1
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Abbott KL, Ali A, Reinfeld BI, Deik A, Subudhi S, Landis MD, Hongo RA, Young KL, Kunchok T, Nabel CS, Crowder KD, Kent JR, Madariaga MLL, Jain RK, Beckermann KE, Lewis CA, Clish CB, Muir A, Rathmell WK, Rathmell JC, Vander Heiden MG. Metabolite profiling of human renal cell carcinoma reveals tissue-origin dominance in nutrient availability. bioRxiv 2024:2023.12.24.573250. [PMID: 38187626 PMCID: PMC10769456 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.24.573250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a determinant of cancer progression and therapeutic efficacy, with nutrient availability playing an important role. Although it is established that the local abundance of specific nutrients defines the metabolic parameters for tumor growth, the factors guiding nutrient availability in tumor compared to normal tissue and blood remain poorly understood. To define these factors in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we performed quantitative metabolomic and comprehensive lipidomic analyses of tumor interstitial fluid (TIF), adjacent normal kidney interstitial fluid (KIF), and plasma samples collected from patients. TIF nutrient composition closely resembles KIF, suggesting that tissue-specific factors unrelated to the presence of cancer exert a stronger influence on nutrient levels than tumor-driven alterations. Notably, select metabolite changes consistent with known features of RCC metabolism are found in RCC TIF, while glucose levels in TIF are not depleted to levels that are lower than those found in KIF. These findings inform tissue nutrient dynamics in RCC, highlighting a dominant role of non-cancer driven tissue factors in shaping nutrient availability in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keene L. Abbott
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley I. Reinfeld
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sonu Subudhi
- Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madelyn D. Landis
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel A. Hongo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten L. Young
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S. Nabel
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Johnathan R. Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Beckermann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caroline A. Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Present address: UMass Chan Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Muir
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Asemota S, Effah W, Young KL, Holt J, Cripe L, Ponnusamy S, Thiyagarajan T, Hwang DJ, He Y, Mcnamara K, Johnson D, Wang Y, Grimes B, Khosrosereshki Y, Hollingsworth TJ, Fleming MD, Pritchard FE, Hendrix A, Khan F, Fan M, Makowski L, Yin Z, Sasano H, Hayes DN, Pfeffer LM, Miller DD, Narayanan R. Identification of a targetable JAK-STAT enriched androgen receptor and androgen receptor splice variant positive triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113461. [PMID: 37979170 PMCID: PMC10872270 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with no targeted therapeutics. The luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype constitutes 15% of TNBC and is enriched for androgen receptor (AR) and AR target genes. Here, we show that a cohort of TNBC not only expresses AR at a much higher rate (∼80%) but also expresses AR splice variants (AR-SVs) (∼20%), further subclassifying LAR-TNBC. Higher AR and AR-SV expression and corresponding aggressive phenotypes are observed predominantly in specimens obtained from African American women. LAR TNBC specimens are enriched for interferon, Janus kinase (JAK)-signal activator and transducer (STAT), and androgen signaling pathways, which are exclusive to AR-expressing epithelial cancer cells. AR- and AR-SV-expressing TNBC cell proliferation and xenograft and patient-tumor explant growth are inhibited by AR N-terminal domain-binding selective AR degrader or by a JAK inhibitor. Biochemical analysis suggests that STAT1 is an AR coactivator. Collectively, our work identifies pharmacologically targetable TNBC subtypes and identifies growth-promoting interaction between AR and JAK-STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Asemota
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Wendy Effah
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Kirsten L Young
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Jeremiah Holt
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Linnea Cripe
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Keely Mcnamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Molecular Bioinformatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Brandy Grimes
- West Cancer Center and Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38138, USA
| | - Yekta Khosrosereshki
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - T J Hollingsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Martin D Fleming
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Frances E Pritchard
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Ashley Hendrix
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Farhan Khan
- Department of Pathology, Methodist Hospital, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Meiyun Fan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Zheng Yin
- Biomedical and Informatics Services Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - D Neil Hayes
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
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3
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Kaviani F, Young KL, Koppel S. Deterring illegal smartphone use while driving: Are perceptions of risk information associated with the impact of informal sanctions? Accid Anal Prev 2022; 168:106611. [PMID: 35183918 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advertising campaigns have used threat appeals to increase the perceptions of risk associated with dangerous driving behaviours. Building on recent research that suggests increasing the pertinence of informal sanctions (sense of guilt, fear of peer disapproval, or fear of hurting oneself and others) decreases the likelihood of illegal smartphone engagement while driving, this study aimed to determine if perceptions of risk information, that is, how effective drivers believe the information is in deterring their illegal use, is associated with perceptions of informal sanctions. An online survey of 1027 Victorians who self-reported illegal smartphone use while driving asked participants to rate the personal deterrent effectiveness of five types of risks associated with illegal smartphone use while driving. A hierarchical linear regression model explored the associations between the most effective risks and each informal sanction. Female drivers were more likely than male drivers to experience guilt, fear of social loss and fear of physical loss when using their smartphones illegally. More frequent illegal smartphone engagement while driving was associated with decreased impact of informal sanctions. Female drivers were more likely than male drivers to perceive each risk as effective. The most effective piece of information was, "Contributes to 16% of Victorian road deaths and serious injuries annually"; it was also the least known (32.7% males, 26.7% females). This message, alongside, "Increases risk of a crash comparable to those associated with driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis" and, "A 2 s glance at your phone while driving at 50 km/h effectively means driving blind for 27 m", were associated with stronger perceptions of guilt, fear of peer disapproval, or fear of hurting oneself and others when thinking about using a smartphone illegally while driving. These results suggest tailoring and targeting these specific risk information may be effective in deterring illegal smartphone use while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kaviani
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Australia.
