Large field-of-view short-wave infrared metalens for scanning fiber endoscopy

SIGNIFICANCE

The scanning fiber endoscope (SFE), an ultrasmall optical imaging device with a large field-of-view (FOV) for having a clear forward view into the interior of blood vessels, has great potential in the cardiovascular disease diagnosis and surgery assistance, which is one of the key applications for short-wave infrared biomedical imaging. The state-of-the-art SFE system uses a miniaturized refractive spherical lens doublet for beam projection. A metalens is a promising alternative that can be made much thinner and has fewer off-axis aberrations than its refractive counterpart.

AIM

We demonstrate a transmissive metalens working at 1310 nm for a forward viewing endoscope to achieve a shorter device length and better resolution at large field angles.

APPROACH

We optimize the metalens of the SFE system using Zemax, fabricate it using e-beam lithography, characterize its optical performances, and compare them with the simulations.

RESULTS

The SFE system has a resolution of ∼ 140    μ m at the center of field (imaging distance 15 mm), an FOV of ∼ 70    deg , and a depth-of-focus of ∼ 15    mm , which are comparable with a state-of-the-art refractive lens SFE. The use of the metalens reduces the length of the optical track from 1.2 to 0.86 mm. The resolution of our metalens-based SFE drops by less than a factor of 2 at the edge of the FOV, whereas the refractive lens counterpart has a ∼ 3 times resolution degradation.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show the promise of integrating a metalens into an endoscope for device minimization and optical performance improvement.

A randomized trial of eribulin monotherapy versus eribulin plus anlotinib in patients with locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Eribulin mesylate is a novel, nontaxane, microtubule dynamics inhibitor. In this study, we assessed the efficacy and safety of eribulin versus eribulin plus the oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor anlotinib in patients with locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this single-center, open-label, phase II clinical study (NCT05206656) conducted in a Chinese hospital, patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracycline- or taxane-based chemotherapy were randomized (1 : 1) to receive eribulin alone or in combination with anlotinib. The primary efficacy endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

From June 2020 to April 2022, a total of 80 patients were randomly assigned to either eribulin monotherapy or eribulin plus anlotinib combination therapy, with 40 patients in each group. The data cut-off was 10 August 2022. The median PFS was 3.5 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8-5.5 months] for eribulin and 5.1 months (95% CI 4.5-6.9 months) for eribulin plus anlotinib (hazard ratio = 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.98; P = 0.04). The objective response rates were 32.5% versus 52.5% (P = 0.07), respectively, and disease control rates were 67.5% versus 92.5% (P = 0.01), respectively. Patients <50 years of age, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0, visceral metastasis, number of treatment lines of four or more, hormone receptor negative (triple-negative), and HER2 low expression appeared to benefit more from combined treatment. The most common adverse events in both groups were leukopenia (n = 28, 70.0%, patients in the eribulin monotherapy group versus n = 35, 87.5%, patients in the combination therapy group), aspartate aminotransferase elevations (n = 28, 70.0%, versus n = 35, 87.5%), neutropenia (n = 25, 62.5%, versus n = 31, 77.5%), and alanine aminotransferase elevations (n = 25, 62.5%, versus n = 30, 75.0%).

CONCLUSION

Eribulin plus anlotinib can be considered an alternative treatment option for HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

SLC7A11-associated ferroptosis in acute injury diseases: mechanisms and strategies

Ferroptosis is a kind of iron-dependent renewal programmed death. Its main mechanism is to catalyze the unsaturated fatty acids highly expressed on the cell membrane under the effect of divalent iron, to produce lipid peroxidation, thus inducing cell death. SLC7A11 is a known iron death-related factor. It has been proved that iron death is involved in the occurrence and development of acute diseases, but the specific mechanism is unknown. The purpose of this review is to highlight the regulatory properties of SLC7A11 and gain a deeper understanding of its role in ferroptosis-related acute injury diseases. This is a narrative review. PubMed was used as the main source to randomly implement literature search strategy to index Scopus articles. No specific terms are used. Studies have shown that SLC7A11 may affect the sensitivity of cells to iron ptosis by regulating it at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, which is related to the pathology of many acute injury diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI), acute kidney injury (AKI), acute liver injury, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and acute cerebral hemorrhage. In order to clarify this point, more and more researchers turn their attention to the study of the specific mechanism between SLC7A11 and ferroptosis-related acute injury diseases. In summary, this review summarized some specific mechanisms by which ferroptosis could be controlled by SLC7A11 and clarified the underlying mechanisms of a series of diseases caused by SLC7A11-associated ferroptosis. It also provided more scientific justification for the clinical application of targeting ferroptosis in preventing and treating various diseases.

