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Ivancovsky T, Baror S, Bar M. A shared novelty-seeking basis for creativity and curiosity: Response to the commentators. Behav Brain Sci 2024; 47:e119. [PMID: 38770845 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x24000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In our target article, we proposed that curiosity and creativity are both manifestations of the same novelty-seeking process. We received 29 commentaries from diverse disciplines that add insights to our initial proposal. These commentaries ultimately expanded and supplemented our model. Here we draw attention to five central practical and theoretical issues that were raised by the commentators: (1) The complex construct of novelty and associated concepts; (2) the underlying subsystems and possible mechanisms; (3) the different pathways and subtypes of curiosity and creativity; (4) creativity and curiosity "in the wild"; (5) the possible link(s) between creativity and curiosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Ivancovsky
- Bar Ilan University Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Psicologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shira Baror
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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2
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Levy-Gigi E, Sudai E, Bar M. Context as a barrier: Impaired contextual processing increases the tendency to develop PTSD symptoms across repeated exposure to trauma. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 100:102765. [PMID: 37738686 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence links repeated traumatic exposure with impaired ability to process contextual information. Specifically, like individuals with PTSD, non-PTSD trauma-exposed individuals fail to react according to contextual demands. In the present study, we explored the process that underlies this impairment. First, we tested the ability of first responders to benefit from contextual primes to improve recognition. Second, we assessed its moderating role in the relationship between traumatic exposure and PTSD symptoms. Fifty-three active-duty firefighters and 33 unexposed civilians matched for age, gender, and years of education participated in the study. All participants completed the contextual priming paradigm, the CAPS-5 clinical interview, and the WAIS-IV vocabulary subtest and were assessed for depression and general traumatic exposure. Repeated traumatic exposure was assessed objectively using the fire-and-rescue-service tracking system. As predicted, we found that trauma-exposed individuals failed to use primes to facilitate rapid and accurate recognition of contextually related objects. Not only did contextual information not improve performance, but it achieved the opposite effect, manifested as negative priming. Hence, context appeared to be an obstacle for trauma-exposed individuals and delayed rapid and accurate recognition. Moreover, impaired ability to process contextual information predicted the tendency to develop PTSD symptoms across repeated exposure to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Levy-Gigi
- Faculty of Education, Bar, Ilan University Ramt-Gan, Israel; The Leslie and Susan Gonda Brain Science Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Einav Sudai
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Brain Science Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Brain Science Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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3
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Ivancovsky T, Baror S, Bar M. A shared novelty-seeking basis for creativity and curiosity. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 47:e89. [PMID: 37547934 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Curiosity and creativity are central pillars of human growth and invention. Although they have been studied extensively in isolation, the relationship between them has not yet been established. We propose that both curiosity and creativity emanate from the same mechanism of novelty seeking. We first present a synthesis showing that curiosity and creativity are affected similarly by a number of key cognitive faculties such as memory, cognitive control, attention, and reward. We then review empirical evidence from neuroscience research, indicating that the same brain regions are involved in both curiosity and creativity, focusing on the interplay between three major brain networks: the default mode network, the salience network, and the executive control network. After substantiating the link between curiosity and creativity, we propose a novelty-seeking model (NSM) that underlies them and suggests that the manifestation of the NSM is governed by one's state of mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Ivancovsky
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan,
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Shira Baror
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan,
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Harel EV, Shetreet E, Tennyson R, Fava M, Bar M. Constricted semantic relations in acute depression. J Affect Disord 2022; 311:565-571. [PMID: 35597474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that mood influences the breadth of associated information available for retrieval, with positive mood broadening and negative mood constricting the scope of associations. In this study, we asked whether this mood-associations connection is related to controlled processes which were linked to clinical symptoms in depression. METHODS We used the semantic priming paradigm, which allows the dissociation of automatic and controlled processes by using short and long intervals between prime and target words. We further examined whether the strength of semantic relations (weak or strong) influence the priming effects in both neurotypical and depressed individuals. RESULTS Experiment 1, testing neurotypical individuals, showed priming effects for strong semantically-related words regardless of interval length, but priming effects for weak semantically-related words were smaller in short intervals than in long intervals. Experiment 2, testing depressed individuals in long intervals, showed smaller priming effects for weak semantically-related words than shown by neurotypicals, but priming effects for strong semantically-related words which were comparable between the groups. LIMITATIONS This study cannot determine the source for the differences in priming effects between depressed individuals and neurotypicals, and further studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show priming impairments in depressed individuals. We discuss our results in light of leading theories concerning cognitive impairment in depression, as well as the newly emerged field of digital psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiran Vadim Harel
- Beer Yaakov Mental Health Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Einat Shetreet
- Depratment of Linguistics, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Robert Tennyson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Studies of Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Center for Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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5
