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Rodrigues AA, Macedo MN, Silvério DV, Maracahipes L, Coe MT, Brando PM, Shimbo JZ, Rajão R, Soares-Filho B, Bustamante MMC. Cerrado deforestation threatens regional climate and water availability for agriculture and ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:6807-6822. [PMID: 36073184 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado is one of the most biodiverse savannas in the world, yet 46% of its original cover has been cleared to make way for crops and pastures. These extensive land-use transitions (LUTs) are expected to influence regional climate by reducing evapotranspiration (ET), increasing land surface temperature (LST), and ultimately reducing precipitation. Here, we quantify the impacts of LUTs on ET and LST in the Cerrado by combining MODIS satellite data with annual land use and land cover maps from 2006 to 2019. We performed regression analyses to quantify the effects of six common LUTs on ET and LST across the entire gradient of Cerrado landscapes. Results indicate that clearing forests for cropland or pasture increased average LST by ~3.5°C and reduced mean annual ET by 44% and 39%, respectively. Transitions from woody savannas to cropland or pasture increased average LST by 1.9°C and reduced mean annual ET by 27% and 21%, respectively. Converting native grasslands to cropland or pasture increased average LST by 0.9 and 0.6°C, respectively. Conversely, grassland-to-pasture transitions increased mean annual ET by 15%. To date, land changes have caused a 10% reduction in water recycled to the atmosphere annually and a 0.9°C increase in average LST across the biome, compared to the historic baseline under native vegetation. Global climate changes from increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations will only exacerbate these effects. Considering potential future scenarios, we found that abandoning deforestation control policies or allowing legal deforestation to continue (at least 28.4 Mha) would further reduce yearly ET (by -9% and -3%, respectively) and increase average LST (by +0.7 and +0.3°C, respectively) by 2050. In contrast, policies encouraging zero deforestation and restoration of the 5.2 Mha of illegally deforested areas would partially offset the warming and drying impacts of land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane A Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marcia N Macedo
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Divino V Silvério
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Capitão Poço, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leandro Maracahipes
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael T Coe
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Brando
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Julia Z Shimbo
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Raoni Rajão
- Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Britaldo Soares-Filho
- Center for Remote Sensing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Costa C, Galford GL, Coe MT, Macedo M, Jankowski K, O'Connell C, Neill C. Modeling Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Large-Scale Intensive Cropping Systems in the Southern Amazon. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.701416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is rapidly intensifying on tropical croplands and has the potential to increase emissions of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). Since about 2005 Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil has shifted from single-cropped soybeans to double-cropping soybeans with maize, and now produces 1.5% of the world's maize. This production shift required an increase in N fertilization, but the effects on N2O emissions are poorly known. We calibrated the process-oriented biogeochemical DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to simulate N2O emissions and crop production from soybean and soybean-maize cropping systems in MT. After model validation with field measurements and adjustments for hydrological properties of tropical soils, regional simulations suggested N2O emissions from soybean-maize cropland increased almost fourfold during 2001–2010, from 1.1 ± 1.1 to 4.1 ± 3.2 Gg 1014 N-N2O. Model sensitivity tests showed that emissions were spatially and seasonably variable and especially sensitive to soil bulk density and carbon content. Meeting future demand for maize using current soybean area in MT might require either (a) intensifying 3.0 million ha of existing single soybean to soybean-maize or (b) increasing N fertilization to ~180 kg N ha−1 on existing 2.3 million ha of soybean-maize area. The latter strategy would release ~35% more N2O than the first. Our modifications of the DNDC model will improve estimates of N2O emissions from agricultural production in MT and other tropical areas, but narrowing model uncertainty will depend on more detailed field measurements and spatial data on soil and cropping management.
