Cyclic AMP Signaling Promotes the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Intestinal Epithelial Cells

To develop a novel in vitro system for predicting intestinal drug absorption using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells, the cells need to have sufficient drug-metabolizing enzyme and drug transporter activities. We found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling plays an important role in the differentiation of human iPS cells into intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of signaling activation in the intestinal differentiation of human iPS cells and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of human iPS cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells. Human iPS cells were differentiated into intestinal stem cells using activin A and fibroblast growth factor 2. Subsequently, the intestinal stem cells were maturated into intestinal epithelial cells by treatment with 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which activate cAMP signaling. The expression levels of intestinal markers and pharmacokinetics-related genes in the differentiated cells were markedly increased by using 8-Br-cAMP and IBMX. In the cells differentiated with the compound we observed cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inducibility via pregnane X receptor and vitamin D receptor. The metabolic activities of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, which are expressed in the human small intestine, were also markedly increased. Furthermore, uptake of glycylsarcosine via peptide transporter 1 was markedly increased. The cells differentiated with the compounds also had drug transporter activities via organic anion transporters and P-glycoprotein. This study is the first to report that the activation of cAMP signaling promotes differentiation of human iPS cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells.

Ecabet sodium prevents esophageal lesions induced by the reflux of gastric juice in rats

We investigated the effect of ecabet sodium (ecabet) on rat acute esophageal lesions induced by reflux of gastric juice. Ligation of both pylorus and fore-stomach induced the reflux of gastric juice, decreased the amount of mucus and formed hemorrhagic lesions in the esophageal mucosa. Intragastric injection of ecabet reduced the pepsin activity and prevented both the decrease of mucus amount and formation of lesions. Ecabet enhanced the reduction in lesion formation induced by omeprazole and ranitidine without a change in decreased acid concentration and pepsin activity. Digestion of mucosa and the reduction in mucus were prevented by ecabet in the everted HCl and pepsin treated esophageal sac. These results indicate that ecabet prevents esophageal lesions by inhibiting pepsin activity as well as by protecting mucus from degradation. These further implicate the therapeutic potential of ecabet for prevention/treatment of GERD, especially in combination with a proton pump inhibitor or H(2)-antagonist.

Insulin-nonspecific reduction in skeletal muscle glucose transport in high-fat-fed rats

High-fat feeding diminishes insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. However, conflicting results are reported regarding whether phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase-independent glucose transport is also impaired in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed rodents. The aim of the present study was to study whether non-insulin-dependent mechanisms for stimulation of glucose transport are defective in skeletal muscle from high-fat-fed rats. Rats were fed normal chow diet or high-fat diet for 4 weeks and isolated epitrochlearis muscles were used for measuring glucose transport. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport was significantly lower in rats fed the high-fat diet compared with chow-fed rats (P < .05). Hypoxia-stimulated glucose transport was also reduced in high-fat-fed rats (P < .05). Nevertheless, hypoxia-stimulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation (Thr172) level was not affected by high-fat feeding. Glucose transport by sodium nitroprusside stimulation was reduced in high-fat-fed rats (P < .05). Protein content of glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 and AMPK-alpha, and glycogen content were comparable between both groups. Our findings provide evidence that high-fat feeding can affect not only insulin but also non-insulin-stimulated glucose transport. A putative defect in common steps in glucose transport may play a role to account for impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rats fed a high-fat diet.

Cinnamon extract prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet

The aim of this study was to determine whether cinnamon extract (CE) would improve the glucose utilization in normal male Wistar rats fed a high-fructose diet (HFD) for three weeks with or without CE added to the drinking water (300 mg/kg/day). In vivo glucose utilization was measured by the euglycemic clamp technique. Further analyses on the possible changes in insulin signaling occurring in skeletal muscle were performed afterwards by Western blotting. At 3 mU/kg/min insulin infusions, the decreased glucose infusion rate (GIR) in HFD-fed rats (60 % of controls, p < 0.01) was improved by CE administration to the same level of controls (normal chow diet) and the improving effect of CE on the GIR of HFD-fed rats was blocked by approximately 50 % by N-monometyl-L-arginine. The same tendency was found during the 30 mU/kg/min insulin infusions. There were no differences in skeletal muscle insulin receptor (IR)-beta, IR substrate (IRS)-1, or phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase protein content in any groups. However, the muscular insulin-stimulated IR-beta and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation levels and IRS-1 associated with PI 3-kinase in HFD-fed rats were only 70 +/- 9 %, 76 +/- 5 %, and 72 +/- 6 % of controls (p < 0.05), respectively, and these decreases were significantly improved by CE treatment. These results suggest that early CE administration to HFD-fed rats would prevent the development of insulin resistance at least in part by enhancing insulin signaling and possibly via the NO pathway in skeletal muscle.

[Cases with Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from non-sputum or broncho alveolar lavage fluid materials]

Out of 79 cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from clinical specimens at the Iizuka Hospital from 1996 to 1999, 24 cases were isolated from materials other than from the sputa and broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). For these 24 cases we investigated the clinical features and detection methods. Number of cases among each material was 8, 4, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1 in pleural effusion, biopsied lymph node, pus, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, joint effusion, ascites, endometrium, respectively. By smear method, 5 cases of the 24 (20.8%) were positive, and the most frequent specimen positive for smear method was lymph node (3/4 cases), but other specimens reveal a low positive rate. It takes 4 to 8 weeks for determination by culture method, and the number of colonies was few. Only two out of the examined 9 cases, in this study, showed positive results in rapid diagnosis using PCR.

Modification by exercise training of activity and enzyme expression of hepatic branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. In the present study, we examined the effects of exercise training on the activity and enzyme expression of the hepatic BCKDH complex in diabetic rats. The rats were prepared by intravenous injections of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg BW), and exercise training was accomplished by treadmill running for 45 min/d for 4 wk. The total and actual activities of hepatic BCKDH complex were significantly increased to approximately 160% by 4 wk of diabetes. On the other hand, diabetic rats in the trained group had the same level of activities as those in the normal rats, indicating that exercise training inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in the enzyme activities. The activity state (% active form) of the enzyme complex was about 100% in all groups and was not affected by diabetes or training. The protein amounts of the enzyme subunits (E1alpha and E2) and the abundance of mRNA for the E2 subunit, but not for the other subunits, in the liver had the same trend as the activities. These results suggest that the capacity for branched-chain amino acid catabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is reduced by exercise training and that this modification is associated with the suppression of diabetes-induced BCKDH complex expression in the liver.

Mechanism of activation of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex by exercise

Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex catalyzes the committed step of branched-chain amino acid catabolism, and its activity is regulated by the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle. BCKDH kinase is responsible for inactivation of the complex by phosphorylation. In the present study, we examined acute exercise on the activity state of the complex as well as the amounts of bound and free forms of the kinase in rat liver and skeletal muscle. Acute exercise activated the complex in association with a decrease in the bound form of kinase in both liver and muscle. The free form of kinase in both tissues was slightly increased but the total amount of the kinase was not affected by acute exercise. The protein amount ratio of bound kinase to E1beta component of the complex was much higher in muscle than in the liver of rats, reflecting the low activity state of the complex in muscle. These results suggest that the amount of the bound kinase plays an important role in regulation of the activity state of the complex. We propose that the alteration in the amount of bound BCKDH kinase is a short-term regulatory mechanism for determining the activity of BCKDH complex.