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Baror S, Bar M. Increased associative interference under high cognitive load. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1766. [PMID: 35110622 PMCID: PMC8811063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative processing is central for human cognition, perception and memory. But while associations often facilitate performance, processing irrelevant associations can interfere with performance, for example when learning new information. The aim of this study was to explore whether associative interference is influenced by contextual factors such as resources availability. Experiments 1–3 show that associative interference increases under high cognitive load. This result generalized to both long-term and short-term memory associations, and to both explicitly learned as well as incidentally learned associations in the linguistic and pictorial domains. Experiment 4 further revealed that attention to associative information can delay one’s perceptual processing when lacking resources. Taken together, when resources diminish associative interference increases, and additionally, processing novel and ambiguous information is hindered. These findings bare relevance to other domains as well (e.g., social, educational), in which increased load or stress may prompt an undesirable bias towards prior, misleading information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Baror
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Tal A, Bloch A, Cohen-Dallal H, Aviv O, Schwizer Ashkenazi S, Bar M, Vakil E. Oculomotor anticipation reveals a multitude of learning processes underlying the serial reaction time task. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6190. [PMID: 33737700 PMCID: PMC7973553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence learning is the cognitive faculty enabling everyday skill acquisition. In the lab, it is typically measured in speed of response to sequential stimuli, whereby faster responses are taken to indicate improved anticipation. However, response speed is an indirect measure of anticipation, that can provide only limited information on underlying processes. As a result, little is known about what is learned during sequence learning, and how that unfolds over time. In this work, eye movements that occurred before targets appeared on screen in an ocular serial reaction time (O-SRT) task provided an online indication of where participants anticipated upcoming targets. When analyzed in the context of the stimuli preceding them, oculomotor anticipations revealed several simultaneous learning processes. These processes influenced each other, as learning the task grammar facilitated acquisition of the target sequence. However, they were dissociable, as the grammar was similarly learned whether a repeating sequence inhabited the task or not. Individual differences were found in how the different learning processes progressed, allowing for similar performance to be produced for different latent reasons. This study provides new insights into the processes subserving sequence learning, and a new method for high-resolution study of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tal
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Ayala Bloch
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Haggar Cohen-Dallal
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Or Aviv
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Simone Schwizer Ashkenazi
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Vakil
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Abstract
The involvement of top-down processes in perception and cognition is widely acknowledged by now. In fields of research from predictions to inhibition, and from attentional guidance to affect, a great deal has already been charted. Integrating this newer understanding with accumulated findings from the past has made it clear that human experience is determined by a combination of both bottom-up and top-down processes. It has been proposed that the ongoing balance between their relative contribution affects a person’s entire state of mind, an overarching framework that encompasses the breadth of mental activity. According to this proposal, state of mind, in which multiple facets of mind are clumped together functionally and dynamically, orients us to the optimal state for the given circumstances. These ideas are examined here by connecting a broad array of domains in which the balance between top-down and bottom-up processes is apparent. These domains range from object recognition to contextual associations, from pattern of thought to tolerance for uncertainty, and from the default-mode network to mood. From this synthesis emerge numerous hypotheses, implications, and directions for future research in cognitive psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University
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8
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Abstract
Perceptual decisions are biased by recent perceptual history-a phenomenon termed 'serial dependence.' Here, we investigated what aspects of perceptual decisions lead to serial dependence, and disambiguated the influences of low-level sensory information, prior choices and motor actions. Participants discriminated whether a brief visual stimulus lay to left/right of the screen center. Following a series of biased 'prior' location discriminations, subsequent 'test' location discriminations were biased toward the prior choices, even when these were reported via different motor actions (using different keys), and when the prior and test stimuli differed in color. By contrast, prior discriminations about an irrelevant stimulus feature (color) did not substantially influence subsequent location discriminations, even though these were reported via the same motor actions. Additionally, when color (not location) was discriminated, a bias in prior stimulus locations no longer influenced subsequent location discriminations. Although low-level stimuli and motor actions did not trigger serial-dependence on their own, similarity of these features across discriminations boosted the effect. These findings suggest that relevance across perceptual decisions is a key factor for serial dependence. Accordingly, serial dependence likely reflects a high-level mechanism by which the brain predicts and interprets new incoming sensory information in accordance with relevant prior choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Feigin
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shira Baror
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Adam Zaidel
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
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9
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Baror S, Bar M, Aminoff E. Exploring how broad associative thought enhances scene gist perception. J Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.11.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Bar M. Wanted: Architecture for changing minds: A comment on "The growth of cognition: Free energy minimization and the embryogenesis of cortical computation". Phys Life Rev 2020; 36:35-36. [PMID: 32883602 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Bar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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11
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Bar M, Fish E, Mendlovic S. Mental-health care under threat: a pragmatic approach for ethical decision-making for practitioners in COVID-19. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2020.1777939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bar
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Psychiatric Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - E. Fish
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S. Mendlovic
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Director, the Shalvata Mental Health Center, Shalvata Mental Health Center, Hod Hasharon, Israel
