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Wahyuni DSC, Klinkhamer PGL, Choi YH, Leiss KA. Resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis during Different Plant Life Stages and under Different Environmental Conditions in the Ornamental Gladiolus. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:687. [PMID: 38475533 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The defense mechanisms of plants evolve as they develop. Previous research has identified chemical defenses against Western flower thrips (WFT) in Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.). Consequently, our study aimed to explore the consistency of these defense variations against WFT across the various developmental stages of Gladiolus grown under different conditions. Thrips bioassays were conducted on whole plants at three developmental stages, using the Charming Beauty and Robinetta varieties as examples of susceptible and resistant varieties, respectively. Metabolomic profiles of the leaves, buds and flowers before thrips infestation were analyzed. The thrips damage in Charming Beauty was more than 500-fold higher than the damage in Robinetta at all plant development stages. Relative concentrations of triterpenoid saponins and amino acids that were associated with resistance were higher in Robinetta at all plant stages. In Charming Beauty, the leaves exhibited greater damage compared to buds and flowers. The relative concentrations of alanine, valine and threonine were higher in buds and flowers than in leaves. The Metabolomic profiles of the leaves did not change significantly during plant development. In addition, we cultivated plants under different environmental conditions, ensuring consistency in the performance of the two varieties across different growing conditions. In conclusion, the chemical thrips resistance markers, based on the analysis of vegetative plants grown in climate rooms, were consistent over the plant's lifetime and for plants grown under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinar S C Wahyuni
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Center, Postbus 20, 2665ZG Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
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Wahyuni DSC, Choi YH, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1384. [PMID: 34371587 PMCID: PMC8309351 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinar S. C. Wahyuni
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Center, Postbus 20, 2665ZG Bleiswijk, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
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3
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Mouden S, Leiss KA. Host plant resistance to thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) - current state of art and future research avenues. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2021; 45:28-34. [PMID: 33278641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is endorsed as the future standard for crop protection worldwide. This holistic concept integrates preventative and curative measures amongst which host plant resistance (HPR) plays an essential role. Up to now HPR has been a somewhat under-utilized tool in pest management due to widespread use of pesticides and technological hindrance. Thrips are key pests in agriculture and horticulture worldwide. Here we provide an overview on the current status of research on constitutive and induced HPR including thrips-host relationships and thrips as virus vectors. We stress modulation of plant defense responses by abiotic and biotic elicitors to increase HPR and provide an outlook on the increasing potential of HPR inspired by the fast advancement of -omics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Wageningen University & Research, Business Unit Horticulture, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Wageningen University & Research, Business Unit Horticulture, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands.
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Mouden S, Bac-Molenaar JA, Kappers IF, Beerling EAM, Leiss KA. Elicitor Application in Strawberry Results in Long-Term Increase of Plant Resilience Without Yield Loss. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:695908. [PMID: 34276745 PMCID: PMC8282209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
For a first step integrating elicitor applications into the current IPM strategy increasing plant resilience against pests, we investigated repeated elicitor treatments in a strawberry everbearer nursery and cropping cycle under glass. During nursery methyl-jasmonate (MeJA), testing induction of defenses with plant bioassays was applied every 3 weeks. Thrips damage and reproduction by spider mites, whitefly and aphids were strongly reduced upon elicitor treatment. Subsequently, we applied MeJA every 3 weeks or based on scouting pests during a whole cropping cycle. Thrips leaf bioassays and LC-MS leaf metabolomics were applied to investigate the induction of defenses. Leaf damage by thrips was lower for both MeJA application schemes compared to the control except for the last weeks. While elicitor treatments after scouting also reduced damage, its effect did not last. Thrips damage decreased from vegetative to mature plants during the cropping cycle. At the end of the nursery phase, plants in the elicitor treatment were smaller. Surprisingly, growth during production was not affected by MeJA application, as were fruit yield and quality. LC-MS leaf metabolomics showed strong induction of vegetative plants decreasing during the maturation of plants toward the end of cultivation. Concurrently, no increase in the JA-inducible marker PPO was observed when measured toward the end of cultivation. Mostly flavonoid and phenolic glycosides known as plant defense compounds were induced upon MeJA application. While induced defense decreased with the maturation of plants, constitutive defense increased as measured in the leaf metabolome of control plants. Our data propose that young, relatively small plant stages lack constitutive defense necessitating an active JA defense response. As plants, mature constitutive defense metabolites seem to accumulate, providing a higher level of basal resistance. Our results have important implications for but are not limited to strawberry cultivation. We demonstrated that repeated elicitor application could be deployed as part of an integrated approach for sustainable crop protection by vertical integration with other management tactics and horizontal integration to control multiple pests concurrently. This approach forms a promising potential for long-term crop protection in greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johanna A. Bac-Molenaar
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johanna A. Bac-Molenaar
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ellen A. M. Beerling