[A case of cavernous sinus syndrome following a mycotic aneurysm of extracranial carotid artery]

A 66-year-old man was admitted to our department with left abducens palsy and pain in the territory of the left trigeminal nerve. He had a history of left mandibular osteomyelitis that had been treated for five years in the dental department. However, the osteomyelitis was resistant to therapy. Two months before this admission, he had an infectious aneurysm of the left extracranial carotid artery with occlusion. On admission, the ESR was 140 mm/hour. P-ANCA and antinuclear antibody were negative. Lumbar puncture revealed elevated cell counts (43% neutrophils) and protein. Microbiological studies were negative. Cranial MR images showed an enhanced lesion in the left cavernous sinus. His condition gradually improved with high dose of penicillin and low dose of corticosteroid. However, he died of pulmonary embolism after 81 days. At autopsy, the left extracranial carotid aneurysm was highly fibrose. The left CCA, ICA, and ECA were occluded from the origin of the left common carotid artery to the ICA in the cavernous sinus. There were also fibrosis, hemosiderin, and macrophages around these arteries, and parts of these arteries were destroyed. The left cavernous sinus lesion was also highly fibrose. These pathological findings indicated that there was old inflammation around the left extracranial carotid aneurysm, left carotid artery, and left cavernous sinus. We believe that the left cavernous sinus syndrome in our patient was caused by left carotid artery vasculitis induced by the left infectious extracranial carotid aneurysm. We also believe that this infectious aneurysm was caused by the left mandibular osteomyelitis.

Radical generation, radical-scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity of eugenol-related compounds

To clarify the possible link between radicals and cytotoxicity of eugenol-related compounds, dimeric compounds were synthesized from eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxy-phenol), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol) or MMP (2 methoxy-4-methylphenol); bis-EUG (3,3'-dimethoxy-5,5'-di-2-propenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol), bis-BHA (3,3'-di-t-butyl-5,5'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol), and bis-MMP (3,3'-di-methoxy-5,5'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol). The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was determined using a salivary gland tumor cell line (HSG), oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-2) and human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60). A parabolic relationship between the cytotoxicity and log P (the octanol-water partition coefficient) was observed, showing that both BHA and bis-MMP, with a log P of 3-4, were the most cytotoxic. The cytotoxic activity of the 2-methoxy derivatives, eugenol, MMP and bis-MMP, against HSG cells was significantly enhanced by visible-light irradiation, possibly due to their high redox potential. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy indicated that eugenol and BHA alone produced radicals under alkaline conditions (pH > 9.5), and eugenol most efficiently scavenges reactive oxygen species (O2-). Antioxidative reactivity of eugenol-related compounds was determined by measuring the inhibiting periods of the AIBN (2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile)/MMA (methyl methacrylate) polymerization system, and the number of moles of peroxy radical trapped by moles of the relevant phenols (stoichiometric factor, n). It was found that the n values of eugenol and MMP were approximately 1, whereas those of BHA >2, suggesting that eugenol and MMP undergo dimerization through radical-radical couplings through quinone methides, whereas BHA undergoes the competitive interaction with poly-MMA radicals after oxidation by AIBN-peroxy radicals. BHA was an efficient peroxy radical-scavenger, but possibly reacted with polymer radicals of the lipid, thus mediating the cytotoxicity. The n value of bis-BHA was two, whereas those of bis-EUG and bis-MMP were 1.6-1.7, suggesting that the latter were further oxidized. The enthalpies of phenoxyl radical formation were determined using the semi-empirical PM3 quantum-mechanical method and the possible link to redox potential was discussed.

Differential endocytotic characteristics of a novel human B/DC cell line HBM-Noda: effective macropinocytic and phagocytic function rather than scavenging function

In order to characterize a novel human B cell-lineage dendritic cell line (B/DC line) as an antigen-presenting cell (APC), we compared three types of endocytosis (micropinocytosis via a clathrin-coated pit, macropinocytosis via membrane ruffling, and phagocytosis) among myeloid-related, macrophage (Mphi) cell lines and a B/DC line. In the present examination, we used a unique human dendritic cell (DC) line, HBM-Noda (Noda). Flow cytometric and immunocytochemical analyses revealed that Noda not only expresses some DC markers, but also it expresses some B-cell associated markers. Noda shows strong capacities to stimulate allogenic T cells, to produce immunoglobulin G (IgG), and to perform immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. These data strongly suggest that Noda is a B-cell lineage DC line. The endocytic differences among these cell lines were as follows. (1) The level of micropinocytosis of Noda was significantly less than that of conventional human Mphi cell lines, and the formation of a clathrin-coated pit was not observed in Noda. (2) The level of macropinocytosis of Noda was also smaller than that of conventional Mphi cells indicating that the active membrane ruffling of Noda induces rapid recycling. (3) Phagocytosis of opsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was performed more efficiently in Noda than in other Mphi cell lines. Collectively, these data suggest that in human bone marrow cells, we can identify a unique DC subtype, B/DC line, which develops through a lymphoid DC-differentiation pathway, and DC in this lineage plays an important role in the host immune response because of its effective uptake of a variety of size of antigens by using the skillful membrane ruffling and surface receptors

The abundance of mRNAs for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzymes in brain regions of young and aged rats

The abundance of mRNAs for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoenzymes in four brain regions of young (10 wk) and aged (50 wk) rats was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mRNAs for PDK1, 2, and 4 were detected in all the regions examined. The level of PDK2 mRNA was the most abundant among the isoenzymes in all the brain regions when judged from the PCR cycles. The level of PDK1 mRNA was relatively high in cerebellum and cerebral cortex compared to medulla oblongata and hippocampus. Aging decreased the levels of mRNAs for PDK1 and 2 in cerebellum and increased the PDK2 mRNA in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The level of PDK4 mRNA was not affected by aging. These results provide the first evidence suggesting that there is the regional difference in the abundance of mRNAs for PDK isoenzymes in rat brain and that the levels of mRNAs for the isoenzymes were affected by aging.

The alpha-ketoisocaproate catabolism in human and rat livers

Catabolism of alpha-ketoisocaproate in liver is mediated by cytosolic alpha-ketoisocaproate dioxygenase (KICD) and mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC). The latter is believed to be involved in the main pathway of the KIC catabolism. In the present study, we measured the activities of KICD and BCKDC in human and rat livers. The KICD activity in human liver was 0.9 mU/g tissue, which was 14.2% of the total activity of BCKDC, and that in rat liver was 4.2 mU/g tissue, which was only 1.0% of the total activity, suggesting that KICD in human liver plays a relatively important role in the alpha-ketoisocaproate catabolism. The KICD activity in human liver was significantly increased by cirrhosis. In rat liver, the enzyme activity was markedly increased by physical training and streptozotocin-induced diabetes, but not by feeding of a diet rich in branched-chain amino acids, although BCKDC activity was increased by feeding of the diet.

