understanding and to develop effective nutritional interventions during this critical phase of life.

Evaluation of Serum Levels of Cytokines in Acute Apical Abscess: A Longitudinal Observational Study

INTRODUCTION

Cytokine levels are related to the aethiopathogenia of acute apical abscesses (AAA); however, the specific cytokine profiles in these cases are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the changes in systemic cytokine levels in patients with AAA and trismus onset, postantibiotic treatment, and postroot canal disinfection.

METHODS

In total, 46 AAA patients with trismus and 32 control subjects were included. After seven days of antibiotic therapy, root canal disinfection was performed in the AAA patients. The serum levels of cytokines were evaluated at basal, seven, and 14 days after endodontic treatment. Quantification of cytokines from T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells profiles was determined using the BioPlex MagPix system, and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (P < .05).

RESULTS

AAA patients showed higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -6, and IL-10 levels than control subjects, at basal measurement (P < .05); there were similar levels of interferon gamma, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-17 between groups (P > .05). IL-6 and IL-10 levels decreased after antibiotic treatment (P < .05), which was also associated with clinical improvement in patients with AAA and trismus. Patients with AAA had a positive correlation with higher serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10. In addition, TNF-α levels decreased only after antibiotic and endodontic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, patients with AAA had increased systemic serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. Moreover, increased levels of IL-6 and IL-10 are associated with acute inflammatory symptoms. However, IL-6 and IL-10 levels decreased after antibiotic treatment, while TNF-α levels decreased after antibiotic and endodontic treatment.

BAFF system expression in double negative 2, activated naïve and activated memory B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

Introduction

B cell activating factor (BAFF) has an important role in normal B cell development. The aberrant expression of BAFF is related with the autoimmune diseases development like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) for promoting self-reactive B cells survival. BAFF functions are exerted through its receptors BAFF-R (BR3), transmembrane activator calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) that are reported to have differential expression on B cells in SLE. Recently, atypical B cells that express CD11c have been associated with SLE because they are prone to develop into antibody-secreting cells, however the relationship with BAFF remains unclear. This study aims to analyze the BAFF system expression on CXCR5- CD11c+ atypical B cell subsets double negative 2 (DN2), activated naïve (aNAV), switched memory (SWM) and unswitched memory (USM) B cells.

Methods

Forty-five SLE patients and 15 healthy subjects (HS) were included. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression of the receptors in the B cell subpopulations. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to quantify the soluble levels of BAFF (sBAFF) and IL-21.

Results

We found increased frequency of CXCR5- CD11c+ atypical B cell subpopulations DN2, aNAV, SWM and USM B cells in SLE patients compared to HS. SLE patients had increased expression of membrane BAFF (mBAFF) and BCMA receptor in classic B cell subsets (DN, NAV, SWM and USM). Also, the CXCR5+ CD11c- DN1, resting naïve (rNAV), SWM and USM B cell subsets showed higher mBAFF expression in SLE. CXCR5- CD11c+ atypical B cell subpopulations DN2, SWM and USM B cells showed strong correlations with the expression of BAFF receptors. The atypical B cells DN2 in SLE showed significant decreased expression of TACI, which correlated with higher IL-21 levels. Also, lower expression of TACI in atypical B cell DN2 was associated with high disease activity.

Discussion

These results suggest a participation of the BAFF system in CXCR5- CD11c+ atypical B cell subsets in SLE patients. Decreased TACI expression on atypical B cells DN2 correlated with high disease activity in SLE patients supporting the immunoregulatory role of TACI in autoimmunity.

TGFB1 mRNA expression and frequency of the + 869T>C and + 915G>C genetic variants: impact on risk for systemic sclerosis

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune disorder, microvascular damage, and fibrosis. TGFB1 gene encodes for the transforming growth factor isoform 1 (TGF-β1), one of the most important pro-fibrotic cytokines. Therefore, variants in TGFB1 and changes in its expression could be associated with the pathogenesis of SSc. We aimed to evaluate the association of TGFB1 variants (+ 869T>C [rs1982073] and + 915G > C [rs1800471]) with the TGFB1 mRNA expression and SSc risk in the Southern Mexican population. We included 56 SSc patients and 112 control subjects (CS). The genetic variants were determined by the PCR-RFLP method. The TGFB1 mRNA expression was determined by qPCR. For the + 869T>C variant, the C allele was associated with SSc risk (OR = 1.733; CI = 1.087-2.762; p = 0.020). The C allele for the + 915G>C variant was also associated with SSc risk (OR = 11.168; CI = 1.289-96.754; p = 0.023). The relative expression of TGFB1 mRNA was 1.77-fold lower in SSc patients than in CS. Carriers of polymorphic alleles (TC or CC genotypes) for the + 869T>C variant showed 3.7-fold lower mRNA expression than the TT genotype in patients and 4.81-fold lower in CS. For the + 915G>C variant, patients with GA genotype had 1.78-fold lower mRNA expression than GG genotype carriers. In conclusion, the present study showed that + 869T>C and + 915G>C variants could be SSc risk factors for patients from Southern Mexico, and these genetic variants could induce lower mRNA expression of TGFB1.

BNT162b2 Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 Infection Changes the Dynamics of Total and Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: A 6-Month Prospective Cohort Study

This study aimed to analyze the dynamics, duration, and production of total and neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine and the possible effect of gender and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on the generation of these antibodies. Total antibodies were quantified via chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), and neutralizing antibodies were quantified using the cPass SARS-CoV-2 kit. Individuals with a history of COVID-19 produced twice as many antibodies than vaccinated individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an exponential increase observed in just six days. In those without a COVID-19 history, similar antibody production was reached 45 days after vaccination. Although total antibodies decline considerably in the first two months, the neutralizing antibodies and their inhibitory capacity (>96%) persist up to 6 months after the first dose. There was a tendency for higher total antibodies in women than men, but not at the inhibition capacity level. We suggest that the decline in total antibodies should not be considered as an indicator of loss of protective immunity because most antibodies decay two months after the second dose, but neutralizing antibodies remain constant for at least six months. Therefore, these latter antibodies could be better indicators for estimating the time-dependent vaccine efficacy.

