1
|
Fangel JU, Sørensen KM, Jacobsen N, Mravec J, Ahl LI, Bakshani C, Mikkelsen MD, Engelsen SB, Willats W, Ulvskov P. The legacy of terrestrial plant evolution on cell wall fine structure. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1238-1254. [PMID: 38173082 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of land flora was an epochal event in the history of planet Earth. The success of plants, and especially flowering plants, in colonizing all but the most hostile environments required multiple mechanisms of adaptation. The mainly polysaccharide-based cell walls of flowering plants, which are indispensable for water transport and structural support, are one of the most important adaptations to life on land. Thus, development of vasculature is regarded as a seminal event in cell wall evolution, but the impact of further refinements and diversification of cell wall compositions and architectures on radiation of flowering plant families is less well understood. We approached this from a glyco-profiling perspective and, using carbohydrate microarrays and monoclonal antibodies, studied the cell walls of 287 plant species selected to represent important evolutionary dichotomies and adaptation to a variety of habitats. The results support the conclusion that radiation of flowering plant families was indeed accompanied by changes in cell wall fine structure and that these changes can obscure earlier evolutionary events. Convergent cell wall adaptations identified by our analyses do not appear to be associated with plants with similar lifestyles but that are taxonomically distantly related. We conclude that cell wall structure is linked to phylogeny more strongly than to habitat or lifestyle and propose that there are many approaches of adaptation to any given ecological niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Jacobsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Isager Ahl
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Cassie Bakshani
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - William Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fangel JU, Jones CY, Ulvskov P, Harholt J, Willats WGT. Analytical implications of different methods for preparing plant cell wall material. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117866. [PMID: 33766354 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Almost all plant cells are surrounded by a wall constructed of co-extensive networks of polysaccharides and proteoglycans. The capability to analyse cell wall components is essential for both understanding their complex biology and to fully exploit their numerous practical applications. Several biochemical and immunological techniques are used to analyse cell walls and in almost all cases the first step is the preparation of an alcohol insoluble residue (AIR). There is significant variation in the protocols used for AIR preparation, which can have a notable impact on the downstream extractability and detection of cell wall components. To explore these effects, we have formally compared ten AIR preparation methods and analysed polysaccharides subsequently extracted using high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC-PAD) and Micro Array Polymer Profiling (MAPP). Our results reveal the impact that AIR preparation has on downstream detection of cell wall components and the need for optimisation and consistency when preparing AIR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan U Fangel
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Catherine Y Jones
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
A wide range of proteins with diverse functions in development, defense, and stress responses are O-arabinosylated at hydroxyprolines (Hyps) within distinct amino acid motifs of continuous stretches of Hyps, as found in the structural cell wall extensins, or at non-continuous Hyps as, for example, found in small peptide hormones and a variety of plasma membrane proteins involved in signaling. Plant O-glycosylation relies on hydroxylation of Prolines to Hyps in the protein backbone, mediated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) which is followed by O-glycosylation of the Hyp C4-OH group by either galactosyltransferases (GalTs) or arabinofuranosyltranferases (ArafTs) yielding either Hyp-galactosylation or Hyp-arabinosylation. A subset of the P4H enzymes with putative preference to hydroxylation of continuous prolines and presumably all ArafT enzymes needed for synthesis of the substituted arabinose chains of one to four arabinose units, have been identified and functionally characterized. Truncated root-hair phenotype is one common denominator of mutants of Hyp formation and Hyp-arabinosylation glycogenes, which act on diverse groups of O-glycosylated proteins, e.g., the small peptide hormones and cell wall extensins. Dissection of different substrate derived effects may not be regularly feasible and thus complicate translation from genotype to phenotype. Recently, lack of proper arabinosylation on arabinosylated proteins has been shown to influence their transport/fate in the secretory pathway, hinting to an additional layer of functionality of O-arabinosylation. Here, we provide an update on the prevalence and types of O-arabinosylated proteins and the enzymatic machinery responsible for their modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cora A. MacAlister
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu J, Sagnelli D, Faisal M, Perzon A, Taresco V, Mais M, Giosafatto CVL, Hebelstrup KH, Ulvskov P, Jørgensen B, Chen L, Howdle SM, Blennow A. Amylose/cellulose nanofiber composites for all-natural, fully biodegradable and flexible bioplastics. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 253:117277. [PMID: 33278948 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic, polysaccharide-based plastics are environmentally friendly. However, typical shortcomings include lack of water resistance and poor mechanical properties. Nanocomposite manufacturing using pure, highly linear, polysaccharides can overcome such limitations. Cast nanocomposites were fabricated with plant engineered pure amylose (AM), produced in bulk quantity in transgenic barley grain, and cellulose nanofibers (CNF), extracted from agrowaste sugar beet pulp. Morphology, crystallinity, chemical heterogeneity, mechanics, dynamic mechanical, gas and water permeability, and contact angle of the films were investigated. Blending CNF into the AM matrix significantly enhanced the crystallinity, mechanical properties and permeability, whereas glycerol increased elongation at break, mainly by plasticizing the AM. There was significant phase separation between AM and CNF. Dynamic plasticizing and anti-plasticizing effects of both CNF and glycerol were demonstrated by NMR demonstrating high molecular order, but also non-crystalline, and evenly distributed 20 nm-sized glycerol domains. This study demonstrates a new lead in functional polysaccharide-based bioplastic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Domenico Sagnelli
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marwa Faisal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alixander Perzon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mais
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim H Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gurzawska‐Comis K, Suliman S, Mieszkowska A, Wistrand AF, Dirschel K, Jørgensen B, Ulvskov P, Mustafa K. Immune‐instructive scaffolds modulating inflammation to promote bone regeneration. Clin Oral Implants Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13_13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Mieszkowska
- Silesian University of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Finne Wistrand
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Fibre and Polymer of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kai Dirschel
- Danish national Metrology Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- University of Copenhagen, Dept. of Plant and Environment Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nibbering P, Petersen BL, Motawia MS, Jørgensen B, Ulvskov P, Niittylä T. Golgi-localized exo-β1,3-galactosidases involved in cell expansion and root growth in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10581-10592. [PMID: 32493777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a diverse group of cell surface- and wall-associated glycoproteins. Functionally important AGP glycans are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, but the relationships among their glycosylation levels, processing, and functionalities are poorly understood. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of two Golgi-localized exo-β-1,3-galactosidases from the glycosyl hydrolase 43 (GH43) family in Arabidopsis thaliana GH43 loss-of-function mutants exhibited root cell expansion defects in sugar-containing growth media. This root phenotype was associated with an increase in the extent of AGP cell wall association, as demonstrated by Yariv phenylglycoside dye quantification and comprehensive microarray polymer profiling of sequentially extracted cell walls. Characterization of recombinant GH43 variants revealed that the exo-β-1,3-galactosidase activity of GH43 enzymes is hindered by β-1,6 branches on β-1,3-galactans. In line with this steric hindrance, the recombinant GH43 variants did not release galactose from cell wall-extracted glycoproteins or AGP-rich gum arabic. These results indicate that the lack of exo-β-1,3-galactosidase activity alters cell wall extensibility in roots, a phenotype that could be explained by the involvement of galactosidases in AGP glycan biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Nibbering
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bent L Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perzon A, Jørgensen B, Ulvskov P. Sustainable production of cellulose nanofiber gels and paper from sugar beet waste using enzymatic pre-treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Mnich E, Bjarnholt N, Eudes A, Harholt J, Holland C, Jørgensen B, Larsen FH, Liu M, Manat R, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD, Motawia MS, Muschiol J, Møller BL, Møller SR, Perzon A, Petersen BL, Ravn JL, Ulvskov P. Phenolic cross-links: building and de-constructing the plant cell wall. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:919-961. [PMID: 31971193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo X, Hansen BØ, Moeller SR, Harholt J, Mravec J, Willats W, Petersen BL, Ulvskov P. Extensin arabinoside chain length is modulated in elongating cotton fibre. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100033. [PMID: 32743148 PMCID: PMC7388976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton fibre provides a unicellular model system for studying cell expansion and secondary cell wall deposition. Mature cotton fibres are mainly composed of cellulose while the walls of developing fibre cells contain a variety of polysaccharides and proteoglycans required for cell expansion. This includes hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) comprising the subgroup, extensins. In this study, extensin occurrence in cotton fibres was assessed using carbohydrate immunomicroarrays, mass spectrometry and monosaccharide profiling. Extensin amounts in three species appeared to correlate with fibre quality. Fibre cell expression profiling of the four cotton cultivars, combined with extensin arabinoside chain length measurements during fibre development, demonstrated that arabinoside side-chain length is modulated during development. Implications and mechanisms of extensin side-chain length dynamics during development are discussed.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGPs, arabinogalactan proteins