[HIV infection status and related factors in men who have sex with men in sentinel surveillance in Shanxi province, 2010, 2015 and 2020]

Objective: To understand the infection status of HIV and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shanxi province in 2010, 2015 and 2020. Methods: According to the sentinel surveillance protocol, continuous cross-sectional survey were conducted to collect the information about basic characteristics, general demographic characteristics, AIDS knowledge awareness, high-risk sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, intervention services and HIV infection rate of the MSM in Shanxi in 2010, 2015 and 2020. Results: In 2010, 2015 and 2020, a total of 2 708 MSM were included in this study. There were significant differences in HIV infection rate among three years (χ²=23.76, P<0.001) with an increasing trend with year (trend χ² =17.34, P<0.001). The rates of anal sex, commercial sex and heterosexual behavior in the past 6 months were 77.62% (2 102/2 708), 5.91% (160/2 708) and 28.14% (762/2 708) respectively, and the rates of consistent use of condom were 52.52% (1 104/2 102), 63.13% (101/160) and 23.49%(179/762) respectively, and the rate of consistent condom use was low. Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that different cities, having educational level of junior high school or below, being recruited through internet, voluntary counseling and testing, suffering from sexually transmitted diseases, occasional condom use in anal sex in the past 6 months were the correlative factors of HIV infection of MSM. Conclusions: The HIV infection rate of MSM in Shanxi increased year by year from 2010, 2015 to 2020. The HIV/AIDS-related risk behavior persisted, and the proportion of condomuse adherence was low, and the HIV detection rate was low in the MSM, so targeted and effective measures should be taken to promote the condom use adherence and regular HIV testing in MSM.

The value of MRCP in children with biliary symptomatology - an essential adjunct for safe cholecystectomy

Congenital abnormalities of the biliary system are a consideration in children with biliary symptomatology. The preoperative diagnosis rate is still not satisfactory, despite progresses made in imaging technology, with the potential of biliary tract injury if surgery is indicated. The double gallbladder is a rare developmental abnormality of the biliary tract with several anatomical variations. This abnormality was accurately delineated in a 7-year-old child by MRI/MRCP, allowing the ductal anatomy to be accurately identified and safe laparoscopic cholecystectomies to be performed.

Malnutrition Increases the Risk of Left Ventricular Remodeling

OBJECTIVES

Malnutrition is associated with increased incidence of heart failure (HF). Left ventricular (LV) remodeling is one of the most important processes in the occurrence and evolution of HF. However, the association between nutritional status and LV remodeling is not well known. The study aimed to investigate the association between malnutrition and LV remodeling.

DESIGN

The study was a retrospective observation study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

We included patients from the registry of Cardiorenal Improvement study from January 2007 to December 2018 at Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary endpoint was LV remodeling, defined as an absolute decrease in LV ejection fraction ≥10% after discharge compared with baseline. Nutritional status was assessed by the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score. Eligible patients were divided into absent-mild malnutrition group (CONUT score ≤4) and moderate-severe malnutrition group (CONUT score >4). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed to verify the association between malnutrition and left ventricular remodeling.

RESULTS

A total of 7,217 patients (mean age 61.3±10.5 years, 71.7% male) were included in the final analysis, among which 712 (9.9%) had LV remodeling. The incidence of LV remodeling in moderate-severe malnutrition group was significantly higher than that in absent-mild malnutrition group (12.9% vs. 9.5%, p=0.002). In multivariable logistic regression, moderate-severe malnutrition group was significantly associated with 1.69-fold increased risk of LV remodeling after adjusting confounders (OR: 1.69, CI: 1.32-2.16). Similar results were observed in subgroup stratified by age, gender, and coronary artery disease.

CONCLUSION

Nearly one eighth of patients were classified as moderate-severe malnutrition, 12% of whom had LV remodeling. Moderate-severe malnutrition was associated with 69% increased risk of LV remodeling. Further studies are needed to prospectively evaluate the nutrition-oriented managements on outcomes in LV remodeling.

The Efficacy of Pyrotinib as a Third- or Higher-Line Treatment in HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Exposed to Lapatinib Compared to Lapatinib-Naive Patients: A Real-World Study

Background: Pyrotinib is a novel irreversible pan-ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Evidence of the efficacy of pyrotinib-based treatments for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in patients exposed to lapatinib is limited.

Methods: Ninety-four patients who received pyrotinib as a third- or higher-line treatment for HER2-positive MBC were included in this retrospective study. The primary and secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). Propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis were implemented to balance important patient characteristics between groups.

Results: Thirty (31.9%) patients were pretreated with lapatinib and subsequently received pyrotinib as an anti-HER2 treatment, and 64 (68.1%) patients did not receive this treatment. The OS and PFS indicated a beneficial trend in lapatinib-naive group compared to lapatinib-treated group in either the original cohort (PFS: 9.02 vs 6.36 months, p = 0.05; OS: 20.73 vs 14.35 months, p = 0.08) or the PSM (PFS: 9.02 vs 6.08 months, p = 0.07; OS: 19.07 vs 18.00 months, p = 0.61) or IPTW (PFS: 9.90 vs 6.17 months, p = 0.05; OS: 19.53 vs 15.10 months, p = 0.08) cohorts. Subgroup analyses demonstrated lapatinib treatment-related differences in PFS in the premenopausal subgroup and the no prior trastuzumab treatment subgroup, but no significant differences were observed in OS.