Hybrid Petri net representation of gene regulatory network

It is important to provide a representation method of gene regulatory networks which realizes the intuitions of biologists while keeping the universality in its computational ability. In this paper, we propose a method to exploit hybrid Petri net (HPN) for representing gene regulatory networks. The HPN is an extension of Petri nets which have been used to represent many kinds of systems including stochastic ones in the field of computer sciences and engineerings. Since the HPN has continuous and discrete elements, it can easily handle biological factors such as protein and mRNA concentrations. We demonstrate that, by using HPNs, it is possible to translate biological facts into HPNs in a natural manner. It should be also emphasized that a hierarchical approach is taken for our construction of the genetic switch mechanism of lambda phage which is realized by using HPNs. This hierarchical approach with HPNs makes easier the arrangement of the components in the gene regulatory network based on the biological facts and provides us a prospective view of the network. We also show some computational results of the protein dynamics of the lambda phage mechanism that is simulated and observed by implementing the HPN on a currently available tool.

Exercise training prevents maturation-induced decreases in insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in rat skeletal muscle

We have previously reported that exercise training prevents a maturation-induced decrease in insulin sensitivity and suggested that an improvement of insulin sensitivity by exercise training was attributable, in part, to an increase in insulin-sensitive GLUT-4 on the skeletal muscle plasma membrane. In this study, we examined the effects of maturation and exercise training on the gene expression and protein content of the components of post-insulin receptor signal transduction in rat skeletal muscle. Rats aged 3 weeks were sedentary or trained by voluntary running through 4 or 27 weeks of age, and then the rats in both the sedentary and trained groups were killed and the gastrocnemius muscle was immediately removed for analysis of mRNA and protein content. The concentration of mRNA and protein for insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in sedentary rats significantly decreased with maturation (49% and 63%, respectively, at age 27 weeks v age 4 weeks), but in trained rats they did not decrease with maturation. Although the level of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) mRNA in sedentary rats was not altered with maturation, PI 3-kinase protein in sedentary rats significantly decreased with maturation (73% at 27 weeks v 4 weeks). However, PI 3-kinase protein in trained rats did not decrease with maturation. These results suggest that the prevention of maturation-induced decreases in the protein content of IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase is involved in the mechanisms responsible for the improvement of insulin sensitivity by exercise training, and exercise training may affect transcriptional regulation of the IRS-1 gene and posttranscriptional regulation of PI 3-kinase expression.

Suppression of glycogen consumption during acute exercise by dietary branched-chain amino acids in rats

The effects of a diet supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; 4.8% or 6.2%) on BCAA catabolism and glycogen metabolism in rats were examined. Rats were fed a BCAA diet or control diet for 4 wk and part of the rats were subjected to exercise training during the experimental period. Feeding the BCAA diet increased serum BCAA concentrations and activity of the hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of BCAA, suggesting that dietary BCAA promotes BCAA catabolism. Although the serum glucose concentration and glycogen contents in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle of rested rats were not significantly affected by feeding of the BCAA diet, those in rats exhausted by acute exercise were 2-4-fold higher in rats fed the BCAA diet than in rats fed the control diet. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle after acute exercise showed reverse trends; the complex activities (especially in liver) tended to be less in the BCAA diet group than in the control diet group. These results suggest that dietary BCAA spares glycogen stores in liver and skeletal muscle during exercise and that the decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in these tissues by dietary BCAA is involved in the mechanisms.

Additive effects of estrogen deficiency and diabetes on bone mineral density in rats

We investigated the combined effects of estrogen deficiency and diabetes on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in rats. Ten-week-old, female rats were randomly divided into four groups: controls (C), an ovariectomized group (O), a streptozotocin-induced diabetic group (S), and a combined ovariectomy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic group (OS). The BMD of the lumbar spine and the femur were measured before grouping and at 23 weeks old. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained via cardiac puncture, and bone gla protein (BGP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were measured. The rats in the C, O, S, and OS groups, in that order, had higher levels of BMD of the lumbar spine and femur at 23 weeks of age. The BGP levels in the S and OS groups were significantly lower than in C and O groups. Significantly higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was observed in the O group compared with the C, S and OS groups. No differences were obtained in TRAP among four groups. Our data suggest that the combined effects of estrogen deficiency and diabetes on BMD are not synergistic or counteractive but additive.

A human B-lineage dendritic cell line, HBM-noda and its potential role in human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I infection

An Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell line, HBM-Noda (Noda), that has a dendritic morphology as well as several characteristic features of dendritic cells (DC) has been established. We therefore refer to Noda as B-lineage DC. Although human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) exhibit substantial cellular tropism, the roles of DC in HTLV-I infection remain unknown. To further clarify the characteristics of Noda cells, we performed infection experiments using a concentrated HTLV-I fraction from the adult T-cell leukemia cell line, HPB-ATL-2. Noda, as well as other cell lines examined, were sensitive to HTLV-I infection as detected by proviral DNA using polymerase chain reaction, but most infected Noda cells underwent necrosis within 7 days. The most striking feature of Noda cells was the abundant expression of viral antigen (p19) on the cell surface following infection (approximately day 4), probably due to strong viral adsorption. In cocultivation experiments using Noda cells at day 1 of post-infection and peripheral blood activated T cells, we detected a few (1.3%) viral antigen expressing T cells after 5 days of coculture by flow cytometry. These results suggest that B-lineage DC such as Noda cells play a role in the establishment of HTLV-I infection at an early phase.

Intracellular cyclic AMP inhibits native and recombinant volume-regulated chloride channels from mammalian heart

1. ClC-3 encodes a volume-regulated Cl- channel (ICl,vol) in heart. We studied the regulation of native and recombinant cardiac ICl,vol by intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMPi). 2. Symmetrical high Cl- concentrations were used to effectively separate outwardly rectifying ICl,vol from other non-rectifying Cl- currents, such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and Ca2+-activated Cl- currents (ICl,CFTR and ICl,Ca, respectively), which are concomitantly expressed in cardiac myocytes. 3. 8-Bromo-cyclic AMP (8-Br-cAMP) significantly inhibited ICl,vol in most guinea-pig atrial myocytes. In approximately 30 % of the atrial myocytes examined, 8-Br-cAMP increased macroscopic Cl- currents. However, the 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated difference currents exhibited a linear current-voltage (I-V ) relation, consistent with activation of ICl,CFTR, not ICl,vol. 4. In canine atrial myocytes, isoprenaline (1 microM) consistently reduced ICl,vol in Ca2+-free hypotonic bath solutions with strong intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) buffering. In Ca2+-containing hypotonic bath solutions with weak Ca2+i buffering, however, isoprenaline increased net macroscopic Cl- currents. Isoprenaline-stimulated difference currents were not outwardly rectifying, consistent with activation of ICl,Ca, not ICl, vol. 5. In NIH/3T3 cells transfected with gpClC-3 (the gene encoding ICl,vol), 8-Br-cAMP consistently inhibited ICl,ClC-3. These effects were prevented by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, KT5720, or by mutation of a single consensus protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site (S51A) on the N-terminus of ClC-3, which also mediates PKC inhibition of ICl,ClC-3. 6. We conclude that cAMPi causes inhibition of ICl,vol in mammalian heart due to cross-phosphorylation of the same PKC consensus site on ClC-3 by PKA. Our results suggest that contamination of macroscopic ICl,vol by ICl,CFTR and/or ICl,Ca may account for some of the inconsistent and controversial effects of cAMPi on ICl,vol previously reported in native cardiac myocytes.

