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Kronmiller BA, Feau N, Shen D, Tabima JF, Ali SS, Armitage AD, Arredondo F, Bailey BA, Bollmann SR, Dale A, Harrison RJ, Hrywkiw K, Kasuga T, McDougal R, Nellist CF, Panda P, Tripathy S, Williams NM, Ye W, Wang Y, Hamelin RC, Grünwald NJ. Comparative Genomic Analysis of 31 Phytophthora Genomes Reveals Genome Plasticity and Horizontal Gene Transfer. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2023; 36:26-46. [PMID: 36306437 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0133-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are oomycete plant pathogens that cause great economic and ecological impacts. The Phytophthora genus includes over 180 known species, infecting a wide range of plant hosts, including crops, trees, and ornamentals. We sequenced the genomes of 31 individual Phytophthora species and 24 individual transcriptomes to study genetic relationships across the genus. De novo genome assemblies revealed variation in genome sizes, numbers of predicted genes, and in repetitive element content across the Phytophthora genus. A genus-wide comparison evaluated orthologous groups of genes. Predicted effector gene counts varied across Phytophthora species by effector family, genome size, and plant host range. Predicted numbers of apoplastic effectors increased as the host range of Phytophthora species increased. Predicted numbers of cytoplasmic effectors also increased with host range but leveled off or decreased in Phytophthora species that have enormous host ranges. With extensive sequencing across the Phytophthora genus, we now have the genomic resources to evaluate horizontal gene transfer events across the oomycetes. Using a machine-learning approach to identify horizontally transferred genes with bacterial or fungal origin, we identified 44 candidates over 36 Phytophthora species genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that the transfers of most of these 44 candidates happened in parallel to major advances in the evolution of the oomycetes and Phytophthora spp. We conclude that the 31 genomes presented here are essential for investigating genus-wide genomic associations in genus Phytophthora. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Kronmiller
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
| | - Nicolas Feau
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Javier F Tabima
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Northeast Area, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Andrew D Armitage
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, U.K
| | - Felipe Arredondo
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Northeast Area, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Stephanie R Bollmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
| | - Angela Dale
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- SC-New Construction Materials, FPInnovations, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Kelly Hrywkiw
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Takao Kasuga
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca McDougal
- Scion (Zealand Forest Research Institute), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | | | - Preeti Panda
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, 74 Gerald Street, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | | | - Nari M Williams
- Scion (Zealand Forest Research Institute), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de Foresterie et Géographie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crop Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
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Cox MP, Guo Y, Winter DJ, Sen D, Cauldron NC, Shiller J, Bradley EL, Ganley AR, Gerth ML, Lacey RF, McDougal RL, Panda P, Williams NM, Grunwald NJ, Mesarich CH, Bradshaw RE. Chromosome-level assembly of the Phytophthora agathidicida genome reveals adaptation in effector gene families. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1038444. [PMID: 36406440 PMCID: PMC9667082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1038444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious plant pathogens, with some causing devastating tree diseases that threaten the survival of their host species. One such example is Phytophthora agathidicida, the causal agent of kauri dieback - a root and trunk rot disease that kills the ancient, iconic and culturally significant tree species, Agathis australis (New Zealand kauri). A deeper understanding of how Phytophthora pathogens infect their hosts and cause disease is critical for the development of effective treatments. Such an understanding can be gained by interrogating pathogen genomes for effector genes, which are involved in virulence or pathogenicity. Although genome sequencing has become more affordable, the complete assembly of Phytophthora genomes has been problematic, particularly for those with a high abundance of repetitive sequences. Therefore, effector genes located in repetitive regions could be truncated or missed in a fragmented genome assembly. Using a combination of long-read PacBio sequences, chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) and Illumina short reads, we assembled the P. agathidicida genome into ten complete chromosomes, with a genome size of 57 Mb including 34% repeats. This is the first Phytophthora genome assembled to chromosome level and it reveals a high level of syntenic conservation with the complete genome of Peronospora effusa, the only other completely assembled genome sequence of an oomycete. All P. agathidicida chromosomes have clearly defined centromeres and contain candidate effector genes such as RXLRs and CRNs, but in different proportions, reflecting the presence of gene family clusters. Candidate effector genes are predominantly found in gene-poor, repeat-rich regions of the genome, and in some cases showed a high degree of duplication. Analysis of candidate RXLR effector genes that occur in multicopy gene families indicated half of them were not expressed in planta. Candidate CRN effector gene families showed evidence of transposon-mediated recombination leading to new combinations of protein domains, both within and between chromosomes. Further analysis of this complete genome assembly will help inform new methods of disease control against P. agathidicida and other Phytophthora species, ultimately helping decipher how Phytophthora pathogens have evolved to shape their effector repertoires and how they might adapt in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray P. Cox
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David J. Winter
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
| | | | - Nicholas C. Cauldron
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | - Ellie L. Bradley
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Austen R. Ganley
- School of Biological Sciences and Digital Life Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica L. Gerth
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Randy F. Lacey
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Niklaus J. Grunwald
- Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Rosie E. Bradshaw,
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Tabima JF, Gonen L, Gómez-Gallego M, Panda P, Grünwald NJ, Hansen EM, McDougal R, LeBoldus JM, Williams NM. Molecular Phylogenomics and Population Structure of Phytophthora pluvialis. Phytopathology 2021; 111:108-115. [PMID: 33048632 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0232-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pluvialis is an oomycete that was first isolated from soil, water, and tree foliage in mixed Douglas-fir-tanoak forests of the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). It was then identified as the causal agent of red needle cast of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) in New Zealand (NZ). Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to obtain 1,543 single nucleotide polymorphisms across 145 P. pluvialis isolates to characterize the population structure in the PNW and NZ. We tested the hypothesis that P. pluvialis was introduced to NZ from the PNW using genetic distance measurements and population structure analyses among locations between countries. The low genetic distance, population heterozygosity, and lack of geographic structure in NZ suggest a single colonization event from the United States followed by clonal expansion in NZ. The PNW Coast Range was proposed as a presumptive center of origin of the currently known distribution of P. pluvialis based on its geographic range and position as the central cluster in a minimum spanning network. The Coastal cluster of isolates were located at the root of every U.S. cluster and emerged earlier than all NZ clusters. The Coastal cluster had the highest degree of heterozygosity (Hs = 0.254) and median pairwise genetic distance (0.093) relative to any other cluster. Finally, the rapid host diversification between closely related isolates of P. pluvialis in NZ indicate that this pathogen has the potential to infect a broader range of hosts than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Clark University, The Lasry Center for Bioscience, Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A
| | - Lilah Gonen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Mireia Gómez-Gallego
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- UMR IAM-Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Preeti Panda
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Research Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Everett M Hansen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca McDougal
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Peavy Forest Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Nari M Williams
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand
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Rajabi-Estarabadi A, Garbarino F, Williams NM, Nami N, Nouri K. Extramammary Paget's disease: in vivo dynamic optical coherence tomography imaging. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 35:e234-e236. [PMID: 32978824 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rajabi-Estarabadi
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - F Garbarino
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - N M Williams
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - N Nami
- Island Dermatology, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - K Nouri
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Guo Y, Dupont P, Mesarich CH, Yang B, McDougal RL, Panda P, Dijkwel P, Studholme DJ, Sambles C, Win J, Wang Y, Williams NM, Bradshaw RE. Functional analysis of RXLR effectors from the New Zealand kauri dieback pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1131-1148. [PMID: 32638523 PMCID: PMC7411639 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand kauri is an ancient, iconic, gymnosperm tree species that is under threat from a lethal dieback disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora agathidicida. To gain insight into this pathogen, we determined whether proteinaceous effectors of P. agathidicida interact with the immune system of a model angiosperm, Nicotiana, as previously shown for Phytophthora pathogens of angiosperms. From the P. agathidicida genome, we defined and analysed a set of RXLR effectors, a class of proteins that typically have important roles in suppressing or activating the plant immune system. RXLRs were screened for their ability to activate or suppress the Nicotiana plant immune system using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient transformation assays. Nine P. agathidicida RXLRs triggered cell death or suppressed plant immunity in Nicotiana, of which three were expressed in kauri. For the most highly expressed, P. agathidicida (Pa) RXLR24, candidate cognate immune receptors associated with cell death were identified in Nicotiana benthamiana using RNA silencing-based approaches. Our results show that RXLRs of a pathogen of gymnosperms can interact with the immune system of an angiosperm species. This study provides an important foundation for studying the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions in gymnosperm forest trees, including kauri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Preeti Panda
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Paul Dijkwel
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Nari M. Williams
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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6