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Brando PM, Silvério D, Maracahipes-Santos L, Oliveira-Santos C, Levick SR, Coe MT, Migliavacca M, Balch JK, Macedo MN, Nepstad DC, Maracahipes L, Davidson E, Asner G, Kolle O, Trumbore S. Prolonged tropical forest degradation due to compounding disturbances: Implications for CO 2 and H 2 O fluxes. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:2855-2868. [PMID: 31237398 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drought, fire, and windstorms can interact to degrade tropical forests and the ecosystem services they provide, but how these forests recover after catastrophic disturbance events remains relatively unknown. Here, we analyze multi-year measurements of vegetation dynamics and function (fluxes of CO2 and H2 O) in forests recovering from 7 years of controlled burns, followed by wind disturbance. Located in southeast Amazonia, the experimental forest consists of three 50-ha plots burned annually, triennially, or not at all from 2004 to 2010. During the subsequent 6-year recovery period, postfire tree survivorship and biomass sharply declined, with aboveground C stocks decreasing by 70%-94% along forest edges (0-200 m into the forest) and 36%-40% in the forest interior. Vegetation regrowth in the forest understory triggered partial canopy closure (70%-80%) from 2010 to 2015. The composition and spatial distribution of grasses invading degraded forest evolved rapidly, likely because of the delayed mortality. Four years after the experimental fires ended (2014), the burned plots assimilated 36% less carbon than the Control, but net CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration (ET) had fully recovered 7 years after the experimental fires ended (2017). Carbon uptake recovery occurred largely in response to increased light-use efficiency and reduced postfire respiration, whereas increased water use associated with postfire growth of new recruits and remaining trees explained the recovery in ET. Although the effects of interacting disturbances (e.g., fires, forest fragmentation, and blowdown events) on mortality and biomass persist over many years, the rapid recovery of carbon and water fluxes can help stabilize local climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M Brando
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Divino Silvério
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
- Ecology Department, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Claudinei Oliveira-Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
- Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Shaun R Levick
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer K Balch
- Geography Department, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Marcia N Macedo
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eric Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland
| | - Gregory Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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Ramirez-Reyes C, Brauman KA, Chaplin-Kramer R, Galford GL, Adamo SB, Anderson CB, Anderson C, Allington GRH, Bagstad KJ, Coe MT, Cord AF, Dee LE, Gould RK, Jain M, Kowal VA, Muller-Karger FE, Norriss J, Potapov P, Qiu J, Rieb JT, Robinson BE, Samberg LH, Singh N, Szeto SH, Voigt B, Watson K, Wright TM. Reimagining the potential of Earth observations for ecosystem service assessments. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:1053-1063. [PMID: 30893737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The benefits nature provides to people, called ecosystem services, are increasingly recognized and accounted for in assessments of infrastructure development, agricultural management, conservation prioritization, and sustainable sourcing. These assessments are often limited by data, however, a gap with tremendous potential to be filled through Earth observations (EO), which produce a variety of data across spatial and temporal extents and resolutions. Despite widespread recognition of this potential, in practice few ecosystem service studies use EO. Here, we identify challenges and opportunities to using EO in ecosystem service modeling and assessment. Some challenges are technical, related to data awareness, processing, and access. These challenges require systematic investment in model platforms and data management. Other challenges are more conceptual but still systemic; they are byproducts of the structure of existing ecosystem service models and addressing them requires scientific investment in solutions and tools applicable to a wide range of models and approaches. We also highlight new ways in which EO can be leveraged for ecosystem service assessments, identifying promising new areas of research. More widespread use of EO for ecosystem service assessment will only be achieved if all of these types of challenges are addressed. This will require non-traditional funding and partnering opportunities from private and public agencies to promote data exploration, sharing, and archiving. Investing in this integration will be reflected in better and more accurate ecosystem service assessments worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramirez-Reyes
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning & Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Kate A Brauman
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning & Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University Woods Institute for the Environment, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Gillian L Galford
- Gund Institute for Environment and Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Susana B Adamo
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | | | - Clarissa Anderson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 8880 Biological Grade, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ginger R H Allington
- Department of Geography, The George Washington University, 2121 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Bagstad
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences & Environmental Change Science Center, P.O. Box 25046, DFC, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
| | - Michael T Coe
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Rd, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA.
| | - Anna F Cord
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura E Dee
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 2003 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Rachelle K Gould
- Environmental Program and Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Meha Jain
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Virginia A Kowal
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University Woods Institute for the Environment, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Frank E Muller-Karger
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Jessica Norriss
- Upstream Tech, 2401 Monarch St # 23, Alameda, CA 94501, USA.