- CoMPP
- CoMPP, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling
- Cotton fibre
- Cotton fibre quality
- CrRLK1L, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like1-like kinase
- DPA, days post anthesis
- EXTs, extensins
- ExAD, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Extensin Arabinose Deficient
- Extensin arabinoside metabolism
- GH, glycoside hydrolase
- HPAT, hydroxyproline arabinosyltransferase
- HRGP
- HRGPs, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins
- Hyp-Aran, extensin side-chain of length n
- LRX, leucine-rich repeat extensins
- PCW, primary cell wall
- RRA, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Reduced Residual Arabinose
- SCW, secondary cell wall
- SGT, serine galactosyltransferase
- Transcriptomics
- XEG113, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Xyloglucan Endo-Glucanase resistant mutant 113
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Øst Hansen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Svenning Rune Moeller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - William Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo X, Runavot JL, Bourot S, Meulewaeter F, Hernandez-Gomez M, Holland C, Harholt J, Willats WGT, Mravec J, Knox P, Ulvskov P. Metabolism of polysaccharides in dynamic middle lamellae during cotton fibre development. Planta 2019; 249:1565-1581. [PMID: 30737556 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented that cotton fibre adhesion and middle lamella formation are preceded by cutin dilution and accompanied by rhamnogalacturonan-I metabolism. Cotton fibres are single cell structures that early in development adhere to one another via the cotton fibre middle lamella (CFML) to form a tissue-like structure. The CFML is disassembled around the time of initial secondary wall deposition, leading to fibre detachment. Observations of CFML in the light microscope have suggested that the development of the middle lamella is accompanied by substantial cell-wall metabolism, but it has remained an open question as to which processes mediate adherence and which lead to detachment. The mechanism of adherence and detachment were investigated here using glyco-microarrays probed with monoclonal antibodies, transcript profiling, and observations of fibre auto-digestion. The results suggest that adherence is brought about by cutin dilution, while the presence of relevant enzyme activities and the dynamics of rhamnogalacturonan-I side-chain accumulation and disappearance suggest that both attachment and detachment are accompanied by rhamnogalacturonan-I metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jean-Luc Runavot
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Bourot
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Hernandez-Gomez
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Claire Holland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holland C, Perzon A, Cassland PRC, Jensen JP, Langebeck B, Sørensen OB, Whale E, Hepworth D, Plaice-Inglis R, Moestrup Ø, Ulvskov P, Jørgensen B. Nanofibers Produced from Agro-Industrial Plant Waste Using Entirely Enzymatic Pretreatments. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:443-453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Holland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Glycobiology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alixander Perzon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Glycobiology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - John P. Jensen
- Nordzucker, Technology and Innovation, Falckvænget 1, 4900 Nakskov, Denmark
| | - Birger Langebeck
- Nordzucker, Technology and Innovation, Falckvænget 1, 4900 Nakskov, Denmark
| | | | - Eric Whale
- Cellucomp Ltd., Unit 3, West
Dock, Harbour Place, Burntisland, Fife KY3 9DW, United Kingdom
| | - David Hepworth
- Cellucomp Ltd., Unit 3, West
Dock, Harbour Place, Burntisland, Fife KY3 9DW, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn Plaice-Inglis
- Cellucomp Ltd., Unit 3, West
Dock, Harbour Place, Burntisland, Fife KY3 9DW, United Kingdom
| | - Øjvind Moestrup
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Glycobiology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Glycobiology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ulvskov P, Scheller HV. Cell walls have a new family. Nat Plants 2018; 4:635-636. [PMID: 30082765 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nishiyama T, Sakayama H, de Vries J, Buschmann H, Saint-Marcoux D, Ullrich KK, Haas FB, Vanderstraeten L, Becker D, Lang D, Vosolsobě S, Rombauts S, Wilhelmsson PK, Janitza P, Kern R, Heyl A, Rümpler F, Villalobos LIAC, Clay JM, Skokan R, Toyoda A, Suzuki Y, Kagoshima H, Schijlen E, Tajeshwar N, Catarino B, Hetherington AJ, Saltykova A, Bonnot C, Breuninger H, Symeonidi A, Radhakrishnan GV, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Chang C, Karol KG, Hedrich R, Ulvskov P, Glöckner G, Delwiche CF, Petrášek J, Van de Peer Y, Friml J, Beilby M, Dolan L, Kohara Y, Sugano S, Fujiyama A, Delaux PM, Quint M, Theißen G, Hagemann M, Harholt J, Dunand C, Zachgo S, Langdale J, Maumus F, Van Der Straeten D, Gould SB, Rensing SA. The Chara Genome: Secondary Complexity and Implications for Plant Terrestrialization. Cell 2018; 174:448-464.e24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Copenhagen University, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jensen JK, Busse‐Wicher M, Poulsen CP, Fangel JU, Smith PJ, Yang J, Peña M, Dinesen MH, Martens HJ, Melkonian M, Wong GK, Moremen KW, Wilkerson CG, Scheller HV, Dupree P, Ulvskov P, Urbanowicz BR, Harholt J. Identification of an algal xylan synthase indicates that there is functional orthology between algal and plant cell wall biosynthesis. New Phytol 2018; 218:1049-1060. [PMID: 29460505 PMCID: PMC5902652 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the evolution of plant cell walls have important implications for comprehending these diverse and abundant biological structures. In order to understand the evolving structure-function relationships of the plant cell wall, it is imperative to trace the origin of its different components. The present study is focused on plant 1,4-β-xylan, tracing its evolutionary origin by genome and transcriptome mining followed by phylogenetic analysis, utilizing a large selection of plants and algae. It substantiates the findings by heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a charophyte alga xylan synthase. Of the 12 known gene classes involved in 1,4-β-xylan formation, XYS1/IRX10 in plants, IRX7, IRX8, IRX9, IRX14 and GUX occurred for the first time in charophyte algae. An XYS1/IRX10 ortholog from Klebsormidium flaccidum, designated K. flaccidumXYLAN SYNTHASE-1 (KfXYS1), possesses 1,4-β-xylan synthase activity, and 1,4-β-xylan occurs in the K. flaccidum cell wall. These data suggest that plant 1,4-β-xylan originated in charophytes and shed light on the origin of one of the key cell wall innovations to occur in charophyte algae, facilitating terrestrialization and emergence of polysaccharide-based plant cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Krüger Jensen
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter James Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
- BioEnergy Science CenterOak Ridge National Lab LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Jeong‐Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Maria‐Jesus Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
- BioEnergy Science CenterOak Ridge National Lab LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | | | - Helle Juel Martens
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen1971Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Botanical InstituteDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversität zu KölnKölnD‐50674Germany
| | - Gane Ka‐Shu Wong
- BGI‐ShenzhenBeishan Industrial ZoneYantian DistrictShenzhen518083China
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Curtis Gene Wilkerson
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Breeanna Rae Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
- BioEnergy Science CenterOak Ridge National Lab LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mravec J, Guo X, Hansen AR, Schückel J, Kračun SK, Mikkelsen MD, Mouille G, Johansen IE, Ulvskov P, Domozych DS, Willats WGT. Pea Border Cell Maturation and Release Involve Complex Cell Wall Structural Dynamics. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:1051-1066. [PMID: 28400496 PMCID: PMC5462005 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of plant cells is vital for support and protection of the plant body and is maintained by a variety of molecular associations between cell wall components. In some specialized cases, though, plant cells are programmed to detach, and root cap-derived border cells are examples of this. Border cells (in some species known as border-like cells) provide an expendable barrier between roots and the environment. Their maturation and release is an important but poorly characterized cell separation event. To gain a deeper insight into the complex cellular dynamics underlying this process, we undertook a systematic, detailed analysis of pea (Pisum sativum) root tip cell walls. Our study included immunocarbohydrate microarray profiling, monosaccharide composition determination, Fourier-transformed infrared microspectroscopy, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR of cell wall biosynthetic genes, analysis of hydrolytic activities, transmission electron microscopy, and immunolocalization of cell wall components. Using this integrated glycobiology approach, we identified multiple novel modes of cell wall structural and compositional rearrangement during root cap growth and the release of border cells. Our findings provide a new level of detail about border cell maturation and enable us to develop a model of the separation process. We propose that loss of adhesion by the dissolution of homogalacturonan in the middle lamellae is augmented by an active biophysical process of cell curvature driven by the polarized distribution of xyloglucan and extensin epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.);
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.);
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Aleksander Riise Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Stjepan Krešimir Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Maria Dalgaard Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Ida Elisabeth Johansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.)