Severe COVID-19: Drugs and Clinical Trials

By January of 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic had led to a reported total of 6,700,883 deaths and 662,631,114 cases worldwide. To date, there have been no effective therapies or standardized treatment schemes for this disease; therefore, the search for effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies is a primary goal that must be addressed. This review aims to provide an analysis of the most efficient and promising therapies and drugs for the prevention and treatment of severe COVID-19, comparing their degree of success, scope, and limitations, with the aim of providing support to health professionals in choosing the best pharmacological approach. An investigation of the most promising and effective treatments against COVID-19 that are currently available was carried out by employing search terms including "Convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19" or "Viral polymerase inhibitors" and "COVID-19" in the Clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed databases. From the current perspective and with the information available from the various clinical trials assessing the efficacy of different therapeutic options, we conclude that it is necessary to standardize certain variables-such as the viral clearance time, biomarkers associated with severity, hospital stay, requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate-in order to facilitate verification of the efficacy of such treatments and to better assess the repeatability of the most effective and promising results.

IL-21 (rs2055979 and rs2221903)/IL-21R (rs3093301) Polymorphism and High Levels of IL-21 Are Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mexican Patients

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is characterized by joint destruction, chronic inflammation, and autoantibody production. IL-21/IL-21R plays an essential role in the immunopathology of RA. Elevated IL-21 serum levels have been associated with RA and disease activity. Here, we evaluated the association of IL-21/IL-21R polymorphisms and IL-21 serum levels with RA. The study included 275 RA patients and 280 Control subjects (CSs). Single nucleotide polymorphisms IL-21 (rs2055979 and rs2221903) and IL-21R (rs3093301) were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. Clinical activity was evaluated by DAS28-ESR; IL-21 and anti-CCP serum levels were quantified by ELISA. The IL-21 rs2055979 AA genotype was higher in RA patients than in the CS group (p = 0.0216, OR = 1.761, 95% CI = 1.085-2.859); furthermore, RA patients showed anti-CCP elevated levels compared to the CA genotype (p = 0.0296). The IL21R rs3093301 AA genotype was also higher in RA patients than in the CS group (p = 0.0122, OR = 1.965, 95% CI = 1.153-3.348). The AT haplotypes of IL-21 rs2055979 and rs2221903 were more frequent (49%) in the RA group (p = 0.006). IL-21 serum levels were significantly elevated in the RA group, but without an association with IL-21 polymorphisms. In conclusion, IL-21 rs2255979 and IL-21R rs3093301 are associated with a higher risk of RA, and could be a genetic marker. Moreover, the elevated IL-21 levels in RA suggest that IL-21/IL-21R could be a therapeutic target in RA.

Vitamin D in Depression: A Potential Bioactive Agent to Reduce Suicide and Suicide Attempt Risk

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year, more than 700 thousand people die from this cause. Therefore, suicide is a public health issue. The complex interaction between different factors causes suicide; however, depression is one of the most frequent factors in people who have attempted suicide. Several studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency may be a relevant risk factor for depression, and vitamin D supplementation has shown promising effects in the adjunctive treatment of this mood disorder. Among the beneficial mechanisms of vitamin D, it has been proposed that it may enhance serotonin synthesis and modulate proinflammatory cytokines since low serotonin levels and systemic inflammation have been associated with depression and suicide. The present narrative review shows the potential pathogenic role of vitamin D deficiency in depression and suicide and the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation to reduce their risk.

A Novel Approach to Obtain Vaccine Effectiveness Continuous Profiles. Example Case: COVID-19 in Elderly Mexicans

Population-wide vaccination is the most promising long-term COVID-19 disease management strategy. However, the protection offered by the currently available COVID-19 vaccines wanes over time, requiring boosters to be periodically given, which represents an unattainable challenge, especially if it is necessary to apply several doses per year. Therefore, it is essential to design strategies that contribute to maximizing the control of the pandemic with the available vaccines. Achieving this objective requires knowing, as precisely and accurately as possible, the changes in vaccine effectiveness over time in each population group, considering the eventual dependence on age, sex, etc. Thus, the present work proposes a novel approach to calculating realistic effectiveness profiles against symptomatic disease. In addition, this strategy can be adapted to estimate realistic effectiveness profiles against hospitalizations or deaths. All such time-dependent profiles allow the design of improved vaccination schedules, where each dose can be administrated to the population groups so that the fulfillment of the containment objectives is maximized. As a practical example for this analysis, vaccination against COVID-19 in Mexico was considered. However, this methodology can be applied to other countries' data or to characterize future vaccines with time-dependent effectiveness values. Since this strategy uses aggregated observational data collected from massive databases, assumptions about the data validity and the course of the studied epidemic could eventually be necessary.

Analysis of PTPN22 -1123 G>C, +788 G>A and +1858 C>T Polymorphisms in Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, glandular dysfunction and systemic manifestations. Lyp protein is a negative regulator of the T cell receptor encoded by the tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor-type 22 (PTPN22) gene. Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PTPN22 gene have been associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association of PTPN22 SNPs rs2488457 (-1123 G>C), rs33996649 (+788 G>A), rs2476601 (+1858 C>T) with pSS susceptibility in Mexican mestizo subjects.

METHODS

One hundred fifty pSS patients and 180 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Genotypes of PTPN22 SNPs were identified by PCR-RFLP. PTPN22 expression was evaluated through RT-PCR analysis. Serum anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La levels were measured using an ELISA kit.