| | - Peter Potapov
- University of Maryland, 4321 Hartwick Road, Suite 400, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Jiangxiao Qiu
- University of Florida, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Ave, Davie, FL 33314, USA.
| | - Jesse T Rieb
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Leah H Samberg
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning & Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Rainforest Alliance, 233 Broadway, New York, NY, 10279, USA.
| | - Nagendra Singh
- National Security Emerging Technologies Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, MS6017, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6017, USA.
| | - Sabrina H Szeto
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Brian Voigt
- Gund Institute for Environment and Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Keri Watson
- Sewanee, University of the South, 735 University Avenue, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA.
| | - T Maxwell Wright
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.
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5
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Simmons CS, Famolare L, Macedo MN, Walker RT, Coe MT, Scheffers B, Arima E, Munoz-Carpena R, Valle D, Fraisse C, Moorcroft P, Diniz M, Diniz M, Szlafsztein C, Pereira R, Ruiz C, Rocha G, Juhn D, Otávio do Canto Lopes L, Waylen M, Antunes A, Galvan YM. Science in support of Amazonian conservation in the 21st century: the case of Brazil. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S. Simmons
- Department of Geography; University of Florida (UF); 3141 Turlington Hall Gainesville FL 32611-7315 U.S.A
| | - Lisa Famolare
- Conservation International (CI); 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 U.S.A
| | - Marcia N. Macedo
- Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC); 149 Woods Hole Rd Falmouth MA 02540 U.S.A
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM); CLN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201. Asa Norte CEP 70.863-520 Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Robert T. Walker
- Center for Latin American Studies; Department of Geography; University of Florida (UF); 319 Grinter Hall Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A
| | - Michael T. Coe
- Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC); 149 Woods Hole Rd Falmouth MA 02540 U.S.A
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM); CLN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201. Asa Norte CEP 70.863-520 Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Brett Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida (UF); 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611-0430 U.S.A
| | - Eugenio Arima
- Department of Geography and the Environment; University of Texas at Austin (UT); 305 E. 23rd Street Austin TX 78712 U.S.A
| | - Rafael Munoz-Carpena
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; University of Florida (UF); 239 Frazier Rogers Hall Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A
| | - Denis Valle
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation; University of Florida (UF); 136 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A
| | - Clyde Fraisse
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; University of Florida (UF); 239 Frazier Rogers Hall Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 U.S.A
| | - Marcelo Diniz
- Institute for Applied Social Sciences; Federal University of Pará (UFPA); Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá CEP66075-110 Belém, Pará Brasil
| | - Marcia Diniz
- Institute for Applied Social Sciences; Federal University of Pará (UFPA); Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá CEP66075-110 Belém, Pará Brasil
| | - Claudio Szlafsztein
- Center for Environment; Federal University of Pará (UFPA); Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá CEP66075-110 Belém, Pará Brasil
| | - Ritaumaria Pereira
- Amazon Institute of People and the Environment (IMAZON); Trav. Dom Romualdo de Seixas; 1698, Ed. Zion Business, Umarizal CEP 66.055-200 Belém, Pará Brasil
| | - Cesar Ruiz
- Conservation International (CI); 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 U.S.A
| | - Gilberto Rocha
- Center for Environment; Federal University of Pará (UFPA); Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá CEP66075-110 Belém, Pará Brasil
| | - Daniel Juhn
- Conservation International (CI); 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 U.S.A
| | - Luis Otávio do Canto Lopes
- Center for Environment; Federal University of Pará (UFPA); Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá CEP66075-110 Belém, Pará Brasil
| | - Michael Waylen
- Department of Geography; University of Florida (UF); 3141 Turlington Hall Gainesville FL 32611-7315 U.S.A
| | - Aghane Antunes
- Department of Geography; University of Florida (UF); 3141 Turlington Hall Gainesville FL 32611-7315 U.S.A
| | - Yankuic M Galvan
- Center for Latin American Studies; Department of Geography; University of Florida (UF); 319 Grinter Hall Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A
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Jankowski K, Neill C, Davidson EA, Macedo MN, Costa C, Galford GL, Maracahipes Santos L, Lefebvre P, Nunes D, Cerri CEP, McHorney R, O'Connell C, Coe MT. Deep soils modify environmental consequences of increased nitrogen fertilizer use in intensifying Amazon agriculture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13478. [PMID: 30194382 PMCID: PMC6128839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural intensification offers potential to grow more food while reducing the conversion of native ecosystems to croplands. However, intensification also risks environmental degradation through emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrate leaching to ground and surface waters. Intensively-managed croplands and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use are expanding rapidly in tropical regions. We quantified fertilizer responses of maize yield, N2O emissions, and N leaching in an Amazon soybean-maize double-cropping system on deep, highly-weathered soils in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Application of N fertilizer above 80 kg N ha-1 yr-1 increased maize yield and N2O emissions only slightly. Unlike experiences in temperate regions, leached nitrate accumulated in deep soils with increased fertilizer and conversion to cropping at N fertilization rates >80 kg N ha-1, which exceeded maize demand. This raises new questions about the capacity of tropical agricultural soils to store nitrogen, which may determine when and how much nitrogen impacts surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- KathiJo Jankowski
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
- USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI, USA.