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.)
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| | - William George Tycho Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark (J.M., X.G., A.R.H., J.S., S.K.K., M.D.M., I.E.J., P.U.);
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M.);
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866 (D.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (W.G.T.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Møller SR, Yi X, Velásquez SM, Gille S, Hansen PLM, Poulsen CP, Olsen CE, Rejzek M, Parsons H, Yang Z, Wandall HH, Clausen H, Field RA, Pauly M, Estevez JM, Harholt J, Ulvskov P, Petersen BL. Corrigendum: Identification and evolution of a plant cell wall specific glycoprotein glycosyl transferase, ExAD. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46774. [PMID: 28535152 PMCID: PMC5441590 DOI: 10.1038/srep46774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep45341.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mnich E, Vanholme R, Oyarce P, Liu S, Lu F, Goeminne G, Jørgensen B, Motawie MS, Boerjan W, Ralph J, Ulvskov P, Møller BL, Bjarnholt N, Harholt J. Degradation of lignin β-aryl ether units in Arabidopsis thaliana expressing LigD, LigF and LigG from Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6. Plant Biotechnol J 2017; 15:581-593. [PMID: 27775869 PMCID: PMC5399005 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a major polymer in the secondary plant cell wall and composed of hydrophobic interlinked hydroxyphenylpropanoid units. The presence of lignin hampers conversion of plant biomass into biofuels; plants with modified lignin are therefore being investigated for increased digestibility. The bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis produces lignin-degrading enzymes including LigD, LigF and LigG involved in cleaving the most abundant lignin interunit linkage, the β-aryl ether bond. In this study, we expressed the LigD, LigF and LigG (LigDFG) genes in Arabidopsis thaliana to introduce postlignification modifications into the lignin structure. The three enzymes were targeted to the secretory pathway. Phenolic metabolite profiling and 2D HSQC NMR of the transgenic lines showed an increase in oxidized guaiacyl and syringyl units without concomitant increase in oxidized β-aryl ether units, showing lignin bond cleavage. Saccharification yield increased significantly in transgenic lines expressing LigDFG, showing the applicability of our approach. Additional new information on substrate specificity of the LigDFG enzymes is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| | - Paula Oyarce
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| | - Sarah Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterWisconsin Energy InstituteMadisonWIUSA
| | - Fachuang Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterWisconsin Energy InstituteMadisonWIUSA
| | | | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Section for Plant GlycobiologyDepartment of Plant Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Mohammed S. Motawie
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterWisconsin Energy InstituteMadisonWIUSA
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Section for Plant GlycobiologyDepartment of Plant Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Birger L. Møller
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
- Carlsberg Research LaboratoryCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Section for Plant GlycobiologyDepartment of Plant Biology and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
- Carlsberg Research LaboratoryCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Damager I, Olsen CE, Egelund J, Jørgensen B, Larsen Petersen B, Ulvskov P, Lindberg Møller B, Motawia MS. Chemical Synthesis of L-Fucose Derivatives for Acceptor Specificity Characterisation of Plant Cell Wall Glycosyltransferases. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iben Damager
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology “bioSYNergy”; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jack Egelund
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology “bioSYNergy”; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory; J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4 DK-1799 Copenhagen V Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”; University of Copenhagen; 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology “bioSYNergy”; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Svagan AJ, Kusic A, De Gobba C, Larsen FH, Sassene P, Zhou Q, van de Weert M, Mullertz A, Jørgensen B, Ulvskov P. Rhamnogalacturonan-I Based Microcapsules for Targeted Drug Release. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168050. [PMID: 27992455 PMCID: PMC5167381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug targeting to the colon via the oral administration route for local treatment of e.g. inflammatory bowel disease and colonic cancer has several advantages such as needle-free administration and low infection risk. A new source for delivery is plant-polysaccharide based delivery platforms such as Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). In the gastro-intestinal tract the RG-I is only degraded by the action of the colonic microflora. For assessment of potential drug delivery properties, RG-I based microcapsules (~1 μm in diameter) were prepared by an interfacial poly-addition reaction. The cross-linked capsules were loaded with a fluorescent dye (model drug). The capsules showed negligible and very little in vitro release when subjected to media simulating gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. However, upon exposure to a cocktail of commercial RG-I cleaving enzymes, ~ 9 times higher release was observed, demonstrating that the capsules can be opened by enzymatic degradation. The combined results suggest a potential platform for targeted drug delivery in the terminal gastro-intestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Svagan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Anja Kusic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristian De Gobba
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming H. Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Sassene
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anette Mullertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Harholt J, Moestrup Ø, Ulvskov P. Why Plants Were Terrestrial from the Beginning. Trends Plant Sci 2016; 21:96-101. [PMID: 26706443 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The current hypothesis is that land plants originated from a charophycean green alga and that a prominent feature for adaptation to land was their development of alternating life cycles. Our work on cell wall evolution and morphological and physiological observations in the charophycean green algae challenged us to reassess how land plants became terrestrial. Our hypothesis is simple in that the charophycean green algae ancestors were already living on land and had been doing so for some time before the emergence of land plants. The evolution of alternate life cycles merely made the ancestral land plants evolutionary successful and had nothing to do with terrestrialization per se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Øjvind Moestrup
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rydahl MG, Fangel JU, Mikkelsen MD, Johansen IE, Andreas A, Harholt J, Ulvskov P, Jørgensen B, Domozych DS, Willats WGT. Penium margaritaceum as a model organism for cell wall analysis of expanding plant cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1242:1-21. [PMID: 25408439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1902-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The growth of a plant cell encompasses a complex set of subcellular components interacting in a highly coordinated fashion. Ultimately, these activities create specific cell wall structural domains that regulate the prime force of expansion, internally generated turgor pressure. The precise organization of the polymeric networks of the cell wall around the protoplast also contributes to the direction of growth, the shape of the cell, and the proper positioning of the cell in a tissue. In essence, plant cell expansion represents the foundation of development. Most studies of plant cell expansion have focused primarily upon late divergent multicellular land plants and specialized cell types (e.g., pollen tubes, root hairs). Here, we describe a unicellular green alga, Penium margaritaceum (Penium), which can serve as a valuable model organism for understanding cell expansion and the underlying mechanics of the cell wall in a single plant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja G Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty ofScience, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mikkelsen MD, Harholt J, Ulvskov P, Johansen IE, Fangel JU, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Willats WGT. Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in charophyte green algae. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1217-36. [PMID: 25204387 PMCID: PMC4195564 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The charophyte green algae (CGA) are thought to be the closest living relatives to the land plants, and ancestral CGA were unique in giving rise to the land plant lineage. The cell wall has been suggested to be a defining structure that enabled the green algal ancestor to colonize land. These cell walls provide support and protection, are a source of signalling molecules, and provide developmental cues for cell differentiation and elongation. The cell wall of land plants is a highly complex fibre composite, characterized by cellulose cross-linked by non-cellulosic polysaccharides, such as xyloglucan, embedded in a matrix of pectic polysaccharides. How the land plant cell wall evolved is currently unknown: early-divergent chlorophyte and prasinophyte algae genomes contain a low number of glycosyl transferases (GTs), while land plants contain hundreds. The number of GTs in CGA is currently unknown, as no genomes are available, so this study sought to give insight into the evolution of the biosynthetic machinery of CGA through an analysis of available transcriptomes. METHODS Available CGA transcriptomes were mined for cell wall biosynthesis GTs and compared with GTs characterized in land plants. In addition, gene cloning was employed in two cases to answer important evolutionary questions. KEY RESULTS Genetic evidence was obtained indicating that many of the most important core cell wall polysaccharides have their evolutionary origins in the CGA, including cellulose, mannan, xyloglucan, xylan and pectin, as well as arabino-galactan protein. Moreover, two putative cellulose synthase-like D family genes (CSLDs) from the CGA species Coleochaete orbicularis and a fragment of a putative CSLA/K-like sequence from a CGA Spirogyra species were cloned, providing the first evidence that all the cellulose synthase/-like genes present in early-divergent land plants were already present in CGA. CONCLUSIONS The results provide new insights into the evolution of cell walls and support the notion that the CGA were pre-adapted to life on land by virtue of the their cell wall biosynthetic capacity. These findings are highly significant for understanding plant cell wall evolution as they imply that some features of land plant cell walls evolved prior to the transition to land, rather than having evolved as a result of selection pressures inherent in this transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ida E Johansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cankar K, Kortstee A, Toonen MAJ, Wolters-Arts M, Houbein R, Mariani C, Ulvskov P, Jorgensen B, Schols HA, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. Pectic arabinan side chains are essential for pollen cell wall integrity during pollen development. Plant Biotechnol J 2014; 12:492-502. [PMID: 24428422 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide and an integral part of the primary plant cell wall and middle lamella, contributing to cell wall mechanical strength and cell adhesion. To understand the structure-function relationships of pectin in the cell wall, a set of transgenic potato lines with altered pectin composition was analysed. The expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in pectin acetylation, degradation of the rhamnogalacturonan backbone and type and length of neutral side chains, arabinan and galactan in particular, has been altered. Upon crossing of different transgenic lines, some transgenes were not transmitted to the next generation when these lines were used as a pollen donor, suggesting male sterility. Viability of mature pollen was severely decreased in potato lines with reduced pectic arabinan, but not in lines with altered galactan side chains. Anthers and pollen of different developmental stages were microscopically examined to study the phenotype in more detail. Scanning electron microscopy of flowers showed collapsed pollen grains in mature anthers and in earlier stages cytoplasmic protrusions at the site of the of kin pore, eventually leading to bursting of the pollen grain and leaking of the cytoplasm. This phenomenon is only observed after the microspores are released and the tapetum starts to degenerate. Timing of the phenotype indicates a role for pectic arabinan side chains during remodelling of the cell wall when the pollen grain is maturing and dehydrating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Knoch E, Dilokpimol A, Tryfona T, Poulsen CP, Xiong G, Harholt J, Petersen BL, Ulvskov P, Hadi MZ, Kotake T, Tsumuraya Y, Pauly M, Dupree P, Geshi N. A β-glucuronosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana involved in biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactan has a role in cell elongation during seedling growth. Plant J 2013; 76:1016-29. [PMID: 24128328 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized a β-glucuronosyltransferase (AtGlcAT14A) from Arabidopsis thaliana that is involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactan (AG). This enzyme belongs to the Carbohydrate Active Enzyme database glycosyltransferase family 14 (GT14). The protein was localized to the Golgi apparatus when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. The soluble catalytic domain expressed in Pichia pastoris transferred glucuronic acid (GlcA) to β-1,6-galactooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) ranging from 3-11, and to β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides of DP5 and 7, indicating that the enzyme is a glucuronosyltransferase that modifies both the β-1,6- and β-1,3-galactan present in type II AG. Two allelic T-DNA insertion mutant lines showed 20-35% enhanced cell elongation during seedling growth compared to wild-type. Analyses of AG isolated from the mutants revealed a reduction of GlcA substitution on Gal-β-1,6-Gal and β-1,3-Gal, indicating an in vivo role of AtGlcAT14A in synthesis of those structures in type II AG. Moreover, a relative increase in the levels of 3-, 6- and 3,6-linked galactose (Gal) and reduced levels of 3-, 2- and 2,5-linked arabinose (Ara) were seen, suggesting that the mutation in AtGlcAT14A results in a relative increase of the longer and branched β-1,3- and β-1,6-galactans. This increase of galactosylation in the mutants is most likely caused by increased availability of the O6 position of Gal, which is a shared acceptor site for AtGlcAT14A and galactosyltransferases in synthesis of type II AG, and thus addition of GlcA may terminate Gal chain extension. We discuss a role for the glucuronosyltransferase in the biosynthesis of type II AG, with a biological role during seedling growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knoch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ulvskov P, Paiva DS, Domozych D, Harholt J. Classification, naming and evolutionary history of glycosyltransferases from sequenced green and red algal genomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76511. [PMID: 24146880 PMCID: PMC3797821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Archaeplastida consists of three lineages, Rhodophyta, Virideplantae and Glaucophyta. The extracellular matrix of most members of the Rhodophyta and Viridiplantae consists of carbohydrate-based or a highly glycosylated protein-based cell wall while the Glaucophyte covering is poorly resolved. In order to elucidate possible evolutionary links between the three advanced lineages in Archaeplastida, a genomic analysis was initiated. Fully sequenced genomes from the Rhodophyta and Virideplantae and the well-defined CAZy database on glycosyltransferases were included in the analysis. The number of glycosyltransferases found in the Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta are generally much lower then in land plants (Embryophyta). Three specific features exhibited by land plants increase the number of glycosyltransferases in their genomes: (1) cell wall biosynthesis, the more complex land plant cell walls require a larger number of glycosyltransferases for biosynthesis, (2) a richer set of protein glycosylation, and (3) glycosylation of secondary metabolites, demonstrated by a large proportion of family GT1 being involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In a comparative analysis of polysaccharide biosynthesis amongst the taxa of this study, clear distinctions or similarities were observed in (1) N-linked protein glycosylation, i.e., Chlorophyta has different mannosylation and glucosylation patterns, (2) GPI anchor biosynthesis, which is apparently missing in the Rhodophyta and truncated in the Chlorophyta, (3) cell wall biosynthesis, where the land plants have unique cell wall related polymers not found in green and red algae, and (4) O-linked glycosylation where comprehensive orthology was observed in glycosylation between the Chlorophyta and land plants but not between the target proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dionisio Soares Paiva
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - David Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Svava R, Gurzawska K, Yihau Y, Haugshøj KB, Dirscherl K, Levery SB, Jørgensen NR, Gotfredsen K, Damager I, Ulvskov P, Jørgensen B. The structurally effect of surface coated rhamnogalacturonan I on response of the osteoblast-like cell line SaOS-2. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1961-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Svava
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871 Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3 B, Copenhagen N 2200 Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Gurzawska
- Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis; Departments of Medicine M and Diagnostics; Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup; Ndr. Ringvej 69, Glostrup 2600 Denmark
- Department of Odontology; Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Nørre Allé 20, Copenhagen N 2200 Denmark
| | - Yu Yihau
- Microtechnology and Surface Analysis; Danish Technological Institute; Gregersensvej 8, Taastrup 2630 Denmark
| | - Kenneth Brian Haugshøj
- Microtechnology and Surface Analysis; Danish Technological Institute; Gregersensvej 8, Taastrup 2630 Denmark
| | - Kai Dirscherl
- Dansk Fundamental Meterologi A/S; Matematiktorvet 307, Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Steven B. Levery
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3 B, Copenhagen N 2200 Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis; Departments of Medicine M and Diagnostics; Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup; Ndr. Ringvej 69, Glostrup 2600 Denmark
| | - Klaus Gotfredsen
- Department of Odontology; Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Nørre Allé 20, Copenhagen N 2200 Denmark
| | - Iben Damager
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871 Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871 Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chiniquy D, Sharma V, Schultink A, Baidoo EE, Rautengarten C, Cheng K, Carroll A, Ulvskov P, Harholt J, Keasling JD, Pauly M, Scheller HV, Ronald PC. XAX1 from glycosyltransferase family 61 mediates xylosyltransfer to rice xylan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17117-22. [PMID: 23027943 PMCID: PMC3479505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202079109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide on Earth and represents an immense quantity of stored energy for biofuel production. Despite its importance, most of the enzymes that synthesize xylan have yet to be identified. Xylans have a backbone of β-1,4-linked xylose residues with substitutions that include α-(1→2)-linked glucuronosyl, 4-O-methyl glucuronosyl, and α-1,2- and α-1,3-arabinofuranosyl residues. The substitutions are structurally diverse and vary by taxonomy, with grass xylan representing a unique composition distinct from dicots and other monocots. To date, no enzyme has yet been identified that is specific to grass xylan synthesis. We identified a xylose-deficient loss-of-function rice mutant in Os02g22380, a putative glycosyltransferase in a grass-specific subfamily of family GT61. We designate the mutant xax1 for xylosyl arabinosyl substitution of xylan 1. Enzymatic fingerprinting of xylan showed the specific absence in the mutant of a peak, which was isolated and determined by (1)H-NMR to be (β-1,4-Xyl)(4) with a β-Xylp-(1→2)-α-Araf-(1→3). Rice xax1 mutant plants are deficient in ferulic and coumaric acid, aromatic compounds known to be attached to arabinosyl residues in xylan substituted with xylosyl residues. The xax1 mutant plants exhibit an increased extractability of xylan and increased saccharification, probably reflecting a lower degree of diferulic cross-links. Activity assays with microsomes isolated from tobacco plants transiently expressing XAX1 demonstrated xylosyltransferase activity onto endogenous acceptors. Our results provide insight into grass xylan synthesis and how substitutions may be modified for increased saccharification for biofuel generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Chiniquy
