1
|
Ugur B, Schueder F, Shin J, Hanna MG, Wu Y, Leonzino M, Su M, McAdow AR, Wilson C, Postlethwait J, Solnica-Krezel L, Bewersdorf J, De Camilli P. VPS13B is localized at the cis-trans Golgi complex interface and is a functional partner of FAM177A1. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.18.572081. [PMID: 38187698 PMCID: PMC10769246 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in VPS13B, a member of a protein family implicated in bulk lipid transport between adjacent membranes, cause Cohen syndrome. VPS13B is known to be concentrated in the Golgi complex, but its precise location within this organelle and thus the site(s) where it achieves lipid transport remains unclear. Here we show that VPS13B is localized at the interface between cis and trans Golgi sub-compartments and that Golgi complex re-formation after Brefeldin A (BFA) induced disruption is delayed in VPS13B KO cells. This delay is phenocopied by loss of FAM177A1, a Golgi complex protein of unknown function reported to be a VPS13B interactor and whose mutations also result in a developmental disorder. In zebrafish, the vps13b orthologue, not previously annotated in this organism, genetically interacts with fam177a1. Collectively, these findings raise the possibility that bulk lipid transport by VPS13B may play a role in expanding Golgi membranes and that VPS13B may be assisted in this function by FAM177A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berrak Ugur
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Florian Schueder
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael G. Hanna
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marianna Leonzino
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maohan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anthony R. McAdow
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Catherine Wilson
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stringa B, Solnica-Krezel L. Signaling mechanisms that direct cell fate specification and morphogenesis in human embryonic stem cells-based models of human gastrulation. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:383-396. [PMID: 38087898 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian gastrulation, a mass of pluripotent cells surrounded by extraembryonic tissues differentiates into germ layers, mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm. The three germ layers are then organized into a body plan with organ rudiments via morphogenetic gastrulation movements of emboly, epiboly, convergence, and extension. Emboly is the most conserved gastrulation movement, whereby mesodermal and endodermal progenitors undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and move via a blastopore/primitive streak beneath the ectoderm. Decades of embryologic, genetic, and molecular studies in invertebrates and vertebrates, delineated a BMP > WNT > NODAL signaling cascade underlying mesoderm and endoderm specification. Advances have been made in the research animals in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying gastrulation morphogenesis. In contrast, little is known about human gastrulation, which occurs in utero during the third week of gestation and its investigations face ethical and methodological limitations. This is changing with the unprecedented progress in modeling aspects of human development, using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (hESC)-based embryo-like models (SCEMs). In one approach, hESCs of various pluripotency are aggregated to self-assemble into structures that resemble pre-implantation or post-implantation embryo-like structures that progress to early gastrulation, and some even reach segmentation and neurulation stages. Another approach entails coaxing hESCs with biochemical signals to generate germ layers and model aspects of gastrulation morphogenesis, such as EMT. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding signaling cascades that direct germ layers specification and the early stages of gastrulation morphogenesis in these models. We discuss outstanding questions, challenges, and opportunities for this promising area of developmental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blerta Stringa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leid J, Gray R, Rakita P, Koenig AL, Tripathy R, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Kaufman C, Solnica-Krezel L, Lavine KJ. Deletion of taf1 and taf5 in zebrafish capitulate cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities associated with TAFopathies through perturbations in metabolism. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059905. [PMID: 37746814 PMCID: PMC10354717 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 2-3% of the general population. Syndromic forms of intellectual disability frequently have a genetic basis and are often accompanied by additional developmental anomalies. Pathogenic variants in components of TATA-binding protein associated factors (TAFs) have recently been identified in a subset of patients with intellectual disability, craniofacial hypoplasia, and congenital heart disease. This syndrome has been termed as a TAFopathy and includes mutations in TATA binding protein (TBP), TAF1, TAF2, and TAF6. The underlying mechanism by which TAFopathies give rise to neurodevelopmental, craniofacial, and cardiac abnormalities remains to be defined. Through a forward genetic screen in zebrafish, we have recovered a recessive mutant phenotype characterized by craniofacial hypoplasia, ventricular hypoplasia, heart failure at 96 h post-fertilization and lethality, and show it is caused by a nonsense mutation in taf5. CRISPR/CAS9 mediated gene editing revealed that these defects where phenocopied by mutations in taf1 and taf5. Mechanistically, taf5-/- zebrafish displayed misregulation in metabolic gene expression and metabolism as evidenced by RNA sequencing, respiration assays, and metabolite studies. Collectively, these findings suggest that the TAF complex may contribute to neurologic, craniofacial, and cardiac development through regulation of metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamison Leid
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan Gray
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Peter Rakita
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew L. Koenig
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rohan Tripathy
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James A. J. Fitzpatrick
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles Kaufman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kory J. Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Srivastava S, Shaked HM, Gable K, Gupta SD, Pan X, Somashekarappa N, Han G, Mohassel P, Gotkine M, Doney E, Goldenberg P, Tan QKG, Gong Y, Kleinstiver B, Wishart B, Cope H, Pires CB, Stutzman H, Spillmann RC, Sadjadi R, Elpeleg O, Lee CH, Bellen HJ, Edvardson S, Eichler F, Dunn TM, Dai H, Dhar SU, Emrick LT, Goldman AM, Hanchard NA, Jamal F, Karaviti L, Lalani SR, Lee BH, Lewis RA, Marom R, Moretti PM, Murdock DR, Nicholas SK, Orengo JP, Posey JE, Potocki L, Rosenfeld JA, Samson SL, Scott DA, Tran AA, Vogel TP, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S, Eng CM, Liu P, Ward PA, Behrens E, Deardorff M, Falk M, Hassey K, Sullivan K, Vanderver A, Goldstein DB, Cope H, McConkie-Rosell A, Schoch K, Shashi V, Smith EC, Spillmann RC, Sullivan JA, Tan QKG, Walley NM, Agrawal PB, Beggs AH, Berry GT, Briere LC, Cobban LA, Coggins M, Cooper CM, Fieg EL, High F, Holm IA, Korrick S, Krier JB, Lincoln SA, Loscalzo J, Maas RL, MacRae CA, Pallais JC, Rao DA, Rodan LH, Silverman EK, Stoler JM, Sweetser DA, Walker M, Walsh CA, Esteves C, Kelley EG, Kohane IS, LeBlanc K, McCray AT, Nagy A, Dasari S, Lanpher BC, Lanza IR, Morava E, Oglesbee D, Bademci G, Barbouth D, Bivona S, Carrasquillo O, Chang TCP, Forghani I, Grajewski A, Isasi R, Lam B, Levitt R, Liu XZ, McCauley J, Sacco R, Saporta M, Schaechter J, Tekin M, Telischi F, Thorson W, Zuchner S, Colley HA, Dayal JG, Eckstein DJ, Findley LC, Krasnewich DM, Mamounas LA, Manolio TA, Mulvihill JJ, LaMoure GL, Goldrich MP, Urv TK, Doss AL, Acosta MT, Bonnenmann C, D’Souza P, Draper DD, Ferreira C, Godfrey RA, Groden CA, Macnamara EF, Maduro VV, Markello TC, Nath A, Novacic D, Pusey BN, Toro C, Wahl CE, Baker E, Burke EA, Adams DR, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV, Tifft CJ, Wolfe LA, Yang J, Power B, Gochuico B, Huryn L, Latham L, Davis J, Mosbrook-Davis D, Rossignol F, Solomon B, MacDowall J, Thurm A, Zein W, Yousef M, Adam M, Amendola L, Bamshad M, Beck A, Bennett J, Berg-Rood B, Blue E, Boyd B, Byers P, Chanprasert S, Cunningham M, Dipple K, Doherty D, Earl D, Glass I, Golden-Grant K, Hahn S, Hing A, Hisama FM, Horike-Pyne M, Jarvik GP, Jarvik J, Jayadev S, Lam C, Maravilla K, Mefford H, Merritt JL, Mirzaa G, Nickerson D, Raskind W, Rosenwasser N, Scott CR, Sun A, Sybert V, Wallace S, Wener M, Wenger T, Ashley EA, Bejerano G, Bernstein JA, Bonner D, Coakley TR, Fernandez L, Fisher PG, Fresard L, Hom J, Huang Y, Kohler JN, Kravets E, Majcherska MM, Martin BA, Marwaha S, McCormack CE, Raja AN, Reuter CM, Ruzhnikov M, Sampson JB, Smith KS, Sutton S, Tabor HK, Tucker BM, Wheeler MT, Zastrow DB, Zhao C, Byrd WE, Crouse AB, Might M, Nakano-Okuno M, Whitlock J, Brown G, Butte MJ, Dell’Angelica EC, Dorrani N, Douine ED, Fogel BL, Gutierrez I, Huang A, Krakow D, Lee H, Loo SK, Mak BC, Martin MG, Martínez-Agosto JA, McGee E, Nelson SF, Nieves-Rodriguez S, Palmer CGS, Papp JC, Parker NH, Renteria G, Signer RH, Sinsheimer JS, Wan J, Wang LK, Perry KW, Woods JD, Alvey J, Andrews A, Bale J, Bohnsack J, Botto L, Carey J, Pace L, Longo N, Marth G, Moretti P, Quinlan A, Velinder M, Viskochi D, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Mao R, Westerfield M, Bican A, Brokamp E, Duncan L, Hamid R, Kennedy J, Kozuira M, Newman JH, PhillipsIII JA, Rives L, Robertson AK, Solem E, Cogan JD, Cole FS, Hayes N, Kiley D, Sisco K, Wambach J, Wegner D, Baldridge D, Pak S, Schedl T, Shin J, Solnica-Krezel L, Sadjadi R, Elpeleg O, Lee CH, Bellen HJ, Edvardson S, Eichler F, Dunn TM. SPTSSA variants alter sphingolipid synthesis and cause a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia. Brain 2023; 146:1420-1435. [PMID: 36718090 PMCID: PMC10319774 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse family of lipids with critical structural and signalling functions in the mammalian nervous system, where they are abundant in myelin membranes. Serine palmitoyltransferase, the enzyme that catalyses the rate-limiting reaction of sphingolipid synthesis, is composed of multiple subunits including an activating subunit, SPTSSA. Sphingolipids are both essential and cytotoxic and their synthesis must therefore be tightly regulated. Key to the homeostatic regulation are the ORMDL proteins that are bound to serine palmitoyltransferase and mediate feedback inhibition of enzymatic activity when sphingolipid levels become excessive. Exome sequencing identified potential disease-causing variants in SPTSSA in three children presenting with a complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. The effect of these variants on the catalytic activity and homeostatic regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase was investigated in human embryonic kidney cells, patient fibroblasts and Drosophila. Our results showed that two different pathogenic variants in SPTSSA caused a hereditary spastic paraplegia resulting in progressive motor disturbance with variable sensorineural hearing loss and language/cognitive dysfunction in three individuals. The variants in SPTSSA impaired the negative regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase by ORMDLs leading to excessive sphingolipid synthesis based on biochemical studies and in vivo studies in Drosophila. These findings support the pathogenicity of the SPTSSA variants and point to excessive sphingolipid synthesis due to impaired homeostatic regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase as responsible for defects in early brain development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, BostonChildren's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hagar Mor Shaked
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Kenneth Gable
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sita D Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Niranjanakumari Somashekarappa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gongshe Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Marc Gotkine
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | - Paula Goldenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section on Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Queenie K G Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian Wishart
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Heidi Cope
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Claudia Brito Pires
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hannah Stutzman
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Reza Sadjadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simon Edvardson
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reza Sadjadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105 , USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Simon Edvardson
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus , Jerusalem 91240 , Israel
| | - Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114 , USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morimoto M, Bhambhani V, Gazzaz N, Davids M, Sathiyaseelan P, Macnamara EF, Lange J, Lehman A, Zerfas PM, Murphy JL, Acosta MT, Wang C, Alderman E, Reichert S, Thurm A, Adams DR, Introne WJ, Gorski SM, Boerkoel CF, Gahl WA, Tifft CJ, Malicdan MCV, Baldridge D, Bale J, Bamshad M, Barbouth D, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Beck A, Beggs AH, Behrens E, Bejerano G, Bellen HJ, Bennett J, Berg-Rood B, Bernstein JA, Berry GT, Bican A, Bivona S, Blue E, Bohnsack J, Bonner D, Botto L, Boyd B, Briere LC, Brokamp E, Brown G, Burke EA, Burrage LC, Butte MJ, Byers P, Byrd WE, Carey J, Carrasquillo O, Cassini T, Chang TCP, Chanprasert S, Chao HT, Clark GD, Coakley TR, Cobban LA, Cogan JD, Coggins M, Cole FS, Colley HA, Cooper CM, Cope H, Craigen WJ, Crouse AB, Cunningham M, D’Souza P, Dai H, Dasari S, Davis J, Dayal JG, Dell’Angelica EC, Dipple K, Doherty D, Dorrani N, Doss AL, Douine ED, Duncan L, Earl D, Eckstein DJ, Emrick LT, Eng CM, Esteves C, Falk M, Fieg EL, Fisher PG, Fogel BL, Forghani I, Glass I, Gochuico B, Goddard PC, Godfrey RA, Golden-Grant K, Grajewski A, Gutierrez I, Hadley D, Hahn S, Halley MC, Hamid R, Hassey K, Hayes N, High F, Hing A, Hisama FM, Holm IA, Hom J, Horike-Pyne M, Huang A, Hutchison S, Introne WJ, Isasi R, Izumi K, Jamal F, Jarvik GP, Jarvik J, Jayadev S, Jean-Marie O, Jobanputra V, Karaviti L, Kennedy J, Ketkar S, Kiley D, Kilich G, Kobren SN, Kohane IS, Kohler JN, Korrick S, Kozuira M, Krakow D, Krasnewich DM, Kravets E, Lalani SR, Lam B, Lam C, Lanpher BC, Lanza IR, LeBlanc K, Lee BH, Levitt R, Lewis RA, Liu P, Liu XZ, Longo N, Loo SK, Loscalzo J, Maas RL, MacRae CA, Maduro VV, Mahoney R, Mak BC, Mamounas LA, Manolio TA, Mao R, Maravilla K, Marom R, Marth G, Martin BA, Martin MG, Martínez-Agosto JA, Marwaha S, McCauley J, McConkie-Rosell A, McCray AT, McGee E, Mefford H, Merritt JL, Might M, Mirzaa G, Morava E, Moretti P, Nakano-Okuno M, Nelson SF, Newman JH, Nicholas SK, Nickerson D, Nieves-Rodriguez S, Novacic D, Oglesbee D, Orengo JP, Pace L, Pak S, Pallais JC, Palmer CGS, Papp JC, Parker NH, Phillips JA, Posey JE, Potocki L, Pusey Swerdzewski BN, Quinlan A, Rao DA, Raper A, Raskind W, Renteria G, Reuter CM, Rives L, Robertson AK, Rodan LH, Rosenfeld JA, Rosenwasser N, Rossignol F, Ruzhnikov M, Sacco R, Sampson JB, Saporta M, Schaechter J, Schedl T, Schoch K, Scott DA, Scott CR, Shashi V, Shin J, Silverman EK, Sinsheimer JS, Sisco K, Smith EC, Smith KS, Solem E, Solnica-Krezel L, Solomon B, Spillmann RC, Stoler JM, Sullivan K, Sullivan JA, Sun A, Sutton S, Sweetser DA, Sybert V, Tabor HK, Tan QKG, Tan ALM, Tekin M, Telischi F, Thorson W, Toro C, Tran AA, Ungar RA, Urv TK, Vanderver A, Velinder M, Viskochil D, Vogel TP, Wahl CE, Walker M, Wallace S, Walley NM, Wambach J, Wan J, Wang LK, Wangler MF, Ward PA, Wegner D, Weisz Hubshman M, Wener M, Wenger T, Wesseling Perry K, Westerfield M, Wheeler MT, Whitlock J, Wolfe LA, Worley K, Xiao C, Yamamoto S, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zuchner S, Reichert S, Thurm A, Adams DR, Introne WJ, Gorski SM, Boerkoel CF, Gahl WA, Tifft CJ, Malicdan MCV. Bi-allelic ATG4D variants are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by speech and motor impairment. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:4. [PMID: 36765070 PMCID: PMC9918471 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy regulates the degradation of damaged organelles and protein aggregates, and is critical for neuronal development, homeostasis, and maintenance, yet few neurodevelopmental disorders have been associated with pathogenic variants in genes encoding autophagy-related proteins. We report three individuals from two unrelated families with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by speech and motor impairment, and similar facial characteristics. Rare, conserved, bi-allelic variants were identified in ATG4D, encoding one of four ATG4 cysteine proteases important for autophagosome biogenesis, a hallmark of autophagy. Autophagosome biogenesis and induction of autophagy were intact in cells from affected individuals. However, studies evaluating the predominant substrate of ATG4D, GABARAPL1, demonstrated that three of the four ATG4D patient variants functionally impair ATG4D activity. GABARAPL1 is cleaved or "primed" by ATG4D and an in vitro GABARAPL1 priming assay revealed decreased priming activity for three of the four ATG4D variants. Furthermore, a rescue experiment performed in an ATG4 tetra knockout cell line, in which all four ATG4 isoforms were knocked out by gene editing, showed decreased GABARAPL1 priming activity for the two ATG4D missense variants located in the cysteine protease domain required for priming, suggesting that these variants impair the function of ATG4D. The clinical, bioinformatic, and functional data suggest that bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in ATG4D contribute to the pathogenesis of this syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morimoto
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Vikas Bhambhani
- grid.418506.e0000 0004 0629 5022Department of Medical Genetics, Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA
| | - Nour Gazzaz
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada ,grid.414137.40000 0001 0684 7788Provincial Medical Genetics Program, British Columbia Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariska Davids
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Paalini Sathiyaseelan
- grid.434706.20000 0004 0410 5424Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada ,grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Ellen F. Macnamara
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | - Anna Lehman
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
| | - Patricia M. Zerfas
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Murphy
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Maria T. Acosta
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Camille Wang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Emily Alderman
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada ,grid.414137.40000 0001 0684 7788Provincial Medical Genetics Program, British Columbia Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
| | | | - Sara Reichert
- grid.418506.e0000 0004 0629 5022Department of Medical Genetics, Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - David R. Adams
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Wendy J. Introne
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sharon M. Gorski
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada ,grid.434706.20000 0004 0410 5424Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada ,grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Cornelius F. Boerkoel
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada ,grid.414137.40000 0001 0684 7788Provincial Medical Genetics Program, British Columbia Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
| | - William A. Gahl
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miller IM, Yashar BM, Macnamara EF, Adams DR, Agrawal PB, Alvey J, Amendola L, Andrews A, Ashley EA, Azamian MS, Bacino CA, Bademci G, Baker E, Balasubramanyam A, Baldridge D, Bale J, Bamshad M, Barbouth D, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Beck A, Beggs AH, Behrens E, Bejerano G, Bellen HJ, Bennett J, Berg-Rood B, Bernstein JA, Berry GT, Bican A, Bivona S, Blue E, Bohnsack J, Bonnenmann C, Bonner D, Botto L, Boyd B, Briere LC, Brokamp E, Brown G, Burke EA, Burrage LC, Butte MJ, Byers P, Byrd WE, Carey J, Carrasquillo O, Chang TCP, Chanprasert S, Chao HT, Clark GD, Coakley TR, Cobban LA, Cogan JD, Coggins M, Cole FS, Colley HA, Cooper CM, Cope H, Craigen WJ, Crouse AB, Cunningham M, D’Souza P, Dai H, Dasari S, Davis J, Dayal JG, Dell’Angelica EC, Dipple K, Doherty D, Dorrani N, Doss AL, Douine ED, Draper DD, Duncan L, Earl D, Eckstein DJ, Emrick LT, Eng CM, Esteves C, Falk M, Fernandez L, Ferreira C, Fieg EL, Findley LC, Fisher PG, Fogel BL, Forghani I, Gahl WA, Glass I, Gochuico B, Godfrey RA, Golden-Grant K, Goldrich MP, Goldstein DB, Grajewski A, Groden CA, Gutierrez I, Hahn S, Hamid R, Hassey K, Hayes N, High F, Hing A, Hisama FM, Holm IA, Hom J, Horike-Pyne M, Huang Y, Huang A, Huryn L, Isasi R, Izumi K, Jamal F, Jarvik GP, Jarvik J, Jayadev S, Karaviti L, Kennedy J, Ketkar S, Kiley D, Kilich G, Kobren SN, Kohane IS, Kohler JN, Korrick S, Kozuira M, Krakow D, Krasnewich DM, Kravets E, Krier JB, Lalani SR, Lam B, Lam C, LaMoure GL, Lanpher BC, Lanza IR, Latham L, LeBlanc K, Lee BH, Lee H, Levitt R, Lewis RA, Lincoln SA, Liu P, Liu XZ, Longo N, Loo SK, Loscalzo J, Maas RL, MacDowall J, Macnamara EF, MacRae CA, Maduro VV, Mahoney R, Mak BC, Malicdan MCV, Mamounas LA, Manolio TA, Mao R, Maravilla K, Markello TC, Marom R, Marth G, Martin BA, Martin MG, Martfnez-Agosto JA, Marwaha S, McCauley J, McConkie-Rosell A, McCray AT, McGee E, Mefford H, Merritt JL, Might M, Mirzaa G, Morava E, Moretti PM, Moretti P, Mosbrook-Davis D, Mulvihill JJ, Nakano-Okuno M, Nath A, Nelson SF, Newman JH, Nicholas SK, Nickerson D, Nieves-Rodriguez S, Novacic D, Oglesbee D, Orengo JP, Pace L, Pak S, Pallais JC, Palmer CGS, Papp JC, Parker NH, Phillips JA, Posey JE, Potocki L, Power B, Pusey BN, Quinlan A, Raja AN, Rao DA, Raper A, Raskind W, Renteria G, Reuter CM, Rives L, Robertson AK, Rodan LH, Rosenfeld JA, Rosenwasser N, Rossignol F, Ruzhnikov M, Sacco R, Sampson JB, Saporta M, Schaechter J, Schedl T, Schoch K, Scott DA, Scott CR, Shashi V, Shin J, Signer RH, Silverman EK, Sinsheimer JS, Sisco K, Smith EC, Smith KS, Solem E, Solnica-Krezel L, Solomon B, Spillmann RC, Stoler JM, Sullivan K, Sullivan JA, Sun A, Sutton S, Sweetser DA, Sybert V, Tabor HK, Tan QKG, Tan ALM, Tekin M, Telischi F, Thorson W, Thurm A, Tifft CJ, Toro C, Tran AA, Tucker BM, Urv TK, Vanderver A, Velinder M, Viskochil D, Vogel TP, Wahl CE, Walker M, Wallace S, Walley NM, Walsh CA, Wambach J, Wan J, Wang LK, Wangler MF, Ward PA, Wegner D, Hubshman MW, Wener M, Wenger T, Perry KW, Westerfield M, Wheeler MT, Whitlock J, Wolfe LA, Woods JD, Worley K, Yamamoto S, Yang J, Yousef M, Zastrow DB, Zein W, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Zuchner S, Macnamara EF. Continuing a search for a diagnosis: the impact of adolescence and family dynamics. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:6. [PMID: 36624503 PMCID: PMC9830697 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The "diagnostic odyssey" describes the process those with undiagnosed conditions undergo to identify a diagnosis. Throughout this process, families of children with undiagnosed conditions have multiple opportunities to decide whether to continue or stop their search for a diagnosis and accept the lack of a diagnostic label. Previous studies identified factors motivating a family to begin searching, but there is limited information about the decision-making process in a prolonged search and how the affected child impacts a family's decision. This study aimed to understand how families of children with undiagnosed diseases decide whether to continue to pursue a diagnosis after standard clinical testing has failed. Parents who applied to the Undiagnosed Disease Network (UDN) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. The 2015 Supportive Care Needs model by Pelenstov, which defines critical needs in families with rare/undiagnosed diseases, provided a framework for interview guide development and transcript analysis (Pelentsov et al in Disabil Health J 8(4):475-491, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DHJO.2015.03.009 ). A deductive, iterative coding approach was used to identify common unifying themes. Fourteen parents from 13 families were interviewed. The average child's age was 11 years (range 3-18) and an average 63% of their life had been spent searching for a diagnosis. Our analysis found that alignment or misalignment of parent and child needs impact the trajectory of the diagnostic search. When needs and desires align, reevaluation of a decision to pursue a diagnosis is limited. However, when there is conflict between parent and child desires, there is reevaluation, and often a pause, in the search. This tension is exacerbated when children are adolescents and attempting to balance their dependence on parents for medical care with a natural desire for independence. Our results provide novel insights into the roles of adolescents in the diagnostic odyssey. The tension between desired and realistic developmental outcomes for parents and adolescents impacts if, and how, the search for a diagnosis progresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana M. Miller
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Medical Center, Rare Disease Institute, 7125 13th Place NW, DC 20012 Washington, USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 4909 Buhl Building, Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Beverly M. Yashar
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 4909 Buhl Building, Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Ellen F. Macnamara