New haplotype of familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a codon 200 mutation and a codon 219 polymorphism of the prion protein gene in a Japanese family

We report a new haplotype of familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with a codon 200 mutation and a codon 219 polymorphism of the prion protein gene in a Japanese family. There were four cases diagnosed with CJD neuropathologically, one of which was identified with a codon 200 mutation (glutamic acid to lysine) and a codon 219Lys polymorphism on the same allele. Clinicopathologically, two cases had a long clinical course, whereas the others were similar to the cases with a codon 200 mutation. Three cases was diagnosed with the panencephalopathic-type CJD neuropathologically and the other was diagnosed with the subacute spongiform encephalopathy, a subtype of CJD. We consider that the clinicopathological features in familial CJD are not steadily uniform and that it is impossible to state definitely from this study whether the codon 219 polymorphism influences the clinicopathological aspects in familial CJD with a codon 200 mutation (glutamic acid to lysine).

Leukoencephalopathy with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a semiquantitative and morphometric study

To investigate changes in caliber of vessels in leukoencephalopathy with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) we performed a histological and morphometric study of cerebral arteries in this disease. We histologically examined changes in cortico-leptomeningeal arteries in five cases of leukoencephalopathy with CAA and compared their morphometrically determined wall-to-lumen ratio [(external diameter-internal diameter) x 0.5/internal diameter] with those of amyloid-negative arteries to estimate stenotic changes. Additionally, we compared wall-to-lumen ratios of medullary arteries in brains with CAA and white matter lesions (WML) (CAA(+)/WML(+), n = 5), subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy without CAA (CAA(-)/WML(+), n = 7), and neither CAA nor white matter lesions (CAA(-)/WML(-), n = 5). Amyloid-positive arteries had thinned walls and dilated lumens. The external diameter and the wall-to-lumen ratio for amyloid-positive arteries was smaller than for amyloid-negative arteries in CAA(+)/WML(+) brains. There was no significant difference in the external diameters among the three groups. The wall-to-lumen ratio for medullary arteries in CAA(-)/WML(+) brains was significantly greater than for CAA(+)/WML(+) and CAA(-)/WML(-), but there was no significant difference between CAA(+)/WML(+) and CAA(-)/WML(-). Amyloid deposition causes degeneration of the tunica media, resulting in thinning of the wall and dilation of the lumen. The tunica media of small arteries is important in regulation of cerebral blood flow with degeneration causing impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation in response to blood pressure. This impairment may lead to white matter lesions.

[Primary Sjögren's syndrome presenting as unconsciousness associated with IgA-lambda M-protein]

We describe the case of a 43-year-old woman who presented with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) which manifestated as unconsciousness due to M protein. A diagnosis of SS was made based on a ten-year history of dryness, a Shirmer test, and the histological findings of labial biopsy. A rouleaux formation was observed and serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal spike of 4.0 gm/dl in the gamma-region, which was characterized as IgA-lambda. Biopsy of the minor salivary glands showed marked polyclonal lymphoproliferation with lymphoid follicles, including both T cells and B cells as revealed by immunohistological staining. Therefore, the patient had a lymphoproliferative lesion of the minor salivary glands, which is also known as pseudolymphoma. We conclude that fainting associated with marked M protein may be manifestation of SS. Such cases should be followed carefully since the subsequent neoplastic transformation of pseudolymphomas have been previously reported.

Clinical significance of mdm2 and p53 expression in bladder cancer. A comparison with cell proliferation and apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detectable level of p53 protein has been reported, but with some limitation as a prognosticator of bladder cancer patients. Whether or not simultaneous evaluation of mdm2 and p53 expression in bladder cancer exceed the prognostic significance of conventional histological findings, cell proliferation markers and apoptotic parameters remains unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The paraffin-embedded materials taken from 84 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who were treated with total cystectomy were used in this study. Immunostainings of p53 protein, mdm2 protein and Ki67 antigen were performed using monoclonal antibodies (clone DO7, clone 1B10 and clone MIB1, respectively). In addition, the apoptotic cells were determined using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. The results were quantitatively evaluated using a CAS 200 Image Analyzer (Cell Analysis System, Elmhurst, Ill., USA) and were compared with histological findings and clinical course.

RESULTS

The mean values of mdm2 expression, p53 immunoreactivity, Ki67 expression and apoptotic index were 19.2, 20.5, 22.4 and 0.96%, respectively. Histological grade and pT category were significantly positively correlated with 53 immunoreactivity (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively), Ki67 expression (p < 0.005 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and apoptotic index (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively), while both were not correlated with mdm2 expression. Using univariate analysis, the prognostic relevance for both survival and disease progression was noted in histological grade, pT category, p53 expression, Ki67 index and apoptotic index, whereas it was not in mdm2 expression. However, when analyzing the simultaneous evaluation of mdm2 and p53 expression (mdm2-p53 category), the relationship of the mdm2-p53 category with Ki67 expression and apoptotic index showed a statistical significance and a borderline significance (p = 0.0085 and p = 0.0652, respectively). In addition, the patients with both mdm2(-) and p53(-) showed a significant better prognosis as compared with either counterpart of mdm2-p53 category (p < 0.05 for both). Multivariate analysis revealed only pT category and mdm2-p53 category as independent factors for both disease progression and survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical significance of simultaneous evaluation of mdm2 and p53 immunostaining proved to be superior over that of cell proliferation and/or apoptotic markers when elucidating the biological characteristics of bladder cancer.

[Pharmacokinetic analysis of cefozopran in neonatal infections--population pharmacokinetics using nonmem]

This report describes the results on pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of cefozopran (CZOP) in neonatal patients. Enrolled patients were 136 in total whose informed consents to enter this study had been given by their parents. Among them, blood samples were collected from 42 neonates to analyze concentrations of CZOP by population pharmacokinetics (PPK) methods. Based on this analysis, the average pharmacokinetic parameters of CZOP and the variabilities of them in different morbid pharmacological backgrounds and in different subjects were evaluated. This PPK analysis showed that clearance (CL) and distribution volume (Vd) of CZOP could be estimated by the following equations; CL = 0.0452 x WT1.75 (in the case of the postnatal age of over than 1 day) CL = 0.623 x 0.0452 WT1.75 (in the case of the postnatal age of 1 day or less) Vd = 0.455 x WT where WT indicates body weight in kg. The coefficients of variation among individual subjects on CL and Vd were found to be 20.7% and 20.0%, respectively. From this PPK analysis it was indicated that the elimination of CZOP is dependent on the postnatal age and is approximately 38% lower in the younger group than in the older group. Therefore, it could be concluded that, though the cases of evaluation were small in number, adjustment of dosing of CZOP is necessary, particularly in prolongation of intervals of administration, in cases of postnatal age of 1 day or less.