| | - K L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
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4
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Dudzinski SO, Bader JE, Beckermann KE, Young KL, Hongo R, Madden MZ, Abraham A, Reinfeld BI, Ye X, MacIver NJ, Giorgio TD, Rathmell JC. Leptin Augments Antitumor Immunity in Obesity by Repolarizing Tumor-Associated Macrophages. J Immunol 2021; 207:3122-3130. [PMID: 34772698 PMCID: PMC9095767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although obesity can promote cancer, it may also increase immunotherapy efficacy in what has been termed the obesity-immunotherapy paradox. Mechanisms of this effect are unclear, although obesity alters key inflammatory cytokines and can promote an inflammatory state that may modify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophage populations. To identify mechanisms by which obesity affects antitumor immunity, we examined changes in cell populations and the role of the proinflammatory adipokine leptin in immunotherapy. Single-cell RNAseq demonstrated that obesity decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte frequencies, and flow cytometry confirmed altered macrophage phenotypes with lower expression of inducible NO synthase and MHC class II in tumors of obese animals. When treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) Abs, however, obese mice had a greater absolute decrease in tumor burden than lean mice and a repolarization of the macrophages to inflammatory M1-like phenotypes. Mechanistically, leptin is a proinflammatory adipokine that is induced in obesity and may mediate enhanced antitumor immunity in obesity. To directly test the effect of leptin on tumor growth and antitumor immunity, we treated lean mice with leptin and observed tumors over time. Treatment with leptin, acute or chronic, was sufficient to enhance antitumor efficacy similar to anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapy. Further, leptin and anti-PD-1 cotreatment may enhance antitumor effects consistent with an increase in M1-like tumor-associated macrophage frequency compared with non-leptin-treated mice. These data demonstrate that obesity has dual effects in cancer through promotion of tumor growth while simultaneously enhancing antitumor immunity through leptin-mediated macrophage reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackie E Bader
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kathryn E Beckermann
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kirsten L Young
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Rachel Hongo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew Z Madden
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Abin Abraham
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bradley I Reinfeld
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Todd D Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN;
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN;
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and
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5
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Kaviani F, Benier K, Robards B, Young KL, Koppel S. "Does that mean I can't use my phone to pay when I'm in the Maccas drive thru?": Younger drivers' uncertainty and attitude toward smartphone law and punishment. Accid Anal Prev 2021; 160:106314. [PMID: 34325288 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a mixed methods approach (a survey [n = 2,774] and focus groups [n = 16]) to understand the perceptions of younger drivers (18-25) on current smartphone laws in the Australian state of Victoria. First, by analysing quantitative data gathered from an online survey regarding smartphone laws, perceptions of punishment when breaking the law, and attitudes to both the law and fines, this study found younger drivers were less likely to understand the law around phone use while driving, even after direct or indirect experience with police. Additionally, the severity and impact of fines were perceived as more impactful and severe among younger drivers, women, and those on lower incomes, and the most common types of illegal use younger drivers engaged with were navigation, music applications, and hands-free calling, mostly facilitated through Bluetooth with their device placed out of sight. Consequently, focus groups were conducted with a subset of these younger drivers to explore these findings in more depth. It was revealed that smartphone laws were perceived to be ambiguous, at times unreasonable, and difficult to access conclusive information regarding the law or receive information throughout the Graduated Licencing Program. Additionally, of full licenced drivers breaking smartphone laws (n = 807), 61.7 percent never used a cradle. Among probationary drivers breaking the law (n = 209), 76.1 percent never used a cradle. This suggests rampant surreptitious illegal use. As such, younger drivers learning to drive are also learning methods to avoid punishment while breaking smartphone laws. This included not using a cradle and opting instead for Bluetooth connectivity or engaging in hand-held use, a choice that continued into Full Licensed driving. The severity of punishment was not common knowledge and was perceived to be incommensurate to the risks associated with certain types of use. In their opinion all of these factors reduced the legitimacy of the law. Addressing these factors with evidence-based countermeasures may increase compliance and road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kaviani
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Australia.
| | - K Benier
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - B Robards
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - K L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
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6
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Reinfeld BI, Madden MZ, Wolf MM, Chytil A, Bader JE, Patterson AR, Sugiura A, Cohen AS, Ali A, Do BT, Muir A, Lewis CA, Hongo RA, Young KL, Brown RE, Todd VM, Huffstater T, Abraham A, O'Neil RT, Wilson MH, Xin F, Tantawy MN, Merryman WD, Johnson RW, Williams CS, Mason EF, Mason FM, Beckermann KE, Vander Heiden MG, Manning HC, Rathmell JC, Rathmell WK. Cell-programmed nutrient partitioning in the tumour microenvironment. Nature 2021; 593:282-288. [PMID: 33828302 PMCID: PMC8122068 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells characteristically consume glucose through Warburg metabolism1, a process that forms the basis of tumour imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). Tumour-infiltrating immune cells also rely on glucose, and impaired immune cell metabolism in the tumour microenvironment (TME) contributes to immune evasion by tumour cells2-4. However, whether the metabolism of immune cells is dysregulated in the TME by cell-intrinsic programs or by competition with cancer cells for limited nutrients remains unclear. Here we used PET tracers to measure the access to and uptake of glucose and glutamine by specific cell subsets in the TME. Notably, myeloid cells had the greatest capacity to take up intratumoral glucose, followed by T cells and cancer cells, across a range of cancer models. By contrast, cancer cells showed the highest uptake of glutamine. This distinct nutrient partitioning was programmed in a cell-intrinsic manner through mTORC1 signalling and the expression of genes related to the metabolism of glucose and glutamine. Inhibiting glutamine uptake enhanced glucose uptake across tumour-resident cell types, showing that glutamine metabolism suppresses glucose uptake without glucose being a limiting factor in the TME. Thus, cell-intrinsic programs drive the preferential acquisition of glucose and glutamine by immune and cancer cells, respectively. Cell-selective partitioning of these nutrients could be exploited to develop therapies and imaging strategies to enhance or monitor the metabolic programs and activities of specific cell populations in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley I Reinfeld
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Z Madden
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melissa M Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna Chytil
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jackie E Bader
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew R Patterson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ayaka Sugiura
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison S Cohen
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian T Do
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Muir
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel A Hongo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten L Young
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Brown
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vera M Todd
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tessa Huffstater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Abin Abraham
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard T O'Neil
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew H Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fuxue Xin
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Noor Tantawy
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily F Mason
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Frank M Mason
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Charles Manning
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA.