Conclusion: Pyrotinib-based therapy demonstrated promising effects in HER2-positive MBC patients in a real-world study, especially in lapatinib-naive patients, and also some activity in lapatinib-treated patients.

[Epidemiological and Etiologic characteristics of Meningococcal meningitis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,1960-2019]

Objective: To understand the epidemiological and etiologic characteristics of meningococcal meningitis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang). Methods: The epidemiological data about the meningococcal meningitis cases in Xinjiang from 1960 to 2019 were collected from the China information system for disease control and prevention and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang. The epidemiological characteristics were analyzed. Clinical specimens from suspected cases were cultured and tested by real-time PCR method. A survey on the carriage rate of Neisseria meningitides (Nm) in the healthy population was performed. The serogroups of isolates were determined by serum-agglutination and PCR methods. Multi-locus sequence typing was used for subtyping the isolates. Results: The incidence rates of meningococcal meningitis in Xinjiang from 1960 to 2019 were 0.02/100 000-81.32/100 000, with the mortality as 1.05%-20.78%. The five districts with the most cases were Kashi prefecture, Aksu prefecture, Urumqi city, Changji Hui autonomous prefecture, and Hotan prefecture. Before 1990, serogroup A (81.82%) was the commonest group for cases and contacts. After 1990, 14.00% of the cases were caused by serogroups B, C, W, and Y. There was no predominant serogroup for contacts with serogroups B, C, W, Y, and C accounting for 23.28%, 18.53%, 15.52%, 9.91% and 7.33% respectively. The general Nm carriage rate was 15.50%, with the population of 16 - 20 years age group having the highest rate (25.53%). Serogroups B (52.11%), W (20.66%), C (12.21%), and Y (9.39%) occupied 52.11%, 20.66%, 12.21% and 9.39% respectively. The commonest clonal lineages of Nm isolates were ST-4821, ST-175, and ST-5 clonal complexes, while the ST-5 and ST-4821 clonal complexes were the major ones for invasive strains. Conclusions: There appeared regional differences in the incidence rates of Xinjiang meningococcal meningitis, and the carriage rate of Nm was high. The serogroups have been changing. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of meningococcal meningitis to prevent any potential outbreak.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-induced exosomal microRNA-486-3p protects against diabetic retinopathy through TLR4/NF-κB axis repression

AIM

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic disease causing health and economic burdens on individuals and society. Thus, this study is conducted to figure out the mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-induced exosomal microRNA-486-3p (miR-486-3p) in DR.

METHODS

The putative miR-486-3p binding sites to 3'untranslated region of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was verified by luciferase reporter assay. High glucose (HG)-treated Muller cells were transfected with miR-486-3p or TLR4-related oligonucleotides and plasmids to explore theirs functions in DR. Additionally, HG-treated Muller cells were co-cultured with BMSC-derived exosomes, exosomes collected from BMSCs that had been transfected with miR-486-3p or TLR4-related oligonucleotides and plasmids to explore their functions in DR. MiR-486-3p, TLR4 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) expression, angiogenesis-related factors, oxidative stress factors, viability and apoptosis in HG-treated Muller cells were detected by RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, ELISA, MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively.

RESULTS

MiR-486-3p was poorly expressed while TLR4 and NF-κB were highly expressed in HG-treated Muller cells. TLR4 was a target of miR-486-3p. Upregulating miR-486-3p or down-regulating TLR4 inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and promoted proliferation of HG-treated Muller cells. Meanwhile, BMSC-derived exosomes inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and promoted proliferation of HG-treated Muller cells. Restoring miR-486-3p further enhanced, while up-regulating TLR4 reversed, the improvement of exosomes treatment.

CONCLUSION

Our study highlights that up-regulation of miR-486-3p induced by BMSC-derived exosomes played a protective role in DR mice via TLR4/NF-κB axis repression.