| | - Christopher Neill
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostberg, MD, USA
| | - Marcia N Macedo
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Canarana, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Gillian L Galford
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | | | - Darlisson Nunes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Canarana, MT, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Cerri
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Christine O'Connell
- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Coe
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Canarana, MT, Brazil
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7
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Spera SA, Galford GL, Coe MT, Macedo MN, Mustard JF. Land-use change affects water recycling in Brazil's last agricultural frontier. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:3405-13. [PMID: 27028754 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Historically, conservation-oriented research and policy in Brazil have focused on Amazon deforestation, but a majority of Brazil's deforestation and agricultural expansion has occurred in the neighboring Cerrado biome, a biodiversity hotspot comprised of dry forests, woodland savannas, and grasslands. Resilience of rainfed agriculture in both biomes likely depends on water recycling in undisturbed Cerrado vegetation; yet little is known about how changes in land-use and land-cover affect regional climate feedbacks in the Cerrado. We used remote sensing techniques to map land-use change across the Cerrado from 2003 to 2013. During this period, cropland agriculture more than doubled in area from 1.2 to 2.5 million ha, with 74% of new croplands sourced from previously intact Cerrado vegetation. We find that these changes have decreased the amount of water recycled to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration (ET) each year. In 2013 alone, cropland areas recycled 14 km(3) less (-3%) water than if the land cover had been native Cerrado vegetation. ET from single-cropping systems (e.g., soybeans) is less than from natural vegetation in all years, except in the months of January and February, the height of the growing season. In double-cropping systems (e.g., soybeans followed by corn), ET is similar to or greater than natural vegetation throughout a majority of the wet season (December-May). As intensification and extensification of agricultural production continue in the region, the impacts on the water cycle and opportunities for mitigation warrant consideration. For example, if an environmental goal is to minimize impacts on the water cycle, double cropping (intensification) might be emphasized over extensification to maintain a landscape that behaves more akin to the natural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Spera
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Gillian L Galford
- Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, Rubenstein School of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael T Coe
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02540, USA
| | - Marcia N Macedo
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02540, USA
| | - John F Mustard
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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8
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Brando PM, Oliveria-Santos C, Rocha W, Cury R, Coe MT. Effects of experimental fuel additions on fire intensity and severity: unexpected carbon resilience of a neotropical forest. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:2516-2525. [PMID: 26750627 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Global changes and associated droughts, heat waves, logging activities, and forest fragmentation may intensify fires in Amazonia by altering forest microclimate and fuel dynamics. To isolate the effects of fuel loads on fire behavior and fire-induced changes in forest carbon cycling, we manipulated fine fuel loads in a fire experiment located in southeast Amazonia. We predicted that a 50% increase in fine fuel loads would disproportionally increase fire intensity and severity (i.e., tree mortality and losses in carbon stocks) due to multiplicative effects of fine fuel loads on the rate of fire spread, fuel consumption, and burned area. The experiment followed a fully replicated randomized block design (N = 6) comprised of unburned control plots and burned plots that were treated with and without fine fuel additions. The fuel addition treatment significantly increased burned area (+22%) and consequently canopy openness (+10%), fine fuel combustion (+5%), and mortality of individuals ≥5 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh; +37%). Surprisingly, we observed nonsignificant effects of the fuel addition treatment on fireline intensity, and no significant differences among the three treatments for (i) mortality of large trees (≥30 cm dbh), (ii) aboveground forest carbon stocks, and (iii) soil respiration. It was also surprising that postfire tree growth and wood increment were higher in the burned plots treated with fuels than in the unburned control. These results suggest that (i) fine fuel load accumulation increases the likelihood of larger understory fires and (ii) single, low-intensity fires weakly influence carbon cycling of this primary neotropical forest, although delayed postfire mortality of large trees may lower carbon stocks over the long term. Overall, our findings indicate that increased fine fuel loads alone are unlikely to create threshold conditions for high-intensity, catastrophic fires during nondrought years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M Brando