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7
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Stephens AN, O'Hern S, Young KL, Chambers R, Hassed C, Koppel S. Self-reported mindfulness, cyclist anger and aggression. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 144:105625. [PMID: 32526500 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anger is a common behaviour exhibited by road users when one's goals are perceived to have been blocked by another. Recent research has demonstrated that, generally, cyclists tend to deal with anger in constructive ways. However, when anger does manifest, it can result in behaviours that increase their crash risk. Amongst motor vehicle drivers, mindfulness levels have been associated with less anger and appear to mediate anger and associated aggression. The current study sought to understand whether mindfulness has similar associations with anger and aggression in a sample of cyclists. A total of 583 cyclists (males = 68 %) completed an online questionnaire that sought information on their levels of mindfulness, current mindfulness practices and tendencies for anger and aggression while cycling. The relationships between these were then examined using structural equation modelling. The results showed that cyclists with higher mindfulness levels tended to report less anger across a range of situations (e.g., interactions with pedestrians, cyclists, motor vehicle drivers and police). Both direct and indirect (through anger) relationships were found between mindfulness and aggression, again showing that more mindful cyclists tended to engage in less frequent aggression. These findings align with recent research investigating this relationship amongst motor vehicle drivers and suggest that mindfulness may be a promising strategy to reduce or avoid anger and aggression in cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Stephens
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - S O'Hern
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, & Monash Institute of Transport Studies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - K L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Chambers
- Campus Community Division, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Hassed
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Kaviani F, Young KL, Robards B, Koppel S. Understanding the deterrent impact formal and informal sanctions have on illegal smartphone use while driving. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 145:105706. [PMID: 32768605 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The illegal use of a smartphone while driving increases the risk of crashes. As such, road authorities rely on countermeasures to reduce illegal smartphone use. Deterrence-based methods dominate road safety, however, perceptions and impact of formal (legal) and informal (non-legal) methods to deter illegal smartphone use in Australia have not yet been explored. The current study reports on a survey of 2774 drivers (47.0 % males) that own and regularly use a smartphone. The survey analysed the self-reported frequency of illegal smartphone use while driving, perceptions of formal and informal deterrence mechanisms, differences between perceived and informed deterrence, and deterrent predictors of illegal use. The findings revealed that illegal smartphone use is increasing in Victoria, Australia. Drivers that break the law perceive deterrent mechanisms significantly different from drivers that abide by the law, however, both groups view the prospect of hurting oneself as most impactful. Additionally, drivers tend to underestimate the consequences of illegal use, yet overestimate the certainty of apprehension. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that only age, gender and informal sanctions such as social loss (stigma/peer disapproval), internal loss (shame/guilt/embarrassment), and physical loss (injury/property damage) were significant predictors of illegal use. None of the formal mechanisms were significant. Based on these findings, road safety interventions and future research should consider exploring the psychological characteristics of young people's perceptions of informal sanctions such as social loss (shame/embarrassment) and internal loss (guilt).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kaviani
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Australia.
| | - K L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - B Robards
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
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9
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Reinfeld BI, Madden MZ, Ali A, Wolf MM, Young KL, Hongo R, Beckermann KE, Heiden MGV, Muir A, Rathmell JC, Rathmell WK. Abstract 5989: Metabolic heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Single cell technologies have provided insight into the cellular and phenotypic heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, major technical hurdles exist to elucidate the metabolic fate of a given metabolite in the cellularly diverse TME.
Methods: By collecting tumor interstitial fluid from human kidney tumors and matched normal tissue, our group has gained valuable insight into the metabolic content of the Renal Cell Carcinoma microenvironment and the normal kidney parenchyma. Given the high concentration of glucose in both of these tissue environments (>4 mM), we hypothesized that infiltrating immune cells and transformed cells can use this widely available sugar as a fuel source. To test this hypothesis, we labeled glycolytic cells in the tumor microenvironment using the widely clinically adopted F18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer. By conducting successive magnetic bead separation, highly enriched immune cell and non-immune cell fractions were analyzed for radioactive, transcriptomic and metabolic analysis.
Results: This work has led to the intriguing discovery that infiltrating CD45+ immune cells are more actively glucose consuming than CD45- tumor cells on a per cell basis. Additionally, even though these cells make up a minority of the population of the entire TME (<15%), they contribute to > 65% of the total glucose uptake in the tumor microenvironment. Subsequent metabolic studies have shown that they are also more actively glycolytic. This phenomenon holds true across multiple orthotopic tumor models in multiple mouse genetic backgrounds. Further characterization of this glycolytic CD45+ fraction illustrates that the CD11b+, F4/80+ tumor associated macrophages (TAM) fraction is the most avid. Additionally, the tumor infiltrating T cells have much higher FDG avidity than the naïve splenocytes and surprisingly the transformed cancer cells. In support of this data, ex vivo seahorse analysis using these fractions demonstrates that the most metabolically active fraction is TAM-rich F4/80+ fraction. Infiltrating CD45+ cells appear to be metabolically fixed, as demonstrated by their lack of glycolytic reserve when compared to transformed tumor cells in the glycostress test. In order to examine the immunogenicity of F18 based tracers, we have traced the fate of F18-Glutamine (Q). Interestingly, the F18-Q accumulates to a much greater extent in the CD45- cells (on a per cell basis), illustrating the anaplerotic need of cancer cells.
Conclusion: Ultimately, this work reveals the nutrient environment of the tumor interstitial space at a resolution not previously revealed, and uncovers the diversity of metabolic utilization across cell types in the heterogenous tumor microenvironment.