[In vitro study of non-thermal atmospheric plasma influencing the surface properties of dentin]

Objective: To study the influence of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) on dentine surface temperature, wettability and morphology of collagen fibrils under different treatment condition. Methods: Helium was used as the operating gas at the flow rate of 3, 4, 5 L/min respectively. The plasma jet was operated at various input power of 8, 9, 10, 11 W. Thermal accumulation on human dentine surface (6 specimens per group, acquired from Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University and Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University) of each group was measured continuously at 5 s intervals for 60 s by infrared thermography. Mean values were calculated and temperature curves were drawn. Dentine surface contact angles were measured after NTAPP treatment for 5, 10, 15, 20 s with gas flow rate and input power described above. The micro structure of the collagen fibrils of the negative control group (without NTAPP treatment) and NTAPP treatment groups (5 L/min gas flow rate, input power of 8, 9, 10, 11 W and treating time for 5, 10, 15, 20 s) was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). All data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0. Results: Input power, gas flow and treatment time all showed significant influences on dentine surface temperature and wettability (P<0.01). Dentine temperature rose along with time. The greater input power was, the higher dentine temperature was. The greater gas flow rate was, the faster the temperature rose. Dentine surface temperature reached the highest point of (35.10±0.24) ℃ with NTAPP treatment for 60 s, at input power of 11 W and flow rate of 5 L/min. The contact angles of each experimental group decreased with time, and significant differences were found in the contact angles between the experimental groups and the negative control group (75.57°±1.45°). The contact angles showed a decreasing trend as the input power and the gas flow rate increased. The contact angles reached the lowest point of 13.19°±2.01° with NTAPP treatment for 20 s, at input power of 10 W and flow rate of 5 L/min. The FE-SEM results showed that, along with the increase of input power and extension of time, the demineralized collagen fibrils were destroyed in varying degrees. The collagen fibrils were curled, fractured, fused, and even disappeared. Conclusions: NTAPP could significantly increase the surface temperature, modify dentine wettability and alter the micro structure, which was significantly influenced by input power, gas flow rate and treating time.

Improved light extraction efficiency of AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light emitting diodes combining Ag-nanodots/Al reflective electrode with highly transparent p-type layer

Enhancement of light extraction efficiency (LEE) of AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been attempted by adopting Ag-nanodots/Al reflective electrodes on a highly transparent complex p-type layer. By thinning the p-GaN to several nm, highly DUV transparent p-type layer is achieved, making it meaningful for the application of reflective electrodes composed of Ag-nanodots and Al film to allow most light emitted upward to be reflected back to the sapphire side. By this approach, the maximum light output power and external quantum efficiency of the DUV-LEDs with optimized Ag nanodots/Al electrodes are severally increased by 52% and 58%, respectively, compared to those with traditional Ni/Au electrodes when the current is below 200 mA.

Long noncoding RNA DSCAM-AS1 functions as an oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting BCL11A

OBJECTIVE

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted more attention for their role in tumor progression recently. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of DSCAM-AS1 in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to elucidate its possible underlying mechanism.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

DSCAM-AS1 expression in both NSCLC cells and tissue samples was detected by Real Time quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Moreover, the association between the DSCAM-AS1 expression level and patients' overall survival rate was explored. Furthermore, wound healing assay and transwell assay were conducted. In addition, RT-qPCR and Western blot assay were used to elucidate the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

DSCAM-AS1 expression level in NSCLC samples was significantly higher than that of the corresponding normal tissues. The expression level of DSCAM-AS1 was associated with an overall survival time of NSCLC patients. Besides, the migration and invasion abilities of NSCLC cells were remarkably promoted after DSCAM-AS1 overexpression in vitro. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of BCL11A was significantly upregulated after the overexpression of DSCAM-AS1. Furthermore, the expression of BCL11A was positively correlated with DSCAM-AS1 expression in NSCLC tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed that DSCAM-AS1 could enhance NSCLC cell migration and invasion via upregulating BCL11A. Furthermore, DSCAM-AS1 might be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.

[Lymphocyte activation gene 3 expression on T lymphocyte cell subsets in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome]

Objective: To investigate the expression of Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients. Methods: A total of 16 MDS patients newly diagnosed in Hematology Department of Tianjin Medical University were enrolled from January to November 2019. The healthy control (HC) group includes 16 cases of healthy adults. The expression levels of LAG3 on CD8(+)T cells, CD4(+)T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) in MDS patients and healthy controls were detected by flow cytometry. Results: A total of 16 patients with MDS were included, including 5 males and 11 females, with a median age of 56 (18-80) years old. HC group includes 16 healthy adults, 8 men and 8 women, with a median age of 40 (17-69) years. There was no statistically significant difference in gender and age composition between the two groups (both P>0.05). The expression of LAG3 on CD8(+)T cells in MDS patients (74.45%±22.31%) was significantly higher than that in HC group (58.78%±14.82%, P<0.05). The LAG3 expression on Treg in MDS patients (64.91%±10.32%) were significantly higher than that of HC group (49.09%±13.58%, P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in LAG3 expression on CD4(+)T cells between the two groups. Conclusion: The expression of LAG3 on CD8(+)T cells and Treg increases in MDS patients than that of healthy people.