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Mouden S, Leiss KA, Uthe H, Klinkhamer PG. Water Dipping of Auxin Coated Chrysanthemum Cuttings Confers Protection against Insect Herbivores. Insects 2020; 11:insects11110790. [PMID: 33198105 PMCID: PMC7697673 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cultivated chrysanthemums are one of the most economically important ornamental greenhouse crops worldwide. Classical breeding programs have mainly focused on improving aesthetic characteristics to meet the continuous increasing customer demands for new flower varieties. Consequently, commercial cultivars often lack insect resistance traits. Among the most important production constraints are biotic foes, in particular thrips and leaf miner infestations form a prominent hazard during its vegetative state. To maintain the desired aesthetic characteristics, clonal commercial propagation is aided by the use of auxin hormones for root promotion. This study aims to evaluate the potential of root promoting auxins in antiherbivore defenses. We demonstrate that water dipping of unrooted basal cut ends, coated with the commercial rooting hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), conferred protection in chrysanthemum against thrips and leaf miner. Our findings add an interesting twist to the traditional role of auxins. We advocate a new twist of auxins beyond its traditional role in rooting in order to maximize plant yield by reducing herbivory through feasible, cost-effective water dipping treatments. Abstract Auxins are commonly used for commercial propagation of chrysanthemums by stem cuttings. Recent studies imply that these root-promoting hormones also affect plant defense responses. The underlying motive of this study stems from the serendipitous observation that water dipping of auxin-coated cuttings beneficially affected thrips herbivory. Therefore, the primary objective of this investigation was to explore the role of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in relation to herbivore susceptibility in chrysanthemum. We observed contrasting findings concerning the physical presence of IBA and it’s role in promoting susceptibility of cuttings to thrips, which may in part be explained by the phenotypical variations of cuttings generated from mother plants. Nonetheless, we repeatedly demonstrated considerable protection, in some experiments up to 37%, against thrips and leaf miner upon water dipping of IBA-coated cuttings. Assessment of polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO), 14 days after dipping treatment, suggests that neither direct induction nor priming of plant defenses are involved. Future experiments aimed at understanding the early signaling events may help to explain the underlying mechanisms involved in conferring herbivore protection. We propose a dual role for auxins in early integrated pest management strategies to maximize plant development and minimize herbivory through feasible, cost-effective water dipping treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)6-2012-4634
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands;
| | - Henriette Uthe
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter G.L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
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Mouden S, Kappers IF, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Cultivar Variation in Tomato Seed Coat Permeability Is an Important Determinant of Jasmonic Acid Elicited Defenses Against Western Flower Thrips. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:576505. [PMID: 33262775 PMCID: PMC7686761 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.576505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Induction of defenses is one of the most widely accepted eco-friendly approaches for management of pests and diseases. Seeds are receptive to resistance-inducing chemicals and could offer broad-spectrum protection at the early stages of development. However, seed treatment with elicitors has previously been shown to differentially influence induced defense responses among cultivars and thus, could hamper commercial exploitation. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the genotype-dependent ability of jasmonic acid (JA) to induce resistance against western flower thrips (WFT) at the seed stage. We examined the variation in inducibility of resistance in eight commercial tomato cultivars. Causal factors accounting for discrepancies in JA-induced responses at the seed stage were phenotypically and biochemically evaluated. Seed receptivity to exogenous JA appeared to be cultivar dependent. Thrips associated silver damage was only reduced in JA seed-treated plants of cultivar Carousel. Enhancement of resistance, was not associated with activation of defense-related traits such as polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO), trichomes or volatiles. Sulfuric acid scarification, prior to JA seed incubation, significantly augmented the embryonic responsiveness to JA in cv. Moneymaker without an adverse effect on growth. Hence, these results support the hypothesis that seed coat permeability is a key factor for successfully inducing JA mediated thrips defenses. The outcome of our study is of translational value as it creates opportunities for the seed industry to perform pre-treatments on non-responsive cultivars as well as for tomato breeding programs to select for genetic traits that affect seed permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Bleiswijk, Netherlands
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s-1980s. The tremendous growth in international agricultural trade that developed then fostered the invasiveness of western flower thrips. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest status. Efforts to control this pest and the tospoviruses that it vectors with intensive insecticide applications have been unsuccessful and have created significant problems because of the development of resistance to numerous insecticides and associated outbreaks of secondary pests. We synthesize information on effective integrated management approaches for western flower thrips that have developed through research on its biology, behavior, and ecology. We further highlight emerging topics regarding the species status of western flower thrips, as well as its genetics, biology, and ecology that facilitate its use as a model study organism and will guide development of appropriate management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Reitz
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Ontario, Oregon 97914, USA;
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China;
| | - William D J Kirk
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle Under Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom;
| | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, 2665 ZG Bleiswijk, The Netherlands;
| | - Joe E Funderburk
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida 32351, USA;
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Sperotto RA, Grbic V, Pappas ML, Leiss KA, Kant MR, Wilson CR, Santamaria ME, Gao Y. Editorial: Plant Responses to Phytophagous Mites/Thrips and Search for Resistance. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:866. [PMID: 31333703 PMCID: PMC6620531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul A. Sperotto
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley–Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maria L. Pappas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Calum R. Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bac-Molenaar JA, Mol S, Verlaan MG, van Elven J, Kim HK, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA, Vrieling K. Trichome Independent Resistance against Western Flower Thrips in Tomato. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:1011-1024. [PMID: 30715458 PMCID: PMC6534821 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) are a major pest on many crops, including tomato. Thrips cause yield losses, not only through feeding damage, but also by the transmission of viruses of which the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus is the most important one. In cultivated tomato, genetic diversity is extremely low, and all commercial lines are susceptible to WFT. Several wild relatives are WFT resistant and these resistances are based on glandular trichome-derived traits. Introgression of these traits in cultivated lines did not lead to WFT resistant commercial varieties so far. In this study, we investigated WFT resistance in cultivated tomato using a F2 population derived from a cross between a WFT susceptible and a WFT resistant cultivated tomato line. We discovered that this WFT resistance is independent of glandular trichome density or trichome-derived volatile profiles and is associated with three QTLs on chromosomes 4, 5 and 10. Foliar metabolic profiles of F3 families with low and high WFT feeding damage were clearly different. We identified α-tomatine and a phenolic compound as potential defensive compounds. Their causality and interaction need further investigation. Because this study is based on cultivated tomato lines, our findings can directly be used in nowadays breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Bac-Molenaar