Citation Format: Bradley I. Reinfeld, Matthew Z. Madden, Ahmed Ali, Melissa M. Wolf, Kirsten L. Young, Racheal Hongo, Kathryn E. Beckermann, Matthew G. Vander Heiden, Alex Muir, Jeffrey C. Rathmell, W. Kimryn Rathmell. Metabolic heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5989.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Ali
- 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Racheal Hongo
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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10
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Schnittker R, Marshall S, Horberry T, Young KL. Human factors enablers and barriers for successful airway management - an in-depth interview study. Anaesthesia 2018; 73:980-989. [PMID: 29660772 DOI: 10.1111/anae.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human factors are the individual, team, environmental and organisational aspects of the anaesthetic environment that affect performance and decision-making of anaesthesia teams. This study aimed to identify which human factors were enablers and/or barriers to anaesthesia teams during airway management challenges. Sixteen interviews were conducted with experienced anaesthetists and anaesthetic nurses using an in-depth interview technique (the Critical Decision Method) to identify human factors enablers and/or barriers during successful management of a significant airway challenge. Thematic analysis identified three overarching enablers: equipment location and storage; experience and learning; teamwork and communication. Five overarching barriers were also identified: time and resource limitations; teamwork and communication; equipment location and storage; experience and learning; insufficient back-up planning; and equipment preparation. This study showed that a variety of human factors issues affect the handling of airway challenges, ranging from individual and team to organisational and environmental aspects. Recommendations for the design of airway management decision support tools that relate to equipment standardisation, decision support complexity, inclusive mutual learning and teamwork are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schnittker
- University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Marshall
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Horberry
- University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K L Young
- University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Young KL, Koppel S, Charlton JL. Toward best practice in Human Machine Interface design for older drivers: A review of current design guidelines. Accid Anal Prev 2017; 106:460-467. [PMID: 27374247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Older adults are the fastest growing segment of the driving population. While there is a strong emphasis for older people to maintain their mobility, the safety of older drivers is a serious community concern. Frailty and declines in a range of age-related sensory, cognitive, and physical impairments can place older drivers at an increased risk of crash-related injuries and death. A number of studies have indicated that in-vehicle technologies such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) may provide assistance to older drivers. However, these technologies will only benefit older drivers if their design is congruent with the complex needs and diverse abilities of this driving cohort. The design of ADAS and IVIS is largely informed by automotive Human Machine Interface (HMI) guidelines. However, it is unclear to what extent the declining sensory, cognitive and physical capabilities of older drivers are addressed in the current guidelines. This paper provides a review of key current design guidelines for IVIS and ADAS with respect to the extent they address age-related changes in functional capacities. The review revealed that most of the HMI guidelines do not address design issues related to older driver impairments. In fact, in many guidelines driver age and sensory cognitive and physical impairments are not mentioned at all and where reference is made, it is typically very broad. Prescriptive advice on how to actually design a system so that it addresses the needs and limitations of older drivers is not provided. In order for older drivers to reap the full benefits that in-vehicle technology can afford, it is critical that further work establish how older driver limitations and capabilities can be supported by the system design process, including their inclusion into HMI design guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - J L Charlton
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Stellmann JP, Young KL, Vettorazzi E, Pöttgen J, Heesen C. No relevant impact of ambient temperature on disability measurements in a large cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:851-857. [PMID: 28544407 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) report a worsening of symptoms due to high ambient temperatures, but objective data about this association are rare and contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ambient temperature on standard clinical tests. METHODS We extracted the Symbol Digit Modality Test, Nine Hole Peg Test, Timed 25 Foot Walk (T25FW), Timed Tandem Walk, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and quality-of-life items on cognition, fatigue and depression from our clinical database and matched them to historical temperatures. We used linear mixed-effect models to investigate the association between temperature and outcomes. RESULTS A total of 1254 patients with MS (mean age, 42.7 years; 69.9% females; 52.1% relapsing-remitting MS, mean EDSS, 3.8) had 5751 assessments between 1996 and 2012. We observed a worsening in the T25FW with higher ambient temperatures in moderately disabled patients (EDSS ≥ 4) but not in less disabled patients. However, an increase of 10°C prolonged the T25FW by just 0.4 s. Other outcomes were not associated with ambient temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Higher ambient temperature might compromise walking capabilities in patients with MS with a manifest walking impairment. However, effects are small and not detectable in mildly disabled patients. Hand function, cognition, mood and fatigue do not appear to be correlated with ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Stellmann
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - K L Young
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - E Vettorazzi
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Pöttgen
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - C Heesen
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
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13
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Graff M, North KE, Richardson AS, Young KL, Mazul AL, Highland HM, Mohlke KL, Lange LA, Lange EM, Mullan Harris K, Gordon-Larsen P. BMI loci and longitudinal BMI from adolescence to young adulthood in an ethnically diverse cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:759-768. [PMID: 28025578 PMCID: PMC5413409 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective The association of obesity susceptibility variants with change in
body mass index (BMI) across the life course is not well understood. Subjects In ancestry stratified models of 5,962 European American (EA), 2,080
African American (AA), and 1,582 Hispanic American (HA) individuals from the
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we
examined associations between 34 obesity SNPs with per year change in BMI,
measured by the slope from a growth-curve analysis of two or more BMI
measurements between adolescence and young adulthood. For SNPs nominally
associated with BMI change (p<0.05), we interrogated age differences
within data collection Wave and time differences between age categories that
overlapped between Waves. Results We found SNPs in/near FTO, MC4R, MTCH2, TFAP2B, SEC16B, and
TMEM18 were significantly associated (p<0.0015
≈ 0.05/34) with BMI change in EA and the ancestry-combined
meta-analysis. Rs9939609 in FTO met genome-wide
significance at p<5e-08 in the EA and ancestry combined analysis,
respectively [Beta(se)=0.025(0.004);Beta(se)=0.021(0.003)]. No SNPs were
significant after Bonferroni correction in AA or HA, although 5 SNPs in AA
and 4 SNPs in HA were nominally significant (p<0.05). In EA and the
ancestry-combined meta-analysis, rs3817334 near MTCH2
showed larger effects in younger respondents, while rs987237 near
TFAP2B, showed larger effects in older respondents
across all Waves. Differences in effect estimates across time for
MTCH2 and TFAP2B are suggestive of
either era or cohort effects. Conclusion The observed association between variants in/near FTO, MC4R,
MTCH2, TFAP2B, SEC16B, and TMEM18 with change in BMI from
adolescence to young adulthood suggest that the genetic effect of BMI loci
varies over time in a complex manner, highlighting the importance of
investigating loci influencing obesity risk across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - K L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A L Mazul
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Mohlke
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L A Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E M Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K Mullan Harris
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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Graff M, Richardson AS, Young KL, Mazul AL, Highland H, North KE, Mohlke KL, Lange LA, Lange EM, Harris KM, Gordon-Larsen P. The interaction between physical activity and obesity gene variants in association with BMI: Does the obesogenic environment matter? Health Place 2016; 42:159-165. [PMID: 27771443 PMCID: PMC5116401 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how obesity susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interact with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in relation to BMI during adolescence, once obesogenic neighborhood factors are accounted for. In race stratified models, including European (EA; N=4977), African (AA; N=1726), and Hispanic Americans (HA; N=1270) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1996; ages 12-21), we assessed the evidence for a SNPxMVPA interaction with BMI-for-age Z score, once accounting for obesogenic neighborhood factors including physical activity amenities, transportation and recreation infrastructure, poverty and crime. Eight SNPxMVPA interactions with suggestive significance (p<0.10; three in each EA, and AA, two in HA) were observed showing attenuation on BMI-for-age Z score in adolescents with ≥5 versus <5 bouts/week MVPA, except for rs10146997 (near NRXN3). Findings were robust to the inclusion of neighborhood-level variables as covariates. These findings suggest that any attenuation from MVPA on a genetic susceptibility to obesity during adolescence is likely not operating through obesogenic neighborhood factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA.