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | | | - Alex Schultink
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology
- Energy Biosciences Institute, and
| | - Edward E. Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Kun Cheng
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology
- Energy Biosciences Institute, and
| | | | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; and
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; and
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology
- Energy Biosciences Institute, and
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang Z, Bennett EP, Jørgensen B, Drew DP, Arigi E, Mandel U, Ulvskov P, Levery SB, Clausen H, Petersen BL. Toward stable genetic engineering of human O-glycosylation in plants. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:450-63. [PMID: 22791304 PMCID: PMC3440218 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most abundant and complex posttranslational modification to be considered for recombinant production of therapeutic proteins. Mucin-type (N-acetylgalactosamine [GalNAc]-type) O-glycosylation is found in eumetazoan cells but absent in plants and yeast, making these cell types an obvious choice for de novo engineering of this O-glycosylation pathway. We previously showed that transient implementation of O-glycosylation capacity in plants requires introduction of the synthesis of the donor substrate UDP-GalNAc and one or more polypeptide GalNAc-transferases for incorporating GalNAc residues into proteins. Here, we have stably engineered O-glycosylation capacity in two plant cell systems, soil-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 suspension culture cells. Efficient GalNAc O-glycosylation of two stably coexpressed substrate O-glycoproteins was obtained, but a high degree of proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline-linked arabinosides, on a mucin (MUC1)-derived substrate, was also observed. Addition of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor 2,2-dipyridyl, however, effectively suppressed proline hydroxylation and arabinosylation of MUC1 in Bright Yellow-2 cells. In summary, stably engineered mammalian type O-glycosylation was established in transgenic plants, demonstrating that plants may serve as host cells for the production of recombinant O-glycoproteins. However, the present stable implementation further strengthens the notion that elimination of endogenous posttranslational modifications may be needed for the production of protein therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Eric P. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | | | - Emma Arigi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Steven B. Levery
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Bent L. Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fangel JU, Ulvskov P, Knox JP, Mikkelsen MD, Harholt J, Popper ZA, Willats WG. Cell wall evolution and diversity. Front Plant Sci 2012; 3:152. [PMID: 22783271 PMCID: PMC3390603 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls display a considerable degree of diversity in their compositions and molecular architectures. In some cases the functional significance of a particular cell wall type appears to be easy to discern: secondary cells walls are often reinforced with lignin that provides durability; the thin cell walls of pollen tubes have particular compositions that enable their tip growth; lupin seed cell walls are characteristically thickened with galactan used as a storage polysaccharide. However, more frequently the evolutionary mechanisms and selection pressures that underpin cell wall diversity and evolution are unclear. For diverse green plants (chlorophytes and streptophytes) the rapidly increasing availability of transcriptome and genome data sets, the development of methods for cell wall analyses which require less material for analysis, and expansion of molecular probe sets, are providing new insights into the diversity and occurrence of cell wall polysaccharides and associated biosynthetic genes. Such research is important for refining our understanding of some of the fundamental processes that enabled plants to colonize land and to subsequently radiate so comprehensively. The study of cell wall structural diversity is also an important aspect of the industrial utilization of global polysaccharide bio-resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg,Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg,Denmark
| | - J. P. Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds,Leeds, UK
| | - Maria D. Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg,Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg,Denmark
| | - Zoë A. Popper
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland,Galway, Ireland
| | - William G.T. Willats
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg,Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Orfila C, Dal Degan F, Jørgensen B, Scheller HV, Ray PM, Ulvskov P. Expression of mung bean pectin acetyl esterase in potato tubers: effect on acetylation of cell wall polymers and tuber mechanical properties. Planta 2012; 236:185-96. [PMID: 22293853 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A mung bean (Vigna radiata) pectin acetyl esterase (CAA67728) was heterologously expressed in tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum) under the control of the granule-bound starch synthase promoter or the patatin promoter in order to probe the significance of O-acetylation on cell wall and tissue properties. The recombinant tubers showed no apparent macroscopic phenotype. The enzyme was recovered from transgenic tubers using a high ionic strength buffer and the extract was active against a range of pectic substrates. Partial in vivo de-acetylation of cell wall polysaccharides occurred in the transformants, as shown by a 39% decrease in the degree of acetylation (DA) of tuber cell wall material (CWM). Treatment of CWM using a combination of endo-polygalacturonase and pectin methyl esterase extracted more pectin polymers from the transformed tissue compared to wild type. The largest effect of the pectin acetyl esterase (68% decrease in DA) was seen in the residue from this extraction, suggesting that the enzyme is preferentially active on acetylated pectin that is tightly bound to the cell wall. The effects of acetylation on tuber mechanical properties were investigated by tests of failure under compression and by determination of viscoelastic relaxation spectra. These tests suggested that de-acetylation resulted in a stiffer tuber tissue and a stronger cell wall matrix, as a result of changes to a rapidly relaxing viscoelastic component. These results are discussed in relation to the role of pectin acetylation in primary cell walls and its implications for industrial uses of potato fibres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Orfila
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Domozych DS, Ciancia M, Fangel JU, Mikkelsen MD, Ulvskov P, Willats WGT. The Cell Walls of Green Algae: A Journey through Evolution and Diversity. Front Plant Sci 2012; 3:82. [PMID: 22639667 PMCID: PMC3355577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The green algae represent a large group of morphologically diverse photosynthetic eukaryotes that occupy virtually every photic habitat on the planet. The extracellular coverings of green algae including cell walls are also diverse. A recent surge of research in green algal cell walls fueled by new emerging technologies has revealed new and critical insight concerning these coverings. For example, the late divergent taxa of the Charophycean green algae possess cell walls containing assemblages of polymers with notable similarity to the cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), extensin, and lignin present in embryophyte walls. Ulvophycean seaweeds have cell wall components whose most abundant fibrillar constituents may change from cellulose to β-mannans to β-xylans and during different life cycle phases. Likewise, these algae produce complex sulfated polysaccharides, AGPs, and extensin. Chlorophycean green algae produce a wide array of walls ranging from cellulose-pectin complexes to ones made of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Larger and more detailed surveys of the green algal taxa including incorporation of emerging genomic and transcriptomic data are required in order to more fully resolve evolutionary trends within the green algae and in relationship with higher plants as well as potential applications of wall components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore CollegeSaratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Marina Ciancia
- Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maria Dalgaard Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang Z, Drew DP, Jørgensen B, Mandel U, Bach SS, Ulvskov P, Levery SB, Bennett EP, Clausen H, Petersen BL. Engineering mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11911-23. [PMID: 22334671 PMCID: PMC3320939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that confers a variety of biological properties and functions to proteins. This post-translational modification has a particularly complex and differentially regulated biosynthesis rendering prediction and control of where O-glycans are attached to proteins, and which structures are formed, difficult. Because plants are devoid of GalNAc-type O-glycosylation, we have assessed requirements for establishing human GalNAc O-glycosylation de novo in plants with the aim of developing cell systems with custom-designed O-glycosylation capacity. Transient expression of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glc(NAc) C4-epimerase and a human polypeptide GalNAc-transferase in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in GalNAc O-glycosylation of co-expressed human O-glycoprotein substrates. A chimeric YFP construct containing a 3.5 tandem repeat sequence of MUC1 was glycosylated with up to three and five GalNAc residues when co-expressed with GalNAc-T2 and a combination of GalNAc-T2 and GalNAc-T4, respectively, as determined by mass spectrometry. O-Glycosylation was furthermore demonstrated on a tandem repeat of MUC16 and interferon α2b. In plants, prolines in certain classes of proteins are hydroxylated and further substituted with plant-specific O-glycosylation; unsubstituted hydroxyprolines were identified in our MUC1 construct. In summary, this study demonstrates that mammalian type O-glycosylation can be established in plants and that plants may serve as a host cell for production of recombinant O-glycoproteins with custom-designed O-glycosylation. The observed hydroxyproline modifications, however, call for additional future engineering efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yang
- From the Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, and
| | - Ulla Mandel
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Søren S. Bach
- the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology and
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology and
| | - Steven B. Levery
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P. Bennett
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gurzawska K, Svava R, Syberg S, Yihua Y, Haugshøj KB, Damager I, Ulvskov P, Christensen LH, Gotfredsen K, Jørgensen NR. Effect of nanocoating with rhamnogalacturonan-I on surface properties and osteoblasts response. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:654-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
35
|
Kokkonen H, Verhoef R, Kauppinen K, Muhonen V, Jørgensen B, Damager I, Schols HA, Morra M, Ulvskov P, Tuukkanen J. Affecting osteoblastic responses with in vivo engineered potato pectin fragments. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:111-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
36
|
Mosele MM, Hansen AS, Engelsen SB, Diaz J, Sørensen I, Ulvskov P, Willats WGT, Blennow A, Harholt J. Characterisation of the arabinose-rich carbohydrate composition of immature and mature marama beans (Tylosema esculentum). Phytochemistry 2011; 72:1466-1472. [PMID: 21543095 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Marama bean (Tylosema esculentum) is an important component of the diet around the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa where this drought resistant plant can grow. The marama bean contains roughly 1/3 proteins, 1/3 lipids and 1/3 carbohydrates, but despite its potential as dietary supplement little is known about the carbohydrate fraction. In this study the carbohydrate fraction of "immature" and "mature" marama seeds are characterised. The study shows that the marama bean contains negligible amounts of starch and soluble sugars, both far less than 1%. The cell wall is characterised by a high arabinose content and a high resistance to extraction as even a 6M NaOH extraction was insufficient to extract considerable amounts of the arabinose. The arabinose fraction was characterised by arabinan-like linkages and recognised by the arabinan antibody LM6 and LM13 indicating that it is pectic arabinan. Two pools of pectin could be detected; a regular CDTA (1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) or enzymatically extractable pectin fraction and a recalcitrant pectin fraction containing the majority of the arabinans, of which about 40% was unextractable using 6M NaOH. Additionally, a high content of mannose was observed, possibly from mannosylated storage proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minah M Mosele
- Quality and Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Velasquez SM, Ricardi MM, Dorosz JG, Fernandez PV, Nadra AD, Pol-Fachin L, Egelund J, Gille S, Harholt J, Ciancia M, Verli H, Pauly M, Bacic A, Olsen CE, Ulvskov P, Petersen BL, Somerville C, Iusem ND, Estevez JM. O-glycosylated cell wall proteins are essential in root hair growth. Science 2011; 332:1401-3. [PMID: 21680836 DOI: 10.1126/science.1206657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs are single cells that develop by tip growth and are specialized in the absorption of nutrients. Their cell walls are composed of polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) that include extensins (EXTs) and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). Proline hydroxylation, an early posttranslational modification of HRGPs that is catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs), defines the subsequent O-glycosylation sites in EXTs (which are mainly arabinosylated) and AGPs (which are mainly arabinogalactosylated). We explored the biological function of P4Hs, arabinosyltransferases, and EXTs in root hair cell growth. Biochemical inhibition or genetic disruption resulted in the blockage of polarized growth in root hairs and reduced arabinosylation of EXTs. Our results demonstrate that correct O-glycosylation on EXTs is essential for cell-wall self-assembly and, hence, root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Velasquez
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFIByNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Banks JA, Nishiyama T, Hasebe M, Bowman JL, Gribskov M, dePamphilis C, Albert VA, Aono N, Aoyama T, Ambrose BA, Ashton NW, Axtell MJ, Barker E, Barker MS, Bennetzen JL, Bonawitz ND, Chapple C, Cheng C, Correa LGG, Dacre M, DeBarry J, Dreyer I, Elias M, Engstrom EM, Estelle M, Feng L, Finet C, Floyd SK, Frommer WB, Fujita T, Gramzow L, Gutensohn M, Harholt J, Hattori M, Heyl A, Hirai T, Hiwatashi Y, Ishikawa M, Iwata M, Karol KG, Koehler B, Kolukisaoglu U, Kubo M, Kurata T, Lalonde S, Li K, Li Y, Litt A, Lyons E, Manning G, Maruyama T, Michael TP, Mikami K, Miyazaki S, Morinaga SI, Murata T, Mueller-Roeber B, Nelson DR, Obara M, Oguri Y, Olmstead RG, Onodera N, Petersen BL, Pils B, Prigge M, Rensing SA, Riaño-Pachón DM, Roberts AW, Sato Y, Scheller HV, Schulz B, Schulz C, Shakirov EV, Shibagaki N, Shinohara N, Shippen DE, Sørensen I, Sotooka R, Sugimoto N, Sugita M, Sumikawa N, Tanurdzic M, Theissen G, Ulvskov P, Wakazuki S, Weng JK, Willats WWGT, Wipf D, Wolf PG, Yang L, Zimmer AD, Zhu Q, Mitros T, Hellsten U, Loqué D, Otillar R, Salamov A, Schmutz J, Shapiro H, Lindquist E, Lucas S, Rokhsar D, Grigoriev IV. The Selaginella genome identifies genetic changes associated with the evolution of vascular plants. Science 2011; 332:960-3. [PMID: 21551031 PMCID: PMC3166216 DOI: 10.1126/science.1203810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular plants appeared ~410 million years ago, then diverged into several lineages of which only two survive: the euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and the lycophytes. We report here the genome sequence of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii (Selaginella), the first nonseed vascular plant genome reported. By comparing gene content in evolutionarily diverse taxa, we found that the transition from a gametophyte- to a sporophyte-dominated life cycle required far fewer new genes than the transition from a nonseed vascular to a flowering plant, whereas secondary metabolic genes expanded extensively and in parallel in the lycophyte and angiosperm lineages. Selaginella differs in posttranscriptional gene regulation, including small RNA regulation of repetitive elements, an absence of the trans-acting small interfering RNA pathway, and extensive RNA editing of organellar genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Larsen FH, Byg I, Damager I, Diaz J, Engelsen SB, Ulvskov P. Residue Specific Hydration of Primary Cell Wall Potato Pectin Identified by Solid-State 13C Single-Pulse MAS and CP/MAS NMR Spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1844-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flemming H. Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inge Byg
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- CP Kelco Aps, Ved Banen 16, DK-4623 Lille Skensved, Denmark
| | - Iben Damager
- Biotechnology Group, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jerome Diaz
- Biotechnology Group, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren B. Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Biotechnology Group, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hansen SL, Ray PM, Karlsson AO, Jørgensen B, Borkhardt B, Petersen BL, Ulvskov P. Mechanical properties of plant cell walls probed by relaxation spectra. Plant Physiol 2011; 155:246-58. [PMID: 21075961 PMCID: PMC3075772 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.166629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transformants and mutants with altered cell wall composition are expected to display a biomechanical phenotype due to the structural role of the cell wall. It is often quite difficult, however, to distinguish the mechanical behavior of a mutant's or transformant's cell walls from that of the wild type. This may be due to the plant's ability to compensate for the wall modification or because the biophysical method that is often employed, determination of simple elastic modulus and breakstrength, lacks the resolving power necessary for detecting subtle mechanical phenotypes. Here, we apply a method, determination of relaxation spectra, which probes, and can separate, the viscoelastic properties of different cell wall components (i.e. those properties that depend on the elastic behavior of load-bearing wall polymers combined with viscous interactions between them). A computer program, BayesRelax, that deduces relaxation spectra from appropriate rheological measurements is presented and made accessible through a Web interface. BayesRelax models the cell wall as a continuum of relaxing elements, and the ability of the method to resolve small differences in cell wall mechanical properties is demonstrated using tuber tissue from wild-type and transgenic potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) that differ in rhamnogalacturonan I side chain structure.