- Psychotherapy Program, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Herz N, Baror S, Bar M. Overarching States of Mind. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:184-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Bužgová R, Kozáková R, Bar M, Škutová M, Ressner P, Bártová P. Differences in attitudes to ethic aspects of end of life care among patients with progressive neurological diseases and their family members. J Neurol Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Bar M, Baror S. What’s real? Prefrontal facilitations and distortions. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.11a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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He BJ, Mendoza-Halliday D, McGinty VB, Panagiotaropoulos TI, Lau H, Bar M. Prefrontal Cortex in Visual Perception and Recognition. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Saalasti S, Alho J, Bar M, Glerean E, Honkela T, Kauppila M, Sams M, Jääskeläinen IP. Inferior parietal lobule and early visual areas support elicitation of individualized meanings during narrative listening. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01288. [PMID: 30977309 PMCID: PMC6520291 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When listening to a narrative, the verbal expressions translate into meanings and flow of mental imagery. However, the same narrative can be heard quite differently based on differences in listeners' previous experiences and knowledge. We capitalized on such differences to disclose brain regions that support transformation of narrative into individualized propositional meanings and associated mental imagery by analyzing brain activity associated with behaviorally assessed individual meanings elicited by a narrative. METHODS Sixteen right-handed female subjects were instructed to list words that best described what had come to their minds while listening to an eight-minute narrative during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The fMRI data were analyzed by calculating voxel-wise intersubject correlation (ISC) values. We used latent semantic analysis (LSA) enhanced with Wordnet knowledge to measure semantic similarity of the produced words between subjects. Finally, we predicted the ISC with the semantic similarity using representational similarity analysis. RESULTS We found that semantic similarity in these word listings between subjects, estimated using LSA combined with WordNet knowledge, predicting similarities in brain hemodynamic activity. Subject pairs whose individual semantics were similar also exhibited similar brain activity in the bilateral supramarginal and angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobe, and in the occipital pole. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate, using a novel method to measure interindividual differences in semantics, brain mechanisms giving rise to semantics and associated imagery during narrative listening. During listening to a captivating narrative, the inferior parietal lobe and early visual cortical areas seem, thus, to support elicitation of individual meanings and flow of mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Saalasti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Advanced Magnetic Imaging (AMI) Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi Alho
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Enrico Glerean
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Honkela
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Minna Kauppila
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Migaľová P, Formánek M, Krulová P, Bar M, Jančatová D, Zákopčanová - Srovnalová H, Tomášková H, Komínek P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic subjective non-pulsatile primary tinnitus - case report. Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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18
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Shammai A, Petreikov M, Yeselson Y, Faigenboim A, Moy-Komemi M, Cohen S, Cohen D, Besaulov E, Efrati A, Houminer N, Bar M, Ast T, Schuldiner M, Klemens PAW, Neuhaus E, Baxter CJ, Rickett D, Bonnet J, White R, Giovannoni JJ, Levin I, Schaffer A. Natural genetic variation for expression of a SWEET transporter among wild species of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) determines the hexose composition of ripening tomato fruit. Plant J 2018; 96:343-357. [PMID: 30044900 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The sugar content of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) fruit is a primary determinant of taste and quality. Cultivated tomato fruit are characterized by near-equimolar levels of the hexoses glucose and fructose, derived from the hydrolysis of translocated sucrose. As fructose is perceived as approximately twice as sweet as glucose, increasing its concentration at the expense of glucose can improve tomato fruit taste. Introgressions of the FgrH allele from the wild species Solanum habrochaites (LA1777) into cultivated tomato increased the fructose-to-glucose ratio of the ripe fruit by reducing glucose levels and concomitantly increasing fructose levels. In order to identify the function of the Fgr gene, we combined a fine-mapping strategy with RNAseq differential expression analysis of near-isogenic tomato lines. The results indicated that a SWEET protein was strongly upregulated in the lines with a high fructose-to-glucose ratio. Overexpressing the SWEET protein in transgenic tomato plants dramatically reduced the glucose levels and increased the fructose : glucose ratio in the developing fruit, thereby proving the function of the protein. The SWEET protein was localized to the plasma membrane and expression of the SlFgr gene in a yeast line lacking native hexose transporters complemented growth with glucose, but not with fructose. These results indicate that the SlFgr gene encodes a plasma membrane-localized glucose efflux transporter of the SWEET family, the overexpression of which reduces glucose levels and may allow for increased fructose levels. This article identifies the function of the tomato Fgr gene as a SWEET transporter, the upregulation of which leads to a modified sugar accumulation pattern in the fleshy fruit. The results point to the potential of the inedible wild species to improve fruit sugar accumulation via sugar transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Shammai
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Marina Petreikov
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michal Moy-Komemi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shahar Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dvir Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Besaulov
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ari Efrati
- Zeraim-Syngenta Seed Co., Gedera, Israel
| | | | - Moshe Bar
- Zeraim-Syngenta Seed Co., Gedera, Israel
| | - Tslil Ast
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P A W Klemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Charles J Baxter
- Syngenta Seed Co., Jeallott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Dan Rickett
- Syngenta Seed Co., Jeallott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Julien Bonnet
- Syngenta Seed Co., Toulouse Innovation Center, Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Ruth White
- USDA-ARS and Boyce-Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Ilan Levin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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19