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, SHIN CA 5, Bloco J2, Sala 309, Bairro, Lago Norte, Brasília-DF, 71503-505, Brazil
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Claudinei Oliveria-Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, SHIN CA 5, Bloco J2, Sala 309, Bairro, Lago Norte, Brasília-DF, 71503-505, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Rocha
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, SHIN CA 5, Bloco J2, Sala 309, Bairro, Lago Norte, Brasília-DF, 71503-505, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cury
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, SHIN CA 5, Bloco J2, Sala 309, Bairro, Lago Norte, Brasília-DF, 71503-505, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina-PR, 86051-990, Brazil
| | - Michael T Coe
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
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Balch JK, Brando PM, Nepstad DC, Coe MT, Silvério D, Massad TJ, Davidson EA, Lefebvre P, Oliveira-Santos C, Rocha W, Cury RTS, Parsons A, Carvalho KS. The Susceptibility of Southeastern Amazon Forests to Fire: Insights from a Large-Scale Burn Experiment. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Zhang K, de Almeida Castanho AD, Galbraith DR, Moghim S, Levine NM, Bras RL, Coe MT, Costa MH, Malhi Y, Longo M, Knox RG, McKnight S, Wang J, Moorcroft PR. The fate of Amazonian ecosystems over the coming century arising from changes in climate, atmospheric CO 2, and land use. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:2569-2587. [PMID: 25704051 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in understanding the fate of the Amazon over the coming century in the face of climate change, rising atmospheric CO2 levels, ongoing land transformation, and changing fire regimes within the region. In this analysis, we explore the fate of Amazonian ecosystems under the combined impact of these four environmental forcings using three terrestrial biosphere models (ED2, IBIS, and JULES) forced by three bias-corrected IPCC AR4 climate projections (PCM1, CCSM3, and HadCM3) under two land-use change scenarios. We assess the relative roles of climate change, CO2 fertilization, land-use change, and fire in driving the projected changes in Amazonian biomass and forest extent. Our results indicate that the impacts of climate change are primarily determined by the direction and severity of projected changes in regional precipitation: under the driest climate projection, climate change alone is predicted to reduce Amazonian forest cover by an average of 14%. However, the models predict that CO2 fertilization will enhance vegetation productivity and alleviate climate-induced increases in plant water stress, and, as a result, sustain high biomass forests, even under the driest climate scenario. Land-use change and climate-driven changes in fire frequency are predicted to cause additional aboveground biomass loss and reductions in forest extent. The relative impact of land use and fire dynamics compared to climate and CO2 impacts varies considerably, depending on both the climate and land-use scenario, and on the terrestrial biosphere model used, highlighting the importance of improved quantitative understanding of all four factors - climate change, CO2 fertilization effects, fire, and land use - to the fate of the Amazon over the coming century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Hydrometeorology & Remote Sensing (HyDROS) Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Andrea D de Almeida Castanho
- The Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Sanaz Moghim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rafael L Bras
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Marcos H Costa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Vicosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcos Longo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan G Knox
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shawna McKnight
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul R Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Abstract
AIM The study compared the perceptions of nurses who participated in the clinical education of students using traditional and dedicated education unit (DEU) models. BACKGROUND In the traditional model, faculty are the primary clinical instructors for students. In a DEU, nurses provide clinical instruction with faculty support. METHOD This mixed-methods study used surveys and interviews. RESULTS Compared to nurses on traditional units, DEU nurses were more likely to agree that their unit welcomed students, had a strong commitment to teaching, and received professional development from clinical faculty. The nurses rated the learning gains of students as greater on DEUs than traditional units and viewed the leadership of the nurse manager and the quality of patient care as similar. CONCLUSION The study provides evidence that, from the nurses' perspective, the DEU faculty-nurse partnership provides students with superior clinical education experiences and may improve nurse work satisfaction.