| | | | - K L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - A L Mazul
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Heather Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - K L Mohlke
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - L A Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - E M Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - K M Harris
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA; Department of Sociology, Univlersity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - P Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA; Department of Nutrition Gillings School of Global Public Health & School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
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15
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Young KL, Huang W, Horsburgh CR, Linas BP, Assoumou SA. Eighteen- to 30-year-olds more likely to link to hepatitis C virus care: an opportunity to decrease transmission. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:274-81. [PMID: 26572798 PMCID: PMC5481196 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection incidence among 18- to 30-year-olds is increasing and guidelines recommend treatment of active injection drug users to limit transmission. We aimed to : measure linkage to HCV care among 18- to 30-year-olds and identify factors associated with linkage; compare linkage among 18- to 30-year-olds to that of patients >30 years. We used the electronic medical record at an urban safety net hospital to create a retrospective cohort with reactive HCV antibody between 2005 and 2010. We report seroprevalence and demographics of seropositive patients, and used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with linkage to HCV care. We defined linkage as having evidence of HCV RNA testing after reactive antibody. Thirty two thousand four hundred and eighteen individuals were tested, including 8873 between 18 and 30 years. The seropositivity rate among those ages 18-30 was 10%. In multivariate analysis, among those 18-30, diagnosis location (Outpatient vs Inpatient/ED) (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.28-2.49) and number of visits after diagnosis (OR 5.30, 95% CI 3.91-7.19) were associated with higher odds of linking to care. When we compared linkage in patients ages 18-30 to that among those older than 30, patients in the 18-30 years age group were more likely to link to HCV care than those in the older cohort even when controlling for gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, birthplace, diagnosis location and duration of follow-up. Eighteen- to 30-year-olds are more likely to link to HCV care than their older counterparts. During the interferon-free treatment era, there is an opportunity to prevent further HCV transmission in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Young
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Huang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C R Horsburgh
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B P Linas
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- HIV Epidemiology and Outcomes Research Unit, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S A Assoumou
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- HIV Epidemiology and Outcomes Research Unit, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Young KL, Graff M, North KE, Richardson AS, Bradfield JP, Grant SFA, Lange LA, Lange EM, Harris KM, Gordon-Larsen P. Influence of SNP*SNP interaction on BMI in European American adolescents: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:95-101. [PMID: 25893265 PMCID: PMC4615264 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent obesity is predictive of future weight gain, obesity and adult onset severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥40 kg m(-2) ). Despite successful efforts to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing BMI, <5% of the 40-80% heritability of the phenotype has been explained. Identification of gene-gene (G-G) interactions between known variants can help explain this hidden heritability as well as identify potential biological mechanisms affecting weight gain during this critical developmental period. OBJECTIVE We have recently shown distinct genetic effects on BMI across the life course, and thus it is important to examine the evidence for epistasis in adolescence. METHODS In adolescent participants of European descent from wave II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, n = 5072, ages 12-21, 52.5% female), we tested 34 established BMI-related SNPs for G-G interaction effects on BMI z-score. We used mixed-effects regression, assuming multiplicative interaction models adjusting for age, sex and geographic region, with random effects for family and school. RESULTS For 28 G-G interactions that were nominally significant (P < 0.05), we attempted to replicate our results in an adolescent sample from the Childhood European American Cohort from Philadelphia. In the replication study, one interaction (PRKD1-FTO) was significant after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Our results are suggestive of epistatic effects on BMI during adolescence and point to potentially interactive effects between genes in biological pathways important in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- KL Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - KE North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - AS Richardson
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Deptartment of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - JP Bradfield
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - SFA Grant
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - LA Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - EM Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - KM Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - P Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Deptartment of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Galler S, Stellmann JP, Young KL, Kutzner D, Heesen C, Fiehler J, Siemonsen S. Improved Lesion Detection by Using Axial T2-Weighted MRI with Full Spinal Cord Coverage in Multiple Sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:963-9. [PMID: 26744444 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Identification of lesions in specific locations gains importance in multiple sclerosis imaging diagnostic criteria. In clinical routine, axial scans are usually exclusively obtained to depict the cervical spinal cord or used to confirm suspected lesions on sagittal scans. We sought to evaluate the detection rate for MS lesions on axial T2WI scans with full spinal cord coverage in comparison with sagittal scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred fifteen patients with definite or suspected MS underwent an MR imaging examination including 3-mm sagittal and 3.5-mm axial T2-weighted images with full spinal cord coverage. T2WI lesions were identified on axial and sagittal scans independently by 2 raters. Axial diameter, craniocaudal extension, lesion intensity, and location were analyzed. RESULTS Four hundred forty-nine of 509 (88.2%) lesions were detected on axial and 337/509 (66.2%) on sagittal scans. Only 277/449 (61.7%) axial lesions were also detected on sagittal images. The number of lesions visible on sagittal and axial images was dependent on the axial lesion diameter (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Axial T2WI scans with full spinal cord coverage showed 22% more lesions in patients with MS in comparison with sagittal scans, especially for lesions with small axial diameters. We suggest including biplanar spinal MR imaging with full spinal cord coverage for lesion detection in MS in clinical routine and for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Galler
- From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.G., D.K., J.F., S.S.)