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LoPresti EF, Goidell J, Mola JM, Page ML, Specht CD, Stuligross C, Weber MG, Williams NM, Karban R. A lever action hypothesis for pendulous hummingbird flowers: experimental evidence from a columbine. Ann Bot 2020; 125:59-65. [PMID: 31402377 PMCID: PMC6948206 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pendulous flowers (due to a flexible pedicel) are a common, convergent trait of hummingbird-pollinated flowers. However, the role of flexible pedicels remains uncertain despite several functional hypotheses. Here we present and test the 'lever action hypothesis': flexible pedicels allow pendulous flowers to move upwards from all sides, pushing the stigma and anthers against the underside of the feeding hummingbird regardless of which nectary is being visited. METHODS To test whether this lever action increased pollination success, we wired emasculated flowers of serpentine columbine, Aquilegia eximia, to prevent levering and compared pollination success of immobilized flowers with emasculated unwired and wire controls. KEY RESULTS Seed set was significantly lower in wire-immobilized flowers than unwired control and wire control flowers. Video analysis of visits to wire-immobilized and unwired flowers demonstrated that birds contacted the stigmas and anthers of immobilized flowers less often than those of flowers with flexible pedicels. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that flexible pedicels permit the levering of reproductive structures onto a hovering bird. Hummingbirds, as uniquely large, hovering pollinators, differ from flies or bees which are too small to cause levering of flowers while hovering. Thus, flexible pedicels may be an adaptation to hummingbird pollination, in particular due to hummingbird size. We further speculate that this mechanism is effective only in radially symmetric flowers; in contrast, zygomorphic hummingbird-pollinated flowers are usually more or less horizontally oriented rather than having pendulous flowers and flexible pedicels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F LoPresti
- Department of Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Goidell
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J M Mola
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M L Page
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C Stuligross
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M G Weber
- Department of Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - N M Williams
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Karban
- Department of Entomology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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7
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Studholme DJ, Panda P, Sanfuentes Von Stowasser E, González M, Hill R, Sambles C, Grant M, Williams NM, McDougal RL. Genome sequencing of oomycete isolates from Chile supports the New Zealand origin of Phytophthora kernoviae and makes available the first Nothophytophthora sp. genome. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:423-431. [PMID: 30390404 PMCID: PMC6637878 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequences were generated for six oomycete isolates collected from forests in Valdivia, Chile. Three of the isolates were identified morphologically as Phytophthora kernoviae, whereas two were similar to other clade 10 Phytophthora species. One isolate was tentatively identified as Nothophytophthora valdiviana based on nucleotide sequence similarity in the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene. This is the first genome sequence for this recently described genus. The genome assembly was more fragmented and contained many duplicated genes when compared with the other Phytophthora sequences. Comparative analyses were performed with genomic sequences of the P. kernoviae isolates from the UK and New Zealand. Although the potential New Zealand origin of P. kernoviae has been suggested, new isolations from Chile had cast doubt on this hypothesis. We present evidence supporting P. kernoviae as having originated in New Zealand. However, investigation of the diversity of oomycete species in Chile has been limited and warrants further exploration. We demonstrate the expediency of genomic analyses in determining phylogenetic relationships between isolates within new and often scantly represented taxonomic groups, such as Phytophthora clade 10 and Nothophytophthora. Data are available on GenBank via BioProject accession number PRJNA352331.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeti Panda
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd.)Rotorua3015New Zealand
| | - Eugenio Sanfuentes Von Stowasser
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de BiotecnologíaUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepción4070386Chile
| | - Mariela González
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de BiotecnologíaUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepción4070386Chile
| | - Rowena Hill
- Biosciences, University of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- Jodrell LaboratoryRoyal Botanic GardensKewTW9 3DSUK
| | | | - Murray Grant
- Biosciences, University of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Nari M. Williams
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd.)Rotorua3015New Zealand
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8
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Greene C, Kealy J, Humphries MM, Gong Y, Hou J, Hudson N, Cassidy LM, Martiniano R, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Grant GA, Kenna PF, Norris K, Callaghan CK, Islam MDN, O’Mara SM, Najda Z, Campbell SG, Pachter JS, Thomas J, Williams NM, Humphries P, Murphy KC, Campbell M. Dose-dependent expression of claudin-5 is a modifying factor in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2156-2166. [PMID: 28993710 PMCID: PMC6298981 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects up to 1% of the general population. Various genes show associations with schizophrenia and a very weak nominal association with the tight junction protein, claudin-5, has previously been identified. Claudin-5 is expressed in endothelial cells forming part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, schizophrenia occurs in 30% of individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a population who are haploinsufficient for the claudin-5 gene. Here, we show that a variant in the claudin-5 gene is weakly associated with schizophrenia in 22q11DS, leading to 75% less claudin-5 being expressed in endothelial cells. We also show that targeted adeno-associated virus-mediated suppression of claudin-5 in the mouse brain results in localized BBB disruption and behavioural changes. Using an inducible 'knockdown' mouse model, we further link claudin-5 suppression with psychosis through a distinct behavioural phenotype showing impairments in learning and memory, anxiety-like behaviour and sensorimotor gating. In addition, these animals develop seizures and die after 3-4 weeks of claudin-5 suppression, reinforcing the crucial role of claudin-5 in normal neurological function. Finally, we show that anti-psychotic medications dose-dependently increase claudin-5 expression in vitro and in vivo while aberrant, discontinuous expression of claudin-5 in the brains of schizophrenic patients post mortem was observed compared to age-matched controls. Together, these data suggest that BBB disruption may be a modifying factor in the development of schizophrenia and that drugs directly targeting the BBB may offer new therapeutic opportunities for treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greene
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Kealy
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M M Humphries
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Y Gong
- 0000 0001 2355 7002grid.4367.6Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
| | - J Hou
- 0000 0001 2355 7002grid.4367.6Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
| | - N Hudson
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L M Cassidy
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Martiniano
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - V Shashi
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - S R Hooper
- 0000000122483208grid.10698.36Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - G A Grant
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - P F Kenna
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Norris
- 0000 0001 0303 540Xgrid.5884.1Biosciences Department, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - C K Callaghan
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cSchool of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M dN Islam
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cSchool of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S M O’Mara
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cSchool of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Z Najda
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S G Campbell
- 0000 0001 0303 540Xgrid.5884.1Biosciences Department, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - J S Pachter
- 0000000419370394grid.208078.5Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT USA
| | - J Thomas
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - N M Williams
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - P Humphries
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K C Murphy
- 0000 0004 0488 7120grid.4912.eDepartment of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Campbell
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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9
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Lubbe SJ, Escott-Price V, Brice A, Gasser T, Pittman AM, Bras J, Hardy J, Heutink P, Wood NM, Singleton AB, Grosset DG, Carroll CB, Law MH, Demenais F, Iles MM, Bishop DT, Newton-Bishop J, Williams NM, Morris HR. Rare variants analysis of cutaneous malignant melanoma genes in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 48:222.e1-222.e7. [PMID: 27640074 PMCID: PMC5096891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A shared genetic susceptibility between cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been suggested. We investigated this by assessing the contribution of rare variants in genes involved in CMM to PD risk. We studied rare variation across 29 CMM risk genes using high-quality genotype data in 6875 PD cases and 6065 controls and sought to replicate findings using whole-exome sequencing data from a second independent cohort totaling 1255 PD cases and 473 controls. No statistically significant enrichment of rare variants across all genes, per gene, or for any individual variant was detected in either cohort. There were nonsignificant trends toward different carrier frequencies between PD cases and controls, under different inheritance models, in the following CMM risk genes: BAP1, DCC, ERBB4, KIT, MAPK2, MITF, PTEN, and TP53. The very rare TYR p.V275F variant, which is a pathogenic allele for recessive albinism, was more common in PD cases than controls in 3 independent cohorts. Tyrosinase, encoded by TYR, is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of neuromelanin, and has a role in the production of dopamine. These results suggest a possible role for another gene in the dopamine-biosynthetic pathway in susceptibility to neurodegenerative Parkinsonism, but further studies in larger PD cohorts are needed to accurately determine the role of these genes/variants in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lubbe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - V Escott-Price
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A Brice
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, ICM, France
| | - T Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A M Pittman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Heutink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N M Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; UCL Genetics Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - A B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - C B Carroll
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - M H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - F Demenais
- INSERM, UMR 946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - M M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - D T Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - N M Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - H R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Abstract
A 5-day-old Thoroughbred foal was submitted to the necropsy service at the University of Kentucky Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center. The foal had a clinical history of seizure activity and severe icterus. A complete blood count and serum chemistry analysis indicated that the foal was anemic (hematocrit, 16%), hyperbilirubinemic (45 mg/dl), and hypoglycemic. At necropsy, all tissues were discolored various shades of yellow. Microscopically, there was degeneration and necrosis of cerebral neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells; severe hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis; and deposition of amorphous golden-yellow material in the cerebellar granular cell layer, pulmonary alveoli, renal tubular epithelium, splenic trabecula, and the lamina propria of the small and large intestine. The golden-yellow material in the brain, lung, spleen, and small intestine was identified as bilirubin by histochemistry. Based on the macroscopic and microscopic findings, a diagnosis of kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy) was made. This report describes a rare case of equine neonatal kernicterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Loynachan
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Lexington, KY 40511-4125, USA.