- grid.453125.40000 0004 0533 8641National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stark BC, Gao Y, Sepich DS, Belk L, Culver MA, Hu B, Mekel M, Ferris W, Shin J, Solnica-Krezel L, Lin F, Cooper JA. CARMIL3 is important for cell migration and morphogenesis during early development in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2022; 481:148-159. [PMID: 34599906 PMCID: PMC8781030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is important during early animal embryogenesis. Cell migration and cell shape are controlled by actin assembly and dynamics, which depend on capping proteins, including the barbed-end heterodimeric actin capping protein (CP). CP activity can be regulated by capping-protein-interacting (CPI) motif proteins, including CARMIL (capping protein Arp2/3 myosin-I linker) family proteins. Previous studies of CARMIL3, one of the three highly conserved CARMIL genes in vertebrates, have largely been limited to cells in culture. Towards understanding CARMIL function during embryogenesis in vivo, we analyzed zebrafish lines carrying mutations of carmil3. Maternal-zygotic mutants showed impaired endodermal migration during gastrulation, along with defects in dorsal forerunner cell (DFC) cluster formation, which affected the morphogenesis of Kupffer's vesicle (KV). Mutant KVs were smaller, contained fewer cells and displayed decreased numbers of cilia, leading to defects in left/right (L/R) patterning with variable penetrance and expressivity. The penetrance and expressivity of the KV phenotype in carmil3 mutants correlated well with the L/R heart positioning defect at the end of embryogenesis. This in vivo animal study of CARMIL3 reveals its new role during morphogenesis of the vertebrate embryo. This role involves migration of endodermal cells and DFCs, along with subsequent morphogenesis of the KV and L/R asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Stark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Diane S. Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Lakyn Belk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Matthew A. Culver
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Marlene Mekel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Wyndham Ferris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO,Corresponding authors. Email addresses for correspondence after publication: Fang Lin, ; Lilianna Solnica-Krezel, ; John Cooper,
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Corresponding authors. Email addresses for correspondence after publication: Fang Lin, ; Lilianna Solnica-Krezel, ; John Cooper,
| | - John A. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO,Corresponding authors. Email addresses for correspondence after publication: Fang Lin, ; Lilianna Solnica-Krezel, ; John Cooper,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
In the 1990s, labs on both sides of the Atlantic performed the largest genetic mutagenesis screen at that time using an emerging model organism: the zebrafish. Led by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in Tübingen, Germany, and Wolfgang Driever in Boston, USA, these colossal screens culminated in 1996 with the publication of 37 articles in a special issue of Development, which remains the journal's largest issue to this day. To celebrate the anniversary of the zebrafish issue and reflect on the 25 years since its publication, five zebrafish researchers share what the issue means to them, how it has contributed to their career and its impact on the zebrafish community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Rashmi Priya
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London,London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chory J, Olson EN, Solnica-Krezel L, Munro S, Fuchs E, St Johnston D, Lefebvre V, Coupland G, Millar SE, Lin H. 20 years of Developmental Cell: Looking back. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3181-3184. [PMID: 34875223 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In our 20th anniversary year, we reflect on how the cell and developmental biology fields have changed since the publication of Developmental Cell's first few issues. In this collection of Voices, authors who published in our early issues discuss the advances that helped shape their field over the past two decades.
Collapse
|
10
|
Minn KT, Dietmann S, Waye SE, Morris SA, Solnica-Krezel L. Gene expression dynamics underlying cell fate emergence in 2D micropatterned human embryonic stem cell gastruloids. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1210-1227. [PMID: 33891870 PMCID: PMC8185470 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells cultured in 2D micropatterns with BMP4 differentiate into a radial arrangement of germ layers and extraembryonic cells. Single-cell transcriptomes demonstrate generation of cell types transcriptionally similar to their in vivo counterparts in Carnegie stage 7 human gastrula. Time-course analyses indicate sequential differentiation, where the epiblast arises by 12 h between the prospective ectoderm in the center and the cells initiating differentiation toward extraembryonic fates at the edge. Extraembryonic and mesendoderm precursors arise from the epiblast by 24 h, while nascent mesoderm, endoderm, and primordial germ cell-like cells form by 44 h. Dynamic changes in transcripts encoding signaling components support a BMP, WNT, and Nodal hierarchy underlying germ-layer specification conserved across mammals, and FGF and HIPPO pathways being active throughout differentiation. This work also provides a resource for mining genes and pathways expressed in a stereotyped 2D gastruloid model, common with other species or unique to human gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah E Waye
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baldridge D, Wangler MF, Bowman AN, Yamamoto S, Schedl T, Pak SC, Postlethwait JH, Shin J, Solnica-Krezel L, Bellen HJ, Westerfield M. Model organisms contribute to diagnosis and discovery in the undiagnosed diseases network: current state and a future vision. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:206. [PMID: 33962631 PMCID: PMC8103593 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased sequencing costs have led to an explosion of genetic and genomic data. These data have revealed thousands of candidate human disease variants. Establishing which variants cause phenotypes and diseases, however, has remained challenging. Significant progress has been made, including advances by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN). However, 6000-13,000 additional disease genes remain to be identified. The continued discovery of rare diseases and their genetic underpinnings provides benefits to affected patients, of whom there are more than 400 million worldwide, and also advances understanding the mechanisms of more common diseases. Platforms employing model organisms enable discovery of novel gene-disease relationships, help establish variant pathogenicity, and often lead to the exploration of underlying mechanisms of pathophysiology that suggest new therapies. The Model Organism Screening Center (MOSC) of the UDN is a unique resource dedicated to utilizing informatics and functional studies in model organisms, including worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), to aid in diagnosis. The MOSC has directly contributed to the diagnosis of challenging cases, including multiple patients with complex, multi-organ phenotypes. In addition, the MOSC provides a framework for how basic scientists and clinicians can collaborate to drive diagnoses. Customized experimental plans take into account patient presentations, specific genes and variant(s), and appropriateness of each model organism for analysis. The MOSC also generates bioinformatic and experimental tools and reagents for the wider scientific community. Two elements of the MOSC that have been instrumental in its success are (1) multidisciplinary teams with expertise in variant bioinformatics and in human and model organism genetics, and (2) mechanisms for ongoing communication with clinical teams. Here we provide a position statement regarding the central role of model organisms for continued discovery of disease genes, and we advocate for the continuation and expansion of MOSC-type research entities as a Model Organisms Network (MON) to be funded through grant applications submitted to the NIH, family groups focused on specific rare diseases, other philanthropic organizations, industry partnerships, and other sources of support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Baldridge
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Angela N Bowman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tim Schedl
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gray RS, Gonzalez R, Ackerman SD, Minowa R, Griest JF, Bayrak MN, Troutwine B, Canter S, Monk KR, Sepich DS, Solnica-Krezel L. Postembryonic screen for mutations affecting spine development in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2021; 471:18-33. [PMID: 33290818 PMCID: PMC10785604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spine gives structural support for the adult body, protects the spinal cord, and provides muscle attachment for moving through the environment. The development and maturation of the spine and its physiology involve the integration of multiple musculoskeletal tissues including bone, cartilage, and fibrocartilaginous joints, as well as innervation and control by the nervous system. One of the most common disorders of the spine in human is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which is characterized by the onset of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine of <10° around adolescence, in otherwise healthy children. The genetic basis of AIS is largely unknown. Systematic genome-wide mutagenesis screens for embryonic phenotypes in zebrafish have been instrumental in the understanding of early patterning of embryonic tissues necessary to build and pattern the embryonic spine. However, the mechanisms required for postembryonic maturation and homeostasis of the spine remain poorly understood. Here we report the results from a small-scale forward genetic screen for adult-viable recessive and dominant zebrafish mutations, leading to overt morphological abnormalities of the adult spine. Germline mutations induced with N-ethyl N-nitrosourea (ENU) were transmitted and screened for dominant phenotypes in 1229 F1 animals, and subsequently bred to homozygosity in F3 families; from these, 314 haploid genomes were screened for adult-viable recessive phenotypes affecting general body shape. We cumulatively found 40 adult-viable (3 dominant and 37 recessive) mutations each leading to a defect in the morphogenesis of the spine. The largest phenotypic group displayed larval onset axial curvatures, leading to whole-body scoliosis without vertebral dysplasia in adult fish. Pairwise complementation testing of 16 mutant lines within this phenotypic group revealed at least 9 independent mutant loci. Using massively-parallel whole genome or whole exome sequencing and meiotic mapping we defined the molecular identity of several loci for larval onset whole-body scoliosis in zebrafish. We identified a new mutation in the skolios/kinesin family member 6 (kif6) gene, causing neurodevelopmental and ependymal cilia defects in mouse and zebrafish. We also report multiple recessive alleles of the scospondin and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (adamts9) genes, which all display defects in spine morphogenesis. Our results provide evidence of monogenic traits that are essential for normal spine development in zebrafish, that may help to establish new candidate risk loci for spine disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Roberto Gonzalez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryoko Minowa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Johanna F Griest
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melisa N Bayrak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Troutwine
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Canter
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He S, Minn KT, Solnica-Krezel L, Anastasio MA, Li H. Deeply-supervised density regression for automatic cell counting in microscopy images. Med Image Anal 2021; 68:101892. [PMID: 33285481 PMCID: PMC7856299 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurately counting the number of cells in microscopy images is required in many medical diagnosis and biological studies. This task is tedious, time-consuming, and prone to subjective errors. However, designing automatic counting methods remains challenging due to low image contrast, complex background, large variance in cell shapes and counts, and significant cell occlusions in two-dimensional microscopy images. In this study, we proposed a new density regression-based method for automatically counting cells in microscopy images. The proposed method processes two innovations compared to other state-of-the-art density regression-based methods. First, the density regression model (DRM) is designed as a concatenated fully convolutional regression network (C-FCRN) to employ multi-scale image features for the estimation of cell density maps from given images. Second, auxiliary convolutional neural networks (AuxCNNs) are employed to assist in the training of intermediate layers of the designed C-FCRN to improve the DRM performance on unseen datasets. Experimental studies evaluated on four datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua He