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Violierenweg 1, MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Selena Mol
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten G Verlaan
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Joke van Elven
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezeelaan 40, KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Violierenweg 1, MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products Lab, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nunes-Nesi A, Alseekh S, de Oliveira Silva FM, Omranian N, Lichtenstein G, Mirnezhad M, González RRR, Sabio Y Garcia J, Conte M, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL, Nikoloski Z, Carrari F, Fernie AR. Identification and characterization of metabolite quantitative trait loci in tomato leaves and comparison with those reported for fruits and seeds. Metabolomics 2019; 15:46. [PMID: 30874962 PMCID: PMC6420416 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, most studies of natural variation and metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) in tomato have focused on fruit metabolism, leaving aside the identification of genomic regions involved in the regulation of leaf metabolism. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to identify leaf mQTL in tomato and to assess the association of leaf metabolites and physiological traits with the metabolite levels from other tissues. METHODS The analysis of components of leaf metabolism was performed by phenotypying 76 tomato ILs with chromosome segments of the wild species Solanum pennellii in the genetic background of a cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum) variety M82. The plants were cultivated in two different environments in independent years and samples were harvested from mature leaves of non-flowering plants at the middle of the light period. The non-targeted metabolite profiling was obtained by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). With the data set obtained in this study and already published metabolomics data from seed and fruit, we performed QTL mapping, heritability and correlation analyses. RESULTS Changes in metabolite contents were evident in the ILs that are potentially important with respect to stress responses and plant physiology. By analyzing the obtained data, we identified 42 positive and 76 negative mQTL involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings allowed the identification of S. lycopersicum genome regions involved in the regulation of leaf primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as the association of leaf metabolites with metabolites from seeds and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, OT, Germany.
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, OT, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nooshin Omranian
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, OT, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Gabriel Lichtenstein
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaría, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1712WAA, Castelar, Argentina
| | - Mohammad Mirnezhad
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roman R Romero González
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Sabio Y Garcia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaría, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1712WAA, Castelar, Argentina
| | - Mariana Conte
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaría, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1712WAA, Castelar, Argentina
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 20, 2665 ZG, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, OT, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaría, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1712WAA, Castelar, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, OT, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Escobar Bravo R, Chen G, Grosser K, Van Dam NM, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Ultraviolet radiation enhances salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 in a jasmonic acid-deficient tomato mutant. Plant Signal Behav 2019; 14:e1581560. [PMID: 30782061 PMCID: PMC6512923 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1581560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is an important modulator of plant defenses against biotic stresses. We have recently described that different supplemental UV exposure times and irradiance intensities enhanced tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance to Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). UV increased jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and salicylic acid (SA) levels, as well as the expression of JA- and SA-responsive genes, before thrips herbivory. Here we report how UV affects tomato defense responses upon thrips infestation, and resistance to pathogens that are susceptible to the activation of SA-associated defenses. Our experiments reveal that, at 7 days after thrips infestation, UV did not enhance the levels of jasmonates, auxin or abscisic acid. UV also did not affect the expression of JA-responsive genes in the cultivar Moneymaker, the jasmonate deficient mutant def-1, the type-VI trichome deficient mutant od-2, or their wild-type Castlemart. However, UV strongly activated SA-associated defense responses in def-1 after thrips infestation. Further bioassays showed that UV increased def-1 resistance to the hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, which is susceptible to SA-mediated defenses. Our results suggest that UV might enhance tomato resistance to this pathogen in the JA deficient genotype through the activation of SA defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Escobar Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Chen