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11
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Studholme DJ, McDougal RL, Sambles C, Hansen E, Hardy G, Grant M, Ganley RJ, Williams NM. Genome sequences of six Phytophthora species associated with forests in New Zealand. Genom Data 2015; 7:54-6. [PMID: 26981359 PMCID: PMC4778589 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In New Zealand there has been a long association of Phytophthora diseases in forests, nurseries, remnant plantings and horticultural crops. However, new Phytophthora diseases of trees have recently emerged. Genome sequencing has been performed for 12 Phytophthora isolates, from six species: Phytophthora pluvialis, Phytophthora kernoviae, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora agathidicida, Phytophthora multivora and Phytophthora taxon Totara. These sequences will enable comparative analyses to identify potential virulence strategies and ultimately facilitate better control strategies. This Whole Genome Shotgun data have been deposited in DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession numbers LGTT00000000, LGTU00000000, JPWV00000000, JPWU00000000, LGSK00000000, LGSJ00000000, LGTR00000000, LGTS00000000, LGSM00000000, LGSL00000000, LGSO00000000, and LGSN00000000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R L McDougal
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - C Sambles
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - E Hansen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, OR, USA
| | - G Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - M Grant
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - R J Ganley
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - N M Williams
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
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12
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Abstract
A case of recurrent catheter exit site infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is presented in a patient receiving home parenteral nutrition. The past episodes were managed by elective catheter replacement following extrusion of the catheter cuff. We describe the successful use of acetic acid to the exit site which resulted in the eradication of the organism and complete resolution of all signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Manchester, Hope Hospital, Eccles Old Road, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
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13
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Morris H, Pearson JP, Kilarski LL, Wickremaratchi MM, Knipe MDW, Newsway V, Williams NM, Ben-Shlomo Y. 1636 Prevalence of mutations in parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and LRRK2 in early onset Parkinson's Disease: a UK based study and systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Stergiakouli E, Langley K, Williams H, Walters J, Williams NM, Suren S, Giegling I, Wilkinson LS, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Rujescu D, Thapar A, Davies W. Steroid sulfatase is a potential modifier of cognition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Genes Brain Behav 2011; 10:334-44. [PMID: 21255266 PMCID: PMC3664024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deletions encompassing the X-linked STS gene (encoding steroid sulfatase) have been observed in subjects with neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recently, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within STS (rs12861247 and rs17268988) have been reported to be associated with ADHD risk and inattentive symptoms in ADHD, respectively. Using a UK sample of ADHD subjects (aged 5-18 years), we tested the hypothesis that rs12861247 is associated with ADHD risk using a case-control approach (comparing 327 ADHD cases with 358 male controls from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium). Using a subset of males from the ADHD sample, we also examined whether variation within STS is associated with symptomatology/cognitive function in ADHD. We then tested whether SNPs associated with cognitive function in ADHD were also associated with cognitive function in healthy male subjects using a German sample (n = 143, aged 18-30 years), and whether STS was expressed in brain regions pertinent to ADHD pathology during development. We did not replicate the previously identified association with rs12861247. However, in ADHD males, variation at rs17268988 was associated with inattentive symptoms, while variation within STS was significantly associated with performance on three cognitive measures. Three SNPs associated with cognitive function in ADHD males were not associated with cognitive function in healthy males. STS was highly expressed in the developing cerebellar neuroepithelium, basal ganglia, thalamus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus and choroid plexus. These data suggest that genetic variants affecting STS expression and/or activity could influence the function of brain regions perturbed in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stergiakouli
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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15
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Dwyer S, Carroll L, Mantripragada KK, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Williams NM. Mutation screening of the DTNBP1 exonic sequence in 669 schizophrenics and 710 controls using high-resolution melting analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:766-74. [PMID: 19859905 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large number of independent studies have reported evidence for association between the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) and schizophrenia; however, specific risk alleles have been not been implicated as causal. In this study we set out to perform a comprehensive assessment of DNA variation within the exonic sequence of DTNBP1. To achieve this we optimized a high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) protocol and applied it to screen all 11 DTNBP1 exons for DNA variants in a sample of 669 cases and 710 controls from the UK. Despite identifying seven exonic variants with a minor allele frequency (MAF) >0.01, none was significantly associated with schizophrenia (minimum P = 0.054), showing that the strong association we previously reported in this sample is not the result of association to a common functional variant located within the exonic sequence of any of the three major DTNBP1 transcripts. We also sought additional support for DTNBP1 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia by testing the hypothesis that rare exonic highly penetrant variants exist at the DTNBP1 locus. Our analysis failed to identify an enrichment of rare functional variants in the patients compared to the controls. Taken as a whole, this data demonstrate that if DTNBP1 is a risk gene for schizophrenia then risk is not conferred by mutations that affect the structure of the dysbindin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dwyer
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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McDowell KJ, Webb BA, Williams NM, Donahue JM, Newman KE, Lindemann MD, Horohov DW. Invited review: the role of caterpillars in mare reproductive loss syndrome: a model for environmental causes of abortion. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1379-87. [PMID: 20081071 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new abortigenic disease, now known as mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS), significantly affected the horse industry in the Ohio River Valley of the United States in late April and early May of 2001 and 2002. In 2001, approximately 25% of all pregnant mares aborted within several weeks (over 3,000 mares lost pregnancies), and abortion rates exceeded 60% on some farms. Mare reproductive loss syndrome struck hard and without warning, it was caused by something in the environment, it was not transmitted between animals, and it was not associated with any known abortigenic agent or disease. These experiments demonstrated that horses will inadvertently consume Eastern tent caterpillars (ETC) when the insects are present in the pasture or other feedstuffs, and MRLS-type abortions were induced in experimental animals (mares and pigs) by mixing ETC with the feed of the animals. Eastern tent caterpillars are hirsute (hairy) caterpillars, and the only part of the caterpillar that caused MRLS abortions was the cuticle. The experiments revealed that the setae (hairs) embed into the submucosa of the alimentary tract creating microgranulomatous lesions. It is hypothesized that the alimentary tract lesions allow bacteria from the alimentary tract of the mare, principally streptococci, actinobacilli, and to a lesser extent enterococci, to invade the circulatory system of the mare. The bacteria then establish infections in tissues where the immune surveillance of the mare is reduced, such as the fetus and placenta. Fetal and placental fluid bacterial infections lead to fetal death and abortion characteristic of MRLS. Inadvertent ingestion of ETC by pregnant mares causes MRLS. Currently the only known means to prevent MRLS is to avoid exposure of horses, particularly pregnant mares, to ETC and probably most hirsute caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J McDowell
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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17