Collapse
|
41
|
Borkhardt B, Harholt J, Ulvskov P, Ahring BK, Jørgensen B, Brinch-Pedersen H. Autohydrolysis of plant xylans by apoplastic expression of thermophilic bacterial endo-xylanases. Plant Biotechnol J 2010; 8:363-74. [PMID: 20384855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The genes encoding the two endo-xylanases XynA and XynB from the thermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum were codon optimized for expression in plants. Both xylanases were designed to be constitutively expressed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and targeted to the apoplast. Transient expression in tobacco and stable expression in transgenic Arabidopsis showed that both enzymes were expressed in an active form with temperature optima at 85 degrees C. Transgenic Arabidopsis accumulating heterologous endo-xylanases appeared phenotypically normal and were fully fertile. The highest xylanase activity in Arabidopsis was found in dry stems indicating that the enzymes were not degraded during stem senescence. High levels of enzyme activity were maintained in cell-free extracts from dry transgenic stems during incubation at 85 degrees C for 24 h. Analysis of cell wall polysaccharides after heat treatment of wildtype and transgenic extracts from dry stems showed a decrease in the molecular weight of xylans from transgenic stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Borkhardt
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Thorvaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have beta-(1-->4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans. These types of hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of all terrestrial plants, except for beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans, which are restricted to Poales and a few other groups. The detailed structure of the hemicelluloses and their abundance vary widely between different species and cell types. The most important biological role of hemicelluloses is their contribution to strengthening the cell wall by interaction with cellulose and, in some walls, with lignin. These features are discussed in relation to widely accepted models of the primary wall. Hemicelluloses are synthesized by glycosyltransferases located in the Golgi membranes. Many glycosyltransferases needed for biosynthesis of xyloglucans and mannans are known. In contrast, the biosynthesis of xylans and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans remains very elusive, and recent studies have led to more questions than answers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Morant M, Ekstrøm C, Ulvskov P, Kristensen C, Rudemo M, Olsen CE, Hansen J, Jørgensen K, Jørgensen B, Møller BL, Bak S. Metabolomic, transcriptional, hormonal, and signaling cross-talk in superroot2. Mol Plant 2010; 3:192-211. [PMID: 20008451 PMCID: PMC2807926 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin homeostasis is pivotal for normal plant growth and development. The superroot2 (sur2) mutant was initially isolated in a forward genetic screen for auxin overproducers, and SUR2 was suggested to control auxin conjugation and thereby regulate auxin homeostasis. However, the phenotype was not uniform and could not be described as a pure high auxin phenotype, indicating that knockout of CYP83B1 has multiple effects. Subsequently, SUR2 was identified as CYP83B1, a cytochrome P450 positioned at the metabolic branch point between auxin and indole glucosinolate metabolism. To investigate concomitant global alterations triggered by knockout of CYP83B1 and the countermeasures chosen by the mutant to cope with hormonal and metabolic imbalances, 10-day-old mutant seedlings were characterized with respect to their transcriptome and metabolome profiles. Here, we report a global analysis of the sur2 mutant by the use of a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approach revealing pronounced effects on several metabolic grids including the intersection between secondary metabolism, cell wall turnover, hormone metabolism, and stress responses. Metabolic and transcriptional cross-talks in sur2 were found to be regulated by complex interactions between both positively and negatively acting transcription factors. The complex phenotype of sur2 may thus not only be assigned to elevated levels of auxin, but also to ethylene and abscisic acid responses as well as drought responses in the absence of a water deficiency. The delicate balance between these signals explains why minute changes in growth conditions may result in the non-uniform phenotype. The large phenotypic variation observed between and within the different surveys may be reconciled by the complex and intricate hormonal balances in sur2 seedlings decoded in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Morant
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Ekstrøm
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VKR research centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mats Rudemo
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VKR research centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Hansen
- Evolva A/S, Bülowsvej 25, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VKR research centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VKR research centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VKR research centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VKR research centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics at LIFE, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail , fax +45 353 33333, tel. +45 353 33346
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Egelund J, Damager I, Faber K, Olsen CE, Ulvskov P, Petersen BL. Functional characterisation of a putative rhamnogalacturonan II specific xylosyltransferase. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:3217-22. [PMID: 18755189 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis thaliana gene, At1g56550, was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant protein was shown to catalyse transfer of D-xylose from UDP-alpha-D-xylose onto methyl alpha-L-fucoside. The product formed was shown by 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy to be Me alpha-D-Xyl-(1,3)-alpha-L-Fuc, which is identical to the proposed target structure in the A-chain of rhamnogalacturonan II. Chemically synthesized methyl L-fucosides derivatized by methyl groups on either the 2-, 3- or 4 position were tested as acceptor substrates but only methyl 4-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside acted as an acceptor, although to a lesser extent than methyl alpha-L-fucoside. At1g56550 is suggested to encode a rhamnogalacturonan II specific xylosyltransferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Egelund
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Moller I, Marcus SE, Haeger A, Verhertbruggen Y, Verhoef R, Schols H, Ulvskov P, Mikkelsen JD, Knox JP, Willats W. High-throughput screening of monoclonal antibodies against plant cell wall glycans by hierarchical clustering of their carbohydrate microarray binding profiles. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:37-48. [PMID: 17629746 PMCID: PMC2234451 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-producing hybridoma cell lines were created following immunisation with a crude extract of cell wall polymers from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to rapidly screen the specificities of individual monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), their binding to microarrays containing 50 cell wall glycans immobilized on nitrocellulose was assessed. Hierarchical clustering of microarray binding profiles from newly produced mAbs, together with the profiles for mAbs with previously defined specificities allowed the rapid assignments of mAb binding to antigen classes. mAb specificities were further investigated using subsequent immunochemical and biochemical analyses and two novel mAbs are described in detail. mAb LM13 binds to an arabinanase-sensitive pectic epitope and mAb LM14, binds to an epitope occurring on arabinogalactan-proteins. Both mAbs display novel patterns of recognition of cell walls in plant materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Moller
- The Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan E. Marcus
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Ash Haeger
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Rene Verhoef
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schols
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- The Biotechnology Group, University of Aarhus, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - William Willats
- The Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Egelund J, Obel N, Ulvskov P, Geshi N, Pauly M, Bacic A, Petersen BL. Molecular characterization of two Arabidopsis thaliana glycosyltransferase mutants, rra1 and rra2, which have a reduced residual arabinose content in a polymer tightly associated with the cellulosic wall residue. Plant Mol Biol 2007; 64:439-51. [PMID: 17401635 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Two putative glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana, designated reduced residual arabinose-1 and -2 (RRA1 and RRA2), are characterized at the molecular level. Both genes are classified in CAZy GT-family-77 and are phylogenetically related to putative glycosyltranferases of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The expression pattern of the two genes was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using mRNA extracted from various organs of bolting Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In addition, promoter::gusA analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana containing a fusion between either the RRA-1 or -2 promoter fragment and the gusA reporter gene showed that whereas the RRA1 promoter was primarily active in the apical meristem, the expression pattern of the RRA2 promoter was more diverse but also highly active in the meristematic region. In addition, T-DNA mutant insertion lines of both RRA-1 and -2, were identified and characterized at the molecular and biochemical level. Monosaccharide compositional analyses of cell wall material isolated from the meristematic region showed a ca. 20% reduction in the arabinose content in the insoluble/undigested cell wall residue after enzymatic removal of xyloglucan and pectic polysaccharides. These data indicate that both RRA-1 and -2 play a role in the arabinosylation of cell wall component(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Egelund