RESULTS

Allele and genotype frequencies for all SNPs studied were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). pSS patients showed 17-fold higher expression of PTNP22 than HCs, and mRNA levels correlated with SSDAI score (r² = 0.499, p = 0.008) and levels of anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies (r² = 0.200, p = 0.03 and r² = 0.175, p = 0.04, respectively). Positive anti-SSA/Ro pSS patients expressed higher PTPN22 mRNA levels (p = 0.008), with high focus scores by histopathology (p = 0.02). Moreover, PTPN22 expression had high diagnostic accuracy in pSS patients, with an AUC = 0.985.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that the PTPN22 SNPs rs2488457 (-1123 G>C), rs33996649 (+788 G>A) and rs2476601 (+1858 C>T) are not associated with the disease susceptibility in the western Mexican population. Additionally, PTPN22 expression may be helpful as a diagnostic biomarker in pSS.

Comparison of three different COVID-19 vaccine platforms (CoronaVac, BTN162b2, and Ad5-nCoV) in individuals with and without prior COVID-19: Reactogenicity and neutralizing antibodies

Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can be indicators of collective immunity, vaccine efficacy, and the longevity of the humoral response. This study aimed to compare reactogenicity and NAbs generated by three different COVID-19 vaccine platforms in individuals with and without prior COVID-19. 336 individuals vaccinated (112 with CoronaVac [inactivated virus], 112 with BNT162b2 [messenger RNA], and 112 with Ad5-nCoV [non-replicating viral vector]) were included. NAbs were quantified with the cPass SARS-CoV-2 kit. Individuals immunized with the Ad5-nCoV showed higher reactogenicity than those immunized with the other vaccines (p < 0.001). The BTN162b2 vaccine-induced NAbs with higher inhibition capacity than the other platforms in the first dose. In individuals without prior COVID-19, the Ad5-nCoV vaccine generated lower NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 than those induced by two doses of the BTN162b2 (Ad5-nCoV 72.10 [55.6-93.4] vs. BTN162b2 98.41 [98.16-98.56], p < 0.0001). One individual did not generate NAbs (0.89%) after a complete immunization with CoronaVac; in BTN162b2, all generated these antibodies, and in the Ad5-nCoV group, four individuals (3.57%) did not generate NAbs. Comorbidities, gender, age, and reactogenicity did not significantly influence the generation of NAbs (p > 0.05); however, a history of COVID-19 before vaccination was associated with antibodies with greater neutralizing capacity after the first dose (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the mRNA vaccine (BTN162b2) had a remarkable better ability to produce NAbs and lower reactogenicity than the other platforms, whereas the Ad5-nCov vaccine induced the lowest NAbs response in individuals without a history of COVID-19; therefore, we suggest that a booster could benefit these individuals.

Altered PTPN22 and IL10 mRNA Expression Is Associated with Disease Activity and Renal Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with very heterogeneous clinical behavior between affected individuals. Therefore, the search for biomarkers clinically useful for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of the disease is necessary. Here, we determined the association between PTPN22, IL10, OAS2, and CD70 mRNA expression with the clinical characteristics and with the serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-17 in SLE patients. Forty patients with SLE and 34 control subjects (CS) were included, mRNA expression was determined by real-time qPCR and cytokine levels were quantified by a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Compared to CS, SLE patients showed increased IL10 mRNA and high IL-10 and IL-17 serum levels; in contrast, PTPN22 mRNA and IFN-γ were decreased. PTPN22 and IL10 gene expression was negatively correlated with Mex-SLEDAI score and were notably downregulated in SLE patients with lupus nephritis. Interestingly, SLE patients with renal damage were the ones with the lowest levels of PTPN22 and IL10 mRNA and the highest SLEDAI scores. No associations were observed for OAS2 and CD70 mRNA and IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ. In conclusion, we suggest that the assessment of IL10 and PTPN22 mRNA could be useful for monitoring disease activity in SLE patients showing renal involvement.

Influence of nitric oxide signaling mechanisms in cancer

Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with multiple biological functions that is involved in various pathophysiological processes such as neurotransmission and blood vessel relaxation as well as the endocrine system, immune system, growth factors, and cancer. However, in the carcinogenesis process, it has a dual behavior; at low doses, NO regulates homeostatic functions, while at high concentrations, it promotes tissue damage or acts as an agent for immune defense against microorganisms. Thus, its participation in the carcinogenic process is controversial. Cancer is a multifactorial disease that presents complex behavior. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the initiation, promotion, and progression of neoplastic processes is required. Some hypotheses have been proposed regarding the influence of NO in activating oncogenic pathways that trigger carcinogenic processes, because NO might regulate some signaling pathways thought to promote cancer development and more aggressive tumor growth. Additionally, NO inhibits apoptosis of tumor cells, together with the deregulation of proteins that are involved in tissue homeostasis, promoting spreading to other organs and initiating metastatic processes. This paper describes the signaling pathways that are associated with cancer, and how the concentration of NO can serve a beneficial or pathological function in the initiation and promotion of neoplastic events.

PADI4 Haplotypes Contribute to mRNA Expression, the Enzymatic Activity of Peptidyl Arginine Deaminase and Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk in Patients from Western Mexico

Citrullination is catalyzed by the peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) enzyme, encoded by the PADI4 gene. Increased PAD4 activity promotes the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to evaluate the association of PADI4 haplotypes with RA risk, mRNA expression, and the PAD4 activity in patients with RA from Mexico. Methodology: 100 RA patients and 100 control subjects (CS) were included. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method, PADI4 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR, the contribution of PADI4 alleles (PADI4_89 G>A, PADI4_90 T>C, and PADI4_92 G>C) to mRNA expression by the ASTQ method, and PAD4 activity by HPLC. Also, the anti-CCP and anti-PADI4 antibodies were quantified by ELISA. Results: The three PADI4 polymorphisms were associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 1.72, p = 0.005; OR = 1.62; p = 0.014; OR = 1.69; p = 0.009; respectively). The 89G, 90T, and 92G alleles have a higher relative contribution to PADI4 mRNA expression from RA patients than 89A, 90C, and 92C alleles in RA patients. Moreover, the GTG/GTG haplotype was associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 2.86; p = 0.024). The GTG haplotype was associated with higher PADI4 mRNA expression (p = 0.04) and higher PAD4 enzymatic activity (p = 0.007) in RA patients. Conclusions: The evaluated polymorphisms contribute to PADI4 mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of PAD4 in leukocytes. Therefore, the GTG haplotype is a genetic risk factor for RA in western Mexico, and is associated with increased PADI4 mRNA expression and higher PAD4 activity in these patients.

In Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Helicobacter pylori Induces the Secretion of Soluble and Exosomal Cytokines Related to Carcinogenesis

Helicobacter pylori promotes the secretion of cytokines that regulate inflammation and carcinogenesis. Immune cells secrete cytokines into the extracellular medium or packaged in exosomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the profile of soluble and exosomal cytokines that were secreted by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were infected with H. pylori and to build a network of interaction between cytokines and cellular proteins. PBMCs were obtained by density gradient centrifugation and infected with H. pylori for 24 h. The infection was verified by immunofluorescence and Western blot for CagA. The exosomes were obtained from culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and Western blot for CD9 and CD81. Cytokines were quantified using a multiplex immunoassay in the culture supernatant, intact exosomes, and lysed exosomes. H. pylori adheres to lymphocytes and translocates CagA. In PBMCs, H. pylori induces an increase in the soluble and exosomal IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-22. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network shows that soluble and exosomal cytokines interact with proteins that participate in signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, Jak-STAT, FoxO, and mTOR, that are related to carcinogenesis; moreover, TNF-α had the highest number of interactions. Cytokine-loaded exosomes represent another means of intercellular communication that is activated by H. pylori to stimulate inflammation, carcinogenesis, or cancer progression. Cytokine-loaded exosomes are likely to be associated with extragastrointestinal diseases of inflammatory origin.

Differences in B-Cell Immunophenotypes and Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 After Administration of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccine in Individuals with and without Prior COVID-19 - A Prospective Cohort Study

Purpose

Understanding the humoral immune response dynamics carried out by B cells in COVID-19 vaccination is little explored; therefore, we analyze the changes induced in the different cellular subpopulations of B cells after vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech).

Methods

This prospective cohort study evaluated thirty-nine immunized health workers (22 with prior COVID-19 and 17 without prior COVID-19) and ten subjects not vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (control group). B cell subpopulations (transitional, mature, naïve, memory, plasmablasts, early plasmablast, and double-negative B cells) and neutralizing antibody levels were analyzed and quantified by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively.

Results

The dynamics of the B cells subpopulations after vaccination showed the following pattern: the percentage of transitional B cells was higher in the prior COVID-19 group (p < 0.05), whereas virgin B cells were more prevalent in the group without prior COVID-19 (p < 0.05), mature B cells predominated in both vaccinated groups (p < 0.01), and memory B cells, plasmablasts, early plasmablasts, and double-negative B cells were higher in the not vaccinated group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

BNT162b2 vaccine induces changes in B cell subpopulations, especially generating plasma cells and producing neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. However, the previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 does not significantly alter the dynamics of these subpopulations but induces more rapid and optimal antibody production.

Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation on glycemic control and insulin resistance in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Prediabetes and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by increased blood sugar concentration and insulin resistance. Although there are only a few reports of potential benefits of flaxseed's consumption on different metabolic parameters, there is no evidence of its effect among people with these conditions.

OBJECTIVES

The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of flaxseed supplementation on glycemic control variables and insulin resistance in prediabetes and T2DM.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science, to identify Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of milled or ground flaxseed supplementation on fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin concentrations, or HOMA-IR. The data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software version 3.3 in a fixed-effect model.

RESULTS

Seven studies were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis, the results showed a significant reduction on fasting blood sugar (SMD: -0.392, 95% CI: -0.596, -0.187, p = <0.001, I² = 64.81%) insulin concentrations, (SMD: -0.287, 95% CI: -0.534, -0.041, p = 0.022, I² = 32.53%), HbA1c (SMD: -0.442, 95% CI: -0.770, -0.114, p = 0.008, I² = 11.058%), and HOMA-IR (SMD: -0.284, 95% CI: -0.530, -0.038, p = 0.024, I² = 0.00%) after flaxseed supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

Flaxseed supplementation seems to improve glycemic control variables and insulin resistance in prediabetes and T2DM; however, more RCTs are needed to have more decisive evidence about doses, method of supplementation, and the possible effect of synergy with the dietetic treatment.

Specific T-Cell Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein over Time in Naïve and SARS-CoV-2 Previously Infected Subjects Vaccinated with BTN162b2

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has been promoted. BNT162b2 is a lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccine with 95% efficacy and is the most administered vaccine globally. Nevertheless, little is known about the cellular immune response triggered by vaccination and the immune behavior over time. Therefore, we evaluated the T-cell immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralization antibodies (nAbs) in naïve and SARS-CoV-2 previously infected subjects vaccinated with BTN162b2. Methods: Forty-six BTN162b2 vaccinated subjects were included (twenty-six naïve and twenty SARS-CoV-2 previously infected subjects vaccinated with BTN162b2). Blood samples were obtained at basal (before vaccination), 15 days after the first dose, and 15 days after the second dose, to evaluate cellular immune response upon PBMC’s stimulation and cytokine levels. The nAbs were determined one and six months after the second dose. Results: SARS-CoV-2 previously infected subjects vaccinated with BTN162b2 showed the highest proportion of nAbs compared to naïve individuals one month after the second dose. However, women were more prone to lose nAbs percentages over time significantly. Furthermore, a diminished CD154+ IFN-γ+ CD4+ T-cell response was observed after the second BTN162b2 dose in those with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In contrast, naïve participants showed an overall increased CD8+ IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ T-cell response to the peptide stimulus. Moreover, a significant reduction in IP-10, IFN-λI, and IL-10 cytokine levels was found in both studied groups. Additionally, the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) levels of IL-6, IFNλ-2/3, IFN-𝛽, and GM-CSF (p < 0.05) were significantly reduced over time in the naïve participants. Conclusion: We demonstrate that a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection can also impact cellular T-cell response, nAbs production, and serum cytokine concentration. Therefore, the study of T-cell immune response is essential for vaccination scheme recommendations; future vaccine boost should be carefully addressed as continued stimulation by vaccination might impact the T-cell response.