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Carroll LS, Kendall K, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Williams NM. Evidence that putative ADHD low risk alleles at SNAP25 may increase the risk of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:893-9. [PMID: 19132710 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synaptosomal Associated Protein 25 kDa (SNAP25) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by numerous neuropathological studies and genetic variation at SNAP25 has been reported to be associated with ADHD. Expression levels of the putative schizophrenia susceptibility gene DTNBP1 has been shown to influence the levels of SNAP25 in vitro. We undertook directed mutation screening of SNAP25 in UK schizophrenic cases followed by direct association analysis of all variants identified and identified known exonic SNPs that showed evidence for association (rs3746544 P = 0.004 OR = 1.26, rs8636 P = 0.003 OR = 1.27), although these SNPs are highly correlated (r(2) > 0.99). We additionally genotyped a further 31 tag SNPs spanning the SNAP25 locus and identified several independent SNPs that were nominally associated with schizophrenia (strongest association at rs3787283, P = 0.006, OR = 1.25) however, due to the number of tests performed no SNP met experiment-wise significance (minimum permuted P-value = 0.1). Post hoc analysis revealed that the SNPs nominally associated with schizophrenia (rs3787283, rs3746544) were the same as those previously demonstrated to be associated with ADHD but with the opposite alleles, allowing the intriguing hypothesis that genetic variation at SNAP25 may be differentially associated with both schizophrenia and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Carroll
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building for Biomedical Research in Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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18
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Holmans PA, Riley B, Pulver AE, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Gejman PV, Mowry BJ, Laurent C, Kendler KS, Nestadt G, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Sanders AR, Nertney D, Mallet J, Wormley B, Lasseter VK, O'Donovan MC, Duan J, Albus M, Alexander M, Godard S, Ribble R, Liang KY, Norton N, Maier W, Papadimitriou G, Walsh D, Jay M, O'Neill A, Lerer FB, Dikeos D, Crowe RR, Silverman JM, Levinson DF. Genomewide linkage scan of schizophrenia in a large multicenter pedigree sample using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:786-95. [PMID: 19223858 PMCID: PMC2714870 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A genomewide linkage scan was carried out in eight clinical samples of informative schizophrenia families. After all quality control checks, the analysis of 707 European-ancestry families included 1615 affected and 1602 unaffected genotyped individuals, and the analysis of all 807 families included 1900 affected and 1839 unaffected individuals. Multipoint linkage analysis with correction for marker-marker linkage disequilibrium was carried out with 5861 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; Illumina version 4.0 linkage map). Suggestive evidence for linkage (European families) was observed on chromosomes 8p21, 8q24.1, 9q34 and 12q24.1 in nonparametric and/or parametric analyses. In a logistic regression allele-sharing analysis of linkage allowing for intersite heterogeneity, genomewide significant evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 10p12. Significant heterogeneity was also observed on chromosome 22q11.1. Evidence for linkage across family sets and analyses was most consistent on chromosome 8p21, with a one-LOD support interval that does not include the candidate gene NRG1, suggesting that one or more other susceptibility loci might exist in the region. In this era of genomewide association and deep resequencing studies, consensus linkage regions deserve continued attention, given that linkage signals can be produced by many types of genomic variation, including any combination of multiple common or rare SNPs or copy number variants in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Holmans
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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19
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Labeda DP, Price NP, Kroppenstedt RM, Donahue JM, Williams NM, Sells SF. Streptomyces atriruber sp. nov. and Streptomyces silaceus sp. nov., two novel species of equine origin. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2899-903. [PMID: 19628594 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.008862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two actinomycete strains, NRRL B-24165(T) and NRRL B-24166(T), isolated from lesions on equine placentas in Kentucky, USA, were analysed using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, morphological observations and the presence of ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in whole-cell hydrolysates, the new isolates clearly belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Analyses of the phylogenetic positions of strains NRRL B-24165(T) and NRRL B-24166(T) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of all recognized species of the genus Streptomyces, as well as evaluation of morphological and physiological characteristics, demonstrated that the new isolates could be differentiated from all recognized species and therefore represented novel species. It is proposed that the new strains represent two novel species for which the names Streptomyces atriruber sp. nov. (type strain NRRL B-24165(T)=DSM 41860(T)=LDDC 6330-99(T)) and Streptomyces silaceus sp. nov. (NRRL B-24166(T)=DSM 41861(T)=LDDC 6638-99(T)) are proposed. The species names are based on the distinctive colours of the substrate mycelium of these strains, dark red and deep orange-yellow, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Labeda
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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20
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Gerrish A, Williams H, Moskvina V, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Williams NM. An examination of MUTED as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. Schizophr Res 2009; 107:110-1. [PMID: 18815010 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Shank AM, Bryant UK, Jackson CB, Williams NM, Janes JG. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) in four calves. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:634-9. [PMID: 18725466 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-5-634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), or Bland-White-Garland syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation described in children and adults. In this condition, the left coronary artery, which normally originates from the left coronary sinus in the aorta, instead originates from the pulmonary trunk, which results in retrograde flow of blood away from the myocardium into the lower-pressure pulmonary artery. Myocardial hypoxic-ischemic injury results in cardiac dysfunction, failure, and eventually in patient death if not surgically repaired. This report describes gross and microscopic findings in 4 beef calves with ALCAPA. All the calves had a history of being found dead with few or no premonitory signs, 2 shortly after sudden strenuous exercise. Gross necropsy lesions suggestive of heart failure included cardiomegaly with atrial and ventricular dilation and/or ventricular hypertrophy, and hepatomegaly. Dissection of each heart revealed the origin of the left coronary artery arising in the pulmonary trunk above the anterior cusp of the pulmonic valve. No degeneration; mineralization; and fiber loss, with replacement by fibrous connective tissue, predominantly in the left ventricular papillary muscle and the interventricular septum. Changes observed in the liver and lungs, including hepatomegaly, sinusoidal congestion, centrilobular fibrosis, and pulmonary congestion, edema, and intra-alveolar pigment-laden macrophages were consistent with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Shank
- University of Kentucky Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Pathology, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40512 (USA).
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is a rare, autosomal dominant, clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterised clinically by progressive dementia, ataxia, chorea, myoclonic epilepsy and psychiatric disturbance and pathologically by combined degeneration of the dentatorubral and pallidoluysian systems. DRPLA has a marked ethnic predilection, most commonly reported in Japan and thought to be rare in Caucasian populations. METHODS We describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of 17 patients with DRPLA segregating in four families in South Wales. RESULTS There was marked clinical heterogeneity with considerable overlap of symptoms and signs between and within families. The age of onset ranged from 34 to 60 years with an earlier onset associated with myoclonic epilepsy and a later onset associated with a Huntington disease-like presentation. We identified a distinct haplotype within one family not present within the other three families, suggesting that the expansion in at least one family did not arise from an immediate common ancestor. Analysis of repeat length polymorphisms in 306 Welsh control patients identified 14 (4.6%) with repeat lengths in the high-normal range, compared with 0% and 7.4% in previously reported north American Caucasian and Japanese control populations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS DRPLA may not be as geographically or ethnically restricted as previously thought and the diagnosis should be considered in non-Asian patients presenting with a wide spectrum of neurological disease, especially if there is a dominant family history of dementia or movement disorder. The prevalence of high-normal length alleles may account for the relatively high prevalence of DRPLA in Wales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wardle
- Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology and Audiological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF144XN, UK.