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Abstract
AIM The study compared students' perceptions of their clinical learning experiences in a dedicated education unit (DEU) with their experiences in traditional clinical education. BACKGROUND Unlike traditional academic-instructor models, expert nurses in the DEU provide clinical education to students with faculty support. METHOD This repeated measures design used student surveys, supplemented by focus group data. RESULTS Students were more likely to agree that their clinical learning experience was high quality and they had a consistent mentoring relationship during DEU rotations. Students also reported the quality of the unit's learning environment, the leadership style of the nurse manager, and the nursing care on the unit was more favorable in DEUs than traditional units. Consistent with their changed role in DEUs, faculty members were less active in helping students integrate theory and practice. CONCLUSION These findings provide additional evidence of the value that the DEU model contributes to high-quality clinical education.
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Macedo MN, Coe MT, DeFries R, Uriarte M, Brando PM, Neill C, Walker WS. Land-use-driven stream warming in southeastern Amazonia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120153. [PMID: 23610164 PMCID: PMC3638424 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale cattle and crop production are the primary drivers of deforestation in the Amazon today. Such land-use changes can degrade stream ecosystems by reducing connectivity, changing light and nutrient inputs, and altering the quantity and quality of streamwater. This study integrates field data from 12 catchments with satellite-derived information for the 176,000 km(2) upper Xingu watershed (Mato Grosso, Brazil). We quantify recent land-use transitions and evaluate the influence of land management on streamwater temperature, an important determinant of habitat quality in small streams. By 2010, over 40 per cent of catchments outside protected areas were dominated (greater than 60% of area) by agriculture, with an estimated 10,000 impoundments in the upper Xingu. Streams in pasture and soya bean watersheds were significantly warmer than those in forested watersheds, with average daily maxima over 4°C higher in pasture and 3°C higher in soya bean. The upstream density of impoundments and riparian forest cover accounted for 43 per cent of the variation in temperature. Scaling up, our model suggests that management practices associated with recent agricultural expansion may have already increased headwater stream temperatures across the Xingu. Although increased temperatures could negatively impact stream biota, conserving or restoring riparian buffers could reduce predicted warming by as much as fivefold.