| | - J-P Stellmann
- Neurology (J.-P.S., K.L.Y., C.H.) the Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (J.-P.S., K.L.Y., C.H., S.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K L Young
- Neurology (J.-P.S., K.L.Y., C.H.) the Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (J.-P.S., K.L.Y., C.H., S.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Kutzner
- From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.G., D.K., J.F., S.S.)
| | - C Heesen
- Neurology (J.-P.S., K.L.Y., C.H.) the Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (J.-P.S., K.L.Y., C.H., S.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Fiehler
- From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.G., D.K., J.F., S.S.)
| | - S Siemonsen
- From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.G., D.K., J.F., S.S.) the Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (J.-P.S., K.L.Y., C.H., S.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Stellmann JP, Young KL, Pöttgen J, Dorr M, Heesen C. Introducing a new method to assess vision: Computer-adaptive contrast-sensitivity testing predicts visual functioning better than charts in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2015; 1:2055217315596184. [PMID: 28607699 PMCID: PMC5433336 DOI: 10.1177/2055217315596184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA) is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases. Its assessment is often limited to selected contrasts, for example, 2.5% or 1.25%. Computerized adaptive testing with the quick contrast-sensitivity function (qCSF) method allows assessment across expanded contrast and spatial frequency ranges. Objective The objective of this article is to compare qCSF with high- and low-contrast charts and patient-reported visual function. Methods We enrolled 131 consecutive MS patients (mean age 39.6 years) to assess high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) at 30 cm and 5 m, low-contrast vision with Sloan charts at 2.5% and 1.25%, qCSF and the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEIVFQ). Associations between the different measures were estimated with linear regression models corrected for age, gender and multiple testing. Results The association between qCSF and Sloan charts (R2 = 0.68) was higher than with HCVA (5 m: R2 = 0.5; 30 cm: R2 = 0.41). The highest association with NEIVFQ subscales was observed for qCSF (R2 0.20–0.57), while Sloan charts were not associated with any NEIVFQ subscale after correction for multiple testing. Conclusion The qCSF is a promising new outcome for low-contrast vision in MS and other neurological diseases. Here we show a closer link to patient-reported visual function than standard low- and high-contrast charts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stellmann
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - K L Young
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - J Pöttgen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - M Dorr
- Adaptive Sensory Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Hester CM, Born WK, Yeh HW, Young KL, James AS, Daley CM, Greiner KA. Decisional stage distribution for colorectal cancer screening among diverse, low-income study participants. Health Educ Res 2015; 30:400-11. [PMID: 25721254 PMCID: PMC4434950 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening uptake among minorities and those with lower incomes is suboptimal. Behavioral interventions specifically tailored to these populations can increase screening rates and save lives. The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) allows assignment of a decisional stage for adoption of a behavior such as CRC screening. Here, we characterize the PAPM decisional stage distribution among 470 low income, racially and ethnically diverse study participants at intake into a behavioral intervention study designed to increase CRC screening uptake. We staged participants for stool blood test (SBT) and colonoscopy separately and used the highest stage for the two tests as the 'overall' stage for CRC screening. For SBT, sex, language (English versus Spanish) and doctor recommendation were significantly related to PAPM stage for CRC screening. For colonoscopy, language, education level, doctor recommendation and self-efficacy were related to stage. For overall CRC screening stage, all the variables associated with either SBT or colonoscopy, with the exception of language were significant. This study suggests attending to these key variables in designing interventions to promote CRC screening, particularly with respect to medically underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hester
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - W K Born
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - H W Yeh
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - K L Young
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - A S James
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - C M Daley
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - K A Greiner
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA and Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Siemonsen S, Young KL, Bester M, Sedlacik J, Heesen C, Fiehler J, Stellmann JP. Chronic T2 Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis are Heterogeneous Regarding Phase MR Imaging. Clin Neuroradiol 2015; 26:457-464. [PMID: 25895017 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-015-0389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phase imaging provides additional information on multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and may in combination with mean diffusivity (MD) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) help differentiating heterogeneity of MS lesion pathology. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 23 MS patients including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetization transfer imaging (MTI), and SWI. Mean values (MTR, MD, and homodyne filtered phase) from 138 chronic MS lesions and normal appearing white matter (NAWM) were obtained and correlations examined. For explorative analysis, a divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm was applied. RESULTS Phase characteristics were an independent characteristic of chronic T2 lesions, as MTR and MD were not correlated with phase values (R = - 0.23, R = - 0.18). Dependent on MTR, MD, and phase, cluster analysis led to five lesion groups. Of the two groups with phase values close to NAWM, one presented with highest MD and most severe MTR decrease (p = 0.01), the other with slight MD increase and MTR decrease. Two lesion groups with highest phase values (p = 0.01) displayed slightly increased MD and moderate decrease in MTR. Clinical data including EDSS, disease duration, and age did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS Increased phase is predominantly detectable in lesions with clear MTR decrease but only moderate MD increase. Phase images seem to represent an independent parameter for MS lesion characterization and may provide additional information on MS lesion heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Siemonsen
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - K L Young
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Bester
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Sedlacik
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Heesen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J-P Stellmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Ma Y, Tucker KL, Smith CE, Lee YC, Huang T, Richardson K, Parnell LD, Lai CQ, Young KL, Justice AE, Shao Y, North KE, Ordovás JM. Lipoprotein lipase variants interact with polyunsaturated fatty acids for obesity traits in women: replication in two populations. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1323-1329. [PMID: 25156894 PMCID: PMC4356006 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a candidate gene for obesity based on its role in triglyceride hydrolysis and the partitioning of fatty acids towards storage or oxidation. Whether dietary fatty acids modify LPL associated obesity risk is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs320, rs2083637, rs17411031, rs13702, rs2197089) for potential interaction with dietary fatty acids for obesity traits in 1171 participants (333 men and 838 women, aged 45-75 y) of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS). In women, SNP rs320 interacted with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.002) and waist circumference (WC) (P = 0.001) respectively. Higher intake of PUFA was associated with lower BMI and WC in homozygotes of the major allele (TT) (P = 0.01 and 0.005) but not in minor allele carriers (TG and GG). These interactions were replicated in an independent population, African American women of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (n = 1334). CONCLUSION Dietary PUFA modulated the association of LPL rs320 with obesity traits in two independent populations. These interactions may be relevant to the dietary management of obesity, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ma
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K L Tucker
- Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - C E Smith
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y C Lee
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Richardson
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L D Parnell
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Q Lai
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K L Young
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Y Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K E North
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J M Ordovás
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación (IMDEA-FOOD), Madrid, Spain.