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23
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Allen GP, Bolin DC, Bryant U, Carter CN, Giles RC, Harrison LR, Hong CB, Jackson CB, Poonacha K, Wharton R, Williams NM. Prevalence of latent, neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus-1 in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:105-10. [PMID: 18089469 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x253127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY An emerging problem of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection in horses in the USA is a high-mortality myeloencephalopathy that commonly occurs where large numbers of horses are stabled. EHV-1 isolates recovered from recent neurological outbreaks represent a mutant virus strain that possesses enhanced neuropathogenicity. A central question of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy is the latency carriage rate for these mutants of EHV-1 in USA horse populations. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 as latent infections in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. METHODS Submandibular lymph nodes (SMLN) were collected during post mortem examination of 132 Thoroughbred broodmares. Total DNA purified from SMLN tissue was tested for the presence of latent EHV-1 DNA by an ultrasensitive magnetic bead-based, sequence-capture, nested PCR method. Differentiation of active from latent infections by EHV-1 was achieved by detection of transcripts of EHV-1 glycoprotein B by reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Latent EHV-1 DNA was detected in the SMLN tissues of 71 (54%) of the 132 mares submitted for necropsy. Thirteen (18%) of the 71 latently infected horses harboured the neuropathogenic biovar of EHV-1. Of the 13 horses latently infected with an ORF30 mutant strain of EHV-1, 11 also carried a latent, wild-type strain of the virus in their SMLN tissues. CONCLUSIONS Neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 have established a significant presence in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky as latently infected carrier horses. The data also indicate that a highly sensitive DNA detection method is required to identify many instances of EHV-1 latency. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The presence of a relatively large biological reservoir of latent, neuropathogenic EHV-1 has the potential for posing emerging equine health and economic threats to the future prosperity of the USA horse industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Allen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099, USA
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Williams HJ, Norton N, Peirce T, Dwyer S, Williams NM, Moskvina V, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. Association analysis of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 97:271-6. [PMID: 17897812 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene is located within a region of chromosome 5 (5p14.1-q13.3) that has been highlighted as a potential schizophrenia susceptibility locus by a number of genome scans. GDNF is neurotrophic and is also thought to be involved in differentiation of dopaminergic neurones. The GDNF gene is, therefore, a positional and functional candidate gene for schizophrenia. It is of additional interest because altered GDNF mRNA and protein expression has been reported in response to antipsychotics and the psychotomimetic phencyclidine, and two previous studies, focussed on a single variant, have reported weak support for genetic association between GDNF and schizophrenia in small samples. To test the hypothesis that GDNF is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, we performed a detailed association study. We chose 9 SNPs that spanned a genomic region of 40 kb and fully encompassed GDNF. SNPs were genotyped in a sample of 673 schizophrenic patients and 716 matched controls, all of Caucasian origin and all collected from the UK or Ireland. Of the 9 SNPs genotyped 2 showed nominally significant genotypic association at the P< or =0.05 level (rs2973050; OR=1.11; P-value=0.007 and rs2910702; OR=1.14; P-value=0.039). Permutation testing to allow for multiple comparisons of non-independent markers gave a corrected genotypic P-value of 0.052 for rs2973050. We also genotyped an (AGG)(n) repeat located in the 3' UTR of the GDNF but this showed no evidence for association. We conclude that our sample does not provide independent statistically significant evidence for association between GDNF and schizophrenia, nor does it replicate previous specific reports of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building for Biomedical Research, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Majounie E, Wardle M, Muzaimi M, Cross WC, Robertson NP, Williams NM, Morris HR. Case control analysis of repeat expansion size in ataxia. Neurosci Lett 2007; 429:28-32. [PMID: 17961920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological diseases. The expansion of unstable microsatellite repeats has been identified as the underlying pathogenic cause of 10 subtypes of autosomal dominant SCAs. The aetiology of sporadic SCA is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of large normal repeats in patients presenting with sporadic or familial ataxia compared to a control population. The size of the expansion was determined using a fluorescent PCR approach in 10 common SCA genes: SCA-1 (ATXN1), SCA-2 (ATXN2), SCA-3 (ATXN3), SCA-6 (CACNA1A), SCA-7 (ATXN7), SCA-8 (ATXN8OS), SCA-10 (ATXN10), SCA-12 (PPP2R2B), SCA-17 (TBP) and DRPLA (ATN1), in 165 ataxia patients and 307 controls of Welsh origin. There was no difference between cases and controls in the distribution of the large normal alleles, or in the distribution of the combined CAG repeats. The normal allele distribution in the Welsh population was largely similar to that of other Caucasian populations. Our study failed to demonstrate an effect of large normal repeats on the susceptibility to develop ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Majounie
- Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology and Audiological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Hamshere ML, Williams NM, Norton N, Williams H, Cardno AG, Zammit S, Jones LA, Murphy KC, Sanders RD, McCarthy G, Gray MY, Jones G, Holmans P, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Genome wide significant linkage in schizophrenia conditioning on occurrence of depressive episodes. J Med Genet 2005; 43:563-7. [PMID: 16227524 PMCID: PMC2564551 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.035345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia shows substantial clinical heterogeneity. One common important clinical variable in presentation is the occurrence of episodes of major depression. METHODS We undertook analyses in an attempt to detect loci that influence susceptibility to, or modify the clinical expression of, schizophrenia according to the occurrence of episodes of major depression. We used a logistic regression framework in which lifetime presence/absence of major depression was entered as a covariate in the linkage analysis of our UK schizophrenia affected sibling pair series (168 affected sibling pairs typed for a 10 cM map of microsatellite markers). RESULTS Inclusion of presence/absence of depression as a covariate detected a genome wide significant linkage signal on chromosome 4q28.3 at 130.7 cM (LOD = 4.59; p = 0.038; increase in maximum LOD over univariate analysis (ILOD) = 3.62). Inclusion of the depression covariate also showed suggestive evidence of linkage on 20q11.21 (LOD = 4.10; expected to occur by chance 0.093 times per genome scan, ILOD = 2.83). CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify loci that may harbour genes that play a role in susceptibility to, or modify the risk of, episodes of major depression in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hamshere
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Mowry BJ, Holmans PA, Pulver AE, Gejman PV, Riley B, Williams NM, Laurent C, Schwab SG, Wildenauer DB, Bauché S, Owen MJ, Wormley B, Sanders AR, Nestadt G, Liang KY, Duan J, Ribble R, Norton N, Soubigou S, Maier W, Ewen-White KR, DeMarchi N, Carpenter B, Walsh D, Williams H, Jay M, Albus M, Nertney DA, Papadimitriou G, O'Neill A, O'Donovan MC, Deleuze JF, Lerer FB, Dikeos D, Kendler KS, Mallet J, Silverman JM, Crowe RR, Levinson DF. Multicenter linkage study of schizophrenia loci on chromosome 22q. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:784-95. [PMID: 15007391 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of the existence of one or more schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosome 22q is supported by reports of genetic linkage and association, meta-analyses of linkage, and the observation of elevated risk for psychosis in people with velocardiofacial syndrome, caused by 22q11 microdeletions. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating 10 microsatellite markers spanning 22q in a multicenter sample of 779 pedigrees. We also incorporated age at onset and sex into the analysis as covariates. No significant evidence for linkage to schizophrenia or for linkage associated with earlier age at onset, gender, or heterogeneity across sites was observed. We interpret these findings to mean that the population-wide effects of putative 22q schizophrenia susceptibility loci are too weak to detect with linkage analysis even in large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mowry
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park -- Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia.