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Avni A. SlPRA1A/RAB attenuate EIX immune responses via degradation of LeEIX2 pattern recognition receptor. Plant Signal Behav 2018; 13:e1467689. [PMID: 29944445 PMCID: PMC6103275 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1467689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) are plasma membrane (PM) proteins that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), triggering an immune response. PRR are classified as receptor like kinases (RLKs) or receptor like proteins (RLPs). The PM localization of PRRs, which is crucial for their availability to sense MAMPs, depends on their appropriate trafficking through the endomembrane system. Recently, we have identified SlPRA1A, a prenylated RAB acceptor type-1 (PRA1) from S. lycopersicum, as a regulator of RLP-PRR localization and protein levels. SlPRA1A overexpression strongly decreases RLP-PRR protein levels, particularly those of LeEIX2, redirecting it to the vacuole for degradation. Interestingly, SlPRA1A does not affect RLK-PRRs, indicating its activity to be specific to RLP-PRR systems. As PRA1 proteins stabilize RABs on membranes, promoting RABs activity, we aimed to identify a RAB target of SlPRA1A. Screening of a set of A. thaliana RABs revealed that AtRABA1e is able to mimic SlPRA1A activity. Through live cell imaging, we observed that SlPRA1A enhances AtRABA1e localization on SlPRA1A positive punctuated structures. These results indicate that AtRABA1e is a putative target of SlPRA1, and a co-regulator of LeEIX2 trafficking and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S. Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - A. Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- CONTACT A. Avni School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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20
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Abstract
Self-generated cognitions, such as recalling personal memories or empathizing with others, are ubiquitous and essential for our lives. Such internal mental processing is ascribed to the Default Mode Network, a large network of the human brain, though the underlying neural and cognitive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that our mental experience is mediated by a combination of activities of multiple cognitive processes. Our study included four functional MRI experiments with the same participants and a wide range of cognitive tasks, as well as an analytical approach that afforded the identification of cognitive processes during self-generated cognition. We showed that several cognitive processes functioned simultaneously during self-generated mental activity. The processes had specific and localized neural representations, suggesting that they support different aspects of internal processing. Overall, we demonstrate that internally directed experience may be achieved by pooling over multiple cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Axelrod
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Geraint Rees
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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21
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Slonkova J, Bar M, Nilius P, Berankova-Fiedorova D, Salounova D, Sonka K. Spontaneous improvement in both obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive impairment after stroke. Sleep Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Abstract
To what extent can we feel what someone else feels? Data from neuroscience suggest that empathy is supported by a simulation process, namely the neural activation of the same or similar regions that subserve the representation of specific states in the observer. However, expectations significantly modulate sensory input, including affective information. For example, expecting painful stimulation can decrease the neural signal and the subjective experience thereof. For an accurate representation of the other person’s state, such top-down processes would have to be simulated as well. However, this is only partly possible, because expectations are usually acquired by learning. Therefore, it is important to be aware of possible misleading simulations that lead to misinterpretations of someone’s state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Trapp
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | | | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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23
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Mikulik R, Bar M, Grecu A, Herzig R, Neumann J, Sanak D, Skoda O, Skoloudik D, Svobodova V, Tomek A, Vaclavik D. The registry of stroke care quality (RES-Q): The first nation-wide data on stroke care quality. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Herzig R, Waishaupt J, Belaskova S, Vitkova E, Blejcharova K, Geier P, Tomek A, Bar M, Vaclavik D, Mikulik R, Valis M. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage and clinical outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in posterior circulation stroke: Results from the sits-east registry. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Afiki Y, Bar M. Mental state affects visual performance. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Feigin
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University
| | - Shira Baror
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University
| | - Adam Zaidel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University
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27
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Tal A, Baror S, Bar M. The Effect of Cognitive Load on Visual Statistical Learning. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tal
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shira Baror
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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28
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Slonkova J, Bar M, Nilius P, Berankova D, Salounova D, Sonka K. Spontaneous improvement in both obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive impairment after stroke. Sleep Med 2017; 32:137-142. [PMID: 28366325 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge available about the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cognitive impairment after stroke is limited. The evolution of OSA and cognitive performance after stroke is not sufficiently described. METHODS We prospectively enrolled and examined acute stroke patients without previously diagnosed OSA. The following information was collected: (1) demographics, (2) sleep cardio-respiratory polygraphy (PG) at 72 h, day seven, month three, and month 12 after stroke, (3) post-stroke functional disability tests at entry and at months three and 12, and (4) cognition (attention and orientation, memory, verbal fluency, language, and visual-spatial abilities) using the revised Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-R) at months three and 12. RESULTS Of 68 patients completing the study, OSA was diagnosed in 42 (61.8%) patients. The mean apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) at study entry of 21.0 ± 13.7 spontaneously declined to 11.6 ± 11.2 at month 12 in the OSA group (p < 0.0005). The total ACE-R score was significantly reduced at months three (p = 0.005) and 12 (p = 0.004) in the OSA group. Poorer performance on the subtests of memory at months 3 (p = 0.039) and 12 (p = 0.040) and verbal fluency at months 3 (p < 0.005) and 12 (p < 0.005) were observed in the OSA group compared to non-OSA group. Visual-spatial abilities in both the OSA (p = 0.001) and non-OSA (p = 0.046) groups and the total ACE-R score in the OSA (p = 0.005) and non-OSA (p = 0.002) groups improved. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of OSA and cognitive decline were present in patients after an acute stroke. Spontaneous improvements in both OSA and cognitive impairment were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slonkova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 1790, 708 52, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - M Bar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 1790, 708 52, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00, Ostrava-jih, Czech Republic.