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Young KL, Brandt AU, Petzold A, Reitz LY, Lintze F, Paul F, Martin R, Schippling S. Loss of retinal nerve fibre layer axons indicates white but not grey matter damage in early multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20:803-11. [PMID: 23369013 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has shown thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and total macular volume (TMV) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Measures of retinal atrophy are associated with the brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, in MS, data on the relation of OCT measures and grey and white matter volumes are contradictory. We performed a prospective cross-sectional study with a statistically pre-defined endpoint to test our hypothesis that OCT measures of neuro-axonal degeneration are related to global and partial brain atrophy in early forms of MS. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-four patients with clinically isolated syndrome (n = 10) or relapsing-remitting MS (n = 34; mean disease duration = 3.2 years, median EDSS = 1.5) were enrolled in the study. Peripapillary- and volumetric OCT scans of the macula were performed using latest spectral-domain OCT technology. BPF as well as white and grey matter fractions (WMF/GMF) were assessed by 1.5 Tesla MRI scans. Generalized estimating equation models adjusted for age and linear regression statistics were used to assess the association between OCT and MRI measures. RNFL thickness, TMV and age were significantly associated with BPF. RNFL thickness and TMV independently predicted WMF (P = 0.003 and P = 0.032) but not GMF (P = 0.717 and P = 0.357) when corrected for age. In contrast, age was strongly associated with GMF (P < 0.001) but not WMF. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that, in early MS, OCT measures of retinal atrophy are related to volumetric changes in the white but not grey matter compartment as assessed by MRI. It further substantiates the association of retinal thinning and brain tissue loss in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Young
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Beanland V, Fitzharris M, Young KL, Lenné MG. USING IN-DEPTH CRASH DATA TO ASSESS THE ROLE OF DRIVER INATTENTION AND DRIVER DISTRACTION IN CRASHES. Inj Prev 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040580g.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Graff M, North KE, Mohlke KL, Lange LA, Luo J, Harris KM, Young KL, Richardson AS, Lange EM, Gordon-Larsen P. Estimation of genetic effects on BMI during adolescence in an ethnically diverse cohort: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Nutr Diabetes 2012; 2:e47. [PMID: 23168566 PMCID: PMC3461356 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of genetic variants to body mass index (BMI) during adolescence across multiethnic samples is largely unknown. We selected genetic loci associated with BMI or obesity in European-descent samples and examined them in a multiethnic adolescent sample. DESIGN AND SAMPLE In 5103 European American (EA), 1748 African American (AfA), 1304 Hispanic American (HA) and 439 Asian American (AsA) participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; ages 12-21 years, 47.5% male), we assessed the association between 41 established obesity-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with BMI using additive genetic models, stratified by race/ethnicity, and in a pooled meta-analysis sample. We also compared the magnitude of effect for BMI-SNP associations in EA and AfA adolescents to comparable effect estimates from 11 861 EA and AfA adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ages 45-64 years, 43.2% male). RESULTS Thirty-five of 41 BMI-SNP associations were directionally consistent with published studies in European populations, 18 achieved nominal significance (P<0.05; effect sizes from 0.19 to 0.71 kg m(-2) increase in BMI per effect allele), while 4 (FTO, TMEM18, TFAP2B, MC4R) remained significant after Bonferroni correction (P<0.0015). Of 41 BMI-SNP associations in AfA, HA and AsA adolescents, nine, three and five, respectively, were directionally consistent and nominally significant. In the pooled meta-analysis, 36 of 41 effect estimates were directionally consistent and 21 of 36 were nominally significant. In EA adolescents, BMI effect estimates were larger (P<0.05) for variants near TMEM18, PTER and MC4R and smaller for variants near MTIF3 and NRXN3 compared with EA adults. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that obesity susceptibility loci may have a comparatively stronger role during adolescence than during adulthood, with variation across race/ethnic subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Mohlke
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L A Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Luo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K M Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A S Richardson
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E M Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Brandt AU, Oberwahrenbrock T, Ringelstein M, Young KL, Tiede M, Hartung HP, Martin R, Aktas O, Paul F, Schippling S. Primary retinal pathology in multiple sclerosis as detected by optical coherence tomography. Brain 2011; 134:e193; author reply e194. [PMID: 21596763 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Potts AL, Young KL, Carter BS, Shenai JP. Necrotizing enterocolitis associated with in utero and breast milk exposure to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram. J Perinatol 2007; 27:120-2. [PMID: 17262045 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A term neonate presenting with necrotizing enterocolitis following in utero and breast milk exposure to the newest serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Potts
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN 37232-9544, USA
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Young KL, Delay ER. Seashore Rhythm test: comparison of Signal Detection Theory and standard scoring procedures. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1993; 8:111-21. [PMID: 14589669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of age and instructional set on Seashore Rhythm test performance were examined with standard scoring and Signal Detection Theory (SDT) procedures. Neurologically intact young (17-28 years) and old (65-92 years) subjects were given standard test instructions with sentences added which stated that specific proportions of the test stimuli would be identical or different. Age differences in d' scores were highly correlated with standard Rhythm scores. While standard scores were unaffected by instructional set, all three SDT measures of response criteria detected effects of instructional set, or an age by instructional set interaction. SDT scoring of the Rhythm test yields a measure of auditory sensitivity comparable to standard methods and detects response bias on the lest that standard procedures cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Young
- Department of Psychology, Regis University, Denver, Colorado 80221, USA