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Williams NM, Preece A, Morris DW, Spurlock G, Bray NJ, Stephens M, Norton N, Williams H, Clement M, Dwyer S, Curran C, Wilkinson J, Moskvina V, Waddington JL, Gill M, Corvin AP, Zammit S, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. Identification in 2 Independent Samples of a Novel Schizophrenia RiskHaplotype of the Dystrobrevin Binding Protein Gene (DTNBP1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:336-44. [PMID: 15066891 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.4.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent research suggests that variation in the gene encoding dystrobrevin binding protein (DTNBP1) confers susceptibility to schizophrenia. Thus far, no specific risk haplotype has been identified in more than 1 study. OBJECTIVES To confirm DTNBP1 as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene, to identify and replicate specific risk and protective haplotypes, and to explore relationships between DTNBP1 and the phenotype. DESIGN Genetic association study based on mutation detection and case-control analysis. SETTING All subjects were unrelated and ascertained from general (secondary care) psychiatric inpatient and outpatient services. PARTICIPANTS The Cardiff, Wales, sample included 708 white subjects from the United Kingdom and Ireland (221 females) who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and were individually matched for age, sex, and ethnicity to 711 blood donor controls (233 females). Mean +/- SD age at first psychiatric contact for cases was 23.6 +/- 7.7 years; mean age at ascertainment was 41.8 +/- 13.5 years. The Dublin, Ireland, sample included 219 white subjects from the Republic of Ireland who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 231 controls. The mean age of the Irish cases was 46.0 +/- 8.5 years; mean age at first psychiatric contact was 25.2 +/- 12.4 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Evidence for association between the DTNBP1 locus and schizophrenia. RESULTS In the Cardiff sample, there was no evidence for association with previously implicated haplotypes but strong evidence for association with multiple novel haplotypes. Maximum evidence was found for a novel 3-marker haplotype (global P<.001), composed of 1 risk haplotype (P =.01) and 2 protective haplotypes, 1 common (P =.006) and 1 rare (P<.001). Specific risk and protective haplotypes were replicated in the Dublin sample (P =.02,.047, and.006, respectively). The only phenotypic variable associated with any haplotype was between the common protective haplotype and higher educational achievement (P =.02, corrected for multiple tests). CONCLUSIONS DTNBP1 is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Specific risk and protective haplotypes were identified and replicated. Association with educational achievement may suggest protection mediated by IQ, although this needs to be confirmed in an independent data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
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Abstract
The high heritability of schizophrenia has stimulated much work aimed at identifying susceptibility genes using positional genetics. However, difficulties in obtaining clear replicated linkages have led to the scepticism that such approaches would ever be successful. Fortunately, there are now signs of real progress. Several strong and well-established linkages have emerged. Three of the best-supported regions are 6p24-22, 1q21-22 and 13q32-34. In these cases, single studies achieved genome-wide significance at P<0.05 and suggestive positive findings have also been reported in other samples. The other promising regions include 8p21-22, 6q21-25, 22q11-12, 5q21-q33, 10p15-p11 and 1q42. The study of chromosomal abnormalities in schizophrenia has also added to the evidence for susceptibility loci at 22q11 and 1q42. Recently, evidence implicating individual genes within some of the linked regions has been reported and more importantly replicated. The weight of evidence now favours NRG1 and DTNBP1 as susceptibility loci, though work remains before we understand precisely how genetic variation at each locus confers susceptibility and protection. The evidence for catechol-O-methyl transferase, RGS4 and G72 is promising but not yet persuasive. While further replications remain the top priority, the respective contributions of each gene, relationships with aspects of the phenotype, the possibility of epistatic interactions between genes and functional interactions between the gene products will all need investigation. The ability of positional genetics to implicate novel genes and pathways will open up new vistas for neurobiological research, and all the signs are that it is now poised to deliver crucial insights into the nature of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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Williams NM, Norton N, Williams H, Ekholm B, Hamshere ML, Lindblom Y, Chowdari KV, Cardno AG, Zammit S, Jones LA, Murphy KC, Sanders RD, McCarthy G, Gray MY, Jones G, Holmans P, Nimgaonkar V, Adolfson R, Osby U, Terenius L, Sedvall G, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. A systematic genomewide linkage study in 353 sib pairs with schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:1355-67. [PMID: 14628288 PMCID: PMC1180400 DOI: 10.1086/380206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook a genomewide linkage study in a total of 353 affected sib pairs (ASPs) with schizophrenia. Our sample consisted of 179 ASPs from the United Kingdom, 134 from Sweden, and 40 from the United States. We typed 372 microsatellite markers at approximately 10-cM intervals. Our strongest finding was a LOD score of 3.87 on chromosome 10q25.3-q26.3, with positive results being contributed by all three samples and a LOD-1 interval of 15 cM. This finding achieved genomewide significance (P<.05), on the basis of simulation studies. We also found two regions, 17p11.2-q25.1 (maximum LOD score [MLS] = 3.35) and 22q11 (MLS = 2.29), in which the evidence for linkage was highly suggestive. Linkage to all of these regions has been supported by other studies. Moreover, we found strong evidence for linkage (genomewide P<.02) to 17p11.2-q25.1 in a single pedigree with schizophrenia. In our view, the evidence is now sufficiently compelling to undertake detailed mapping studies of these three regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Ivanov D, Kirov G, Norton N, Williams HJ, Williams NM, Nikolov I, Tzwetkova R, Stambolova SM, Murphy KC, Toncheva D, Thapar A, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Chromosome 22q11 deletions, velo-cardio-facial syndrome and early-onset psychosis. Molecular genetic study. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183:409-13. [PMID: 14594915 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.183.5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is associated with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22q11. About 30% of patients with VCFS have psychosis, and the rate of these deletions in schizophrenia has been reported to be about 1%. Even higher rates of VCFS deletions have been reported for childhood-onset schizophrenia. AIMS To test the hypothesis that there is an increased rate of VCFS among patients with early-onset psychosis (age at onset <18 years). We screened 192 early-onset patients and 329 patients with adult-onset schizophrenia. METHOD We genotyped the patients and 444 healthy controls for hemizygosity of five microsatellite markers and one single nucleotide polymorphism that map to the 22q11-deleted region. RESULTS One patient had a VCFS deletion, confirmed with semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. None of the controls showed a pattern of genotypes consistent with hemizygosity. CONCLUSIONS VCFS may be less frequent among patients with psychosis than previously suggested; this rate is not increased among early-onset patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ivanov
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Labeda DP, Donahue JM, Williams NM, Sells SF, Henton MM. Amycolatopsis kentuckyensis sp. nov., Amycolatopsis lexingtonensis sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis pretoriensis sp. nov., isolated from equine placentas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1601-1605. [PMID: 13130055 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycete strains isolated from lesions on equine placentas from two horses in Kentucky and one in South Africa were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics indicated that the isolates are members of the genus AMYCOLATOPSIS: On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, the isolates are related most closely to Amycolatopsis mediterranei. Physiological characteristics of these strains indicated that they do not belong to A. mediterranei and DNA relatedness determinations confirmed that these strains represent three novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the names Amycolatopsis kentuckyensis (type strain, NRRL B-24129(T)=LDDC 9447-99(T)=DSM 44652(T)), Amycolatopsis lexingtonensis (type strain, NRRL B-24131(T)=LDDC 12275-99(T)=DSM 44653(T)) and Amycolatopsis pretoriensis (type strain, NRRL B-24133(T)=ARC OV1 0181(T)=DSM 44654(T)) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Labeda
- Microbial Genomics and Bioprocessing Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - J M Donahue
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - N M Williams
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - S F Sells
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - M M Henton
- Golden Vetlab, PO 1537, Alberton, South Africa
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Williams NM, Spurlock G, Norton N, Williams HJ, Hamshere ML, Krawczak M, Kirov G, Nikolov I, Georgieva L, Jones S, Cardno AG, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Mutation screening and LD mapping in the VCFS deleted region of chromosome 22q11 in schizophrenia using a novel DNA pooling approach. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:1092-100. [PMID: 12476324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Revised: 03/22/2002] [Accepted: 03/23/2002] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether variation within six genes from the VCFS critical region at 22q11 (DGSC, Stk22A1, DGSI, Gscl, Slc25A1 and Znf74) confers susceptibility to schizophrenia. We screened the exons and flanking intronic sequence of each gene for mutations in 14 individuals with DSM-IV schizophrenia using DHPLC. All polymorphisms identified were characterised and genotyped in a sample of 184 schizophrenics and matched controls, using novel DNA pooling methods. Of the polymorphisms identified, 17 were located within exons, six were within coding sequence, and two were non-synonymous. Pooled genotyping revealed no differences in the allele frequencies for any polymorphism between cases and controls that met our pre-defined criterion (P < or = 0.1). In a complementary approach we also attempted to define the location of a schizophrenia susceptibility locus more precisely by performing association mapping using seven microsatellites spanning the VCFS region with an average inter-marker distance of 450 kb. Conventional chi(2) analysis of genotypes in 368 cases and 368 controls revealed that none of the markers was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with schizophrenia. However, evidence for significant association (P = 0.003) was obtained for D22S944 when alleles were combined. TDT analysis of D22S944 genotyped in a further 278 cases of schizophrenia and their parents failed to find any overall allele-wise significant transmission disequilibrium (chi(2) = 18.3, P = 0.17). However, individual analysis of the alleles revealed that allele 12 was excessively non-transmitted and that this almost reached significance when corrected for multiple alleles (chi(2) = 7.35, P = 0.006, P = 0.078 corrected for 13 alleles).