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus and Center for Molecular Plant Physiol (PlaCe), Thorvaldsensvej 40. 8. 2, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Egelund J, Petersen BL, Motawia MS, Damager I, Faik A, Olsen CE, Ishii T, Clausen H, Ulvskov P, Geshi N. Arabidopsis thaliana RGXT1 and RGXT2 encode Golgi-localized (1,3)-alpha-D-xylosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of pectic rhamnogalacturonan-II. Plant Cell 2006; 18:2593-607. [PMID: 17056709 PMCID: PMC1626629 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.036566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two homologous plant-specific Arabidopsis thaliana genes, RGXT1 and RGXT2, belong to a new family of glycosyltransferases (CAZy GT-family-77) and encode cell wall (1,3)-alpha-d-xylosyltransferases. The deduced amino acid sequences contain single transmembrane domains near the N terminus, indicative of a type II membrane protein structure. Soluble secreted forms of the corresponding proteins expressed in insect cells showed xylosyltransferase activity, transferring d-xylose from UDP-alpha-d-xylose to l-fucose. The disaccharide product was hydrolyzed by alpha-xylosidase, whereas no reaction was catalyzed by beta-xylosidase. Furthermore, the regio- and stereochemistry of the methyl xylosyl-fucoside was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance to be an alpha-(1,3) linkage, demonstrating the isolated glycosyltransferases to be (1,3)-alpha-d-xylosyltransferases. This particular linkage is only known in rhamnogalacturonan-II, a complex polysaccharide essential to vascular plants, and is conserved across higher plant families. Rhamnogalacturonan-II isolated from both RGXT1 and RGXT2 T-DNA insertional mutants functioned as specific acceptor molecules in the xylosyltransferase assay. Expression of RGXT1- and RGXT2-enhanced green fluorescent protein constructs in Arabidopsis revealed that both fusion proteins were targeted to a Brefeldin A-sensitive compartment and also colocalized with the Golgi marker dye BODIPY TR ceramide, consistent with targeting to the Golgi apparatus. Taken together, these results suggest that RGXT1 and RGXT2 encode Golgi-localized (1,3)-alpha-d-xylosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of pectic rhamnogalacturonan-II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Egelund
- Biotechnology Group, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ulvskov P, Wium H, Bruce D, Jørgensen B, Qvist KB, Skjøt M, Hepworth D, Borkhardt B, Sørensen SO. Biophysical consequences of remodeling the neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I in tubers of transgenic potatoes. Planta 2005; 220:609-20. [PMID: 15517357 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two lines of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants modified in their cell wall structure were characterized and compared to wild type with regard to biomechanical properties in order to assign functional roles to the particular cell wall polysaccharides that were targeted by the genetic changes. The targeted polymer was rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), a complex pectic polysaccharide comprised of mainly neutral oligosaccharide side chains attached to a backbone of alternating rhamnosyl and galacturonosyl units. Tuber rhamnogalacturonan I molecules from the two transformed lines are reduced in linear galactans and branched arabinans, respectively. The transformed tuber tissues were found to be more brittle when subjected to uniaxial compression and the side-chain truncation was found to be correlated with the physical properties of the tissue. Interpretation of the force-deflection curves was aided by a mathematical model that describes the contribution of the cellulose microfibrils, and the results lead to the proposition that the pectic matrix plays a role in transmitting stresses to the load-bearing cellulose microfibrils and that even small changes to the rheological properties of the matrix have consequences for the biophysical properties of the wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Biotechnology Group, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Morra M, Cassinelli C, Cascardo G, Nagel MD, Della Volpe C, Siboni S, Maniglio D, Brugnara M, Ceccone G, Schols HA, Ulvskov P. Effects on Interfacial Properties and Cell Adhesion of Surface Modification by Pectic Hairy Regions. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:2094-104. [PMID: 15530022 DOI: 10.1021/bm049834q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene Petri dishes, aminated by a plasma deposition process, were surface modified by the covalent linking of two different enzymatically modified hairy regions (HRs) from pectin containing, for example, rhamnogalacturonan-I and xylogalacturonan structural elements. The two polysaccharide preparations share the same structural elements of apple pectin, but the relative amounts and lengths of the neutral side chains present differ. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and atomic force microscope (AFM) force-separation curves was used to characterize the effects on surface chemistry and interfacial forces of the surface modification process. Cell adhesion experiments using continuous L-929 fibroblasts and primary aortic smooth muscle cells were performed to evaluate the effect of the polysaccharide nature on cell adhesion. Results show that immobilization of the HR affects the interfacial field of forces and the cell behavior: "equilibrium" contact angles, obtained by a recently introduced vibrational approach, decrease after HR immobilization reaching a value close to 20 degrees . AFM force-separation curves show a more extended (or softer) interface in the case of the HR bearing longer side chains. Accordingly, depending on the HR preparation, cells shifted from spread morphology and adhesion behavior quantitatively comparable to that observed on conventional tissue culture polystyrene to rounded morphology and significantly lower adhesion. These data show that engineering of plant pectins can be a valuable tool to prepare novel and finely tuned polysaccharides having different chemico-physical and biological properties, to be used in the surface modification of medical devices and materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Morra
- Nobil Bio Ricerche, Str. S. Rocco 36, 14018 Villafranca d'Asti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Egelund J, Skjøt M, Geshi N, Ulvskov P, Petersen BL. A complementary bioinformatics approach to identify potential plant cell wall glycosyltransferase-encoding genes. Plant Physiol 2004; 136:2609-20. [PMID: 15333752 PMCID: PMC523326 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.042978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall (CW) synthesizing enzymes can be divided into the glycan (i.e. cellulose and callose) synthases, which are multimembrane spanning proteins located at the plasma membrane, and the glycosyltransferases (GTs), which are Golgi localized single membrane spanning proteins, believed to participate in the synthesis of hemicellulose, pectin, mannans, and various glycoproteins. At the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database where e.g. glucoside hydrolases and GTs are classified into gene families primarily based on amino acid sequence similarities, 415 Arabidopsis GTs have been classified. Although much is known with regard to composition and fine structures of the plant CW, only a handful of CW biosynthetic GT genes-all classified in the CAZy system-have been characterized. In an effort to identify CW GTs that have not yet been classified in the CAZy database, a simple bioinformatics approach was adopted. First, the entire Arabidopsis proteome was run through the Transmembrane Hidden Markov Model 2.0 server and proteins containing one or, more rarely, two transmembrane domains within the N-terminal 150 amino acids were collected. Second, these sequences were submitted to the SUPERFAMILY prediction server, and sequences that were predicted to belong to the superfamilies NDP-sugartransferase, UDP-glycosyltransferase/glucogen-phosphorylase, carbohydrate-binding domain, Gal-binding domain, or Rossman fold were collected, yielding a total of 191 sequences. Fifty-two accessions already classified in CAZy were discarded. The resulting 139 sequences were then analyzed using the Three-Dimensional-Position-Specific Scoring Matrix and mGenTHREADER servers, and 27 sequences with similarity to either the GT-A or the GT-B fold were obtained. Proof of concept of the present approach has to some extent been provided by our recent demonstration that two members of this pool of 27 non-CAZy-classified putative GTs are xylosyltransferases involved in synthesis of pectin rhamnogalacturonan II (J. Egelund, B.L. Petersen, A. Faik, M.S. Motawia, C.E. Olsen, T. Ishii, H. Clausen, P. Ulvskov, and N. Geshi, unpublished data).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Egelund
- Biotechnology Group, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|