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA; Carle Cancer Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Minn KT, Fu YC, He S, Dietmann S, George SC, Anastasio MA, Morris SA, Solnica-Krezel L. High-resolution transcriptional and morphogenetic profiling of cells from micropatterned human ESC gastruloid cultures. eLife 2020. [PMID: 33206048 DOI: 10.1101/2020.1101.1122.915777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian gastrulation, germ layers arise and are shaped into the body plan while extraembryonic layers sustain the embryo. Human embryonic stem cells, cultured with BMP4 on extracellular matrix micro-discs, reproducibly differentiate into gastruloids, expressing markers of germ layers and extraembryonic cells in radial arrangement. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and cross-species comparisons with mouse, cynomolgus monkey gastrulae, and post-implantation human embryos, we reveal that gastruloids contain cells transcriptionally similar to epiblast, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, primordial germ cells, trophectoderm, and amnion. Upon gastruloid dissociation, single cells reseeded onto micro-discs were motile and aggregated with the same but segregated from distinct cell types. Ectodermal cells segregated from endodermal and extraembryonic but mixed with mesodermal cells. Our work demonstrates that the gastruloid system models primate-specific features of embryogenesis, and that gastruloid cells exhibit evolutionarily conserved sorting behaviors. This work generates a resource for transcriptomes of human extraembryonic and embryonic germ layers differentiated in a stereotyped arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Yuheng C Fu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Shenghua He
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minn KT, Fu YC, He S, Dietmann S, George SC, Anastasio MA, Morris SA, Solnica-Krezel L. High-resolution transcriptional and morphogenetic profiling of cells from micropatterned human ESC gastruloid cultures. eLife 2020; 9:e59445. [PMID: 33206048 PMCID: PMC7728446 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian gastrulation, germ layers arise and are shaped into the body plan while extraembryonic layers sustain the embryo. Human embryonic stem cells, cultured with BMP4 on extracellular matrix micro-discs, reproducibly differentiate into gastruloids, expressing markers of germ layers and extraembryonic cells in radial arrangement. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and cross-species comparisons with mouse, cynomolgus monkey gastrulae, and post-implantation human embryos, we reveal that gastruloids contain cells transcriptionally similar to epiblast, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, primordial germ cells, trophectoderm, and amnion. Upon gastruloid dissociation, single cells reseeded onto micro-discs were motile and aggregated with the same but segregated from distinct cell types. Ectodermal cells segregated from endodermal and extraembryonic but mixed with mesodermal cells. Our work demonstrates that the gastruloid system models primate-specific features of embryogenesis, and that gastruloid cells exhibit evolutionarily conserved sorting behaviors. This work generates a resource for transcriptomes of human extraembryonic and embryonic germ layers differentiated in a stereotyped arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Yuheng C Fu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Shenghua He
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignUnited States
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Whittle J, Antunes L, Harris M, Upshaw Z, Sepich DS, Johnson AN, Mokalled M, Solnica-Krezel L, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. MYH3-associated distal arthrogryposis zebrafish model is normalized with para-aminoblebbistatin. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12356. [PMID: 33016623 PMCID: PMC7645368 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal arthrogryposis (DA) is group of syndromes characterized by congenital joint contractures. Treatment development is hindered by the lack of vertebrate models. Here, we describe a zebrafish model in which a common MYH3 missense mutation (R672H) was introduced into the orthologous zebrafish gene smyhc1 (slow myosin heavy chain 1) (R673H). We simultaneously created a smyhc1 null allele (smyhc1−), which allowed us to compare the effects of both mutant alleles on muscle and bone development, and model the closely related disorder, spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome. Heterozygous smyhc1R673H/+ embryos developed notochord kinks that progressed to scoliosis with vertebral fusions; motor deficits accompanied the disorganized and shortened slow‐twitch skeletal muscle myofibers. Increased dosage of the mutant allele in both homozygous smyhc1R673H/R673H and transheterozygous smyhc1R673H/− embryos exacerbated the notochord and muscle abnormalities, causing early lethality. Treatment of smyhc1R673H/R673H embryos with the myosin ATPase inhibitor, para‐aminoblebbistatin, which decreases actin–myosin affinity, normalized the notochord phenotype. Our zebrafish model of MYH3‐associated DA2A provides insight into pathogenic mechanisms and suggests a beneficial therapeutic role for myosin inhibitors in treating disabling contractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Whittle
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lilian Antunes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mya Harris
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachary Upshaw
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron N Johnson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mayssa Mokalled
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Gastrulation is a critical early morphogenetic process of animal development, during which the three germ layers; mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm, are rearranged by internalization movements. Concurrent epiboly movements spread and thin the germ layers while convergence and extension movements shape them into an anteroposteriorly elongated body with head, trunk, tail and organ rudiments. In zebrafish, gastrulation follows the proliferative and inductive events that establish the embryonic and extraembryonic tissues and the embryonic axis. Specification of these tissues and embryonic axes are controlled by the maternal gene products deposited in the egg. These early maternally controlled processes need to generate sufficient cell numbers and establish the embryonic polarity to ensure normal gastrulation. Subsequently, after activation of the zygotic genome, the zygotic gene products govern mesoderm and endoderm induction and germ layer patterning. Gastrulation is initiated during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, a process that entails both activation of the zygotic genome and downregulation of the maternal transcripts. Genomic studies indicate that gastrulation is largely controlled by the zygotic genome. Nonetheless, genetic studies that investigate the relative contributions of maternal and zygotic gene function by comparing zygotic, maternal and maternal zygotic mutant phenotypes, reveal significant contribution of maternal gene products, transcripts and/or proteins, that persist through gastrulation, to the control of gastrulation movements. Therefore, in zebrafish, the maternally expressed gene products not only set the stage for, but they also actively participate in gastrulation morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Williams ML, Solnica-Krezel L. Nodal and planar cell polarity signaling cooperate to regulate zebrafish convergence and extension gastrulation movements. eLife 2020; 9:54445. [PMID: 32319426 PMCID: PMC7250581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, convergence and extension (C and E) of the primary anteroposterior (AP) embryonic axis is driven by polarized mediolateral (ML) cell intercalations and is influenced by AP axial patterning. Nodal signaling is essential for patterning of the AP axis while planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling polarizes cells with respect to this axis, but how these two signaling systems interact during C and E is unclear. We find that the neuroectoderm of Nodal-deficient zebrafish gastrulae exhibits reduced C and E cell behaviors, which require Nodal signaling in both cell- and non-autonomous fashions. PCP signaling is partially active in Nodal-deficient embryos and its inhibition exacerbates their C and E defects. Within otherwise naïve zebrafish blastoderm explants, however, Nodal induces C and E in a largely PCP-dependent manner, arguing that Nodal acts both upstream of and in parallel with PCP during gastrulation to regulate embryonic axis extension cooperatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Lk Williams
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mao D, Reuter CM, Ruzhnikov MR, Beck AE, Farrow EG, Emrick LT, Rosenfeld JA, Mackenzie KM, Robak L, Wheeler MT, Burrage LC, Jain M, Liu P, Calame D, Küry S, Sillesen M, Schmitz-Abe K, Tonduti D, Spaccini L, Iascone M, Genetti CA, Koenig MK, Graf M, Tran A, Alejandro M, Lee BH, Thiffault I, Agrawal PB, Bernstein JA, Bellen HJ, Chao HT, Acosta MT, Adam M, Adams DR, Agrawal PB, Alejandro ME, Allard P, Alvey J, Amendola L, Andrews A, Ashley EA, Azamian MS, Bacino CA, Bademci G, Baker E, Balasubramanyam A, Baldridge D, Bale J, Bamshad M, Barbouth D, Batzli GF, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Beck A, Beggs AH, Bejerano G, Bellen HJ, Bennet J, Berg-Rood B, Bernier R, Bernstein JA, Berry GT, Bican A, Bivona S, Blue E, Bohnsack J, Bonnenmann C, Bonner D, Botto L, Briere LC, Brokamp E, Burke EA, Burrage LC, Butte MJ, Byers P, Carey J, Carrasquillo O, Chang TCP, Chanprasert S, Chao HT, Clark GD, Coakley TR, Cobban LA, Cogan JD, Cole FS, Colley HA, Cooper CM, Cope H, Craigen WJ, Cunningham M, D’Souza P, Dai H, Dasari S, Davids M, Dayal JG, Dell’Angelica EC, Dhar SU, Dipple K, Doherty D, Dorrani N, Douine ED, Draper DD, Duncan L, Earl D, Eckstein DJ, Emrick LT, Eng CM, Esteves C, Estwick T, Fernandez L, Ferreira C, Fieg EL, Fisher PG, Fogel BL, Forghani I, Fresard L, Gahl WA, Glass I, Godfrey RA, Golden-Grant K, Goldman AM, Goldstein DB, Grajewski A, Groden CA, Gropman AL, Hahn S, Hamid R, Hanchard NA, Hayes N, High F, Hing A, Hisama FM, Holm IA, Hom J, Horike-Pyne M, Huang A, Huang Y, Isasi R, Jamal F, Jarvik GP, Jarvik J, Jayadev S, Jiang YH, Johnston JM, Karaviti L, Kelley EG, Kiley D, Kohane IS, Kohler JN, Krakow D, Krasnewich DM, Korrick S, Koziura M, Krier JB, Lalani SR, Lam B, Lam C, Lanpher BC, Lanza IR, Lau CC, LeBlanc K, Lee BH, Lee H, Levitt R, Lewis RA, Lincoln SA, Liu P, Liu XZ, Longo N, Loo SK, Loscalzo J, Maas RL, Macnamara EF, MacRae CA, Maduro VV, Majcherska MM, Malicdan MCV, Mamounas LA, Manolio TA, Mao R, Maravilla K, Markello TC, Marom R, Marth G, Martin BA, Martin MG, Martínez-Agosto JA, Marwaha S, McCauley J, McConkie-Rosell A, McCormack CE, McCray AT, Mefford H, Merritt JL, Might M, Mirzaa G, Morava-Kozicz E, Moretti PM, Morimoto M, Mulvihill JJ, Murdock DR, Nath A, Nelson SF, Newman JH, Nicholas SK, Nickerson D, Novacic D, Oglesbee D, Orengo JP, Pace L, Pak S, Pallais JC, Palmer CG, Papp JC, Parker NH, Phillips JA, Posey JE, Postlethwait JH, Potocki L, Pusey BN, Quinlan A, Raskind W, Raja AN, Renteria G, Reuter CM, Rives L, Robertson AK, Rodan LH, Rosenfeld JA, Rowley RK, Ruzhnikov M, Sacco R, Sampson JB, Samson SL, Saporta M, Scott CR, Schaechter J, Schedl T, Schoch K, Scott DA, Shakachite L, Sharma P, Shashi V, Shin J, Signer R, Sillari CH, Silverman EK, Sinsheimer JS, Sisco K, Smith KS, Solnica-Krezel L, Spillmann RC, Stoler JM, Stong N, Sullivan JA, Sun A, Sutton S, Sweetser DA, Sybert V, Tabor HK, Tamburro CP, Tan QKG, Tekin M, Telischi F, Thorson W, Tifft CJ, Toro C, Tran AA, Urv TK, Velinder M, Viskochil D, Vogel TP, Wahl CE, Wallace S, Walley NM, Walsh CA, Walker M, Wambach J, Wan J, Wang LK, Wangler MF, Ward PA, Wegner D, Wener M, Westerfield M, Wheeler MT, Wise AL, Wolfe LA, Woods JD, Yamamoto S, Yang J, Yoon AJ, Yu G, Zastrow DB, Zhao C, Zuchner S. De novo EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 Variants Are Associated with Developmental Delay, Leukoencephalopathy, and Neurologic Decompensation. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:570-583. [PMID: 32197074 PMCID: PMC7118694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 encode members of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase (EIF2AK) family that inhibits protein synthesis in response to physiologic stress conditions. EIF2AK2 is also involved in innate immune response and the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Despite these findings, human disorders associated with deleterious variants in EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 have not been reported. Here, we describe the identification of nine unrelated individuals with heterozygous de novo missense variants in EIF2AK1 (1/9) or EIF2AK2 (8/9). Features seen in these nine individuals include white matter alterations (9/9), developmental delay (9/9), impaired language (9/9), cognitive impairment (8/9), ataxia (6/9), dysarthria in probands with verbal ability (6/9), hypotonia (7/9), hypertonia (6/9), and involuntary movements (3/9). Individuals with EIF2AK2 variants also exhibit neurological regression in the setting of febrile illness or infection. We use mammalian cell lines and proband-derived fibroblasts to further confirm the pathogenicity of variants in these genes and found reduced kinase activity. EIF2AKs phosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (EIF2S1, also known as EIF2α), which then inhibits EIF2B activity. Deleterious variants in genes encoding EIF2B proteins cause childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination/vanishing white matter (CACH/VWM), a leukodystrophy characterized by neurologic regression in the setting of febrile illness and other stressors. Our findings indicate that EIF2AK2 missense variants cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome that may share phenotypic and pathogenic mechanisms with CACH/VWM.