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Norton N, Williams HJ, Williams NM, Spurlock G, Zammit S, Jones G, Jones S, Owen R, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Mutation screening of the Homer gene family and association analysis in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 120B:18-21. [PMID: 12815733 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Homer proteins are a group of proteins that regulate group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor function. As altered glutamate function has been implicated in many neuro psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia, we have screened all three known Homer genes for sequence variation for use under the candidate gene association paradigm. We found seven SNPs, including three in exons. Of these, none was non-synonymous. Allele frequencies of all the detected SNPs were estimated in DNA pools of 368 schizophrenics and 368 controls. Only one (Homer 1 IVS4 + 18A > G) was associated with schizophrenia in this sample, a finding confirmed by individual genotyping (P = 0.01). However, in our extended sample of 680 cases and 671 controls, the evidence for association diminished (P = 0.05). Our results suggest it is unlikely that sequence variants in the Homer genes contribute to the aetiology of schizophrenia, but the variants we identified are plausible candidates for other neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Norton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Williams NM, Preece A, Spurlock G, Norton N, Williams HJ, Zammit S, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Support for genetic variation in neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:485-7. [PMID: 12808428 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that genetic variants around the gene neuregulin 1 are associated with schizophrenia in an Icelandic sample. Of particular interest was the presence of a single-risk haplotype that was significantly over-represented in schizophrenic individuals compared to controls (15.4 : 7.5%, P=6.7 x 10(-6)). We have attempted to replicate this result in our large collection of 573 schizophrenia cases and 618 controls. We found that the risk haplotype was more common in cases than controls (9.5 : 7.5%; P=0.04), and especially in our subset of 141 cases with a family history of schizophrenia (11.6%; P=0.019). Our results therefore replicate the Icelandic findings in an out-bred Northern European population, although they suggest that the risk conferred by the haplotype is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
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Williams NM, Bowen T, Spurlock G, Norton N, Williams HJ, Hoogendoorn B, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. Determination of the genomic structure and mutation screening in schizophrenic individuals for five subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:508-14. [PMID: 12082569 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2001] [Accepted: 11/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic system is the major excitatory neurotransmitter system in the CNS. Glutamate receptors, and in particular N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, have been proposed as mediators of many common neuropsychiatric phenotypes including cognition, psychosis, and degeneration. We have reconstructed the genomic structure of all five genes encoding NMDA receptors in silico. We screened each for sequence variation and estimated the allele frequencies of all detected SNPs in pooled samples of 184 UK Caucasian schizophrenics and 184 UK Caucasian blood donor controls. Only a single non-synonymous polymorphism was found indicating extreme selection pressure. The rarity of non-synonymous changes suggests that such variants are unlikely to make a common contribution to common phenotypes. We found a further 26 polymorphisms within exonic or adjacent intronic sequences. The minor alleles of most of these have a relatively high frequency (63% above 0.2). These SNPs will therefore be suitable for studying neuropsychiatric phenotypes that are putatively related to NMDA dysfunction. Pooled analysis provided no support for association between any of the GRIN genes and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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37
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Abstract
Over the course of the past decade, actinomycetes have been isolated from the placentas of horses diagnosed with nocardioform placentitis. The incidence of this infection has generally been low, with typically no more than 30 animals affected in most years, but the incidence increased through 1999, with placentas from 144 mares found to be infected. Approximately half of the cases result in loss of the foal. A typical actinomycete with branching mycelium was isolated from placental lesions, and a comparison of the sequence of the 16S rDNA gene against the public databases indicated a relationship to members of the suborder Pseudonocardineae. Phylogenetic analysis of representative isolates revealed a close relationship to Crossiella cryophila, and subsequent polyphasic comparisons determined that these isolates represent a novel species of Crossiella, for which the name Crossiella equi sp. nov. is proposed, with strain LDDC 22291-98(T) (= NRRL B-24104(T) = DSM 44580(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Donahue
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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38
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Lin C, Holland RE, Williams NM, Chambers TM. Cultures of equine respiratory epithelial cells and organ explants as tools for the study of equine influenza virus infection. Arch Virol 2002; 146:2239-47. [PMID: 11765925 DOI: 10.1007/s007050170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine nasal turbinate epithelial cells and tracheal rafts were maintained with sustained viability in culture. Both types of culture supported productive replication of equine influenza virus (equine-2, subtype H3N8) and cell death occurred through apoptosis following viral infection. Thus, primary respiratory epithelial cell and organ cultures of equine origin may be valuable as alternatives to the intact animal for studying the virus-host interaction of equine respiratory viruses including influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099, USA
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39
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Abstract
Since the late 1980s a distinct form of focally-extensive mucoid to mucopurulent uterine body chronic placentitis,caused by nocardioform organisms, hasbeen recognised in horses in the USA state of Kentucky and possibly in other areas. This disease has led to increasing numbers of foal losses from late abortions, still-births, prematurity, or early neonatal deaths. The foals are usually not infected, but may be small or emaciated. Modes of infection and transmission are as yet unknown. Nocardia spp. and related nocardioform bacteria as causes of equine infertility, endometritis and foal death are briefly reviewed. A case of near full-term abortion involving a Friesian mare in the Pretoria district of Gauteng Province in South Africa during February 2000, with the same placental lesion as described in the Kentucky cases, is presented. Nocardioform organisms were visualised on impression smears and histological sections of affected foetal membranes, and were also cultured. The organism has been identified at the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center of the University of Kentucky as an Amycolatopsis sp. of the less-commonly diagnosed group of nocardioforms causing placentitis in the USA. The organism was cultured from the uterus of the mare 18 days post-foaling, but after a 2-week course of oral trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole, based on antibiogram sensitivity testing, a uterine flush yielded no growth. A semen sample from the sire of the aborted foal did not yield any Gram-positive filamentous branching bacteria. The mare subsequently conceived to a single insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Volkmann
- Department of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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40
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Cardno AG, Holmans PA, Rees MI, Jones LA, McCarthy GM, Hamshere ML, Williams NM, Norton N, Williams HJ, Fenton I, Murphy KC, Sanders RD, Gray MY, O'Donovan MC, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. A genomewide linkage study of age at onset in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:439-45. [PMID: 11449396 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to age at onset of schizophrenia, which probably involves both susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and modifying loci acting independent of disease risk. We sought evidence of linkage to loci that influence age at onset of schizophrenia in a sample of 94 affected sibling pairs with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and age at first psychiatric contact of 45 years or less. Individuals were genotyped for 229 microsatellite markers spaced at approximately 20 cM intervals throughout the genome. Loci contributing to age at onset were sought by a quantitative maximum-likelihood multipoint linkage analysis using MAPMAKER/SIBS. A nonparametric multipoint analysis was also performed. The genomewide significance of linkage results was assessed by simulation studies. There were six maximum-likelihood LOD score peaks of 1.5 or greater, the highest being on chromosome 17q (LOD = 2.54; genomewide P = 0.27). This fulfils Lander and Kruglyak's [1995: Nat Genet 11:241-247] criteria for suggestive linkage in that it would be expected to occur once or less (0.3 times) per genome scan. However, this finding should be treated with caution because the LOD score appeared to be almost solely accounted for by the pattern of ibd sharing at one marker (D17S787), with virtually no evidence of linkage over flanking markers. None of the linkage results achieved genomewide statistical significance, but the LOD score peak on chromosome 13q (LOD = 1.68) coincided with the region showing maximum evidence for linkage in the study by Blouin et al. [1998: Nat Genet 20:70-73] of categorical schizophrenia.
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MESH Headings
- Age of Onset
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Linkage
- Genome, Human
- Genotype
- Humans
- Lod Score
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Schizophrenia/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Cardno
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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41
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Sklar P, Schwab SG, Williams NM, Daly M, Schaffner S, Maier W, Albus M, Trixler M, Eichhammer P, Lerer B, Hallmayer J, Norton N, Williams H, Zammit S, Cardno AG, Jones S, McCarthy G, Milanova V, Kirov G, O'Donovan MC, Lander ES, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB. Association analysis of NOTCH4 loci in schizophrenia using family and population-based controls. Nat Genet 2001; 28:126-8. [PMID: 11381257 DOI: 10.1038/88836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A genetic association between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia has previously been proposed. Unsing all markers previously shown to be associated, we found no evidence for such in three independent family-based samples (n=519 parent-offspring trios), and a case-control sample derived from the same ethnic background as the original observation. These data strongly suggest that NOTCH4 is not a significant susceptibility allele for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention and control of two emerging causes of placentitis and abortion in horses are described in this article. Leptospirosis has been reported as a significant cause of fetal loss in horses in Kentucky, Northern Ireland, and England. Most abortions result from infection by serovars kennewicki or bratislava. Nocardioform placentitis has become the most common cause of placentitis in central Kentucky horses. Nocardioform placentitis is associated with infection by unnamed, gram-positive, filamentous, branching bacteria, and is characterized by distinctive changes in the placental membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Donahue
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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43
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Levinson DF, Holmans P, Straub RE, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Gejman PV, Pulver AE, Laurent C, Kendler KS, Walsh D, Norton N, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Lerer B, Mowry BJ, Sanders AR, Antonarakis SE, Blouin JL, DeLeuze JF, Mallet J. Multicenter linkage study of schizophrenia candidate regions on chromosomes 5q, 6q, 10p, and 13q: schizophrenia linkage collaborative group III. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:652-63. [PMID: 10924404 PMCID: PMC1287525 DOI: 10.1086/303041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2000] [Accepted: 07/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia candidate regions 33-51 cM in length on chromosomes 5q, 6q, 10p, and 13q were investigated for genetic linkage with mapped markers with an average spacing of 5.64 cM. We studied 734 informative multiplex pedigrees (824 independent affected sibling pairs [ASPs], or 1,003 ASPs when all possible pairs are counted), which were collected in eight centers. Cases with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IIIR criteria) were considered affected (n=1,937). Data were analyzed with multipoint methods, including nonparametric linkage (NPL), ASP analysis using the possible-triangle method, and logistic-regression analysis of identity-by-descent (IBD) sharing in ASPs with sample as a covariate, in a test for intersample heterogeneity and for linkage with allowance for intersample heterogeneity. The data most supportive for linkage to schizophrenia were from chromosome 6q; logistic-regression analysis of linkage allowing for intersample heterogeneity produced an empirical P value <.0002 with, or P=.0004 without, inclusion of the sample that produced the first positive report in this region; the maximum NPL score in this region was 2.47 (P=.0046), the maximum LOD score (MLS) from ASP analysis was 3.10 (empirical P=.0036), and there was significant evidence for intersample heterogeneity (empirical P=.0038). More-modest support for linkage was observed for chromosome 10p, with logistic-regression analysis of linkage producing an empirical P=. 045 and with significant evidence for intersample heterogeneity (empirical P=.0096).