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Young KL, Lange B, Dunning D. Nebraska dental professional's procedures and opinions related to infectious diseases. Nebr Med J 1991; 76:55-62. [PMID: 2030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on the findings of this study, the following specific strategic recommendations are offered: 1. Offer continuing education courses throughout the state at reasonable fees. The courses should emphasize recognition of AIDS related lesions and infectious diseases, aseptic techniques/infectious disease control, AIDS, Hepatitis B, and infections/antibiotics. In addition, continuing education courses in the area of medical history taking methods should be offered to teach methods of inquiring about sexual and drug-use histories. 2. Establish a state resource center for information regarding infectious diseases. This could, perhaps, be a cooperative venture with the Department of Health, the Nebraska Dental Association, and the College of Dentistry. There is a need to gather, interpret and disseminate periodic updates on infectious disease research. This venture should also focus on developing literature for practitioners with consistent information about infection control regulations and guidelines. 3. Either through continuing education courses or through the information resource center, provide instruction on realistic assessment of the risk of infectious disease transmission in dentistry. 4. Develop a public relations campaign to educate the public about infection control policies in dentistry, what is being done to protect the public. 5. A research effort should be undertaken to determine the discrepancy between self-reported infection control practices and observed infection control practices. This could be accomplished through patient and dentist surveys, interviews, and/or observations. 6. Establish a confidential HIV blood screening program for health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Young
- Division of Dental Health, Nebraska Department of Health
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Keith RE, O'Keeffe KA, Alt LA, Young KL. Dietary status of trained female cyclists. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89:1620-3. [PMID: 2809039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dietary status was evaluated in eight highly trained female cyclists. Each cyclist kept a 3-day weighed food record. Diets were analyzed for nutrient content using a computerized software package. Blood was also obtained and evaluated for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin. For an athletic group, the cyclists' diets were found to be low in energy (85% RDA) and carbohydrate (4.4 gm/kg body weight per day). Mean daily dietary intakes were well below the RDAs for folacin (76% RDA), magnesium (81%), iron (59%), and zinc (48%). In addition, more than one-third of the cyclists failed to consume 67% of the RDA for the following micronutrients: pyridoxine, folacin, cobalamin, vitamin E, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Hemoglobin (135 gm/L), hematocrit (0.39), and albumin (45 gm/L) values were all normal, although most hemoglobin values were in the lower 50% of normal range. Foods such as meats, poultry, fish, beans, peas, and nuts were low or absent from the diets of most athletes. Dietary quality in this group of female cyclists could have been greatly improved with the addition of more of those foods. These athletes could benefit from nutrition education and diet counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Keith
- Department of Nutrition and Foods, Auburn University, Alabama 36849
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Young KL, Levy SM, Kuthy RA. Dietary fluoride supplements for Nebraska's children--the role of the physician. Nebr Med J 1989; 74:265-70. [PMID: 2779685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. All children should receive one form of systemic fluoride and appropriate forms of topical fluoride. 2. If a child is not receiving optimally fluoridated water, the physician or dentist should prescribe dietary fluoride supplements (tablets or drops). 3. The correct dosage must be determined based on patient age and fluoride content of the patient's main water source(s). 4. Special attention is necessary concerning fluoride intake for children breast-feeding or consuming infant formula. 5. To arrive at the correct fluoride dose, these steps should be followed: A. Always have a sample of the main drinking water source (usually home water) analyzed for the fluoride content before prescribing a fluoride supplement, if you do not have other specific knowledge of water fluoride content. The Laboratory Division of the Nebraska State Department of Health provides water fluoride assay services. B. When the fluoride content of the water has been determined, the fluoride level and the child's age should be matched on Table 1 to arrive at the correct supplement dose. 6. The Division of Dental Health of the Nebraska State Department of Health can provide lists of communities and schools in Nebraska that are optimally fluoridated.
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Hildebolt CF, Elvin-Lewis M, Molnar S, McKee JK, Perkins MD, Young KL. Caries prevalences among geochemical regions of Missouri. Am J Phys Anthropol 1989; 78:79-92. [PMID: 2929737 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330780109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our objectives were to determine how the prevalences of caries in elementary school children vary between geochemically defined regions of the state of Missouri and to compare this variation with that found for prehistoric Missouri inhabitants (Hildebolt et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75:1-14, 1988). Caries data on 6,584 school children were used in the study of second and sixth graders drinking optimally and suboptimally fluoridated water. Geochemical regions were based on maps recently published by the United States Geological Survey. Differences in mean caries scores and proportions of children with caries were tested by analysis of covariance, analysis of variance, Student t, and chi-squared tests. We found that caries prevalences do vary between the geochemical regions of the state. In the total sample, however, there were no significant differences between those children drinking optimally fluoridated water and those drinking suboptimally fluoridated water. We conclude that there is variation in caries rates among geochemically defined regions of the state and that geochemical factors associated with young parent materials may be antagonizing the action of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Hildebolt
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Young KL. On-site denture identification can be a practice-builder. Dent Econ 1987; 77:68, 70. [PMID: 3472960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Faine RC, Collins JJ, Daniel J, Isman B, Boriskin J, Young KL, Fitzgerald CM. The 1980 fluoridation campaigns: a discussion of results. J Public Health Dent 1981; 41:138-42. [PMID: 7021815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1981.tb02624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Young KL. Blood pressure highs or down and up the manometer. J Mo Dent Assoc 1976; 56:48-50. [PMID: 1075262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The bacteriostatic action of 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide (4-NQO) for Lactobacillus casei is substantially reversed by d-and l-cysteine, glutathione, and 2,2-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiolbutane (dithioerythritol). The action appears to involve a chemical reaction between carbon atom 4 of 4-NQO and nucleophilic centers, such as -SH groups, located on essential cell constituents. The evidence presented indicates that the protective effect of d- and l-cysteine, glutathione, and dithioerythritol against the action involves reactions between 4-NQO and -SH compounds.
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