Collapse
|
20
|
Dong C, Beltcheva M, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Popli P, Fischer LA, Khan SA, Park KM, Yoon EJ, Xing X, Kommagani R, Wang T, Solnica-Krezel L, Theunissen TW. Derivation of trophoblast stem cells from naïve human pluripotent stem cells. eLife 2020; 9:e52504. [PMID: 32048992 PMCID: PMC7062471 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a unique experimental platform of cell fate decisions during pre-implantation development, but their lineage potential remains incompletely characterized. As naïve hPSCs share transcriptional and epigenomic signatures with trophoblast cells, it has been proposed that the naïve state may have enhanced predisposition for differentiation along this extraembryonic lineage. Here we examined the trophoblast potential of isogenic naïve and primed hPSCs. We found that naïve hPSCs can directly give rise to human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) and undergo further differentiation into both extravillous and syncytiotrophoblast. In contrast, primed hPSCs do not support hTSC derivation, but give rise to non-self-renewing cytotrophoblasts in response to BMP4. Global transcriptome and chromatin accessibility analyses indicate that hTSCs derived from naïve hPSCs are similar to blastocyst-derived hTSCs and acquire features of post-implantation trophectoderm. The derivation of hTSCs from naïve hPSCs will enable elucidation of early mechanisms that govern normal human trophoblast development and associated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Mariana Beltcheva
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Paul Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Pooja Popli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Laura A Fischer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Shafqat A Khan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Kyoung-mi Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Eun-Ja Yoon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Ting Wang
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Thorold W Theunissen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Malhotra D, Shin J, Solnica-Krezel L, Raz E. Spatio-temporal regulation of concurrent developmental processes by generic signaling downstream of chemokine receptors. eLife 2018; 7:33574. [PMID: 29873633 PMCID: PMC5990360 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are secreted proteins that regulate a range of processes in eukaryotic organisms. Interestingly, different chemokine receptors control distinct biological processes, and the same receptor can direct different cellular responses, but the basis for this phenomenon is not known. To understand this property of chemokine signaling, we examined the function of the chemokine receptors Cxcr4a, Cxcr4b, Ccr7, Ccr9 in the context of diverse processes in embryonic development in zebrafish. Our results reveal that the specific response to chemokine signaling is dictated by cell-type-specific chemokine receptor signal interpretation modules (CRIM) rather than by chemokine-receptor-specific signals. Thus, a generic signal provided by different receptors leads to discrete responses that depend on the specific identity of the cell that receives the signal. We present the implications of employing generic signals in different contexts such as gastrulation, axis specification and single-cell migration. Every process in the body is regulated by a complex network of interactions between different molecules and cells. Chemokines, for example, are tiny molecules produced by a cell that are involved in a range of processes, from development to immune responses and cancer. When chemokines bind to a specific protein on another cell, called the chemokine receptor, it stimulates different signaling pathways inside the cell. Consequently, chemokine receptors are equally important for regulating processes as diverse as the movement of cells during development and growth, or activating immune responses. Mammals have over 20 different chemokine receptors, and the same receptor can have different roles depending in which cell type it is found in. For example, in one cell type it may stimulate an action such as cell growth, but in another, it may block this process. Until now, it was unclear how chemokine receptors can achieve such different effects. One theory was that chemokine receptors initiate a distinct signaling cascade, a phenomenon termed ‘signaling bias’, depending on the type of chemokine or receptor. Here, Malhotra et al. used zebrafish embryos to investigate how four specific chemokine receptors regulate different events during early development. They found that the same chemokine receptor could direct different reactions in distinct cell types, while different receptors could also cause the same response in a specific cell type. In other words, the effect of a chemokine receptor depends on the cell type rather than the type of receptor. Since each of these receptors was able to control processes that it normally does not regulate in other cells, Malhotra et al. suggest that different chemokine receptors provide the same generic signal when activated, which the specific cell types then interpret accordingly. A next step will be to test how other chemokine receptors behave in different contexts, for example during an immune response. If the receptors work on the same principle regardless of the process, it could help to explain why faulty expression of chemokine receptors play such an important role during development and in disease. It could further highlight why blocking one receptor may not have any consequences, as they are dispensable and can be replaced by other receptors in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen J, Castelvecchi GD, Li-Villarreal N, Raught B, Krezel AM, McNeill H, Solnica-Krezel L. Atypical Cadherin Dachsous1b Interacts with Ttc28 and Aurora B to Control Microtubule Dynamics in Embryonic Cleavages. Dev Cell 2018; 45:376-391.e5. [PMID: 29738714 PMCID: PMC5983389 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atypical cadherin Dachsous (Dchs) is a conserved regulator of planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue growth during animal development. Dchs functions in part by regulating microtubules by unknown molecular mechanisms. Here we show that maternal zygotic (MZ) dchs1b zebrafish mutants exhibit cleavage furrow progression defects and impaired midzone microtubule assembly associated with decreased microtubule turnover. Mechanistically, Dchs1b interacts via a conserved motif in its intracellular domain with the tetratricopeptide motifs of Ttc28 and regulates its subcellular distribution. Excess Ttc28 impairs cleavages and decreases microtubule turnover, while ttc28 inactivation increases turnover. Moreover, ttc28 deficiency in dchs1b mutants suppresses the microtubule dynamics and midzone microtubule assembly defects. Dchs1b also binds to Aurora B, a known regulator of cleavages and microtubules. Embryonic cleavages in MZdchs1b mutants exhibit increased, and in MZttc28 mutants decreased, sensitivity to Aurora B inhibition. Thus, Dchs1b regulates microtubule dynamics and embryonic cleavages by interacting with Ttc28 and Aurora B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gina D Castelvecchi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nanbing Li-Villarreal
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrzej M Krezel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Williams MLK, Sawada A, Budine T, Yin C, Gontarz P, Solnica-Krezel L. Gon4l regulates notochord boundary formation and cell polarity underlying axis extension by repressing adhesion genes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1319. [PMID: 29615614 PMCID: PMC5882663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anteroposterior (AP) axis extension during gastrulation requires embryonic patterning and morphogenesis to be spatiotemporally coordinated, but the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we define a role for the conserved chromatin factor Gon4l, encoded by ugly duckling (udu), in coordinating tissue patterning and axis extension during zebrafish gastrulation through direct positive and negative regulation of gene expression. Although identified as a recessive enhancer of impaired axis extension in planar cell polarity (PCP) mutants, udu functions in a genetically independent, partially overlapping fashion with PCP signaling to regulate mediolateral cell polarity underlying axis extension in part by promoting notochord boundary formation. Gon4l limits expression of the cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion molecules EpCAM and Integrinα3b, excesses of which perturb the notochord boundary via tension-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively. By promoting formation of this AP-aligned boundary and associated cell polarity, Gon4l cooperates with PCP signaling to coordinate morphogenesis along the AP embryonic axis. Anteroposterior axis extension during gastrulation is dynamically coordinated, but how this is regulated at a molecular level is unclear. Here, the authors show in zebrafish that the chromatin factor Gon4l, encoded by ugly duckling, coordinates axis extension by modulating EpCAM and Integrinα3b expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot L K Williams
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Atsushi Sawada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Terin Budine
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Paul Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Williams ML, Solnica-Krezel L. Regulation of gastrulation movements by emergent cell and tissue interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:33-39. [PMID: 28586710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is during gastrulation that the primordial germ layers are specified, embryonic axes become morphologically manifest, and the embryonic body plan begins to take shape. As morphogenetic movements push and pull nascent tissues into position within the gastrula, new interactions are established between neighboring cells and tissues. These interactions represent an emergent property within gastrulating embryos, and serve to regulate and promote ensuing morphogenesis that establishes the next set of cell/tissue contacts, and so on. Several recent studies demonstrate the critical roles of such interactions during gastrulation, including those between germ layers, along embryonic axes, and at tissue boundaries. Emergent tissue interactions result from - and result in - morphogen signaling, cell contacts, and mechanical forces within the gastrula. Together, these comprise a dynamic and complex regulatory cascade that drives gastrulation morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Lk Williams
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen J, Xia L, Bruchas MR, Solnica-Krezel L. Imaging early embryonic calcium activity with GCaMP6s transgenic zebrafish. Dev Biol 2017; 430:385-396. [PMID: 28322738 PMCID: PMC5835148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ signaling regulates cellular activities during embryogenesis and in adult organisms. We generated stable Tg[βactin2:GCaMP6s]stl351 and Tg[ubi:GCaMP6s]stl352 transgenic lines that combine the ubiquitously-expressed Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6s with the transparent characteristics of zebrafish embryos to achieve superior in vivo Ca2+ imaging. Using the Tg[βactin2:GCaMP6s]stl351 line featuring strong GCaMP6s expression from cleavage through gastrula stages, we detected higher frequency of Ca2+ transients in the superficial blastomeres during the blastula stages preceding the midblastula transition. Additionally, GCaMP6s also revealed that dorsal-biased Ca2+ signaling that follows the midblastula transition persisted longer during gastrulation, compared with earlier studies. We observed that dorsal-biased Ca2+ signaling is diminished in ventralized ichabod/β-catenin2 mutant embryos and ectopically induced in embryos dorsalized by excess β-catenin. During gastrulation, we directly visualized Ca2+ signaling in the dorsal forerunner cells, which form in a Nodal signaling dependent manner and later give rise to the laterality organ. We found that excess Nodal increases the number and the duration of Ca2+ transients specifically in the dorsal forerunner cells. The GCaMP6s transgenic lines described here enable unprecedented visualization of dynamic Ca2+ events from embryogenesis through adulthood, augmenting the zebrafish toolbox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63105, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Y, Sepich DS, Solnica-Krezel L. Stat3/Cdc25a-dependent cell proliferation promotes embryonic axis extension during zebrafish gastrulation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006564. [PMID: 28222105 PMCID: PMC5319674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation has generally been considered dispensable for anteroposterior extension of embryonic axis during vertebrate gastrulation. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), a conserved controller of cell proliferation, survival and regeneration, is associated with human scoliosis, cancer and Hyper IgE Syndrome. Zebrafish Stat3 was proposed to govern convergence and extension gastrulation movements in part by promoting Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling, a conserved regulator of mediolaterally polarized cell behaviors. Here, using zebrafish stat3 null mutants and pharmacological tools, we demonstrate that cell proliferation contributes to anteroposterior embryonic axis extension. Zebrafish embryos lacking maternal and zygotic Stat3 expression exhibit normal convergence movements and planar cell polarity signaling, but transient axis elongation defect due to insufficient number of cells resulting largely from reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Pharmacologic inhibition of cell proliferation during gastrulation phenocopied axis elongation defects. Stat3 regulates cell proliferation and axis extension in part via upregulation of Cdc25a expression during oogenesis. Accordingly, restoring Cdc25a expression in stat3 mutants partially suppressed cell proliferation and gastrulation defects. During later development, stat3 mutant zebrafish exhibit stunted growth, scoliosis, excessive inflammation, and fail to thrive, affording a genetic tool to study Stat3 function in vertebrate development, regeneration, and disease. During vertebrate embryogenesis, cell proliferation, fate specification and cell movements are key processes that transform a fertilized egg into an embryo with head, trunk and tail. Cell proliferation is orchestrated by maternal and zygotic functions of conserved regulators including Cdc25a, and has generally been considered dispensable for embryonic axis elongation. Stat3 transcriptional factor, a known promoter of cell proliferation, is associated with human scoliosis, inflammation and cancer. Based on morpholino-mediated downregulation of Stat3 during zebrafish embryogenesis, Stat3 was previously proposed to regulate convergence and extension cell movements that narrow the embryonic body and elongate it from head to tail partially through planar cell polarity signaling and unknown transcriptional targets. Here, we report that zebrafish mutants lacking maternal and zygotic Stat3 expression exhibit normal convergence movements and planar cell polarity signaling, but transient axis elongation defect due to insufficient number of cells resulting largely from reduced cell proliferation and increased cell death. Accordingly, pharmacologic inhibition of cell proliferation also hinders axis elongation. Further experiments indicate that Stat3 promotes head- to -tail axis elongation by stimulating cell proliferation in part via upregulation of Cdc25a expression during oogenesis. During later development, zebrafish stat3 mutants exhibit scoliosis and inflammation, potentially affording a new tool to study related human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinzi Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Diane S. Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kaiko GE, Ryu SH, Koues OI, Collins PL, Solnica-Krezel L, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL, Oltz EM, Stappenbeck TS. The Colonic Crypt Protects Stem Cells from Microbiota-Derived Metabolites. Cell 2016; 167:1137. [PMID: 27814510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Kaiko GE, Ryu SH, Koues OI, Collins PL, Solnica-Krezel L, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL, Oltz EM, Stappenbeck TS. The Colonic Crypt Protects Stem Cells from Microbiota-Derived Metabolites. Cell 2016. [PMID: 27264604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.018.the] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian intestine, crypts of Leiberkühn house intestinal epithelial stem/progenitor cells at their base. The mammalian intestine also harbors a diverse array of microbial metabolite compounds that potentially modulate stem/progenitor cell activity. Unbiased screening identified butyrate, a prominent bacterial metabolite, as a potent inhibitor of intestinal stem/progenitor proliferation at physiologic concentrations. During homeostasis, differentiated colonocytes metabolized butyrate likely preventing it from reaching proliferating epithelial stem/progenitor cells within the crypt. Exposure of stem/progenitor cells in vivo to butyrate through either mucosal injury or application to a naturally crypt-less host organism led to inhibition of proliferation and delayed wound repair. The mechanism of butyrate action depended on the transcription factor Foxo3. Our findings indicate that mammalian crypt architecture protects stem/progenitor cell proliferation in part through a metabolic barrier formed by differentiated colonocytes that consume butyrate and stimulate future studies on the interplay of host anatomy and microbiome metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E Kaiko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stacy H Ryu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Olivia I Koues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kaiko GE, Ryu SH, Koues OI, Collins PL, Solnica-Krezel L, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL, Oltz EM, Stappenbeck TS. The Colonic Crypt Protects Stem Cells from Microbiota-Derived Metabolites. Cell 2016; 165:1708-1720. [PMID: 27264604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian intestine, crypts of Leiberkühn house intestinal epithelial stem/progenitor cells at their base. The mammalian intestine also harbors a diverse array of microbial metabolite compounds that potentially modulate stem/progenitor cell activity. Unbiased screening identified butyrate, a prominent bacterial metabolite, as a potent inhibitor of intestinal stem/progenitor proliferation at physiologic concentrations. During homeostasis, differentiated colonocytes metabolized butyrate likely preventing it from reaching proliferating epithelial stem/progenitor cells within the crypt. Exposure of stem/progenitor cells in vivo to butyrate through either mucosal injury or application to a naturally crypt-less host organism led to inhibition of proliferation and delayed wound repair. The mechanism of butyrate action depended on the transcription factor Foxo3. Our findings indicate that mammalian crypt architecture protects stem/progenitor cell proliferation in part through a metabolic barrier formed by differentiated colonocytes that consume butyrate and stimulate future studies on the interplay of host anatomy and microbiome metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E Kaiko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stacy H Ryu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Olivia I Koues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li-Villarreal N, Forbes MM, Loza AJ, Chen J, Ma T, Helde K, Moens CB, Shin J, Sawada A, Hindes AE, Dubrulle J, Schier AF, Longmore GD, Marlow FL, Solnica-Krezel L. Dachsous1b cadherin regulates actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during early zebrafish embryogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1832. [PMID: 27127268 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
32
|
Nishioka T, Arima N, Kano K, Hama K, Itai E, Yukiura H, Kise R, Inoue A, Kim SH, Solnica-Krezel L, Moolenaar WH, Chun J, Aoki J. ATX-LPA1 axis contributes to proliferation of chondrocytes by regulating fibronectin assembly leading to proper cartilage formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23433. [PMID: 27005960 PMCID: PMC4804234 DOI: 10.1038/srep23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signals via six distinct G protein-coupled receptors to mediate both unique and overlapping biological effects, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. LPA is produced extracellularly by autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase D, from lysophosphatidylcholine. ATX-LPA receptor signaling is essential for normal development and implicated in various (patho)physiological processes, but underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Through gene targeting approaches in zebrafish and mice, we show here that loss of ATX-LPA1 signaling leads to disorganization of chondrocytes, causing severe defects in cartilage formation. Mechanistically, ATX-LPA1 signaling acts by promoting S-phase entry and cell proliferation of chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo, at least in part through β1-integrin translocation leading to fibronectin assembly and further extracellular matrix deposition; this in turn promotes chondrocyte-matrix adhesion and cell proliferation. Thus, the ATX-LPA1 axis is a key regulator of cartilage formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji Nishioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoaki Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eriko Itai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukiura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kise
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi City, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA-92037, USA
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li-Villarreal N, Forbes MM, Loza AJ, Chen J, Ma T, Helde K, Moens CB, Shin J, Sawada A, Hindes AE, Dubrulle J, Schier AF, Longmore GD, Marlow FL, Solnica-Krezel L. Dachsous1b cadherin regulates actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during early zebrafish embryogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
34
|
Li-Villarreal N, Forbes MM, Loza AJ, Chen J, Ma T, Helde K, Moens CB, Shin J, Sawada A, Hindes AE, Dubrulle J, Schier AF, Longmore GD, Marlow FL, Solnica-Krezel L. Dachsous1b cadherin regulates actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during early zebrafish embryogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2704-18. [PMID: 26160902 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dachsous (Dchs), an atypical cadherin, is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of planar cell polarity, tissue size and cell adhesion. In humans, DCHS1 mutations cause pleiotropic Van Maldergem syndrome. Here, we report that mutations in zebrafish dchs1b and dchs2 disrupt several aspects of embryogenesis, including gastrulation. Unexpectedly, maternal zygotic (MZ) dchs1b mutants show defects in the earliest developmental stage, egg activation, including abnormal cortical granule exocytosis (CGE), cytoplasmic segregation, cleavages and maternal mRNA translocation, in transcriptionally quiescent embryos. Later, MZdchs1b mutants exhibit altered dorsal organizer and mesendodermal gene expression, due to impaired dorsal determinant transport and Nodal signaling. Mechanistically, MZdchs1b phenotypes can be explained in part by defective actin or microtubule networks, which appear bundled in mutants. Accordingly, disruption of actin cytoskeleton in wild-type embryos phenocopied MZdchs1b mutant defects in cytoplasmic segregation and CGE, whereas interfering with microtubules in wild-type embryos impaired dorsal organizer and mesodermal gene expression without perceptible earlier phenotypes. Moreover, the bundled microtubule phenotype was partially rescued by expressing either full-length Dchs1b or its intracellular domain, suggesting that Dchs1b affects microtubules and some developmental processes independent of its known ligand Fat. Our results indicate novel roles for vertebrate Dchs in actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulation in the unanticipated context of the single-celled embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanbing Li-Villarreal
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Meredyth M Forbes
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew J Loza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiakun Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Taylur Ma
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn Helde
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Atsushi Sawada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anna E Hindes
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julien Dubrulle
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Roszko I, S Sepich D, Jessen JR, Chandrasekhar A, Solnica-Krezel L. A dynamic intracellular distribution of Vangl2 accompanies cell polarization during zebrafish gastrulation. Development 2015; 142:2508-20. [PMID: 26062934 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, convergence and extension movements elongate embryonic tissues anteroposteriorly and narrow them mediolaterally. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is essential for mediolateral cell elongation underlying these movements, but how this polarity arises is poorly understood. We analyzed the elongation, orientation and migration behaviors of lateral mesodermal cells undergoing convergence and extension movements in wild-type zebrafish embryos and mutants for the Wnt/PCP core component Vangl2 (Trilobite). We demonstrate that Vangl2 function is required at the time when cells transition to a highly elongated and mediolaterally aligned body. vangl2 mutant cells fail to undergo this transition and to migrate along a straight path with high net speed towards the dorsal midline. Instead, vangl2 mutant cells exhibit an anterior/animal pole bias in cell body alignment and movement direction, suggesting that PCP signaling promotes effective dorsal migration in part by suppressing anterior/animalward cell polarity and movement. Endogenous Vangl2 protein accumulates at the plasma membrane of mesenchymal converging cells at the time its function is required for mediolaterally polarized cell behavior. Heterochronic cell transplantations demonstrated that Vangl2 cell membrane accumulation is stage dependent and regulated by both intrinsic factors and an extracellular signal, which is distinct from PCP signaling or other gastrulation regulators, including BMP and Nodals. Moreover, mosaic expression of fusion proteins revealed enrichment of Vangl2 at the anterior cell edges of highly mediolaterally elongated cells. These results demonstrate that the dynamic Vangl2 intracellular distribution is coordinated with and necessary for the changes in convergence and extension cell behaviors during gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Roszko
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA
| | - Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Karner CM, Long F, Solnica-Krezel L, Monk KR, Gray RS. Gpr126/Adgrg6 deletion in cartilage models idiopathic scoliosis and pectus excavatum in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4365-73. [PMID: 25954032 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and pectus excavatum (PE) are common pediatric musculoskeletal disorders. Little is known about the tissue of origin for either condition, or about their genetic bases. Common variants near GPR126/ADGRG6 (encoding the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor 126/adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G6, hereafter referred to as GPR126) were recently shown to be associated with AIS in humans. Here, we provide genetic evidence that loss of Gpr126 in osteochondroprogenitor cells alters cartilage biology and spinal column development. Microtomographic and x-ray studies revealed several hallmarks of AIS, including postnatal onset of scoliosis without malformations of vertebral units. The mutants also displayed a dorsal-ward deflection of the sternum akin to human PE. At the cellular level, these defects were accompanied by failure of midline fusion within the developing annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs and increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the ribs and vertebrae. Molecularly, we found that loss of Gpr126 upregulated the expression of Gal3st4, a gene implicated in human PE, encoding Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 4. Together, these data uncover Gpr126 as a genetic cause for the pathogenesis of AIS and PE in a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dubrulle J, Jordan BM, Akhmetova L, Farrell JA, Kim SH, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF. Response to Nodal morphogen gradient is determined by the kinetics of target gene induction. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25869585 PMCID: PMC4395910 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen gradients expose cells to different signal concentrations and induce target genes with different ranges of expression. To determine how the Nodal morphogen gradient induces distinct gene expression patterns during zebrafish embryogenesis, we measured the activation dynamics of the signal transducer Smad2 and the expression kinetics of long- and short-range target genes. We found that threshold models based on ligand concentration are insufficient to predict the response of target genes. Instead, morphogen interpretation is shaped by the kinetics of target gene induction: the higher the rate of transcription and the earlier the onset of induction, the greater the spatial range of expression. Thus, the timing and magnitude of target gene expression can be used to modulate the range of expression and diversify the response to morphogen gradients. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05042.001 How a cell can tell where it is in a developing embryo has fascinated scientists for decades. The pioneering computer scientist and mathematical biologist Alan Turing was the first person to coin the term ‘morphogen’ to describe a protein that provides information about locations in the body. A morphogen is released from a group of cells (called the ‘source’) and as it moves away its activity (called the ‘signal’) declines gradually. Cells sense this signal gradient and use it to detect their position with respect to the source. Nodal is an important morphogen and is required to establish the correct identity of cells in the embryo; for example, it helps determine which cells should become a brain or heart or gut cell and so on. The zebrafish is a widely used model to study animal development, in part because its embryos are transparent; this allows cells and proteins to be easily observed under a microscope. When Nodal acts on cells, another protein called Smad2 becomes activated, moves into the cell's nucleus, and then binds to specific genes. This triggers the expression of these genes, which are first copied into mRNA molecules via a process known as transcription and are then translated into proteins. The protein products of these targeted genes control cell identity and movement. Several models have been proposed to explain how different concentrations of Nodal switch on the expression of different target genes; that is to say, to explain how a cell interprets the Nodal gradient. Dubrulle et al. have now measured factors that underlie how this gradient is interpreted. Individual cells in zebrafish embryos were tracked under a microscope, and Smad2 activation and gene expression were assessed. Dubrulle et al. found that, in contradiction to previous models, the amount of Nodal present on its own was insufficient to predict the target gene response. Instead, their analysis suggests that the size of each target gene's response depends on its rate of transcription and how quickly it is first expressed in response to Nodal. These findings of Dubrulle et al. suggest that timing and transcription rate are important in determining the appropriate response to Nodal. Further work will be now needed to find out whether similar mechanisms regulate other processes that rely on the activity of morphogens. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05042.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dubrulle
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Benjamin M Jordan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Laila Akhmetova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Division of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Custom-designed nucleases afford a powerful reverse genetic tool for direct gene disruption and genome modification in vivo. Among various applications of the nucleases, homologous recombination (HR)-mediated genome editing is particularly useful for inserting heterologous DNA fragments, such as GFP, into a specific genomic locus in a sequence-specific fashion. However, precise HR-mediated genome editing is still technically challenging in zebrafish. Here, we establish a GFP reporter system for measuring the frequency of HR events in live zebrafish embryos. By co-injecting a TALE nuclease and GFP reporter targeting constructs with homology arms of different size, we defined the length of homology arms that increases the recombination efficiency. In addition, we found that the configuration of the targeting construct can be a crucial parameter in determining the efficiency of HR-mediated genome engineering. Implementing these modifications improved the efficiency of zebrafish knock-in generation, with over 10% of the injected F0 animals transmitting gene-targeting events through their germline. We generated two HR-mediated insertion alleles of sox2 and gfap loci that express either superfolder GFP (sfGFP) or tandem dimeric Tomato (tdTomato) in a spatiotemporal pattern that mirrors the endogenous loci. This efficient strategy provides new opportunities not only to monitor expression of endogenous genes and proteins and follow specific cell types in vivo, but it also paves the way for other sophisticated genetic manipulations of the zebrafish genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiakun Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gray RS, Wilm TP, Smith J, Bagnat M, Dale RM, Topczewski J, Johnson SL, Solnica-Krezel L. Loss of col8a1a function during zebrafish embryogenesis results in congenital vertebral malformations. Dev Biol 2013; 386:72-85. [PMID: 24333517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) occur in 1 in 1000 live births and in many cases can cause spinal deformities, such as scoliosis, and result in disability and distress of affected individuals. Many severe forms of the disease, such as spondylocostal dystostosis, are recessive monogenic traits affecting somitogenesis, however the etiologies of the majority of CVM cases remain undetermined. Here we demonstrate that morphological defects of the notochord in zebrafish can generate congenital-type spine defects. We characterize three recessive zebrafish leviathan/col8a1a mutant alleles ((m531, vu41, vu105)) that disrupt collagen type VIII alpha1a (col8a1a), and cause folding of the embryonic notochord and consequently adult vertebral column malformations. Furthermore, we provide evidence that a transient loss of col8a1a function or inhibition of Lysyl oxidases with drugs during embryogenesis was sufficient to generate vertebral fusions and scoliosis in the adult spine. Using periodic imaging of individual zebrafish, we correlate focal notochord defects of the embryo with vertebral malformations (VM) in the adult. Finally, we show that bends and kinks in the notochord can lead to aberrant apposition of osteoblasts normally confined to well-segmented areas of the developing vertebral bodies. Our results afford a novel mechanism for the formation of VM, independent of defects of somitogenesis, resulting from aberrant bone deposition at regions of misshapen notochord tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Gray
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Thomas P Wilm
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeff Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rodney M Dale
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen L Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Targoff KL, Colombo S, George V, Schell T, Kim SH, Solnica-Krezel L, Yelon D. Nkx genes are essential for maintenance of ventricular identity. Development 2013; 140:4203-13. [PMID: 24026123 DOI: 10.1242/dev.095562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of specific characteristics of each embryonic cardiac chamber is crucial for development of a fully functional adult heart. Despite the importance of defining and maintaining unique features in ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, the regulatory mechanisms guiding these processes are poorly understood. Here, we show that the homeodomain transcription factors Nkx2.5 and Nkx2.7 are necessary to sustain ventricular chamber attributes through repression of atrial chamber identity. Mutation of nkx2.5 in zebrafish yields embryos with diminutive ventricular and bulbous atrial chambers. These chamber deformities emerge gradually during development, with a severe collapse in the number of ventricular cardiomyocytes and an accumulation of excess atrial cardiomyocytes as the heart matures. Removal of nkx2.7 function from nkx2.5 mutants exacerbates the loss of ventricular cells and the gain of atrial cells. Moreover, in these Nkx-deficient embryos, expression of vmhc, a ventricular gene, fades, whereas expression of amhc, an atrial gene, expands. Cell-labeling experiments suggest that ventricular cardiomyocytes can transform into atrial cardiomyocytes in the absence of Nkx gene function. Through suggestion of transdifferentiation from ventricular to atrial fate, our data reveal a pivotal role for Nkx genes in maintaining ventricular identity and highlight remarkable plasticity in differentiated myocardium. Thus, our results are relevant to the etiologies of fetal and neonatal cardiac pathology and could direct future innovations in cardiac regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimara L Targoff
- Developmental Genetics Program and Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li X, Roszko I, Sepich DS, Ni M, Hamm HE, Marlow FL, Solnica-Krezel L. Gpr125 modulates Dishevelled distribution and planar cell polarity signaling. Development 2013; 140:3028-39. [PMID: 23821037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.094839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orchestrates polarized cell behaviors underlying convergence and extension (C&E) movements to narrow embryonic tissues mediolaterally and lengthen them anteroposteriorly. Here, we have identified Gpr125, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, as a novel modulator of the Wnt/PCP signaling system. Excess Gpr125 impaired C&E movements and the underlying cell and molecular polarities. Reduced Gpr125 function exacerbated the C&E and facial branchiomotor neuron (FBMN) migration defects of embryos with reduced Wnt/PCP signaling. At the molecular level, Gpr125 recruited Dishevelled to the cell membrane, a prerequisite for Wnt/PCP activation. Moreover, Gpr125 and Dvl mutually clustered one another to form discrete membrane subdomains, and the Gpr125 intracellular domain directly interacted with Dvl in pull-down assays. Intriguingly, Dvl and Gpr125 were able to recruit a subset of PCP components into membrane subdomains, suggesting that Gpr125 may modulate the composition of Wnt/PCP membrane complexes. Our study reveals a role for Gpr125 in PCP-mediated processes and provides mechanistic insight into Wnt/PCP signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu F, Bhang S, Arentson E, Sawada A, Kim C, Kang I, Yu J, Sakurai N, Kim S, Yoo J, Kim P, Pahng S, Xia Y, Solnica-Krezel L, Choi K. Enhanced hemangioblast generation and improved vascular repair and regeneration from embryonic stem cells by defined transcription factors. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:166-82. [PMID: 24052951 PMCID: PMC3757752 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fetal liver kinase 1 (FLK-1)+ hemangioblast can generate hematopoietic, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). ER71/ETV2, GATA2, and SCL form a core transcriptional network in hemangioblast development. Transient coexpression of these three factors during mesoderm formation stage in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) robustly enhanced hemangioblast generation by activating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and FLK-1 signaling while inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, WNT signaling, and cardiac output. Moreover, etsrp, gata2, and scl inhibition converted hematopoietic field of the zebrafish anterior lateral plate mesoderm to cardiac. FLK-1+ hemangioblasts generated by transient coexpression of the three factors (ER71-GATA2-SCL [EGS]-induced FLK-1+) effectively produced hematopoietic, endothelial, and SMCs in culture and in vivo. Importantly, EGS-induced FLK-1+ hemangioblasts, when codelivered with mesenchymal stem cells as spheroids, were protected from apoptosis and generated functional endothelial cells and SMCs in ischemic mouse hindlimbs, resulting in improved blood perfusion and limb salvage. ESC-derived, EGS-induced FLK-1+ hemangioblasts could provide an attractive cell source for future hematopoietic and vascular repair and regeneration. ER71, GATA2, and Scl form a core transcriptional network in hemangioblast development ER71, GATA2, and Scl coexpression enhances hemangioblast generation from ESCs BMP, Wnt, VEGFR2, and PI3 kinase signaling pathways regulate hemangioblast development Hemangioblast and MSC spheroids can improve vascular repair and regeneration