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Neill C, Coe MT, Riskin SH, Krusche AV, Elsenbeer H, Macedo MN, McHorney R, Lefebvre P, Davidson EA, Scheffler R, Figueira AMES, Porder S, Deegan LA. Watershed responses to Amazon soya bean cropland expansion and intensification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120425. [PMID: 23610178 PMCID: PMC3638438 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion and intensification of soya bean agriculture in southeastern Amazonia can alter watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry by changing the land cover, water balance and nutrient inputs. Several new insights on the responses of watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry to deforestation in Mato Grosso have emerged from recent intensive field campaigns in this region. Because of reduced evapotranspiration, total water export increases threefold to fourfold in soya bean watersheds compared with forest. However, the deep and highly permeable soils on the broad plateaus on which much of the soya bean cultivation has expanded buffer small soya bean watersheds against increased stormflows. Concentrations of nitrate and phosphate do not differ between forest or soya bean watersheds because fixation of phosphorus fertilizer by iron and aluminium oxides and anion exchange of nitrate in deep soils restrict nutrient movement. Despite resistance to biogeochemical change, streams in soya bean watersheds have higher temperatures caused by impoundments and reduction of bordering riparian forest. In larger rivers, increased water flow, current velocities and sediment flux following deforestation can reshape stream morphology, suggesting that cumulative impacts of deforestation in small watersheds will occur at larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Neill
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Moscato SR, Nishioka VM, Coe MT. Dedicated Education Unit: Implementing an Innovation in Replication Sites. J Nurs Educ 2013; 52:259-67. [DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20130328-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Coe MT, Marthews TR, Costa MH, Galbraith DR, Greenglass NL, Imbuzeiro HMA, Levine NM, Malhi Y, Moorcroft PR, Muza MN, Powell TL, Saleska SR, Solorzano LA, Wang J. Deforestation and climate feedbacks threaten the ecological integrity of south-southeastern Amazonia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120155. [PMID: 23610166 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A mosaic of protected areas, including indigenous lands, sustainable-use production forests and reserves and strictly protected forests is the cornerstone of conservation in the Amazon, with almost 50 per cent of the region now protected. However, recent research indicates that isolation from direct deforestation or degradation may not be sufficient to maintain the ecological integrity of Amazon forests over the next several decades. Large-scale changes in fire and drought regimes occurring as a result of deforestation and greenhouse gas increases may result in forest degradation, regardless of protected status. How severe or widespread these feedbacks will be is uncertain, but the arc of deforestation in south-southeastern Amazonia appears to be particularly vulnerable owing to high current deforestation rates and ecological sensitivity to climate change. Maintaining forest ecosystem integrity may require significant strengthening of forest conservation on private property, which can in part be accomplished by leveraging existing policy mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Coe
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA.
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Brando PM, Coe MT, DeFries R, Azevedo AA. Ecology, economy and management of an agroindustrial frontier landscape in the southeast Amazon. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120152. [PMID: 23610163 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The papers in this special issue address a major challenge facing our society: feeding a population that is simultaneously growing and increasing its per capita food consumption, while preventing widespread ecological and social impoverishment in the tropics. By focusing mostly on the Amazon's most dynamic agricultural frontier, Mato Grosso, they collectively clarify some key elements of achieving more sustainable agriculture. First, stakeholders in commodity-driven agricultural Amazonian frontiers respond rapidly to multiple forces, including global markets, international pressures for sustainably produced commodities and national-, state- and municipality-level policies. These forces can encourage or discourage deforestation rate changes within a short time-period. Second, agricultural frontiers are linked systems, land-use change is linked with regional climate, forest fires, water quality and stream discharge, which in turn are linked with the well-being of human populations. Thus, land-use practices at the farm level have ecological and social repercussions far removed from it. Third, policies need to consider the full socio-economic system to identify the efficacy and consequences of possible land management strategies. Monitoring to devise suitable management approaches depends not only on tracking land-use change, but also on monitoring the regional ecological and social consequences. Mato Grosso's achievements in reducing deforestation are impressive, yet they are also fragile. The ecological and social consequences and the successes and failures of management in this region can serve as an example of possible trajectories for other commodity-driven tropical agricultural frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M Brando
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Av. Nazaré 669, Belém 66035-170, Brazil.
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Castello L, McGrath DG, Hess LL, Coe MT, Lefebvre PA, Petry P, Macedo MN, Renó VF, Arantes CC. The vulnerability of Amazon freshwater ecosystems. Conserv Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura L. Hess
- Earth Research Institute; University of California; Santa Barbara; California; USA
| | - Michael T. Coe
- The Woods Hole Research Center; Falmouth; Massachusetts; USA
| | | | - Paulo Petry
- The Nature Conservancy, Latin American Conservation Region; Boston; Massachusetts; USA
| | | | - Vivian F. Renó
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos; São Paulo; Brazil
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Davidson EA, de Araújo AC, Artaxo P, Balch JK, Brown IF, C Bustamante MM, Coe MT, DeFries RS, Keller M, Longo M, Munger JW, Schroeder W, Soares-Filho BS, Souza CM, Wofsy SC. The Amazon basin in transition. Nature 2012; 481:321-8. [PMID: 22258611 DOI: 10.1038/nature10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and climate variability have become important agents of disturbance in the Amazon basin. Recent studies have demonstrated considerable resilience of Amazonian forests to moderate annual drought, but they also show that interactions between deforestation, fire and drought potentially lead to losses of carbon storage and changes in regional precipitation patterns and river discharge. Although the basin-wide impacts of land use and drought may not yet surpass the magnitude of natural variability of hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, there are some signs of a transition to a disturbance-dominated regime. These signs include changing energy and water cycles in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Davidson
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540-1644, USA.