Sarcoidosis associated with multiple large pulmonary nodules

Parenchymal manifestations of pulmonary sarcoidosis include a diffuse, symmetric, reticulonodular interstitial pattern, a fibrotic pattern, and an acinar pattern. Large pulmonary nodules in sarcoidosis are rare, and their frequency (> 1 cm in diameter) has been estimated at 2-4%. We report a rare case of sarcoidosis associated with large bilateral pulmonary nodules. These nodules reached up to 7 cm in diameter, which is larger than any others reported previously. Furthermore, these nodular lesions developed within only 6 months of normal chest X-ray results and were not found to accompany bilateral hilar lymph adenopathy, which is observed in the usual course of sarcoidosis. As described above, this case of pulmonary sarcoidosis was significant not only in terms of the large size of the nodules but also the unique chest X-ray course.

Gastric mucosal function following withdrawal of omeprazole in rats

In the following study the function of gastric mucosa after withdrawal of 4-week suppression of acid secretion was examined. Rats were treated orally for 4 weeks with omeprazole (CAS 73590-58-6, 150 mg/kg/day). While elevated plasma gastrin levels during the treatment returned to normal 4 days after the last dosing, exogenously applied pentagastrin induced higher acid secretion compared with the vehicle-treated controls. Acetylsalicylic acid induced mucosal lesion 3.6-fold over the control as well. In contrast, the HCl-induced lesion was inhibited by 24.4%. These results indicate that not only the acid secretion but also the mucosal protection is enhanced after 4-week treatment with omeprazole in rats.

Relationship of serum testosterone level with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nm23 protein in human prostatic carcinoma tissue

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the biological significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and nm23 immunoreactivity in prostatic carcinoma (PC) tissue, both expressions were immunohistochemically analyzed, and the results were compared with the change of the serum testosterone (T) level.

METHODS

The paraffin-embedded materials obtained from 49 untreated PC and 16 hormonally refractory PC (hr-PC) were used. Of the 49 untreated PC, 35 received luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogue treatment, while 14 received a cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The immunohistochemistry of PCNA and nm23 protein was performed using an anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody (PC-10) and an antihuman nm23 polyclonal antibody (OA-11-890), respectively. The serum T level was measured by means of radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS

In both untreated PC and hr-PC, the immunoreactivity of nm23 protein significantly correlated with the PCNA expression. Both PCNA expression and nm23 protein immunoreactivity were higher in poorly differentiated PC than those observed in well-differentiated PC, while no significant difference in the serum T level was observed between poorly and well-differentiated PCs. On the other hand, both PCNA expression and nm23 protein immunoreactivity were significantly higher in hr-PC than those observed in untreated PC, whereas the serum T level was significantly lower in hr-PC. In 35 PCs treated with LH-RH analogue, no significant difference in both PCNA expression and nm23 protein immunoreactivity was found between those specimens obtained before and at 3 months after the treatment, while a significant reduction of the serum T level was noted at 3 months after the treatment. Similarly, in 14 PCs treated with a cisplatin-based chemotherapy, the same change of PCNA expression and nm23 protein immunoreactivity as observed in LH-RH analogue treatment was found, while no significant difference of the serum T level was found.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings appear to indicate that (1) nm23 protein immunoreactivity is interrelated with cellular proliferation in PC tissue and (2) alteration of the serum T level during a short period was not enough to explain the essential change of cellular proliferation of PC tissue, but might reflect other aspects of tumor growth such as apoptosis.

Immunohistochemical analysis of estramustine binding protein with particular reference to proliferative activity in human prostatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The estramustine binding protein (EMBP) specifically binds to estramustine and was first discovered in the rat ventral prostate. However, the physiological property of EMBP in the human prostate still remains to be elucidated. To elucidate whether EMBP is interrelated with cellular proliferation in human prostatic carcinoma (PC), the change in EMBP immunostaining during luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analog administration or during Cis-platinum-based chemotherapy, and the difference in EMBP immunostaining between hormone refractory (hr-PC) and untreated PC were analyzed.

METHODS

Forty-six patients with histologically proven untreated PCs (34 were treated with LH-RH analog and 12 were treated with chemotherapy as an initial therapy) and 14 with hr-PC were used in this study. PC tissues were obtained before and 3 months after the initial therapy. The changes in immunostainings for EMBP, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and nm23 protein were compared with the change in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and the histological response during the treatment.

RESULTS

The increased EMBP expression was observed in tumors with high histological grade and high clinical stage as well as in hr-PC. In untreated PC, EMBP expression weakly correlated with PCNA or nm23 protein immunoreactivity. In PC receiving LH-RH analog, EMBP expression was significantly reduced after treatment, however, no significant changes were observed in PCNA or nm23 protein immunoreactivity. In addition, EMBP expression before the treatment significantly correlated with the serum PSA change, while PCNA expression and nm23 protein immunoreactivity did not. On the other hand, no significant relationship was observed between histological changes induced by the LH-RH analog and immunostainings for EMBP, PCNA, and nm23 protein before treatment. In PC patients receiving chemotherapy, immunostainings for EMBP, PCNA, and nm23 protein were not significantly changed during the treatment. EMBP immunoreactivity was significantly higher in hr-PC than in untreated PC with paralleled change of PCNA expression and nm23 protein immunoreactivity.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations indicate that EMBP is androgen regulated in some PCs. However, EMBP expression is demonstrated even in hr-PC and is interrelated with cellular proliferation especially in hr-PC.

Effect of T-0632, a cholecystokininA receptor antagonist, on experimental acute pancreatitis

Effects of a new cholecystokinin (CCK)A-receptor antagonist, T-0632 [sodium (S)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-3-[(3-isoquinolinylcarbonyl) amino]-6-methoxy-2-oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoate], on caerulein-induced and pancreatic duct ligation-induced pancreatitis models were studied and compared with the CCKA-receptor antagonist loxiglumide and the orally active protease inhibitor camostate, respectively. In rats, orally administered T-0632 potently prevented the caerulein-induced increases in pancreatic digestive enzymes in plasma and suppressed the histological changes in the pancreas. The estimated ED50 values of T-0632 and loxiglumide were 0.0092 and 8.9 mg/kg, respectively. In dogs, T-0632 (0.1, 1 mg/kg, i.d.) prevented the caerulein-induced increase in plasma amylase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Loxiglumide (100 mg/kg, i.d.) did not show any preventive effects. In pancreatic duct ligation (6 hr)-induced pancreatitis of the rat, T-0632 (0.001-0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) partially prevented both the increase in plasma amylase activity and the histological changes in the pancreas, whereas camostate (10, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) did not show any preventive effects. In pancreatic duct ligation (3 hr)-induced pancreatitis, caerulein injection (1 microgram/kg, s.c.) caused a further increase in plasma amylase activity, and T-0632 (0.01, 0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently decreased the aggravation by caerulein. We conclude that T-0632 showed preventive effects on all of these pancreatitis models by oral or intraduodenal administration. These results suggest that CCK plays an important role in progression and aggravation of acute pancreatitis, and T-0632 may have a therapeutic value in these disease states.