| | - P Nilius
- Philosophical Faculty, Palacky University Olomouc, Krizkovskeho 512/10, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - D Berankova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 1790, 708 52, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - D Salounova
- Faculty of Economics, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Sokolska 33, Ostrava, 701 21, Czech Republic.
| | - K Sonka
- Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 21, Czech Republic.
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29
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Abstract
Our sense of time is prone to various biases. For instance, one factor that can dilate an event's perceived duration is the violation of predictions; when a series of repeated stimuli is interrupted by an unpredictable oddball. On the other hand, when the probability of a repetition itself is manipulated, predictable conditions can also increase estimated duration. This suggests that manipulations of expectations have different or even opposing effects on time perception. In previous studies, expectations were generated because stimuli were repeated or because the likelihood of a sequence or a repetition was varied. In the natural environment, however, expectations are often built via associative processes, for example, the context of a kitchen promotes the expectation of plates, appliances, and other associated objects. Here, we manipulated such association-based expectations by using oddballs that were either contextually associated or nonassociated with the standard items. We find that duration was more strongly overestimated for contextually associated oddballs. We reason that top-down attention is biased toward associated information, and thereby dilates subjective duration for associated oddballs. Based on this finding, we propose an interplay between top-down attention and predictive processing in the perception of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schweitzer
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Trapp
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Psychology Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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30
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O'Callaghan C, Kveraga K, Shine JM, Adams RB, Bar M. Predictions penetrate perception: Converging insights from brain, behaviour and disorder. Conscious Cogn 2017; 47:63-74. [PMID: 27222169 PMCID: PMC5764074 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is argued that during ongoing visual perception, the brain is generating top-down predictions to facilitate, guide and constrain the processing of incoming sensory input. Here we demonstrate that these predictions are drawn from a diverse range of cognitive processes, in order to generate the richest and most informative prediction signals. This is consistent with a central role for cognitive penetrability in visual perception. We review behavioural and mechanistic evidence that indicate a wide spectrum of domains-including object recognition, contextual associations, cognitive biases and affective state-that can directly influence visual perception. We combine these insights from the healthy brain with novel observations from neuropsychiatric disorders involving visual hallucinations, which highlight the consequences of imbalance between top-down signals and incoming sensory information. Together, these lines of evidence converge to indicate that predictive penetration, be it cognitive, social or emotional, should be considered a fundamental framework that supports visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire O'Callaghan
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M Shine
- School of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Center for Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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31
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Baror S, Bar M. Associative activation and its relation to mental exploration. J Vis 2016. [DOI: 10.1167/16.12.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Abstract
Recognizing objects in the environment and understanding our surroundings often depends on context: the presence of other objects and knowledge about their relations with each other. Such contextual information activates a set of medial lobe brain regions, the parahippocampal cortex and the retrosplenial complex. Both regions are more activated by single objects with a unique contextual association than by objects not associated with any specific context. Similarly they are more activated by spatially coherent arrangements of objects when those are consistent with their known spatial relations. The current study tested how context in multiple-object displays is represented in these regions in the absence of relevant spatial information. Using an fMRI slow-event-related design, we show that the precuneus (a subpart of the retrosplenial complex) is more activated by simultaneously presented contextually related objects than by unrelated objects. This suggests that the representation of context in this region is cumulative, representing integrated information across objects in the display. We discuss these findings in relation to processing of visual information and relate them to previous findings of contextual effects in perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Livne
- 1Harvard Medical School
- 2Massachusetts General Hospital
- 3Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Moshe Bar
- 1Harvard Medical School
- 2Massachusetts General Hospital
- 4Bar Ilan University, Israel
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33
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Espina C, Jenkins I, Taylor L, Farah R, Cho E, Epworth J, Coleman K, Pinelli J, Mentzer S, Jarrett L, Gooley T, O'Donnell P, Hirsch IB, Bar M. Blood glucose control using a computer-guided glucose management system in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:973-9. [PMID: 27042836 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for patients with hematological malignancies. However, is associated with substantial rates of morbidity and mortality. We and others have shown that malglycemia is associated with adverse transplant outcome. Therefore, improving glycemic control may improve transplant outcome. In this prospective study we evaluated the feasibility of using Glucommander (a Computer-Guided Glucose Management System; CGGM) in order to achieve improved glucose control in hospitalized HCT patients. Nineteen adult patients contributed 21 separate instances on CGGM. Patients were on CGGM for a median of 43 h. Median initial blood glucose (BG) on CGGM was 244 mg/dL, and patients on 20 study instances reached the study BG target of 100-140 mg/dL after a median of 6 h. After BG reached the target range, the median average BG level per patient was 124 mg/dL. Six patients had a total of 10 events of BG <70 mg/dL (0.9% of BG measurements), and no patients experienced BG level <40 mg/dL. The total estimated duration of BG <70 mg/dL was 3 h (0.2% of the total CGGM time). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that stringent BG control in HCT patients using CGGM is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espina
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - I Jenkins
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Taylor
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Farah
- UPMC Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Cho
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Epworth
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Coleman
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Pinelli
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Mentzer
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Jarrett
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P O'Donnell
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I B Hirsch
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Bar
- Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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34
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Abstract
Masked pictures of objects were flashed so briefly that only 13.5% of them could be named. Forced-choice accuracy for the unidentified objects was at chance. When the pictures were shown again, about 15 min and 20 intervening trials later, without any indication of possible repetitions, naming accuracy increased to 34.5%. The priming was completely visual, rather than semantic or verbal, as there was no priming of same-name, different-shape images. This is the first demonstration of facilitatory visual recognition priming by unidentified pictures when the subject could not anticipate if, when, or where the previously unidentified picture was to be shown again. A change in the position of the object reduced but did not eliminate the priming, allowing a speculation that the locus of subliminal visual priming is at an intermediate stage in the ventral cortical pathway for shape recognition.