Generation of low-symmetry perovskite structures forab initiocomputation

Ion displacements are the fundamental cause of ferroelectricity in perovskites. By properly shifting ions,ab initiocomputations have been extensively used to investigate the properties of perovskites in various structural phases. In addition to the relatively simple ion displacements, perovskites have another type of structural distortion known as antiferrodistortion or oxygen octahedron tilting. The interplay between these two types of distortions have generated abundant structural phases that can be tedious to prepare forab initiocomputation, especially for large supercells. Here, we design and implement a computer program to facilitate the generation of distorted perovskite structures, which can be readily used forab initiocomputation to gain further insight into the perovskite of a given structural phase.

Greatly enhanced performance of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes by introducing a polarization modulated electron blocking layer

Carrier transport in AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) with the wavelength of 273 nm has been investigated by introducing polarization modulated electron blocking layer (EBL) that adopts an Al composition and thickness graded multiple quantum barriers (MQB) structure. The experimental result shows that the maximum light output power and external quantum efficiency for the proposed structure at the current of 250 mA are 9.6 mW and 1.03% respectively, severally increasing by 405% and 249% compared to traditional one, meanwhile, the efficiency droop at 250 mA is also dramatically reduced from 42.2% to 16.6%. Further simulation analysis indicates that this graded MQB-EBL enhances the potential barrier height for electrons and meanwhile reduces that for holes, hence effectively suppresses the electron leakage, and at the same time significantly improves the hole injection efficiency. As a result, the whole performance of the LED with the proposed MQB-EBL is dramatically improved.

The sapphire substrate pretreatment effects on high-temperature annealed AlN templates in deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes

Evolution of crystalline quality of AlN via high-temperature (HT) annealing induced by different sapphire pretreatments is investigated.

Realization of low dislocation density AlN on a small-coalescence-area nano-patterned sapphire substrate

Growth behaviors of AlN on hexagonal configuration hole-type and truncated-cone-pillar-type nano-patterned sapphire substrates (NPSSs) have been investigated.

Clinical application of protein biomarkers in lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type of autoimmune disease that damages multiple organs, including the heart, joints, liver and kidneys. The main characteristics of SLE are the deposition of circulating autoantibodies; autoantigen complexes in the renal system; and abnormal expression of complements, cytokines and chemokines. Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most serious manifestation of SLE and is characterized by inflammation of the kidney. This review summarizes recent clinical applications of protein biomarkers including autoantibodies, complements, cytokines and chemokines and some new protein biomarkers in SLE and LN. The clinical differential diagnosis of protein biomarkers related to prognosis and diagnosis is discussed and highlighted. Protein biomarkers play crucial roles in the study of SLE and LN. Useful biomarkers will provide insights into effective treatments for these diseases.

Crystal quality evolution of AlN films via high-temperature annealing under ambient N2 conditions

The crystal quality evolution of AlN films via high-temperature (HT) annealing under nitrogen is investigated.

[Pulmonary surfactant protein adenosine triphosphate-binding-cassette-A3 gene composite mutations in infant congenital interstitial lung disease: report of a case and review of literature]

Objective: To report a case of the pulmonary surfactant protein(SP) adenosine triphosphate-binding-cassette-A3 (ABCA3) gene mutations in infant congenital interstitial lung disease(ILD), and review the related literature, to investigate the relationships of ABCA3 gene mutation associated with ILD in infants. Method: A 6-months-old boy was hospitalized in the department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. The clinical, radiological, histological information from transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and genetic testing in this case was analyzed; 12 reports retrieved on literature search at Pubmed, OVID databases from 2004 to 2015 by using the ABCA3 as keyword were reviewed and analyzed. Result: (1)The patient, a 6-months-old boy, had progressive tachypnea and dyspnea since 4 months old. Physical examination on admission revealed respiratory rate of 78 times/min , heart rate of 187 times/min, SpO₂ 0.93(mask oxygen-inspiration with 6 L/min), scattered fine moist crackles could be heard over the both lungs, clubbing fingers were found. High-resolution computed tomography(HRCT) revealed diffuse ground-glass opacity, interlobular and intralobular septal thickening. Lung biopsies showed evidences of the alveolar cavity atelectatic changes and interstitial fibrosis. SP-A and SP-B were negative in immunohistochemical stainting. SP-related gene sequence analysis found that there was compound heterozygous missense mutation of ABCA3 gene in c. 1942A>G, c.2701-33G>C and c. 991-105C>A. (2)The review of related literature found that totally 12 cases were reported. The main manifestations were progressive tachypnea and dyspnea, age of onset was between birth and 4 years of age. The imaging characteristics of chest HRCT revealed diffuse infiltration or diffuse ground-glass pattern in the lung.