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. Van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Escobar-Bravo R, Chen G, Kim HK, Grosser K, van Dam NM, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Ultraviolet radiation exposure time and intensity modulate tomato resistance to herbivory through activation of jasmonic acid signaling. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:315-327. [PMID: 30304528 PMCID: PMC6305188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can modulate plant defenses against herbivorous arthropods. We investigated how different UV exposure times and irradiance intensities affected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance to thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) by assessing UV effects on thrips-associated damage and host-selection, selected metabolite and phytohormone contents, expression of defense-related genes, and trichome density and chemistry, the latter having dual roles in defense and UV protection. Short UV daily exposure times increased thrips resistance in the cultivar 'Moneymaker' but this could not be explained by changes in the contents of selected leaf polyphenols or terpenes, nor by trichome-associated defenses. UV irradiance intensity also affected resistance to thrips. Further analyses using the tomato mutants def-1, impaired in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, od-2, defective in the production of functional type-VI trichomes, and their wild-type, 'Castlemart', showed that UV enhanced thrips resistance in Moneymaker and od-2, but not in def-1 and Castlemart. UV increased salicylic acid (SA) and JA-isoleucine concentrations, and increased expression of SA- and JA-associated genes in Moneymaker, while inducing expression of JA-defensive genes in od-2. Our results demonstrate that UV-mediated enhancement of tomato resistance to thrips is probably associated with the activation of JA-associated signaling, but not with plant secondary metabolism or trichome-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Chen
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Escobar-Bravo R, Ruijgrok J, Kim HK, Grosser K, Van Dam NM, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Light Intensity-Mediated Induction of Trichome-Associated Allelochemicals Increases Resistance Against Thrips in Tomato. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:2462-2475. [PMID: 30124946 PMCID: PMC6290487 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), increases in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) induce type VI leaf glandular trichomes, which are important defensive structures against arthropod herbivores. Yet, how PAR affects the type VI trichome-associated leaf chemistry and its biological significance with respect to other photomorphogenic responses in this agronomically important plant species is unknown. We used the type VI trichome-deficient tomato mutant odorless-2 (od-2) and its wild type to investigate the influence of PAR on trichome-associated chemical defenses against thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). High PAR increased thrips resistance in wild-type plants, but not in od-2. Furthermore, under high PAR, thrips preferred od-2 over the wild type. Both genotypes increased type VI trichome densities under high PAR. Wild-type plants, however, produced more trichome-associated allelochemicals, i.e. terpenes and phenolics, these being undetectable or barely altered in od-2. High PAR increased leaf number and thickness, and induced profound but similar metabolomic changes in wild-type and od-2 leaves. Enhanced PAR also increased levels of ABA in wild-type and od-2 plants, and of auxin in od-2, while the salicylic acid and jasmonate concentrations were unaltered. However, in both genotypes, high PAR induced the expression of jasmonic acid-responsive defense-related genes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that high PAR-mediated induction of trichome-associated chemical defenses plays a prominent role in tomato-thrips interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roc�o Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn Ruijgrok
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M Van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Chen G, Klinkhamer PGL, Escobar-Bravo R, Leiss KA. Type VI glandular trichome density and their derived volatiles are differently induced by jasmonic acid in developing and fully developed tomato leaves: Implications for thrips resistance. Plant Sci 2018; 276:87-98. [PMID: 30348331 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the induction of plant defenses along the plant canopy can determine distribution and colonization of arthropod herbivores within the plant. In tomato, type VI glandular trichomes, which are epidermal defensive structures, and their derived volatiles are induced by the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). How JA-mediated induction of these trichome-associated chemical defenses depends on the leaf developmental stage and correlates with resistance against herbivory is unknown. We showed that application of JA reduced thrips-associated damage, however the amplitude of this response was reduced in the fully developed leaves compared to those still developing. Although JA increased type-VI trichome densities in all leaf developmental stages, as well as JA-inducible defensive proteins, these increases were stronger in developing leaves. Remarkably, the concentration of trichome-derived volatiles was induced by JA to a larger degree in developing leaves than in fully developed leaves. In fully developed leaves, the increase in trichome-derived volatiles was explained by an enhanced production per trichome, while in developing leaves this was mainly caused by increases in type-VI trichome densities. Together, we showed that JA-mediated induction of trichome density and chemistry depends on leaf development stage, and it might explain the degree of thrips-associated leaf damage in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Steenbergen M, Abd-El-Haliem A, Bleeker P, Dicke M, Escobar-Bravo R, Cheng G, Haring MA, Kant MR, Kappers I, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA, Legarrea S, Macel M, Mouden S, Pieterse CMJ, Sarde SJ, Schuurink RC, De Vos M, Van Wees SCM, Broekgaarden C. Thrips advisor: exploiting thrips-induced defences to combat pests on crops. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:1837-1848. [PMID: 29490080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse defence mechanisms to ward off herbivorous pests. However, agriculture still faces estimated crop yield losses ranging from 25% to 40% annually. These losses arise not only because of direct feeding damage, but also because many pests serve as vectors of plant viruses. Herbivorous thrips (Thysanoptera) are important pests of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide, and encompass virtually all general problems of pests: they are highly polyphagous, hard to control because of their complex lifestyle, and they are vectors of destructive viruses. Currently, control management of thrips mainly relies on the use of chemical pesticides. However, thrips rapidly develop resistance to these pesticides. With the rising demand for more sustainable, safer, and healthier food production systems, we urgently need to pinpoint the gaps in knowledge of plant defences against thrips to enable the future development of novel control methods. In this review, we summarize the current, rather scarce, knowledge of thrips-induced plant responses and the role of phytohormonal signalling and chemical defences in these responses. We describe concrete opportunities for breeding resistance against pests such as thrips as a prototype approach for next-generation resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Steenbergen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Abd-El-Haliem
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Enza Zaden BV, AA Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Cheng
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interactions Ecology, Radboud University, NL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanae Mouden