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35
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Baror S, Bar M. Associative Activation and Its Relation to Exploration and Exploitation in the Brain. Psychol Sci 2016; 27:776-89. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797616634487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Baror
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University
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36
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Vadas L, Altman D, Bar M, Seltzer O, Ahron M, Azulay S, Mazzawi N, Reshef A, Haimov I, Bloch B. Sleep in Schizophrenic Patients: Discrepancy Between Self-reported Versus Recorded Sleep. Eur Psychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(15)30731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Trapp
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences; Leipzig Germany
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Center for Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University; Ramat Gan Israel
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38
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Axelrod V, Bar M, Rees G. Exploring the unconscious using faces. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Vakhrusheva J, Zemon V, Bar M, Weiskopf NG, Tremeau F, Petkova E, Su Z, Abeles I, Butler PD. Forming first impressions of others in schizophrenia: impairments in fast processing and in use of spatial frequency information. Schizophr Res 2014; 160:142-9. [PMID: 25458862 PMCID: PMC4258115 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individuals form first impressions of others all the time, which affects their social functioning. Typical adults form threat impressions in faces with neutral expressions quickly, requiring less than 40 ms. These impressions appear to be mediated by low spatial frequency (LSF) content in the images. Little is known, however, about mechanisms of first impression formation in schizophrenia. The current study investigated how quickly individuals with schizophrenia can form consistent impressions of threat compared with controls and explored the mechanisms involved. Patients and controls were presented intact, LSF- or high spatial frequency (HSF)-filtered faces with durations that varied from 39 to 1703 ms and were asked to rate how threatening each face was on a scale from 1 to 5. In order to assess the speed of impression formation for intact faces, correlations were calculated for ratings made at each duration compared to a reference duration of 1703 ms for each group. Controls demonstrated a significant relation for intact faces presented for 39 ms, whereas patients required 390 ms to demonstrate a significant relation with the reference duration. For controls, LSFs primarily contributed to the formation of consistent threat impressions at 39 ms, whereas patients showed a trend for utilizing both LSF and HSF information to form consistent threat impressions at 390 ms. Results indicate that individuals with schizophrenia require a greater integration time to form a stable "first impression" of threat, which may be related to the need to utilize compensatory mechanisms such as HSF, as well as LSF, information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vakhrusheva
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University,
Bronx, NY
| | - V Zemon
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University,
Bronx, NY, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg,
NY
| | - M Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel; Martinos Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - NG Weiskopf
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg,
NY, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New
York, NY
| | - F Tremeau
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg,
NY
| | - E Petkova
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg,
NY, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York
University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Z Su
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York
University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - I Abeles
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg,
NY, Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of
Medicine, New York, NY, Department of Psychology, City University of New York, New York,
NY
| | - PD Butler
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg,
NY, Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of
Medicine, New York, NY, Department of Psychology, City University of New York, New York,
NY
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40
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Abstract
A substantial portion of information flow in the brain is directed top-down, from high processing areas downwards. Signals of this sort are regarded as conveying prior expectations, biasing the processing and eventual perception of incoming stimuli. In this perspective we describe a framework of top-down processing in the visual system in which predictions on the identity of objects in sight aid in their recognition. Focus is placed, in particular, on a relatively uncharted ramification of this framework, that of the fate of initial predictions that are eventually rejected during the process of selection. We propose that such predictions are rapidly inhibited in the brain after a competing option has been selected. Empirical support, along with behavioral, neuronal and computational aspects of this proposal are discussed, and future directions for related research are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tal
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
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41
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Ahlfors SP, Jones SR, Ahveninen J, Hämäläinen MS, Belliveau JW, Bar M. Direction of magnetoencephalography sources associated with feedback and feedforward contributions in a visual object recognition task. Neurosci Lett 2014; 585:149-54. [PMID: 25445356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identifying inter-area communication in terms of the hierarchical organization of functional brain areas is of considerable interest in human neuroimaging. Previous studies have suggested that the direction of magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG, EEG) source currents depend on the layer-specific input patterns into a cortical area. We examined the direction in MEG source currents in a visual object recognition experiment in which there were specific expectations of activation in the fusiform region being driven by either feedforward or feedback inputs. The source for the early non-specific visual evoked response, presumably corresponding to feedforward driven activity, pointed outward, i.e., away from the white matter. In contrast, the source for the later, object-recognition related signals, expected to be driven by feedback inputs, pointed inward, toward the white matter. Associating specific features of the MEG/EEG source waveforms to feedforward and feedback inputs could provide unique information about the activation patterns within hierarchically organized cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo P Ahlfors
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02135, USA.