Analysis of TNFSF13B polymorphisms and BAFF expression in rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome patients

Background

The increased expression of B cell‐activating factor (BAFF) has been linked to autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases (ADs). The aim of this study was to investigate the association among TNFSF13B gene (OMIM: 603969) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), TNFSF13B mRNA, and soluble BAFF (sBAFF) expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The diagnostic value of sBAFF also was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic or receptor (ROC) curves.

Methods

Genotypes of the TNFSF13B rs9514827 (−2841 T > C), rs1041569 (−2701 A > T) and rs9514828 (−871 C > T) SNPs were determined by PCR‐RFLP assay. TNFSF13B mRNA and sBAFF expression were performed by RT‐qPCR and ELISA, respectively. The study included 320 RA patients, 101 pSS patients, and 309 healthy subjects (HS).

Results

The rs9514828 T allele and the TAT haplotype were associated with an increased risk to develop RA. In both ADs, the TNFSF13B mRNA levels were increased in comparison with HS. The rs9514828 (−871 C > T) polymorphism was associated with increased gene expression in RA patients. Also, sBAFF levels were higher in both ADs, however pSS patients showed the highest sBAFF levels. sBAFF showed higher diagnostic performance for pSS with an AUC of 0.968, with a similar accuracy of anti‐SSA/Ro antibody diagnosis (AUC = 0.974).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that the TNFSF13B rs9514828 (−871 C > T) polymorphism is a risk factor for RA in the western Mexican population. sBAFF levels may be a potential diagnosis biomarker in pSS.

Efficacy and Safety of Heterologous Booster Vaccination after Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologics) Vaccine: A Preliminary Descriptive Study

Several studies have reported the benefits and safety of heterologous vaccination among different approved vaccines; however, there are no specific reports on the effects of vaccination with the Ad5-nCoV and other vaccines of the same or different technologies. In the present study, we evaluated the neutralizing antibodies percentage against SARS-CoV-2 in Mexican patients immunized with the Ad5-nCoV vaccine six months after its application. Moreover, the effect of the heterologous vaccination with the Ad5-nCoV vaccine and a booster dose of ChAdOx1-S-Nov-19, Ad26.COV2.S, BNT162b2, or mRNA-127 were determined. Our results suggest that a heterologous regimen of one dose with Ad5-nCoV vaccine followed by a booster dose of a different vaccine is safe and induces a stronger humoral immune response.

The Effect of Dietary Interventions on Hypertriglyceridemia: From Public Health to Molecular Nutrition Evidence

Approximately 25–50% of the population worldwide exhibits serum triglycerides (TG) (≥150 mg/dL) which are associated with an increased level of highly atherogenic remnant-like particles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and pancreatitis risk. High serum TG levels could be related to cardiovascular disease, which is the most prevalent cause of mortality in Western countries. The etiology of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is multifactorial and can be classified as primary and secondary causes. Among the primary causes are genetic disorders. On the other hand, secondary causes of HTG comprise lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and drugs. Among lifestyle changes, adequate diets and nutrition are the initial steps to treat and prevent serum lipid alterations. Dietary intervention for HTG is recommended in order to modify the amount of macronutrients. Macronutrient distribution changes such as fat or protein, low-carbohydrate diets, and caloric restriction seem to be effective strategies in reducing TG levels. Particularly, the Mediterranean diet is the dietary pattern with the most consistent evidence for efficacy in HTG while the use of omega-3 supplements consumption is the dietary component with the highest number of randomized clinical trials (RCT) carried out with effective results on reducing TG. The aim of this review was to provide a better comprehension between human nutrition and lipid metabolism.

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: A potential pharmacological target in COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a serious threat to global health. The disregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) cell signaling pathway observed in patients with COVID-19 has attracted attention for the possible use of specific inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of the disease. Here, we review emerging data on the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the clinical studies investigating its tailored inhibition in COVID-19. Current in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data convergently support a role for the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in COVID-19 and suggest the use of specific inhibitors of this pathway that, by a combined mechanism entailing downregulation of excessive inflammatory reactions, cell protection, and antiviral effects, could ameliorate the course of COVID-19.

ACE and ACE2 Gene Variants Are Associated With Severe Outcomes of COVID-19 in Men

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, affecting more than 219 countries and causing the death of more than 5 million people worldwide. The genetic background represents a factor that predisposes the way the host responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this sense, genetic variants of ACE and ACE2 could explain the observed interindividual variability to COVID-19 outcomes. In order to improve the understanding of how genetic variants of ACE and ACE2 are involved in the severity of COVID-19, we included a total of 481 individuals who showed clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and were diagnosed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and saliva samples. ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism was evaluated by the high-resolution melting method; ACE single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs4344) and ACE2 SNPs (rs2285666 and rs2074192) were genotyped using TaqMan probes. We assessed the association of ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms with disease severity using logistic regression analysis adjusted by age, sex, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The severity of the illness in our study population was divided as 31% mild, 26% severe, and 43% critical illness; additionally, 18% of individuals died, of whom 54% were male. Our results showed in the codominant model a contribution of ACE2 gene rs2285666 T/T genotype to critical outcome [odds ratio (OR) = 1.83; 95%CI = 1.01–3.29; p = 0.04] and to require oxygen supplementation (OR = 1.76; 95%CI = 1.01–3.04; p = 0.04), in addition to a strong association of the T allele of this variant to develop critical illness in male individuals (OR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.10–2.98; p = 0.02). We suggest that the T allele of rs2285666 represents a risk factor for severe and critical outcomes of COVID-19, especially for men, regardless of age, hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