PROGNOSIS

6 cases died, and 6 cases survived, including 4 cases with pulmonary function disturbance to different degrees; 12 cases had ABCA3 gene mutations, 9 cases had composite ABCA3 gene mutations, in 11 cases the mutation occured in the exon of coding region, in 1 case in the intron, 9 cases had heterozygous mutations, 3 cases had homozygous mutations. Conclusion: The main phenotypes of ABCA3 mutation associated with ILD were full term neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or progressive tachypnea or dyspnea unexplained in infants. The chest HRCT showed two diffuse pulmonary interstitial changes. ABCA3 mutation mainly was multi-site composite mutations and heterozygous mutations in the exon of coding region.

Controlled-release mitomycin C-polylactic acid film prevents epidural scar hyperplasia after laminectomy by inducing fibroblast autophagy and regulating the expression of miRNAs

OBJECTIVE

To design a new controlled-release MMC-PLA film and explore whether and how this film could prevent epidural scar hyperplasia and adhesion in a post-laminectomy rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All procedures were performed under the approval and supervision of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Nanjing Medical University. A total of 120 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly placed into four groups after laminectomy (each group=30 rats). In Group I, the laminectomy area was flushed with saline as a control; in Group II, 25 mg of PLA film was applied to the dura mater in the laminectomy area; in Group III, a cotton pad soaked with 0.01% MMC solution was kept on the laminectomy area; and in Group IV, 25 mg of PLA film containing 0.01% MMC was implanted on the laminectomy area. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining were used to evaluate scar adhesion and collagen deposition one month after the operation. Autophagy-related proteins, including autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), beclin 1, light chain-3B-2/1 (LC3B-2/1) and protein 53 (p53), were detected by Western blotting. A microRNA microarray analysis was performed to screen for scar tissue miRNAs, especially those associated with autophagy, and changes in expression were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTS

A total of 112 rats recovered uneventfully from the surgery. MRI showed that the scar adhesion and scar area of the MMC-PLA group were significantly reduced compared with those of the PLA, MMC, and saline groups. Accordingly, scar adhesion and the deposition of collagen in the rats treated with MMC-PLA were also significantly reduced, as indicated by HE and Masson staining. In the scar tissue, the levels of autophagy-related proteins (ATG5, beclin 1, LC3B-2/1 and p53) were significantly elevated in the MMC-PLA group. Additionally, in the MMC-PLA group, the expression levels of miR-34a, miR-146a and miR-200 were significantly increased, while the levels of miR-16, miR-221 and miR-378a were significantly decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

The controlled-release MMC-PLA film could alleviate epidural scar hyperplasia after laminectomy; this outcome might be associated with increased autophagy and altered expression of miRNAs in the scar tissue.

Local proliferation initiates macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue during obesity

Obesity-associated chronic inflammation is characterized by an accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). It is generally believed that those macrophages are derived from peripheral blood monocytes. However, recent studies suggest that local proliferation of macrophages is responsible for ATM accumulation. In the present study, we revealed that both migration and proliferation contribute to ATM accumulation during obesity development. We show that there is a significant increase in ATMs at the early stage of obesity, which is largely due to an enhanced in situ macrophage proliferation. This result was obtained by employing fat-shielded irradiation and bone marrow reconstitution. Additionally, the production of CCL2, a pivotal chemoattractant of monocytes, was not found to be increased at this stage, corroborating with a critical role of proliferation. Nonetheless, as obesity proceeds, the role of monocyte migration into adipose tissue becomes more significant and those new immigrants further proliferate locally. These proliferating ATMs mainly reside in crown-like structures formed by macrophages surrounding dead adipocytes. We further showed that IL-4/STAT6 is a driving force for ATM proliferation. Therefore, we demonstrated that local proliferation of resident macrophages contributes to ATM accumulation during obesity development and has a key role in obesity-associated inflammation.

HBV-induced ROS accumulation promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through Snail-mediated epigenetic silencing of SOCS3

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been demonstrated to be involved in Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocarcinogenesis through activation of the STAT3 pathway. The sustained activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway is frequently associated with repression of SOCS3, which is both a target gene and a negative regulator of STAT3. However, the silencing mechanism of SOCS3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that the repression of SOCS3 and sustained activation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway in HBV-producing HCC cells were caused by HBV-induced mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Mechanistic studies revealed that ROS-mediated DNA methylation resulted in the silencing of SOCS3. Decreased SOCS3 expression significantly promoted the proliferation of HCC cells and growth of tumor xenografts in mice. Further studies revealed that HBV-induced ROS accumulation upregulated the expression of the transcription factor, Snail, which bound to the E-boxes of SOCS3 promoter and mediated the epigenetic silencing of SOCS3 in association with DNMT1 and HDAC1. In addition, we found that the expression of Snail and SOCS3 were inversely correlated in HBV-associated HCC patients, suggesting that SOCS3 and/or Snail could be used as prognostic markers in HCC pathogenesis. Taken together, our data show that HBV-induced mitochondrial ROS production represses SOCS3 expression through Snail-mediated epigenetic silencing, leading to the sustained activation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway and ultimately contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis.