| | - Stephanie R Jones
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jyrki Ahveninen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matti S Hämäläinen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02135, USA
| | - John W Belliveau
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02135, USA
| | - Moshe Bar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Trapp
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amitai Shenhav
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sebastian Bitzer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Center for Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Abstract
Language is a high-level cognitive function, so exploring the neural correlates of unconscious language processing is essential for understanding the limits of unconscious processing in general. The results of several functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have suggested that unconscious lexical and semantic processing is confined to the posterior temporal lobe, without involvement of the frontal lobe—the regions that are indispensable for conscious language processing. However, previous studies employed a similarly designed masked priming paradigm with briefly presented single and contextually unrelated words. It is thus possible, that the stimulation level was insufficiently strong to be detected in the high-level frontal regions. Here, in a high-resolution fMRI and multivariate pattern analysis study we explored the neural correlates of subliminal language processing using a novel paradigm, where written meaningful sentences were suppressed from awareness for extended duration using continuous flash suppression. We found that subjectively and objectively invisible meaningful sentences and unpronounceable nonwords could be discriminated not only in the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), but critically, also in the left middle frontal gyrus. We conclude that frontal lobes play a role in unconscious language processing and that activation of the frontal lobes per se might not be sufficient for achieving conscious awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Axelrod
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Geraint Rees
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Galit Yovel
- School of Psychological Sciences Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Kveraga K, Boshyan J, Adams RB, Mote J, Betz N, Ward N, Hadjikhani N, Bar M, Barrett LF. If it bleeds, it leads: separating threat from mere negativity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:28-35. [PMID: 24493851 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most theories of emotion hold that negative stimuli are threatening and aversive. Yet in everyday experiences some negative sights (e.g. car wrecks) attract curiosity, whereas others repel (e.g. a weapon pointed in our face). To examine the diversity in negative stimuli, we employed four classes of visual images (Direct Threat, Indirect Threat, Merely Negative and Neutral) in a set of behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Participants reliably discriminated between the images, evaluating Direct Threat stimuli most quickly, and Merely Negative images most slowly. Threat images evoked greater and earlier blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activations in the amygdala and periaqueductal gray, structures implicated in representing and responding to the motivational salience of stimuli. Conversely, the Merely Negative images evoked larger BOLD signal in the parahippocampal, retrosplenial, and medial prefrontal cortices, regions which have been implicated in contextual association processing. Ventrolateral as well as medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices were activated by both threatening and Merely Negative images. In conclusion, negative visual stimuli can repel or attract scrutiny depending on their current threat potential, which is assessed by dynamic shifts in large-scale brain network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Jasmine Boshyan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Jasmine Mote
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Nicole Betz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Noreen Ward
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Nouchine Hadjikhani
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA
| | - Lisa F Barrett
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA, Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA, Department of Psychology, 125 Nightingale Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129 USA, and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Building 901, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham MA 02453-2728, USA, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-3103 USA
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Oreskovic NM, Charles PRSL, Shepherd DTK, Nelson KP, Bar M. ATTRIBUTES OF FORM IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THAT INFLUENCE PERCEIVED WALKABILITY. J Archit Plann Res 2014; 31:218-232. [PMID: 25554719 PMCID: PMC4278351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A recent focus of design and building regulations, including form-based codes and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development rating system, has been on promoting pedestrian activity. This study assessed perceptions of walkability for residential and commercial streetscapes with different design attributes in order to inform form-based regulations and codes that aim to impact walkability. We scored 424 images on four design attributes purported to influence walkability: variation in building height, variation in building plane, presence of ground-floor windows, and presence of a street focal point. We then presented the images to 45 adults, who were asked to rate the images for walkability. The results showed that perceived walkability varied according to the degree to which a particular design attribute was present, with the presence of ground-floor windows and a street focal point most consistently associated with a space's perceived walkability. Understanding if and which design attributes are most related to walkability could allow planners and developers to focus on the most salient built-environment features influencing physical activity, as well as provide empirical scientific evidence for form-based regulations and zoning codes aimed at impacting walkabilit.