ICOS Gene Polymorphisms (IVS1 + 173 T/C and c. 1624 C/T) in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients: Analysis of ICOS Expression

Background: Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, which affects exocrine glands. T cell activation is a trigger mechanism in the immune response. Hyperreactivity of T cells and antibody production are features in pSS. ICOS can be critical in the pathogenesis of pSS. Methods: A total of 134 pSS patients and 134 control subjects (CS) were included. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. ICOS mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR, and CD4+ ICOS+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry. Results: The ICOS IVS1 + 173 T>C polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to pSS (p = 0.393, CI = 0.503−1.311). However, the c.1624 C>T polymorphism was associated with a reduction in the risk of development of pSS (p = 0.015, CI = 0.294−0.884). An increase in ICOS mRNA expression in patients was observed (3.7-fold). Furthermore, pSS patients showed an increase in membranal-ICOS expression (mICOS). High expression of mICOS (MFI) was associated with lymphocytic infiltration. Conclusions: The IVS1 + 173 polymorphism is not a genetic marker for the development of pSS, while c.1624 T allele was associated with a low risk. However, elevated mICOS expression in pSS patients with high lymphocytic infiltration was found. ICOS may have an important role in the immunopathogenesis of pSS and should be analyzed in T cell subsets in pSS patients as a possible disease marker.

Canonical (CD74/CD44) and Non-Canonical (CXCR2, 4 and 7) MIF Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Evaluated by DAS28-ESR

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) significantly contributes to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the canonical (CD74/CD44) and non-canonical MIF receptors (CXCR2,4 and 7) expression and sCD74 to establish their association with RA clinical activity according to DAS28-ESR.

METHODOLOGY

101 RA patients with different clinical activities (remission (n = 27), low (n = 16), moderate (n = 35) and high (n = 23)) and 9 control subjects (CS) were included. Expression was evaluated by flow cytometry and levels of soluble CD74 (sCD74) by ELISA. Data analysis was performed with FlowJov10.0, STATAv12.0, and GraphPad Prism v7.0.

RESULTS

According to disease activity, CXCR7 expression (percentage of expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)) was higher in granulocytes from patients in remission, while the expression of CXCR4 was higher in patients with high disease activity (p < 0.05). The expression of CD74 was higher in B cells (p < 0.05) and monocytes (p < 0.01) from patients in remission. Regarding sCD74 levels these were higher in patients with high disease activity when compared to those in remission (p <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The results support the need for further study of the role of sCD74 as a soluble MIF decoy receptor, sequestering it to negatively regulate MIF signaling though its membrane receptors. The expression patterns of CXCR4 and CXCR7 show that the latter is a scavenger-type receptor that prevents endocytosis and even degradation of CXCR4 under inflammatory conditions.

[Rheumatic diseases and allergies, the duality of the immune system]

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases are multisystemic disorders that mainly affect joints and muscles; some examples of these conditions are: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). In general, autoimmune rheumatic diseases have a high prevalence worldwide and are highly disabling for those who have them. At present, one of the main limitations for the management of these diseases is that their triggering factor continues to be unknown in most cases and the knowledge of the factors associated with their exacerbation is limited. In this review, the possible link of allergies as a possible trigger for autoimmune rheumatic diseases will be explored. We will also analyze the basic and general aspects of both diseases and the development of allergic processes and hypersensitivity reactions to drugs used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.

Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19

The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, and humoral protective response longevity, as well as supporting donor selection criteria for convalescent plasma therapy. In the current manuscript, we review the essential concepts of NAbs, examining their concept, mechanisms of action, production, and the techniques used for their detection; as well as presenting an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19.

17β-estradiol modulates the expression of hormonal receptors on THP-1 T. gondii-infected macrophages and monocytes in an AKT and ERK-dependent manner

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasite common in pregnancy. Monocytes and macrophages are a significant immunologic barrier against T. gondii by boosting up inflammation. This outcome is highly regulated by signaling pathways such as MAPK (ERK1/2) and PI3K (AKT), necessary in cell growth and proliferation. It may be associated with the hormonal receptors' modulation by T. gondii (Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α, ERβ, G Protein-coupled ER (GPER), and Prolactin Receptor (PRLR)), as previously reported by our research group. 17β-estradiol also activates MAPK and PI3K; however, its combined effect in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages, infected with T. gondii, has not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of 17β-estradiol in the activation of signaling pathways using a model of THP-1 monocytes and macrophages infected with T. gondii. THP-1 monocytes were cultured and differentiated into macrophages. Inhibition of AKT and ERK1/2 was performed with specific inhibitors. Stimuli were performed with 17β-estradiol (10 nM), T. gondii (20,000 tachyzoites), and both conditions for 48 h. Proteins were extracted and quantified, and Western Blot assays were performed. 17β-estradiol performed activation of ERK1/2 and AKT in T. gondii-infected macrophages. 17β-estradiol modulated the expression of hormonal receptors in infected cells: increases the PRLR and PrgR in T. gondii-infected macrophages and decreases the PRLR and ERα in T. gondii-infected monocytes. As for GPER, its expression is abolished by T. gondii, and 17β-estradiol cannot restore it. Finally, the blockage of ERK and AKT pathways modified the expression of hormonal receptors. In conclusion, 17β-estradiol modifies the receptors of T. gondii-infected THP1 macrophages and monocytes in an ERK/AKT dependent manner.