Role of vagus nerves and gastrin in the gastric phase of acid secretion in male anesthetized rats

We used the pylorus ligation model to determine the role of vagus nerves and gastrin in acid secretion induced by mechanical and chemical stimulation of the gastric lumen in anesthetized male rats. Gastric distension induced by intragastric instillation of saline resulted in a 17-fold increase in acid secretion over the basal level without an alteration in serum gastrin levels. Distension-stimulated acid secretion was inhibited by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy but not by CI-988, a gastrin receptor antagonist. Intragastric peptone produced a 71-fold increase in acid secretion over the basal level that was accompanied by a significant increase in serum gastrin levels. Whereas vagotomy almost abolished peptone-stimulated acid secretion, CI-988 inhibited peptone-stimulated acid secretion by only 50%. We conclude that the vagus nerves mediate acid secretion by mechanical and chemical stimulation and that gastrin mediates acid secretion partly by chemical stimulation but not by mechanical stimulation in anesthetized male rats.

Solid and cystic tumor (SCT) of the pancreas in an adult man

Solid and cystic tumor (SCT) of the pancreas predominantly occurs in women, and the occurrence in men is extremely rare. We experienced a male case of SCT. A 38-year-old man was admitted with the complaint of upper abdominal pain. CT scan showed the presence of a mass in the head of the pancreas. The mass was composed of high density areas and low density areas. Ultrasonograms revealed the mass being composed of high echoic areas and low echoic areas. The mass was hypovascular on angiography. SCT was suspected and pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. The cut surface of the tumor showed mainly cystic degenerative areas containing dark red hemorrhagic materials. Microscopically, there were solid areas in the periphery and pseudopapillary areas in the center. No metastasis was found in the removed lymph nodes. The tumor cells were not stained by Grimelius' silver stain. The tumor cells were positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Pancreatic hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were all negative. Electron micrograph showed that tumor cells were rich in mitochondria. Zymogen granules and neurosecretory granules were not detected. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) were both negative.

Pharmacological profile of T-0632, a novel potent and selective CCKA receptor antagonist, in vivo

The pharmacological profile of a new CCKA receptor antagonist, T-0632 [sodium (S)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-3-[(3-isoquinolinylcarbonyl) amino]-6-methoxy-2-oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoate], was examined in in vivo studies and compared with those of L-364, 718 [3S(-)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1, 4-benzodiazepine-3-yl)-1 H-indole-2-carboxamide] and loxiglumide [D.L-4-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-5-(N-3-methoxypropyl-pentylam ino)-5- oxopentanoic acid]. In rats, intravenously administered T-0632, L-364,718 and loxiglumide dose dependently inhibited cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8)-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion with estimated ED50 values of 0.025, 0.016 and 1.8 mg/kg, respectively. The ED50 values for intraduodenal administration of these compounds were 0.040, 0.26 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. In mice, orally administered T-0632 prevented caerulein-induced pancreatitis, CCK-8-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and CCK-8-induced gallbladder emptying in dose-dependent manners with ED50 values of 0.028, 0.04, and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. The effect of T-0632 for caerulein-induced pancreatitis was 4-fold more potent than that for gallbladder emptying. In contrast, the effects of L-364,718 and loxiglumide for caerulein-induced pancreatitis were 2-4-fold weaker than those for gallbladder emptying. In dogs, T-0632 and loxiglumide maximally inhibited CCK-8-stimulated pancreatic amylase secretion at doses of 0.01 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. At these doses, the effect of T-0632 on CCK-8-induced increase in the gallbladder intraluminal pressure was weaker than that of loxiglumide. These results suggest that T-0632 has a potent antagonistic action on CCKA receptors in several animal species and the effects of T-0632 are more selective for the pancreas over the gallbladder compared with L-364,718 and loxiglumide.

Constitutive expression of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor on a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line

The present study demonstrated that a human B-cell line derived from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. HCF-MLpN. constitutively expressed G-CSF receptor on the cell surface. G-CSF binding to the cell surface was shown by immunofluorescence staining using biotinylated G-CSF preparation and analysed by flow cytometry. Specific binding of G-CSF to the cells was shown by pretreatment with unlabelled G-CSF. In the radioreceptor assay and Scatchard plot analysis using radiolabelled ligand, MLpN cells revealed a single species of binding site with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 167 (153-182) pM and a maximal binding site per cell of 1076 (1044-1116). The G-CSF receptor mRNA transcript was exhibited in the RNA from MLpN cells by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction procedure. [3H]thymidine incorporation and trypan blue exclusion showed that the G-CSF receptor was capable of transducing the growth signal to HCF-MLpN cells. A small fraction of fresh B blasts from six patients with B-cell lymphoma and leukaemia displayed G-CSF binding by two-colour immunofluorescence staining. In contrast, a panel of seven B-cell lines was negative for the binding to biotinylated G-CSF preparation. These results suggest that the phenotype of G-CSF binding may be lost during the culture. The expression of G-CSF receptor in HCF-MLpN cells appeared to be exceptional.

Pharmacological profile of T-0632, a novel potent and selective CCKA receptor antagonist, in vitro

The pharmacological profile of a new CCKA receptor antagonist, T-0632 [sodium (S)-3-[1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-3-[(3-isoquinolinyl)-carbonyl] amino-6-methoxy-2-oxo-1-H-indole]propanoate], was examined in in vitro studies and compared with those of L-364,718 [3S(-)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1, 4-benzodiazepine-3-yl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide] and loxiglumide [D,L-4-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-5-(N-3-methoxypropyl-pentylam ino)-5- oxopentanoic acid]. T-0632 inhibited the specific binding of [125I]CCK-8 to rat pancreatic CCKA receptor in a concentration-dependent and competitive manner. The Ki value of T-0632 for the CCKA receptor was estimated to be 0.24 nM, which was 23 000-fold less than the Ki value (5600 nM) for guinea pig CCKB receptor. L-364,718 and loxiglumide were 1500- and 64-fold selective for CCKA over CCKB receptor, respectively. T-0632, L-364,718 and loxiglumide inhibited CCK-8 (100 pM)-stimulated amylase release from rat pancreatic acini in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 5.0 nM, 5.0 nM and 3.0 microM, respectively. In the isolated rabbit gallbladder smooth muscle, T-0632 and loxiglumide competitively inhibited CCK-8-induced contraction with pA2 values of 8.5 and 7.0, respectively. However, L-364,718 showed an apparent non-competitive antagonism. The IC50 values of T-0632, L-364,718 and loxiglumide for CCK-8 (30 nM)-induced contraction were 31 nM, 4.9 nM and 1300 nM, respectively. The inhibitory effects of T-0632 and loxiglumide in gallbladder smooth muscle were readily reversible, but L-364,718 showed a long-lasting inhibition. These results suggest that T-0632 is a potent, reversible and more selective CCKA receptor antagonist compared with L-364,718 and loxiglumide.