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Chen G, Escobar-Bravo R, Kim HK, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Induced Resistance Against Western Flower Thrips by the Pseudomonas syringae-Derived Defense Elicitors in Tomato. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1417. [PMID: 30344528 PMCID: PMC6182256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a key agricultural pest of cultivated tomatoes. Induced host plant resistance by activating jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway constitutes a promising method for WFT control. The phytotoxin coronatine (COR), produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), mimics the plant hormone JA-Isoleucine and can promote resistance against herbivorous arthropods. Here we determined the effect of Pst and COR on tomato resistance against WFT, induction of JA and salicylic acid (SA) associated defenses, and plant chemistry. Additionally, we investigated the presence of other components in Pst-derived and filtered culture medium, and their interactive effect with COR on tomato resistance to WFT. Our results showed that infiltration of COR or Pst reduced WFT feeding damage in tomato plants. COR and Pst induced the expression of JA-associated gene and protein marker. COR also induced expression of a SA-related responsive gene, although at much less magnitude. Activation of JA defenses in COR and Pst infiltrated plants did not affect density of type VI leaf trichomes, which are defenses reported to be induced by JA. An untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that both treatments induced strong changes in infiltrated leaves, but leaf responses to COR or Pst slightly differed. Application of the Pst-derived and filtered culture medium, containing COR but not viable Pst, also increased tomato resistance against WFT confirming that the induction of tomato defenses does not require a living Pst population to be present in the plant. Infiltration of tomato plants with low concentrations of COR in diluted Pst-derived and filtered culture medium reduced WFT feeding damage in a greater magnitude than infiltration with an equivalent amount of pure COR indicating that other elicitors are present in the medium. This was confirmed by the fact that the medium from a COR-mutant of Pst also strongly reduced silver damage. In conclusion, our results indicate that induction of JA defenses by COR, Pst infection, the medium of Pst and the medium of a Pst COR- mutant increased resistance against WFT. This was not mediated by the reinforcement of leaf trichome densities, but rather the induction of chemical defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Gang Chen,
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Center, Bleiswijk, Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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17
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Mouden S, Sarmiento KF, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Integrated pest management in western flower thrips: past, present and future. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:813-822. [PMID: 28127901 PMCID: PMC5396260 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) is one of the most economically important pest insects of many crops worldwide. Recent EU legislation has caused a dramatic shift in pest management strategies, pushing for tactics that are less reliable on chemicals. The development of alternative strategies is therefore an issue of increasing urgency. This paper reviews the main control tactics in integrated pest management (IPM) of WFT, with the focus on biological control and host plant resistance as areas of major progress. Knowledge gaps are identified and innovative approaches emphasised, highlighting the advances in 'omics' technologies. Successful programmes are most likely generated when preventive and therapeutic strategies with mutually beneficial, cost-effective and environmentally sound foundations are incorporated. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Kryss Facun Sarmiento
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Peter GL Klinkhamer
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
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18
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Escobar-Bravo R, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Interactive Effects of UV-B Light with Abiotic Factors on Plant Growth and Chemistry, and Their Consequences for Defense against Arthropod Herbivores. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:278. [PMID: 28303147 PMCID: PMC5332372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light plays a crucial role in plant-herbivorous arthropods interactions by inducing changes in constitutive and inducible plant defenses. In particular, constitutive defenses can be modulated by UV-B-induced photomorphogenic responses and changes in the plant metabolome. In accordance, the prospective use of UV-B light as a tool to increase plant protection in agricultural practice has gained increasing interest. Changes in the environmental conditions might, however, modulate the UV-B -induced plant responses. While in some cases plant responses to UV-B can increase adaptation to changes in certain abiotic factors, UV-B-induced responses might be also antagonized by the changing environment. The outcome of these interactions might have a great influence on how plants interact with their enemies, e.g., herbivorous arthropods. Here, we provide a review on the interactive effects of UV-B and light quantity and quality, increased temperature and drought stress on plant biochemistry, and we discuss the implications of the outcome of these interactions for plant resistance to arthropod pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology of Leiden, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
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19
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Escobar-Bravo R, Klinkhamer PG, Leiss KA. Induction of Jasmonic Acid-Associated Defenses by Thrips Alters Host Suitability for Conspecifics and Correlates with Increased Trichome Densities in Tomato. Plant Cell Physiol 2017; 58:622-634. [PMID: 28158865 PMCID: PMC5444573 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses inducible by herbivorous arthropods can determine performance of subsequent feeding herbivores. We investigated how infestation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with the Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) alters host plant suitability and foraging decisions of their conspecifics. We explored the role of delayed-induced jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated plant defense responses in thrips preference by using the tomato mutant def-1, impaired in JA biosynthesis. In particular, we investigated the effect of thrips infestation on trichome-associated tomato defenses. The results showed that when offered a choice, thrips preferred non-infested plants over infested wild-type plants, while no differences were observed in def-1. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate restored the repellency effect in def-1. Gene expression analysis showed induction of the JA defense signaling pathway in wild-type plants, while activating the ethylene signaling pathway in both genotypes. Activation of JA defenses led to increases in type-VI leaf glandular trichome densities in the wild type, augmenting the production of trichome-associated volatiles, i.e. terpenes. Our study revealed that plant-mediated intraspecific interactions between thrips are determined by JA-mediated defenses in tomato. We report that insects can alter not only trichome densities but also the allelochemicals produced therein, and that this response might depend on the magnitude and/or type of the induction.