Phylogenomics and population genomics of SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico during the pre-vaccination stage reveals variants of interest B.1.1.28.4 and B.1.1.222 or B.1.1.519 and the nucleocapsid mutation S194L associated with symptoms

Understanding the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various regions of the world during the Covid-19 pandemic is essential to help mitigate the effects of this devastating disease. We describe the phylogenomic and population genetic patterns of the virus in Mexico during the pre-vaccination stage, including asymptomatic carriers. A real-time quantitative PCR screening and phylogenomic reconstructions directed at sequence/structure analysis of the spike glycoprotein revealed mutation of concern E484K in genomes from central Mexico, in addition to the nationwide prevalence of the imported variant 20C/S:452R (B.1.427/9). Overall, the detected variants in Mexico show spike protein mutations in the N-terminal domain (i.e. R190M), in the receptor-binding motif (i.e. T478K, E484K), within the S1-S2 subdomains (i.e. P681R/H, T732A), and at the basis of the protein, V1176F, raising concerns about the lack of phenotypic and clinical data available for the variants of interest we postulate: 20B/478K.V1 (B.1.1.222 or B.1.1.519) and 20B/P.4 (B.1.1.28.4). Moreover, the population patterns of single nucleotide variants from symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers obtained with a self-sampling scheme confirmed the presence of several fixed variants, and differences in allelic frequencies among localities. We identified the mutation N:S194L of the nucleocapsid protein associated with symptomatic patients. Phylogenetically, this mutation is frequent in Mexican sub-clades. Our results highlight the dual and complementary role of spike and nucleocapsid proteins in adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 to their hosts and provide a baseline for specific follow-up of mutations of concern during the vaccination stage.

[The involvement of vitamin A in the production of secretory IgA in the respiratory epithelium for potential protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection]

SARS-CoV-2 continues to infect thousands of people around the world. It has been established that the main transmission mechanism of this virus is via airborne route, which is why it initially infects the respiratory tract. Currently, the effectiveness of medications used against COVID-19 is limited, and although immunization programs have been initiated, there is international inequality in the distribution of vaccines. Accordingly, the search for adjuvant therapies continues to be an alternative for research. Supplementation with vitamin A has been associated to the decrease of mortality from infection; this effect could be mediated by retinoic acid (RA), which is the active metabolite of vitamin A that exerts immunomodulatory functions. According to preclinical studies, RA favors the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the respiratory tract. In addition to this, the retinol-binding protein has been correlated with the concentration of IgA and neutralizing antibodies in patients with influenza. Therefore, this review aims to address the involvement of vitamin A in the production of secretory IgA in the respiratory epithelium in order to highlight its potential protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A review: Antibody-dependent enhancement in COVID-19: The not so friendly side of antibodies

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented global public health emergency with economic and social consequences. One of the main concerns in the development of vaccines is the antibody-dependent enhancement phenomenon, better known as ADE. In this review, we provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the immune response generated by the host. On the bases of this principle, we also describe what is known about the ADE phenomenon in various viral infections and its possible role as a limiting factor in the development of new vaccines and therapeutic strategies.

A Comprehensive Descriptive Epidemiological and Clinical Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in West-Mexico during COVID-19 Pandemic 2020

This study aimed to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 from Western Mexico people during 2020. A retrospective analysis from an electronic database of people visiting a sentinel center for molecular SARS-CoV-2 confirmatory diagnosis by RT-PCR from April to December 2020 was carried out for epidemiological and clinical description of COVID-19. Out of 23,211 patients evaluated, 6918 (29.8%) were confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean age 38.5 ± 13.99), mostly females (53.8%). Comorbidities, such as diabetes (34.7%), obesity (31.15%), and hypertension (31.8%), presented an increased odds OR = 1.27, CI = 1.14-1.41; OR = 1.08, CI = 1.01-1.16; and OR = 1.09, CI = 0.99-1.19, respectively, for viral-infection. Moreover, fever, headache, and dry cough were the most frequent symptoms. No infection difference among sex was found. Those patients >60 years old were prone to COVID-19 severity (OR = 3.59, CI = 2.10-6.14), evaluated by the number of manifested symptoms, increasing with age. In conclusion, a high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was found in Western Mexico. Comorbidities were frequent in infected people; nevertheless, no association with disease outcomes was observed, in contrast with the highest disease severity risk found in older patients; however, continuous monitoring should be carried since comorbidities have been reported as aggravating factors. This study can help the health officials for the elaboration of planning efforts of the disease management and others in the future.

COVID-19 Screening by Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seropositivity: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Food Intake Quality

Developing countries have reported lower molecular diagnostic testing levels due to a lack of resources. Therefore, antibody tests represent an alternative to detect exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and analyze possible risk factors. We aimed to describe and compare the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and the quality of food intake in Mexican individuals with a positive or negative test to antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We carried out antibody tests and applied a survey to 1799 individuals; 42% were positive, and diabetes was more prevalent in these cases (p < 0.01). No differences were identified in the blood type nor influenza vaccination between groups. Coughing, respiratory distress, muscle pain, joint pain, and anosmia were the most prevalent symptoms among seropositive cases (p < 0.0001). Food intake quality was similar in both groups, except for the most consumed type of fat (p = 0.006). In conclusion, this study supports the association of diabetes as a principal risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Mexican population. The results do not support previous associations between blood group or influenza vaccination as protective factors against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, frequent consumption of polyunsaturated fats is highlighted as a new possible associated factor with COVID-19, which more studies should corroborate as with all novel findings.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: A promising oncogenic serological biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma

There are few reports in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that indicate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in tissues, serum, or saliva of patients with OSCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mRNA expression and protein of MIF in tissues and serum, respectively, in OSCC patients and its association with the TNM stage. A cross-sectional study was performed. Serum and tissues of 25 patients with OSCC and 25 healthy control subjects (HCS) were included to evaluate the MIF mRNA expression and protein serum levels by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Serum MIF levels were significantly higher in OSCC compared with control subjects. Furthermore, in the OSCC group, MIF was significantly increased in accordance with tumor disease stage (TNM III–IV), as well as in poorly differentiated tumors. The mRNA showed significantly higher levels in HCS, as well as in more differentiated tumors. The results of this study suggest that MIF could be an indicator of severity and progression of OSCC. Further studies are required to explore the role of MIF as a serological biomarker for OSCC.