A new monoclonal antibody (IE8) reactive with dendritically shaped cells in the human tonsil

A new monoclonal antibody (mAb), 1E8 (IgG1, kappa), was obtained from a hybridoma prepared by fusion of mouse myeloma cells (NS-1) with splenic cells of mice immunized with a human B blastic malignant lymphoma cell line, HPE-Ret-3 (Ret-3). The mAb showed a reactivity unrestricted to a specific cell lineage on flow cytometrical analysis of the reactivity with human lympho-hematopoietic cell lines. In peripheral blood, 1E8 reacted with the cells of all lineage, that is, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and platelets, even though its intensity was very low by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical examination of human tonsil with 1E8 showed a characteristic staining pattern. Positive cells scattered in follicular (mantle zone and germinal center), parafollicular (T-dependent area), subepithelial and interstitial connective tissue areas. These positive cells seemed to be categorized into dendritically shaped cells (DSC), including dendritic cells (DC) and a subpopulation of macrophages in follicles, interdigitating cells (IDC) and irregularly shaped mononuclear cells. The localization of 1E8 antigen staining was similar to that of integrin CD11c, although its distribution on hematopoietic cell lines did not coincide with that of 1E8 antigen. Immunobiochemical studies showed that 1E8 bound two cell surface proteins with molecular size of 70,000-90,000 and 35,000 Da each. Consequently, 1E8 antigen might be a novel marker of DSC.

Effects of cholecystokinin (CCK)-JMV-180 on the CCK receptors of rabbit pancreatic acini and gallbladder smooth muscle

Effects of cholecystokinin (CCK)-JMV-180, a CCK analog, on the CCK receptor functions of isolated rabbit pancreatic acini and gallbladder smooth muscle were studied. When the pancreatic acini were incubated with increasing concentrations of CCK-8, stimulation of amylase release reached a maximum at 3 nM and then declined with the increasing concentration of CCK-8. CCK-JMV-180 also caused a dose-dependent amylase release stimulation, which plateaued and remained unchanged above 300 nM at about 50% of the maximal stimulation by CCK-8. CCK-JMV-180 above 100 nM caused a rightward shift of the downstroke of the dose-response curve for CCK-8 (pA2 = 7.5). In the gallbladder smooth muscle, CCK-8 caused a dose-dependent contraction, but CCK-JMV-180 totally lacked this property. Instead, CCK-JMV-180 caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for CCK-8 (pA2 = 7.9). These results suggest that CCK-JMV-180 distinguishes between the CCKA receptors associated with pancreatic exocrine secretion in the acini and those involved in contraction of the isolated gallbladder smooth muscle in rabbits.

An autopsy case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with preceding aplastic anemia

A case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with preceding aplastic anemia is reported. The patient was a 36 year old female who had been diagnosed as having aplastic anemia 10 years before and thereafter had received multiple transfusions. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositivity was revealed 10 months prior to her death, but no particular clinical signs indicating HIV infection, pre-AIDS or onset of AIDS were recognized before serological diagnosis, although the slow progression of leukopenia was noted along with thrombocytopenia. Her general condition deteriorated during the last 10 months accompanied by an acute decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio. Autopsy revealed full-blown AIDS: systemic aspergillosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Epstein-Barr virus-related B cell lymphoma arising in the diaphragm and severe lymphocyte depletion in the lymph nodes and spleen. Markedly hypoplastic bone marrow was considered to be primarily attributable to the aplastic anemia but the affection of AIDS was not excluded. The possible transmission route of HIV and the effect of the preceding aplastic anemia on the infection and clinical course of AIDS are discussed.

Effect of trimebutine on contractile responses in skinned ileal smooth muscle

The effects of trimebutine on Ca2+ release and modulation of Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile elements induced by carbachol (CCh) were investigated using a tension measuring method in beta-escin-treated skinned smooth muscle of the longitudinal muscle layer of guinea pig ileum. Trimebutine (10-100 microM) concentration-dependently inhibited tension development brought about by Ca2+ release from intracellular stores induced by CCh (10 microM), but did not affect those induced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3, 25 microM) or caffeine (5 mM). The inhibitory effect was reversible. Trimebutine (100 microM) neither altered the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile elements nor affected the effects of GTP gamma S (50 microM) and CCh (100 microM) in potentiating Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile elements after the Ca2+ storage function had been eliminated by A23187. These results suggest that trimebutine inhibits CCh-induced Ca2+ release by acting at some point during the coupling of muscarinic receptors through a G-protein to phospholipase C and thus reducing the accumulation of IP3.

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus transcripts in chemically or immunologically-activated cells and in a null cell-line (HLN-STL-C) by in situ hybridization with alkaline phosphatase-linked oligonucleotide probes

We report a simple procedure for the detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by in situ DNA-RNA hybridization with an alkaline phosphatase-linked oligonucleotide probe. EBV-producing cell lines P3HR-1 and Akata were treated with phorbol ester and n-butyrate, and anti-human IgG, respectively. This treatment resulted in highly increased populations of cells with EBV transcripts of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and envelop glycoprotein gp350/220, but not of EBV-encoded small nuclear RNAs (EBERs). Synthesis of the LMP1 protein, which was encoded by the induced mRNA, was mostly dependent on viral DNA synthesis, as shown by double or single labeling for in situ DNA-DNA hybridization with the oligo-nucleotide probe, and immunoperoxidase staining with a monoclonal antibody against LMP1. In situ hybridization of the null cell line HLN-STL-C established from an adult T-cell leukemia patient showed that 100% of the cells contained both EBERs and LMP1 mRNA and about 0.1% of the cells contained gp350/220 mRNA, indicating that a few of the null cells which carried the EBV genome spontaneously entered the late EBV replication cycle.

Effect of trimebutine on voltage-activated calcium current in rabbit ileal smooth muscle cells

1. The effect of trimebutine on the voltage-dependent inward Ca2+ current was investigated by the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in single smooth muscle cells from rabbit ileum. 2. Trimebutine (3-100 microM) reduced the Ca2+ current in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect on the Ca2+ current was also dependent on the holding potential. The Ca2+ current after a low holding potential was inhibited to a greater extent than that after a high membrane potential: the IC50 values were 7 microM and 36 microM at holding potentials of -40 mV and -60 mV, respectively. The Ca2+ current elicited from a holding potential of -80 mV could not be reduced by as much as 50% of the control by trimebutine at concentrations as high as 100 microM. 3. Trimebutine (30 microM) shifted the voltage-dependent inactivation curve for the Ca2+ current by 18 mV in the negative direction. The affinity of the drug for Ca2+ channels was calculated to be 36 times higher in the inactivated state than in the closed-available state. 4. Blockade of the Ca2+ current by trimebutine, unlike verapamil, was not use-dependent. 5. The results suggest that trimebutine inhibits the voltage-dependent inward Ca2+ current through a preferential binding to Ca2+ channels in the inactivated state in the smooth muscle cell from rabbit ileum. The inhibitory effect of trimebutine on gastrointestinal motility is discussed in the light of the present findings.

Effect of trimebutine on K+ current in rabbit ileal smooth muscle cells

The effect of trimebutine on the K+ current in rabbit ileal smooth muscle cells was investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Trimebutine (10 microM) inhibited an outward current consisting of a Ca(2+)-dependent K+ current (IKCa) and Ca(2+)-independent K+ current (IKv), elicited by stepping from -80 to -20 mV or more positive. Trimebutine reduced dose dependently the IKv amplitude with an IC50 of 7.6 microM and IKCa amplitude with an IC50 of 23.5 microM. The IKv inhibition was neither voltage- nor use-dependent. Trimebutine (1-100 microM) decreased the amplitude and discharge rate of spontaneous transient outward currents. Trimebutine (30 microM) produced a sustained membrane depolarization of about 10 mV accompanied by a decrease in membrane conductance. The results suggest that the excitatory effects of trimebutine on the gastrointestinal tract may be attributable to the inhibitory action on the K+ current.