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth Arentson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Atsushi Sawada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chan Kyu Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Inyoung Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jinsheng Yu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nagisa Sakurai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Suk Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Judy Ji Woon Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seong Ho Pahng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Clément A, Solnica-Krezel L, Gould KL. Functional redundancy between Cdc14 phosphatases in zebrafish ciliogenesis. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1911-21. [PMID: 23027426 PMCID: PMC3508521 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their counteracting phosphatases are key regulators of cell cycle progression. In yeasts, the Cdc14 family of phosphatases promotes exit from mitosis and progression through cytokinesis by reversing phosphorylation of Cdk1 substrates. In vertebrates, CDC14 paralogs, CDC14A and CDC14B, have so far been implicated in processes ranging from DNA damage repair, meiosis, centrosome duplication to ciliogenesis. However, the question of whether CDC14 paralogs can functionally compensate for each other has yet to be addressed. RESULTS Here, using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to inhibit Cdc14A1 function, we observed that Cdc14A1 depleted zebrafish embryos displayed ventrally curved body and left-right asymmetry defects, similar to Cdc14B deficient embryos and zebrafish mutants with cilia defects. Accordingly, we found that Cdc14A1, like Cdc14B, plays a role in ciliogenesis in the Kupffer's vesicle (KV) and other ciliated tissues, and can do so independently of its function in cell cycle. Furthermore, we observed reciprocal suppression of KV cilia length defects of Cdc14A1 and Cdc14B deficient embryos by cdc14b and cdc14a1 RNAs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies demonstrate for the first time that Cdc14A and Cdc14B have overlapping functions in the ciliogenesis process during zebrafish development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Clément
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu SY, Shin J, Sepich DS, Solnica-Krezel L. Chemokine GPCR signaling inhibits β-catenin during zebrafish axis formation. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001403. [PMID: 23055828 PMCID: PMC3467228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify a novel mechanism of β-catenin inhibition involving, chemokine-GPCR signaling, which limits axis formation during zebrafish embryogenesis. Embryonic axis formation in vertebrates is initiated by the establishment of the dorsal Nieuwkoop blastula organizer, marked by the nuclear accumulation of maternal β-catenin, a transcriptional effector of canonical Wnt signaling. Known regulators of axis specification include the canonical Wnt pathway components that positively or negatively affect β-catenin. An involvement of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) was hypothesized from experiments implicating G proteins and intracellular calcium in axis formation, but such GPCRs have not been identified. Mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores generates Ca2+ transients in the superficial blastomeres of zebrafish blastulae when the nuclear accumulation of maternal β-catenin marks the formation of the Nieuwkoop organizer. Moreover, intracellular Ca2+ downstream of non-canonical Wnt ligands was proposed to inhibit β-catenin and axis formation, but mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report a novel function of Ccr7 GPCR and its chemokine ligand Ccl19.1, previously implicated in chemotaxis and other responses of dendritic cells in mammals, as negative regulators of β-catenin and axis formation in zebrafish. We show that interference with the maternally and ubiquitously expressed zebrafish Ccr7 or Ccl19.1 expands the blastula organizer and the dorsoanterior tissues at the expense of the ventroposterior ones. Conversely, Ccr7 or Ccl19.1 overexpression limits axis formation. Epistatic analyses demonstrate that Ccr7 acts downstream of Ccl19.1 ligand and upstream of β-catenin transcriptional targets. Moreover, Ccl19/Ccr7 signaling reduces the level and nuclear accumulation of maternal β-catenin and its axis-inducing activity and can also inhibit the Gsk3β -insensitive form of β-catenin. Mutational and pharmacologic experiments reveal that Ccr7 functions during axis formation as a GPCR to inhibit β-catenin, likely by promoting Ca2+ transients throughout the blastula. Our study delineates a novel negative, Gsk3β-independent control mechanism of β-catenin and implicates Ccr7 as a long-hypothesized GPCR regulating vertebrate axis formation. The arrangement of dorsoventral (back to belly) and anteroposterior (head to tail) embryonic structures is specified early during animal embryogenesis. In vertebrates, this process of axes formation is initiated by β-catenin, a transcriptional effector of Wnt signaling, which marks the prospective dorsal side. Thus far, all known regulators of axis specification that affect β-catenin include components of the Wnt pathway. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as well as Ca2+ signaling, have also been hypothesized to inhibit β-catenin and axis formation, however the identity of such GPCRs has remained unclear. Here, we identify two novel regulators of axis formation: the zebrafish Ccr7 chemokine GPCR and one of its ligands, Ccl19.1, both of which are uniformly expressed in the early zebrafish embryo. We show that reducing the expression of Ccr7 or Ccl19.1 increases β-catenin levels and also the dorsoanterior tissues at the expense of the ventroposterior ones. Conversely, an excess of Ccr7 or Ccl19.1 lowers β-catenin levels and limits axis formation. Further experiments show that Ccr7 acts upstream of β-catenin transcriptional targets. Our study delineates a novel mechanism for the negative control of β-catenin, whereby Ccr7 increases β-catenin degradation in a Gsk3b-independent manner, likely by promoting Ca2+ signaling throughout the embryo. In a new model of axis specification we propose that Ccr7 acts as a long-hypothesized GPCR that provides a global inhibition of β-catenin to ensure the precise formation of embryonic axes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Diane S. Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shin J, Padmanabhan A, de Groh ED, Lee JS, Haidar S, Dahlberg S, Guo F, He S, Wolman MA, Granato M, Lawson ND, Wolfe SA, Kim SH, Solnica-Krezel L, Kanki JP, Ligon KL, Epstein JA, Look AT. Zebrafish neurofibromatosis type 1 genes have redundant functions in tumorigenesis and embryonic development. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:881-94. [PMID: 22773753 PMCID: PMC3484870 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common, dominantly inherited genetic disorder that results from mutations in the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene. Affected individuals demonstrate abnormalities in neural-crest-derived tissues that include hyperpigmented skin lesions and benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors. NF1 patients also have a predisposition to malignancies including juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), optic glioma, glioblastoma, schwannoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). In an effort to better define the molecular and cellular determinants of NF1 disease pathogenesis in vivo, we employed targeted mutagenesis strategies to generate zebrafish harboring stable germline mutations in nf1a and nf1b, orthologues of NF1. Animals homozygous for loss-of-function alleles of nf1a or nf1b alone are phenotypically normal and viable. Homozygous loss of both alleles in combination generates larval phenotypes that resemble aspects of the human disease and results in larval lethality between 7 and 10 days post fertilization. nf1-null larvae demonstrate significant central and peripheral nervous system defects. These include aberrant proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), dysmorphic myelin sheaths and hyperplasia of Schwann cells. Loss of nf1 contributes to tumorigenesis as demonstrated by an accelerated onset and increased penetrance of high-grade gliomas and MPNSTs in adult nf1a+/−; nf1b−/−; p53e7/e7 animals. nf1-null larvae also demonstrate significant motor and learning defects. Importantly, we identify and quantitatively analyze a novel melanophore phenotype in nf1-null larvae, providing the first animal model of the pathognomonic pigmentation lesions of NF1. Together, these findings support a role for nf1a and nf1b as potent tumor suppressor genes that also function in the development of both central and peripheral glial cells as well as melanophores in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimann Shin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Carlin D, Sepich D, Grover VK, Cooper MK, Solnica-Krezel L, Inbal A. Six3 cooperates with Hedgehog signaling to specify ventral telencephalon by promoting early expression of Foxg1a and repressing Wnt signaling. Development 2012; 139:2614-24. [PMID: 22736245 PMCID: PMC3383232 DOI: 10.1242/dev.076018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Six3 exerts multiple functions in the development of anterior neural tissue of vertebrate embryos. Whereas complete loss of Six3 function in the mouse results in failure of forebrain formation, its hypomorphic mutations in human and mouse can promote holoprosencephaly (HPE), a forebrain malformation that results, at least in part, from abnormal telencephalon development. However, the roles of Six3 in telencephalon patterning and differentiation are not well understood. To address the role of Six3 in telencephalon development, we analyzed zebrafish embryos deficient in two out of three Six3-related genes, six3b and six7, representing a partial loss of Six3 function. We found that telencephalon forms in six3b;six7-deficient embryos; however, ventral telencephalic domains are smaller and dorsal domains are larger. Decreased cell proliferation or excess apoptosis cannot account for the ventral deficiency. Instead, six3b and six7 are required during early segmentation for specification of ventral progenitors, similar to the role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in telencephalon development. Unlike in mice, we observe that Hh signaling is not disrupted in embryos with reduced Six3 function. Furthermore, six3b overexpression is sufficient to compensate for loss of Hh signaling in isl1- but not nkx2.1b-positive cells, suggesting a novel Hh-independent role for Six3 in telencephalon patterning. We further find that Six3 promotes ventral telencephalic fates through transient regulation of foxg1a expression and repression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Carlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diane Sepich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vandana K. Grover
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael K. Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adi Inbal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Planar cell polarization entails establishment of cellular asymmetries within the tissue plane. An evolutionarily conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling system employs intra- and intercellular feedback interactions between its core components, including Frizzled, Van Gogh, Flamingo, Prickle, and Dishevelled, to establish their characteristic asymmetric intracellular distributions and coordinate planar polarity of cell populations. By translating global patterning information into asymmetries of cell membranes and intracellular organelles, PCP signaling coordinates morphogenetic behaviors of individual cells and cell populations with the embryonic polarity. In vertebrates, by polarizing cilia in the node/Kupffer's vesicle, PCP signaling links the anteroposterior to left-right embryonic polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Gray
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li X, Hamm H, Marlow F, Solnica-Krezel L. Gpr125 - a novel planar cell polarity pathway component in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
49
|
Gray RS, McAdow A, Johnson S, Solnica-Krezel L. Investigations of early and late onset scoliotic curvatures in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
50
|
Van Raay TJ, Fortino NJ, Miller BW, Ma H, Lau G, Li C, Franklin JL, Attisano L, Solnica-Krezel L, Coffey RJ. Naked1 antagonizes Wnt signaling by preventing nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18650. [PMID: 21490931 PMCID: PMC3072412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyto-nuclear shuttling of β-catenin is at the epicenter of the canonical Wnt pathway and mutations in genes that result in excessive nuclear accumulation of β-catenin are the driving force behind the initiation of many cancers. Recently, Naked Cuticle homolog 1 (Nkd1) has been identified as a Wnt-induced intracellular negative regulator of canonical Wnt signaling. The current model suggests that Nkd1 acts between Disheveled (Dvl) and β-catenin. Here, we employ the zebrafish embryo to characterize the cellular and biochemical role of Nkd1 in vivo. We demonstrate that Nkd1 binds to β-catenin and prevents its nuclear accumulation. We also show that this interaction is conserved in mammalian cultured cells. Further, we demonstrate that Nkd1 function is dependent on its interaction with the cell membrane. Given the conserved nature of Nkd1, our results shed light on the negative feedback regulation of Wnt signaling through the Nkd1-mediated negative control of nuclear accumulation of β-catenin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence J. Van Raay
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJVR); (RJC)
| | - Nicholas J. Fortino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan W. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haiting Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Garnet Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cunxi Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJVR); (RJC)
| |
Collapse
|