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping/statistics & numerical data
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Databases as Topic
- Female
- Genes, Dominant/genetics
- Genes, Recessive/genetics
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Lod Score
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Matched-Pair Analysis
- Nuclear Family
- Pedigree
- Schizophrenia/genetics
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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44
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Wolfsdorf KE, Williams NM, Donahue JM. Theriogenology question of the month. Bacterial placentitis attributable to a gram-positive filamentous branching bacillus organism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1915-6. [PMID: 10863587 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Bray NJ, Williams NM, Bowen T, Cardno AG, Gray M, Jones LA, Murphy KC, Sanders RD, Spurlock G, Odonovan MC, Owen MJ. No evidence for association between a non-synonymous polymorphism in the gene encoding human metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 and schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2000; 10:83-6. [PMID: 10994646 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200010020-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA sequence of the gene encoding human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 7 (mGluR7) contains the single nucleotide polymorphism 1536A > T [GenBank sequence X94552 (Makoff et al., 1996)]. This sequence variation is predicted to result in an amino acid change (F433Y) in the gene product and thus has the potential to affect receptor function. Since disturbances in glutamate function have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we have used a novel and robust polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay to genotype this polymorphism in a case-control sample comprising 181 schizophrenic patients and 182 group-matched unaffected individuals. No evidence was found for association between this polymorphism and schizophrenia. We have also localised mGluR7 to chromosome 3p25-22 using radiation hybrid (RH) mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Bray
- Division of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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46
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Reedy SE, Powell DM, Williams NM, Dodson MV, Fitzgerald BP. Thoughts on the source of tissue on subsequent cell culture success. Methods Cell Sci 2000; 22:29-32. [PMID: 10650332 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009876618921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes attempts to initiate equine adipocyte cultures from necropsy cases with varying intervals from time of death to isolation and culture. Equine adipocytes were isolated from 21 necropsy cases, regardless of the interval from time after death to establishment in primary ceiling cultures. However, while all cultures produced adipocytes, only 2 attempts to produce long-term equine adipocyte cultures from the subcutaneous rump fat depots were successful and not contaminated. Findings from these experiments indicate that it is possible to collect and culture equine adipocytes from necropsy cases with varying intervals of time of death to culturing provided that the issue of contamination is addressed. Viable cells were produced from tissue with an interval of 38.5 hours as well as 45 minutes. This result encourages the continuation of research using equine necropsy cases as a source of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Reedy
- 341, Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
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47
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Williams NM, Rees MI, Holmans P, Norton N, Cardno AG, Jones LA, Murphy KC, Sanders RD, McCarthy G, Gray MY, Fenton I, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. A two-stage genome scan for schizophrenia susceptibility genes in 196 affected sibling pairs. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:1729-39. [PMID: 10441337 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.9.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook a systematic search for linkage in 196 affected sibling pairs (ASPs) with DSMIV schizophrenia. In stage 1 we typed 97 ASPs with 229 microsatellite markers at an average inter-marker distance of 17.26 cM. Multipoint affected sib pair analysis identified seven regions with a maximum lod score (MLS) at or above the level associated with a nominal pointwise significance of 5%, on chromosomes 2q, 4p, 10q, 15q, 18p, 20q and Xcen. In stage 2 we genotyped a further 54 markers in 196 ASPs together with parents and unaffected siblings. This allowed the regions identified in stage 1 to be typed at an average spacing of 5.15 cM, while the region of interest on chromosome 2 was typed to 9.55 cM. Analysis was performed on the whole data set. Simulation studies suggested that we would expect one multipoint MLS of 1.5 per genome scan in the absence of linkage. An MLS of 3 would be expected only once in every 20 genome scans and thus corresponds to a genome-wide significance of 0.05. We obtained three multipoint MLSs >1.5 and, on this basis, the results on chromosomes 4p, 18q and Xcen can be considered suggestive. However, none approached a genome-wide significance of 0. 05. The power of this study was >0.95 to detect a susceptibility locus of lambda(s)= 3 with a genome-wide significance of 0.05, but only 0.70 to detect a locus of lambda(s)= 2. Our results suggest that common genes of major effect (lambda(s)> 3) are unlikely to exist for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Unit, Departments of Psychological Medicine and Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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48
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Rees MI, Fenton I, Williams NM, Holmans P, Norton N, Cardno A, Asherson P, Spurlock G, Roberts E, Parfitt E, Mant R, Vallada H, Dawson E, Li MW, Collier DA, Powell JF, Nanko S, Gill M, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. Autosome search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes in multiply affected families. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:353-9. [PMID: 10483052 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed 298 polymorphic markers in 13 families multiply affected with schizophrenia and related disorders using a combination of radiolabelled and fluorescent-based methodologies. The markers were distributed throughout the autosomes at an average spacing of 12.8 cM. The data were analysed with two-point linkage analysis (MLINK) and heterogeneity testing (HOMOG). Several genetic models were used ranging from near dominant to fully recessive. Multi-point analysis was performed for 27 regions demonstrating either contiguously positive lod scores in two or more consecutive markers, and in regions with two-point lod score(s) of 1.0 or above in a single marker. A proportion of the multi-point regions have been implicated in previous studies, thereby decreasing risk of false-positive results. However neither our two-point, nor multi-point scores reached the threshold value for significance of 3. 6. Nevertheless three regions were suggestive of linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Rees
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
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49
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Cardno AG, Bowen T, Guy CA, Jones LA, McCarthy G, Williams NM, Murphy KC, Spurlock G, Gray M, Sanders RD, Craddock N, McGuffin P, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. CAG repeat length in the hKCa3 gene and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:1592-6. [PMID: 10376120 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long CAG repeats in the hKCa3 potassium channel gene have been associated with schizophrenia. We sought evidence for associations between this polymorphism and aspects of the schizophrenia phenotype. METHODS Associations were investigated between CAG repeat length and gender, age of illness onset, and psychotic symptom dimensions in 203 unrelated individuals with DSM-IIIR schizophrenia. RESULTS No association was found between CAG repeat length and gender or age of onset. Long CAG repeats were associated with higher negative symptom dimension scores. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that genetic liability to negative symptoms in schizophrenia may be partly mediated through the hKCa3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Cardno
- Division of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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50
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Fisher PJ, Turic D, Williams NM, McGuffin P, Asherson P, Ball D, Craig I, Eley T, Hill L, Chorney K, Chorney MJ, Benbow CP, Lubinski D, Plomin R, Owen MJ. DNA pooling identifies QTLs on chromosome 4 for general cognitive ability in children. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:915-22. [PMID: 10196382 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.5.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
General cognitive ability (g), which is related to many aspects of brain functioning, is one of the most heritable traits in neuroscience. Similarly to other heritable quantitatively distributed traits, genetic influence on g is likely to be due to the combined action of many genes of small effect [quantitative trait loci (QTLs)], perhaps several on each chromosome. We used DNA pooling for the first time to search a chromosome systematically with a dense map of DNA markers for allelic associations with g. We screened 147 markers on chromosome 4 such that 85% of the chromosome were estimated to be within 1 cM of a marker. Comparing pooled DNA from 51 children of high g and from 51 controls of average g, 11 significant QTL associations emerged. The association with three of these 11 markers ( D4S2943, MSX1 and D4S1607 ) replicated using DNA pooling in independent samples of 50 children of extremely high g and 50 controls. Furthermore, all three associations were confirmed when each individual was genotyped separately ( D4S2943, P = 0. 00045; MSX1, P = 0.011; D4S1607, P = 0.019). Identifying specific genes responsible for such QTL associations will open new windows in cognitive neuroscience through which to observe pathways between genes and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Fisher
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
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