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Heil Costa M, Coe MT, Loup Guyot J. Effects of climatic variability and deforestation on surface water regimes. Amazonia and Global Change 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Vano JA, Foley JA, Kucharik CJ, Coe MT. Controls of climatic variability and land cover on land surface hydrology of northern Wisconsin, USA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Vano
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Jonathan A. Foley
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Christopher J. Kucharik
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
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Cardille JA, Carpenter SR, Coe MT, Foley JA, Hanson PC, Turner MG, Vano JA. Carbon and water cycling in lake-rich landscapes: Landscape connections, lake hydrology, and biogeochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vano JA, Foley JA, Kucharik CJ, Coe MT. Evaluating the seasonal and interannual variations in water balance in northern Wisconsin using a land surface model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jg000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Vano
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Jonathan A. Foley
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Christopher J. Kucharik
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Michael T. Coe
- Woods Hole Research Center; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
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Foley JA, Defries R, Asner GP, Barford C, Bonan G, Carpenter SR, Chapin FS, Coe MT, Daily GC, Gibbs HK, Helkowski JH, Holloway T, Howard EA, Kucharik CJ, Monfreda C, Patz JA, Prentice IC, Ramankutty N, Snyder PK. Global consequences of land use. Science 2005; 309:570-4. [PMID: 16040698 DOI: 10.1126/science.1111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3049] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Foley
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
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Foley JA, Kucharik CJ, Twine TE, Coe MT, Donner SD. Land use, land cover, and climate change across the Mississippi Basin: Impacts on selected land and water resources. Ecosystems and Land Use Change 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/153gm19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Alcohol expectancies are important in the mediation and prediction of alcohol use. Expectancies for the effects of other drugs, although less well delineated, appear equally important. Therefore, development and validation of expectancy measures for drugs other than alcohol is necessary for evaluating the importance of these constructs. We examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Marijuana Effect Expectancy Questionnaire (MEEQ) and the Stimulant Effect Expectancy Questionnaire (SEEQ) in clinical and community samples of adolescents as they moved into young adulthood (N=279). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) supported the a priori factors, and we found good reliability for most individual scales. Temporal stability and convergent and discriminant validity of drug effect expectancies were supported in this sample of adolescents and young adults. Drug effect expectancies were associated with drug preference and drug use patterns over 2 years. Use of these measures may aid our understanding of the etiology and course of marijuana and stimulant involvement during adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Aarons
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0109, USA
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Lenters JD, Coe MT, Foley JA. Surface water balance of the continental United States, 1963-1995: Regional evaluation of a terrestrial biosphere model and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship of adolescent alcohol and drug use over a 5-year period to cumulative health problems in late adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS We prospectively examined self-reported health problems in a sample of adolescents, some of whom received treatment for substance use disorders and had consistently poor substance use outcomes (n = 38), some of whom received treatment for substance use disorders and had positive substance use outcomes (n = 30), and a low alcohol and drug use community comparison group (n = 48). Data regarding health-related problems of these adolescents (mean, 15.9 years; 83% Caucasian; 56.5% female) were collected at 2, 4, and 6 years following initial assessments. RESULTS Alcohol and/or drug involvement severe enough to warrant treatment during adolescence was associated with more cumulative health problems and severe health problems for girls and more cumulative health problems for boys. Protracted and continuous abuse of alcohol and drugs was associated with more cumulative and severe health problems for girls and more severe health problems for boys. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that significant health problems and concerns are related to both brief and protracted alcohol and drug abuse during adolescence. Health problems will likely become even more evident as early-onset, chronic substance abusers continue to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Aarons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, USA
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