P53 functional abnormality in mesenchymal stem cells promotes osteosarcoma development

It has been shown that p53 has a critical role in the differentiation and functionality of various multipotent progenitor cells. P53 mutations can lead to genome instability and subsequent functional alterations and aberrant transformation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The significance of p53 in safeguarding our body from developing osteosarcoma (OS) is well recognized. During bone remodeling, p53 has a key role in negatively regulating key factors orchestrating the early stages of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Interestingly, changes in the p53 status can compromise bone homeostasis and affect the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to provide a unique opportunity to study the p53 function in MSCs and OS. In the context of loss of function of p53, we provide a model for two sources of OS: MSCs as progenitor cells of osteoblasts and bone tumor microenvironment components. Standing at the bone remodeling point of view, in this review we will first explain the determinant function of p53 in OS development. We will then summarize the role of p53 in monitoring MSC fidelity and in regulating MSC differentiation programs during osteogenesis. Finally, we will discuss the importance of loss of p53 function in tissue microenvironment. We expect that the information provided herein could lead to better understanding and treatment of OS.

Genetic diversity based on SSR analysis of the cultured snakehead fish, Channa argus, (Channidae) in China

The snakehead fish Channa argus is an important food fish in China. We identified six microsatellite loci for C. argus. These six microsatellite loci and four other microsatellite markers were used to analyze genetic diversity in four cultured populations of C. argus (SD, JX, HN, and ZJ) and determine their relationships. A total of 154 alleles were detected at the 10 microsatellite loci. The average expected and observed heterozygosities varied from 0.70-0.84 and 0.69-0.83, respectively, and polymorphism information content ranged between 0.66 and 0.82 in the four populations, indicating high genetic diversity. Population JX deviated from mutation-drift equilibrium and may have experienced a recent bottleneck. Analysis of pairwise genetic differentiation revealed FST values that ranged from 0.028 to 0.100, which indicates a moderate level of genetic differentiation. The largest distances were observed between populations HN and SD, whereas the smallest distances were obtained between populations HN and JX. Genetic clustering analysis demonstrated that the ZJ and HN populations probably share the same origin. This information about the genetic diversity within each of the four populations, and their genetic relationships will be useful for future genetic improvement of C. argus through selective breeding.

Immunobiology of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from almost all tissues and effectively expanded in vitro. Although their true in situ properties and biological functions remain to be elucidated, these in vitro expanded cells have been shown to possess potential to differentiate into specific cell lineages. It is speculated that MSCs in situ have important roles in tissue cellular homeostasis by replacing dead or dysfunctional cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that in vitro expanded MSCs of various origins have great capacity to modulate immune responses and change the progression of different inflammatory diseases. As tissue injuries are often accompanied by inflammation, inflammatory factors may provide cues to mobilize MSCs to tissue sites with damage. Before carrying out tissue repair functions, MSCs first prepare the microenvironment by modulating inflammatory processes and releasing various growth factors in response to the inflammation status. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk between MSCs and immune responses and their potential clinical applications, especially in inflammatory diseases.

Association of Gln223Arg polymorphism of the leptin receptor with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy

This study was aimed to determine whether the leptin receptor Gln223Arg polymorphism has an effect on plasma leptin levels and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. The genotypes and allelic frequencies of the leptin receptor Gln223Arg were examined using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in 190 hypertensive patients and 88 healthy controls. Logarithmic (log) transformation of the plasma leptin level was carried out before performing comparison and regression analysis. The values of log(plasma leptin levels) in the hypertensive patients were higher than those of controls and they were higher in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy than those without it (P < 0.05). The genotype (AA, AG, and GG) distribution of Gln223Arg polymorphism was 6.8, 33.8, and 59.4% in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, 4.3, 27.6, and 68.1% in patients without left ventricular hypertrophy, and 2.3, 26.1, and 71.6% in the controls, respectively. A significant difference was found among these three groups (P < 0.05). The frequency of allele A was higher in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy than in patients without it (23.6 vs. 18.1%; P < 0.05). Log(plasma leptin levels) and left ventricular mass index were higher in patients with the AA genotype than those with the AG or GG genotype in hypertensive patients (P < 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, the AA genotype as an independent predictor had statistically significant effects on the left ventricular mass index. Our results suggest that the Gln223Arg polymorphism of the leptin receptor is significantly associated with plasma leptin levels and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension.

[Synchronal ossicular chain reconstruct of chronic suppurative otitis media surgery (389 cases analyze)]

OBJECTIVE

To discuss the best material and operation style of synchronal ossicular chain reconstruct for chronic suppurative otitis media patients.

METHOD

Review and analyze the effect of ossicular chain reconstruct in 389 cases with chronic suppurative otitis media after surgery.