Effects of trimebutine on cytosolic Ca2+ and force transitions in intestinal smooth muscle

The effects of trimebutine maleate on cytosolic free Ca2+ and force transitions in the guinea-pig taenia cecum were studied by fura-2 fluorometry and tension recording. The addition of 80 mM K+ induced a transient increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and tension, followed by a sustained increase. Trimebutine (10 microM) suppressed both [Ca2+]i elevation and tension development. The tonic responses were more potently inhibited than the phasic responses. Phasic components gradually increased as the added K+ increased (10-40 mM). The relationship between the peak increases in [Ca2+]i and tension was not affected by trimebutine (10 microM). This means that trimebutine does not affect the Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile elements. In a high K+ and Ca(2+)-free medium, carbachol (10 microM) or caffeine (30 mM) caused transient [Ca2+]i elevation and tension development in the smooth muscle. Trimebutine (10 microM) decreased the amplitude of both responses. Trimebutine (10 microM) inhibited the spontaneous fluctuations in [Ca2+]i and motility of taenia cecum in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 0.3 microM). These results suggest that trimebutine has two types of inhibitory actions on intestinal smooth muscle; one, the inhibition of Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels, and the other, the inhibition of Ca2+ release from intracellular storage sites.

Establishment of a novel cell line with T-lineage phenotype (HPB-MLp-W) from a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patient

We report the characterization of a novel human T-cell line, HPB-MLp-W, which was established from blastic cells of a lymph node specimen from a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. They demonstrated the T-cell association antigens, CD2 and CD4, but no CD3, CD8, CD1, CD5, CD7 nor T-cell antigen receptor on their cell surfaces. They were also positive for Ia and Ki-1 antigen, and negative for CD25 (Tac-1). The cell line HPB-MLp-W had the same pattern of antigen expression as the patient's cells. Southern-blot analysis of DNA showed a rearrangement of the T-cell receptor-alpha and beta genes. To our knowledge, this is a novel cell line with unique T-lineage marker, to be established from a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Allosteric interaction of trimebutine maleate with dihydropyridine binding sites

The effects of trimebutine maleate on [3H]nitrendipine binding to guinea-pig ileal smooth muscle membranes and Ca2(+)-induced contraction of the taenia cecum were studied. Specific binding of [3H]nitrendipine to smooth muscle membranes was saturable, with a KD value and maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) of 0.16 nM and 1070 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Trimebutine inhibited [3H]nitrendipine binding in a concentration-dependent manner with a Ki value of 9.3 microM. In the presence of trimebutine (10 microM), Scatchard analysis indicated a competitive-like inhibition with a decrease in the binding affinity (0.31 nM) without a change in Bmax (1059 fmol/mg protein). However, a dissociation experiment using trimebutine (10 or 100 microM) showed that the decreased affinity was due to an increase of the dissociation rate constant of [3H]nitrendipine binding to the membrane. In mechanical experiments using the taenia cecum, trimebutine (3-30 microM) caused a parallel rightward shift of the dose-response curve for the contractile response to a higher concentration range of Ca2+ under high-K+ conditions in a noncompetitive manner. These results suggest that trimebutine has negative allosteric interactions with 1,4-dihydropyridine binding sites on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and antagonizes Ca2+ influx, consequently inhibiting contractions of intestinal smooth muscle.

A novel EBV-related nucleo-cytoplasmic antigen in a null cell-line (HLN-STL-C) reactive to antibodies in the sera from patients with Sjögren's syndrome

We have established a non-T- and non-B-cell line, HLN-STL-C(STL-C), which harbors the EBV genome, from the lymph node cells of a Japanese ATL patient. This cell line expresses a unique Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related nucleo-cytoplasmic (N-C) antigen which is detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) with the sera from patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), infectious mononucleosis (IM) or adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). One of the molecular components of this antigen is proved to be STL-C specific 125 kD molecule by immunoblot analysis (IB). To study the involvement of EBV in Sjögren's syndrome (SS), we examined the reactivity of the N-C antigen with the sera of SS patients by IF and IB. Among 24 cases examined, the sera of 21 cases (87.5%) positively stained the N-C antigen by IF. The staining patterns were divided into two types. Type I, (seven cases) showed positive staining for only N-C antigen, and Type II, (14 cases) was positive for N-C antigen associated with diffuse nuclear staining due to antinuclear antibodies in the SS patient's sera. Only one out of 11 non-Sjögren's patients' sera, which were almost all healthy controls, was positive for N-C antigen in this study. By IB, however, only two out of 15 IF-positive SS patients' sera reacted with STL-C specific 125 kD molecule. These results suggested the presence of heterogenous components in the N-C antigen. Our findings may support the hypothetical conception that EBV plays an etiological role in SS.

Contribution of peripheral opioid receptors to the trimebutine-induced contractions of the proximal colon in anesthetized rats

In this study we investigated the involvement of opioid receptors in the contractile response to trimebutine using with the proximal colon of anesthetized rats. Trimebutine (3 mg/kg i.v.) enhanced spontaneous contractions of the proximal colon in anesthetized rats. The contractile response was partially inhibited by intravenous administration of an opioid antagonist, naloxone at 1 approximately 30 micrograms/kg, but was hardly depressed by intracisternal administration of naloxone (30 micrograms/kg). Morphine (30 micrograms/kg i.v.) evoked colonic contractions which were abolished by intravenous naloxone (30 micrograms/kg). These results suggest that the colonic contractions evoked by trimebutine in anesthetized rats are, in part, mediated by peripheral opioid receptors.

An autopsy case of disseminated histoplasmosis probably due to infection from a renal allograft

An autopsy case of a 52-year-old Japanese male, who died of disseminated histoplasmosis, is reported. He had received a cadaveric renal allograft 4 years prior to death. The donor was a 33-year-old American negro male, who had resided in Texas. The patient had been treated with immunosuppressive drugs after renal transplantation, and mycotic pneumonia developed 3 months before death. At autopsy, acute necrotizing lesions composed of histiocytes were observed in the transplanted kidney, lungs, prostate gland and various lymph nodes. Abundant yeast-like fungal elements, measuring 2-5 micron in diameter, were engulfed by the histiocytes, and were identified as Histoplasma capsulatum by the immunoperoxidase method. The transplanted kidney was considered to have been the source of the infection.

[An autopsied case of a malignant lymphoma with a severe nephrotic syndrome overlapped by cirrhotic glomerulosclerosis]

A 52-year-old man, who had been diagnosed as having alcoholic liver cirrhosis, presented a chronic nephritic syndrome due to hepatic glomerulosclerosis. Ten months before death, massive proteinuria exceeding 40 g/day was noted. A renal biopsy revealed diffuse mesangial sclerosis, associated with an IgA deposition consistent with hepatic glomerulosclerosis. Although the nephrotic syndrome subsided with immunosuppressive therapy, he died of hepatic failure. Postmortem examinations disclosed a diffuse, medium-size B-cell lymphoma, involving the peritoneal and retroperitoneal organs and an IgA-positive plasmacytosis. His massive proteinuria seems to have been caused by the paraneoplastic syndrome of a malignant lymphoma.