The Novel Role of MIF in the Secretion of IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33 from PBMC of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory joint disease with complex pathogenesis associated with cytokine dysregulation. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a role in systemic inflammation and joint destruction in RA and could be associated with the secretion of other immune-modulatory cytokines such as IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33. For the above, our main aim was to evaluate the IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33 secretion from recombinant human MIF (rhMIF)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of RA patients. The rhMIF and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus rhMIF stimuli promote the secretion of IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33 (p < 0.05) from PBMC of RA patients. The study groups, the different stimuli, and the interaction between both showed a statistically significant effect on the secretion of IL-25 (p < 0.05) and IL-31 (p < 0.01). The study of the effect of the RA patient treatments and their interaction with the effect of stimuli did not show an interaction between them. In conclusion, our study generates new evidence for the role of MIF in the secretion of IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33 and its immunomodulatory effect on RA.

Association of Food Intake Quality with Vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients from Mexico: A Cross-Sectional Study

One of the micronutrients that has attracted the most attention in relation to COVID-19 is vitamin D. Although several factors affect its sufficiency; it has been argued that an optimal diet can ensure the intake of micronutrients with effects on immune response. Therefore, in this work we aimed to evaluate the food intake quality of SARS-CoV-2 positive Mexican patients and some of the common factors related to vitamin D deficiency. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 40 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Serum samples and clinical parameters were collected. Micronutrient intake and food intake quality were assessed with a 24-h dietary recall and the Mini-ECCA v.2, respectively. Thirty-eight percent of the sample had a healthy food intake. The median 25(OH)D concentration was 22.7 ng/mL. A considerable insufficient intake of micronutrients with immunomodulatory effects such as vitamin D (p < 0.0001), vitamin E (p < 0.0001), and zinc (p < 0.0001) was shown. Patients with 25(OH)D sufficiency, defined as a concentration >30 ng/mL, had better food intake quality (p = 0.02) and an intense physical activity (p = 0.03). In conclusion, a better level of food intake quality and intense physical activity are associated with 25(OH)D sufficiency in SARS-CoV-2 positive Mexican patients.

Neutralizing Antibodies Titers and Side Effects in Response to BNT162b2 Vaccine in Healthcare Workers with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection

The main expected result of a vaccine against viruses is the ability to produce neutralizing antibodies. Currently, several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being applied to prevent mortal complications, being Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) one of the first to be authorized in the USA and Mexico (11 December 2020). This study evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine on antibody production with neutralizing capacity and its side effects in healthcare workers with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and in a group of unvaccinated individuals with prior COVID-19. The main findings are the production of 100% neutralizing antibodies in both groups after the second dose, well-tolerated adverse effects, the possible presence of immunosenescence, and finally, we support that a single dose of this vaccine in individuals with prior COVID-19 would be sufficient to achieve an immunization comparable to people without prior COVID-19 with a complete vaccination program (2 doses).

RT-qPCR Assays for Rapid Detection of the N501Y, 69-70del, K417N, and E484K SARS-CoV-2 Mutations: A Screening Strategy to Identify Variants With Clinical Impact

Background

Several variants of the SARS-CoV-2 have been documented globally during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The N501Y, 69-70del, K417N, and E484K SARS-CoV-2 mutations have been documented among the most relevant due to their potential pathogenic biological effects. This study aimed to design, validate, and propose a fast real-time RT-qPCR assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 mutations with possible clinical and epidemiological relevance in the Mexican population.

Methods

Targeting spike (S) gene mutations of SARS-CoV-2 (N501Y, 69-70del, K417N, and E484K), specific primers, and probes for three specific quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assays were designed, and validated using Sanger sequencing. These assays were applied in clinical samples of 1060 COVID-19 patients from Jalisco Mexico.

Results

In silico analyzes showed high specificity of the three assays. Amplicons of samples were confirmed through sequencing. The screening of samples of COVID-19 patients allowed the identification of the E484K mutation in nine individuals and the identification of P.2 Brazilian variant in Mexico.

Conclusion

This work provides low-cost RT-qPCR assays for rapid screening and molecular surveillance of mutations with potential clinical impact. This strategy allowed the detection of E484K mutation and P.2 variant for the first time in samples from the Mexican population.

Functional Food and Bioactive Compounds on the Modulation of the Functionality of HDL-C: A Narrative Review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a serious public health problem and are the primary cause of death worldwide. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been identified as one of the most important molecules in the prevention of CVD due to its multiple anti-inflammatories, anti-atherogenic, and antioxidant properties. Currently, it has been observed that maintaining healthy levels of HDL-C does not seem to be sufficient if the functionality of this particle is not adequate. Modifications in the structure and composition of HDL-C lead to a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, and dysfunctional version of the molecule. Various assays have evaluated some HDL-C functions on risk populations, but they were not the main objective in some of these. Functional foods and dietary compounds such as extra virgin olive oil, nuts, whole grains, legumes, fresh fish, quercetin, curcumin, ginger, resveratrol, and other polyphenols could increase HDL functionality by improving the cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Nevertheless, additional rigorous research basic and applied is required in order to better understand the association between diet and HDL functionality. This will enable the development of nutritional precision management guidelines for healthy HDL to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults. The aim of the study was to increase the understanding of dietary compounds (functional foods and bioactive components) on the functionality of HDL.