RESULT

The result of hearing improve of macro-tympanum III mould of ossicular chain reconstruct with artificial ossicle was better than other materials and operation types. The outcome of hearing improvement of incudostapedial joint reconstruct was better than the group of macrotympanum III mould of ossicular chain reconstruct with aritificial ossicle.

CONCLUSION

The result of hearing improvement of macro-tympanum III mould of ossicular chain reconstruct with aritificial ossicle was better than other material and operation types. The effect of aritificial ossicle better than self-ossicle in ossicular chain reconstruct surgery.

Anti-viral activity of hairpin ribozyme directed against HBV core region in vitro

To study the preparation and cleavage of hairpin ribozyme (HpRz) directed against the transcript of HBV core region in vitro, HRz gene designed by computer targeting the transcript of HBV core gene was cloned into the vector p1.5 between 5'-cis-Rz and 3'-cis-Rz. 32P-labeled HpRz transcript proved whether the vector fit for the preparation of hairpin ribozyme. 32P-labeled pKC transcript containing HBV core region as targets-RNA was transcribed by using T7 RNA polymerase and purified by PAGE. Cold HpRz transcript was incubated with 32P-labeled target-RNAs under different conditions and radioautographed after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that HpRz had the ability of cleavage at 37 degrees C and 12 mmol/L MgCl2 and the design of ribozyme was correct. It is concluded that HpRz prepared in vitro possesses specific catalytic activity, indicating that it is possible for HpRz to intracellularly inhibit the replication of HBV. It may be developed into a nucleic acid drug in the treatment of hepatitis B in the future.

Investigation of Electrosorption of Organic Molecules onto Gold and Nickel Electrodes Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The adsorption behaviors of two organic molecules, benzoic acid (BA) and 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BD), on metal electrodes have been studied using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) combined with the cyclic voltammetry technique. In the range of potentials studied, BA molecules were adsorbed onto an electrodeposited gold electrode with a saturation concentration of 5.0 x 10(14) molecules/cm(2). It was found that the Frumkin isotherm model was most suitable to depict the electrosorption behavior. The isotherm parameters by nonlinear fitting, which agreed with the literature values, implied BA was chemisorbed on the gold surface. For BD on an electrodeposited nickel electrode, the equivalent molar mass of the reaction species was calculated on the basis of the voltammetry curve and mass curve, which were obtained simultaneously during the potential scan. The analysis of EQCM data for the electrosorption of BD on gold and nickel electrodes showed an irreversible characteristic; the latter effectively inhibited the hydrogen evolution reaction. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

[Complications of cerebellopontine angle surgery by retrosigmoid approach]

OBJECTIVE

To know the management of complication of cerebellopontine angle surgery by retrosigmoid approach.

METHOD

Fourteen cases of cerebellopontine angle surgery by retrosigmoid approach were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULT

All patients have been cured except that one died.

CONCLUSION

To know the causes and mechanism of the complications during operation and post-operation is very important for prevention and management of the complications.

[The absolute configurations and biological activities of alpha- and beta-anordrins]

The molecular structures and absolute configurations of alpha- and beta-anordrins are reported. Animal experiments showed that pure alpha-epimer possessed high anti-implantation and anti-early pregnancy effects, but the pure beta-epimer exhibited very low effects at the same dose. MNDO program was applied for the optimization of the configurations of epimers to establish the isolated molecular configurations and calculate the quantum chemical indexes. The results showed that the configurations and the differences of action field in three-dimensions of alpha- and beta-epimer are probably the factors that the alpha-epimer exhibited biological activity.

[Changes of intestinal flora in senile mouse models and the antagonistic activity of the root of Astragalus membraceus (Fisch) Bge]

Inhaled by mice, ozone induced stronger free radical reaction in the organism and led to a series of changes similar to senility. In this way the senility mouse models were established to observe the changes of intestinal flora in senile mice. The senile mice were given the root of Astrogolus membraceus decoction orally. The results showed that the imbalance of intestinal flora in these mice was recovered.

[Electron microscopic observations on Pseudomonas cocovenenans]

A strain of food-poisoning bacterium has been isolated by Jin Jiexiang (1963) in China from the fermented cornflour that has gone bad. These pathogenic microorganism has been identified and named Pseudomonas by Zhao Naixin in 1988, which is the same species as P. cocovenenans. The characteristics of them were conformed to these of the species P. cepacia of section 2 of the genus Pseudomonas. In view of the fact that the fine structures of the above mentioned three strains of Pseudomonas have not been described yet, we decided to observe them with electron microscope. Results indicate there are many things in common among the three strains, such as: appearing short rods, 0.6-0.8 microns in diameter by 1.5-2.0 microns in length, one polar multiflagella; non-pili, non-capsules, non-endospores; containing intranuclear inclusions (electron-dense bodies or concentric laminae bodies), accumulating intracytoplasmic PHB granules; forming filaments, minicells and bizarrecells; producing extracellular cellulose-like materials by the three strains have not been reported previously.