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20
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Mouden S, Klinkhamer PGL, Choi YH, Leiss KA. Towards eco-friendly crop protection: natural deep eutectic solvents and defensive secondary metabolites. Phytochem Rev 2017; 16:935-951. [PMID: 29167631 PMCID: PMC5674125 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With mounting concerns over health and environmental effects of pesticides, the search for environmentally acceptable substitutes has amplified. Plant secondary metabolites appear in the horizon as an attractive solution for green crop protection. This paper reviews the need for changes in the techniques and compounds that, until recently, have been the mainstay for dealing with pest insects. Here we describe and discuss main strategies for selecting plant-derived metabolites as candidates for sustainable agriculture. The second part surveys ten important insecticidal compounds, with special emphasis on those involved in human health. Many of these insecticidal metabolites, however, are crystalline solids with limited solubility which might potentially hamper commercial formulation. As such, we introduce the concept of natural deep eutectic solvents for enhancing solubility and stability of such compounds. The concept, principles and examples of green pest control discussed here offer a new suite of environmental-friendly tools designed to promote and adopt sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Research Group Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Research Group Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Research Group Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nuringtyas TR, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL, van Oers MM, Leiss KA. Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids to Spodoptera exigua Using Insect Cell Lines and Injection Bioassays. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:609-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Leiss KA, Cristofori G, van Steenis R, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL. An eco-metabolomic study of host plant resistance to Western flower thrips in cultivated, biofortified and wild carrots. Phytochemistry 2013; 93:63-70. [PMID: 23583013 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of plants and selection for agronomic traits may reduce plant secondary defence metabolites relative to their ancestors. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an economically important vegetable. Recently, carrot was developed as a functional food with additional health-promoting functions. Biofortified carrots contain increased concentrations of chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant. Chlorogenic acid is involved in host plant resistance to Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), one of the key agri- and horticultural pests worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate quantitative host plant resistance to thrips in carrot and to identify candidate compounds for constitutive resistance. As such we explored whether cultivated carrot is more vulnerable to herbivore attack compared to wild carrot. We subjected a set of 14 biofortified, cultivated and wild carrot genotypes to thrips infestation. We compared morphological traits and leaf metabolic profiles of the three most resistant and susceptible carrots using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). In contrast to our expectation, wild carrots were not more resistant to thrips than cultivated ones. The most thrips resistant carrot was the cultivar Ingot which is known to be tolerant against carrot root fly (Psila rosae). Biofortified carrots were not resistant to thrips. Plant size, leaf area and number of leaf hairs did not differ between resistant and susceptible carrots. The metabolic profiles of the leaves of resistant carrots were significantly different from those of susceptible carrots. The leaves of resistant carrots contained higher amounts of the flavanoid luteolin, the phenylpropanoid sinapic acid and the amino acid β-alanine. The negative effect of these compounds on thrips was confirmed using in-vitro bioassays. Our results have potential implications for carrot breeders. The natural variation of metabolites present in cultivated carrots can be used for improvement of thrips resistance. This is especially promising in view of the candidate compounds we identified since they do not only confer a negative effect on thrips but as antioxidants also play an important role in the improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Mirnezhad M, Schidlo N, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Variation in genetics and performance of Dutch western flower thrips populations. J Econ Entomol 2012; 105:1816-24. [PMID: 23156182 DOI: 10.1603/ec11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of pests may result in local adaptation and the development of biotypes specialized in different hosts. In this study, we investigated western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), an invasive pest in Europe. Thrips from different commercial glasshouse crops within the Dutch Westland and a lab culture kept on chrysanthemum were compared. Genetic barcoding was applied for the identification of potential western flower thrips cryptic species in the Netherlands revealing that all western flower thrips populations studied belonged to the "glasshouse" strain reported in California as the only existing species in the Netherlands. Feeding and reproduction parameters in leaf disc and whole plant bioassays were scored. We detected significant differences in thrips feeding among host plants and thrips origin. Host plants differed in average thrips damage while thrips from different origins caused similar amounts of damage across host plants. In contrast, reproductive success of thrips on all plant species depended strongly on thrips origin. The thrips lab culture maintained on chrysanthemum obtained the highest levels of reproduction on chrysanthemum. Differences among the other thrips populations were relatively small. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms analyses were used to study genetic differences between western flower thrips populations and confirmed that the lab culture population was also genetically the most different of all studied populations. The results of the amplified fragment length polymorphisms analyses together with the better reproductive performance of thrips on the host plant on which they were maintained demonstrate the evolution of a lab biotype specialized in a particular host. This finding has potential relevance for future crop control and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirnezhad