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46
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Cheung OS, Bar M. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in visual prediction. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Aminoff EM, Kveraga K, Bar M. The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:379-90. [PMID: 23850264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The parahippocampal cortex (PHC) has been associated with many cognitive processes, including visuospatial processing and episodic memory. To characterize the role of PHC in cognition, a framework is required that unifies these disparate processes. An overarching account was proposed whereby the PHC is part of a network of brain regions that processes contextual associations. Contextual associations are the principal element underlying many higher-level cognitive processes, and thus are suitable for unifying the PHC literature. Recent findings are reviewed that provide support for the contextual associations account of PHC function. In addition to reconciling a vast breadth of literature, the synthesis presented expands the implications of the proposed account and gives rise to new and general questions about context and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M Aminoff
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Predicting upcoming events from incomplete information is an essential brain function. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a critical role in this process by facilitating recognition of sensory inputs via predictive feedback to sensory cortices. In the visual domain, the OFC is engaged by low spatial frequency (LSF) and magnocellular-biased inputs, but beyond this, we know little about the information content required to activate it. Is the OFC automatically engaged to analyze any LSF information for meaning? Or is it engaged only when LSF information matches preexisting memory associations? We tested these hypotheses and show that only LSF information that could be linked to memory associations engages the OFC. Specifically, LSF stimuli activated the OFC in 2 distinct medial and lateral regions only if they resembled known visual objects. More identifiable objects increased activity in the medial OFC, known for its function in affective responses. Furthermore, these objects also increased the connectivity of the lateral OFC with the ventral visual cortex, a crucial region for object identification. At the interface between sensory, memory, and affective processing, the OFC thus appears to be attuned to the associative content of visual information and to play a central role in visuo-affective prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Chaumon
- Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany and
| | - Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Moshe Bar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Gonda Center for Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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49
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Abstract
The brain stores information in an associative manner so that contextually related entities are connected in memory. Such associative representations mediate the brain's ability to generate predictions about which other objects and events to expect in a given context. Likewise, the brain encodes and is able to rapidly retrieve the affective value of stimuli in our environment. That both contextual associations and affect serve as building blocks of numerous mental functions often makes interpretation of brain activation ambiguous. A critical brain region where such activation has often resulted in equivocal interpretation is the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), which has been implicated separately in both affective and associative processing. To characterize its role more unequivocally, we tested whether activity in the mOFC was most directly attributable to affective processing, associative processing, or a combination of both. Subjects performed an object recognition task while undergoing fMRI scans. Objects varied independently in their affective valence and in their degree of association with other objects (associativity). Analyses revealed an overlapping sensitivity whereby the left mOFC responded both to increasingly positive affective value and to stronger associativity. These two properties individually accounted for mOFC response, even after controlling for their interrelationship. The role of the mOFC is either general enough to encompass associations that link stimuli both with reinforcing outcomes and with other stimuli or abstract enough to use both valence and associativity in conjunction to inform downstream processes related to perception and action. These results may further point to a fundamental relationship between associativity and positive affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitai Shenhav
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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50
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Chapuis A, Ragnarsson GB, Nguyen HN, Chaney CN, Pufnock JS, Schmitt TM, Duerkopp N, Roberts IM, Pogosov GL, Ho WY, Ochsenreither S, Wölfl M, Bar M, Radich JP, Yee C, Greenberg PD. Transferred WT1-reactive CD8+ T cells can mediate antileukemic activity and persist in post-transplant patients. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:174ra27. [PMID: 23447018 PMCID: PMC3678970 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Relapse remains a leading cause of death after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for patients with high-risk leukemias. The potentially beneficial donor T cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect is often mitigated by concurrent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Providing T cells that can selectively target Wilms tumor antigen 1 (WT1), a transcription factor overexpressed in leukemias that contributes to the malignant phenotype, represents an opportunity to promote antileukemic activity without inducing GVHD. HLA-A*0201-restricted WT1-specific donor-derived CD8 cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clones were administered after HCT to 11 relapsed or high-risk leukemia patients without evidence of on-target toxicity. The last four treated patients received CTL clones generated with exposure to interleukin-21 (IL-21) to prolong in vivo CTL survival, because IL-21 can limit terminal differentiation of antigen-specific T cells generated in vitro. Transferred cells exhibited direct evidence of antileukemic activity in two patients: a transient response in one patient with advanced progressive disease and the induction of a prolonged remission in a patient with minimal residual disease (MRD). Additionally, three treated patients at high risk for relapse after HCT survive without leukemia relapse, GVHD, or additional antileukemic treatment. CTLs generated in the presence of IL-21, which were transferred in these latter three patients and the patient with MRD, all remained detectable long-term and maintained or acquired in vivo phenotypic and functional characteristics associated with long-lived memory CD8 T cells. This study supports expanding efforts to immunologically target WT1 and provides insights into the requirements necessary to establish potent persistent T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.G. Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G. B. Ragnarsson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H. N. Nguyen
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C. N. Chaney
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J. S. Pufnock
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T. M. Schmitt
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N. Duerkopp
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - I. M. Roberts
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - W. Y. Ho
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S. Ochsenreither
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Wölfl
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Bar
- Clinical Research Division, FHCRC, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J. P. Radich
- Clinical Research Division, FHCRC, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Yee
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P. D. Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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