- Department of Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Nuringtyas TR, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Differential tissue distribution of metabolites in Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and their crosses. Phytochemistry 2012; 78:89-97. [PMID: 22516740 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by many different herbivores. Some will consume whole leaves or roots, while others will attack specific types of tissue. Thus, insight into the metabolite profiles of different types of leaf tissues is necessary to understand plant resistance against herbivores. Jacobaea vulgaris, J. aquatica and three genotypes of their crossings were used to study the variation in metabolomic profiles between epidermis and mesophyll tissues. Extracts of epidermis and mesophyll tissues were obtained using carborundum abrasion (CA). Subsequently, (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analyses were applied to compare the metabolome profiles. Orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) resulted in a clear separation of epidermis and mesophyll extracts. The epidermis contained significantly higher amounts of jacaranone and phenylpropanoids, specifically chlorogenic (5-O-CQA) and feruloyl quinic (FQA) acids compared to the mesophyll. In contrast, the mesophyll showed significantly higher concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), specifically jacobine and jaconine. The tissue specific distribution of these compounds was constant over all genotypes tested. Phenylpropanoids, 5-O-CQA and FQA, as well as PAs are known for their inhibitory effect on herbivores, especially against thrips. Thrips feeding commences with the penetration of the epidermis, followed by ingestion of sub-epidermal or mesophyll. Thrips thus may have to encounter phenylpropanoids in the epidermis as the first line of defence, before encountering the PAs as the ultimate defence in the mesophyll. The finding of tissue specific defense may have a major impact on studies of plant resistance. We cannot judge resistance using analyses of a whole roots, leafs or flowers. In such a whole-organism approach, the levels of potential defense compounds are far below the real ones encountered in tissues involved in the first line of defense. Instead, it is of great importance to study the defence compounds in the specific tissue to which the herbivore is confined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri R Nuringtyas
- Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Leiss KA, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL. An overview of NMR-based metabolomics to identify secondary plant compounds involved in host plant resistance. Phytochem Rev 2011; 10:205-216. [PMID: 21765818 PMCID: PMC3105236 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites provide a potential source for the generation of host plant resistance and development of biopesticides. This is especially important in view of the rapid and vast spread of agricultural and horticultural pests worldwide. Multiple pests control tactics in the framework of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme are necessary. One important strategy of IPM is the use of chemical host plant resistance. Up to now the study of chemical host plant resistance has, for technical reasons, been restricted to the identification of single compounds applying specific chemical analyses adapted to the compound in question. In biological processes however, usually more than one compound is involved. Metabolomics allows the simultaneous detection of a wide range of compounds, providing an immediate image of the metabolome of a plant. One of the most universally used metabolomic approaches comprises nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). It has been NMR which has been applied as a proof of principle to show that metabolomics can constitute a major advancement in the study of host plant resistance. Here we give an overview on the application of NMR to identify candidate compounds for host plant resistance. We focus on host plant resistance to western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) which has been used as a model for different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A. Leiss
- Section Plant Ecology and Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young H. Choi
- Section Plant Ecology and Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Section Plant Ecology and Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Section Plant Ecology and Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The ragwort species common or tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris, formerly Senecio jacobaea), marsh ragwort (S. aquaticus), Oxford ragwort (S. squalidus) and hoary ragwort (S. erucifolius) are native in Europe, but invaded North America, Australia and New Zealand as weeds. The abundance of ragwort species is increasing in west-and central Europe. Ragwort species contain different groups of secondary plant compounds defending them against generalist herbivores, contributing to their success as weeds. They are mainly known for containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are toxic to grazing cattle and other livestock causing considerable losses to agricultural revenue. Consequently, control of ragwort is obligatory by law in the UK, Ireland and Australia. Commonly used management practices to control ragwort include mechanical removal, grazing, pasture management, biological control and chemical control. In this review the biology of ragwort species is shortly described and the different management practices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A. Leiss
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mirnezhad M, Romero-González RR, Leiss KA, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL. Metabolomic analysis of host plant resistance to thrips in wild and cultivated tomatoes. Phytochem Anal 2010; 21:110-7. [PMID: 19866459 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are among the most serious crop pests worldwide. Control of thrips mainly depends on pesticides, excessive use of which leads to human health risks and environmental contamination. As an alternative, we study host plant resistance to thrips. OBJECTIVE To apply nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolomics to study host plant resistance to thrips in wild and cultivated tomatoes. METHODOLOGY Ten wild species and 10 cultivated tomato lines were compared. Five replicates of each species and lines were used for a thrips bioassay while another five replicates were used for the metabolomic analysis. The three most resistant and susceptible wild species, and cultivated lines, as identified by the thrips bioassay, were used for the metabolomics, performed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy followed by principal component analysis. RESULTS Wild and cultivated tomatoes differed significantly in thrips resistance. Only wild tomatoes were thrips-resistant, among which Lycopersicon pennellii and L. hirsutum exhibited the lowest thrips damage. Their (1)H NMR-based metabolomic profiles were significantly different from those of thrips-susceptible tomatoes. Thrips-resistant tomatoes contained acylsugars, which are known for their negative effect on herbivores. CONCLUSION The identification of acylsugars as a resistance factor for thrips in tomato proves that NMR-based metabolomics an important tool to study plant defences, providing fundamental information for the development and realisation of herbivore resistance breeding programmes in agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirnezhad
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Leiss KA, Maltese F, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL. Identification of chlorogenic acid as a resistance factor for thrips in chrysanthemum. Plant Physiol 2009; 150:1567-75. [PMID: 19448039 PMCID: PMC2705022 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.138131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) has become a key insect pest of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Little is known about host plant resistance to thrips. In this study, we investigated thrips resistance in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora). We identified thrips-resistant chrysanthemums applying bioassays. Subsequently, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was applied to compare the metabolome of thrips-resistant and -susceptible chrysanthemums. NMR facilitates wide-range coverage of the metabolome. We show that thrips-resistant and -susceptible chrysanthemums can be discriminated on basis of their metabolomic profiles. Thrips-resistant chrysanthemums contained higher amounts of the phenylpropanoids chlorogenic acid and feruloyl quinic acid. Both phenylpropanoids are known for their inhibitory effect on herbivores as well as pathogens. Thus, chlorogenic and feruloyl quinic acid are the compounds of choice to improve host plants resistance to thrips in ornamentals and crops. The effect of chlorogenic acid on thrips was further studied in bioassays with artificial diets. These experiments confirmed the negative effects on thrips. Our results prove NMR to be an important tool to identify different metabolites involved in herbivore resistance. It constitutes a significant advance in the study of plant-insect relationships, providing key information on the implementation of herbivore resistance breeding strategies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Leiss
- Research Group Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Heritabilities of nectar production in the wild species Echium vulgare were estimated as realised heritability under controlled and field conditions. The nectar production of offspring from high- and low-nectar-producing parents was significantly different in both controlled and field conditions, indicating that nectar production is in part genetically determined. The present study is the first one to report a genetic component of variation of nectar production in a wild plant species in the field. Heritability estimated under controlled conditions was 0.13 and therewith less than the heritability estimated under field conditions, which amounted to 0.26. Offspring of high-nectar-producing plants produced comparable amounts of nectar in the growth chamber (1.28 microl) and in the field (1.22 microl). In contrast, the nectar production of offspring of low-nectar-producing plants was significantly higher in the growth chamber (0.95 microl) than in the field (0.55 microl), indicating a genotype by environment interaction. The level of heritability of nectar production was dependent on the environment. Under less favourable conditions, like those in the field, heritability of nectar production increased. Nectar production was not correlated with any of the vegetative or reproductive traits measured, and hence no costs of nectar production could be detected. Results obtained stress the importance of field measurements in determining heritabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Leiss
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Kaiserstraat 63, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Steinger T, Haldimann P, Leiss KA, Müller-Schärer H. Does natural selection promote population divergence? A comparative analysis of population structure using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers and quantitative traits. Mol Ecol 2002; 11:2583-90. [PMID: 12453241 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Divergent natural selection is considered an important force in plant evolution leading to phenotypic differentiation between populations exploiting different environments. Extending an earlier greenhouse study of population differentiation in the selfing annual plant Senecio vulgaris, we estimated the degree of population divergence in several quantitative traits related to growth and life history and compared these estimates with those based on presumably neutral molecular markers (amplified fragment length polymorphisms; AFLPs). This approach allowed us to disentangle the effects of divergent selection from that of other evolutionary forces (e.g. genetic drift). Five populations were examined from each of two habitat types (ruderal and agricultural habitats). We found a high proportion of total genetic variance to be among populations, both for AFLP markers (phiST = 0.49) and for quantitative traits (range of QST: 0.26-0.77). There was a strong correlation between molecular and quantitative genetic differentiation between pairs of populations (Mantel's r = 0.59). However, estimates of population differentiation in several quantitative traits exceeded the neutral expectation (estimated from AFLP data), suggesting that divergent selection contributed to phenotypic differentiation, especially between populations from ruderal and agricultural habitats. Estimates of within-population variation in AFLP markers and quantitative genetic were poorly correlated, indicating that molecular marker data may be of limited value to predict the evolutionary potential of populations of S. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Steinger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Adaptation of the annual plant Senecio vulgaris to ruderal and agricultural habitats was investigated. We expected S. vulgaris to be adapted to the agricultural habitat through nutrient-specific differentiation of relatively few genotypes responding to the generally high homogenous nutrient levels at the agricultural habitat caused by constant fertilization. To assess adaptation of S. vulgaris, vegetative and reproductive responses of seed families from various populations of agricultural and ruderal habitats, grown in the greenhouse at high and low nutrient levels, were compared. Data were analyzed with a three-level nested ANOVA based on the levels habitat, population, and family. A significant habitat effect indicated that S. vulgaris from ruderal and agricultural habitats were genetically different with plants from the agricultural habitat having larger leaves and a higher reproduction. A significant habitat by nutrient effect showed a stronger response of reproduction to nutrients at the agricultural habitat, suggesting that genetic differentiation among habitats is nutrient-specific. Contrary to expectations, only the agricultural habitat showed genetic diversity of S. vulgaris. Results suggest that nutrient levels at the agricultural habitat are more heterogeneous as generally proposed leading to a relatively high genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Leiss
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Pèrolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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