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Sloan RA. Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Risks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:635. [PMID: 38791849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the emerging evidence for the association between non-exercise fitness testing, estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF), and metabolic risk factors. Given the challenges associated with directly measuring cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in large populations, eCRF presents a practical alternative for predicting metabolic health risks. A literature search identified seven relevant cohort studies from 2020 to 2024 that investigated the association of eCRF with hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity. This review consistently demonstrates an inverse relationship between higher eCRF and a lower incidence of metabolic risks, which is in line with CRF cohort studies. It highlights the importance of low eCRF as a primordial indicator for metabolic risks and underscores the potential for broader application. Future research directions should include exploring eCRF's predictive ability across diverse populations and health outcomes and testing its real-world applicability in healthcare and public health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Division of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate Medical School, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Sloan RA, Kanchibhotla D. The Association of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga with Happiness: A Case-Control Observational Study from Singapore. Altern Ther Health Med 2023; 29:66-71. [PMID: 34097652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Happiness is a complex subjective experience that is essential to societal progress. This study investigated the association between Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) and subjective happiness in Singapore. Subjective happiness data were collected from a convenience sample (N = 733) comprised of 2 groups: SKY (n = 385) and non-SKY (n = 348) practitioners. SKY was categorized into non-, monthly, weekly, and daily practitioners and happiness was categorized into lower, middle and higher tertile groups. Confounding variables included age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education level, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol consumption and self-reported health. Daily SKY participation was positively associated with a 2-fold higher likelihood of being happier in a multivariate regression analysis. The trend analysis showed that as SKY frequency increases, the odds of being happier increases. These findings help generate the hypothesis that yogic breathing may promote happiness. Further experimental and prospective investigations are warranted.
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Sloan RA, Kim Y, Kenyon J, Visentini-Scarzanella M, Sawada SS, Sui X, Lee IM, Myers JN, Lavie CJ. Association between Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Abnormal Glucose Risk: A Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072740. [PMID: 37048823 PMCID: PMC10095416 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a predictor of chronic disease that is impractical to routinely measure in primary care settings. We used a new estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) algorithm that uses information routinely documented in electronic health care records to predict abnormal blood glucose incidence. METHODS Participants were adults (17.8% female) 20-81 years old at baseline from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study between 1979 and 2006. eCRF was based on sex, age, body mass index, resting heart rate, resting blood pressure, and smoking status. CRF was measured by maximal treadmill testing. Cox proportional hazards regression models were established using eCRF and CRF as independent variables predicting the abnormal blood glucose incidence while adjusting for covariates (age, sex, exam year, waist girth, heavy drinking, smoking, and family history of diabetes mellitus and lipids). RESULTS Of 8602 participants at risk at baseline, 3580 (41.6%) developed abnormal blood glucose during an average of 4.9 years follow-up. The average eCRF of 12.03 ± 1.75 METs was equivalent to the CRF of 12.15 ± 2.40 METs within the 10% equivalence limit. In fully adjusted models, the estimated risks were the same (HRs = 0.96), eCRF (95% CIs = 0.93-0.99), and CRF (95% CI of 0.94-0.98). Each 1-MET increase was associated with a 4% reduced risk. CONCLUSIONS Higher eCRF is associated with a lower risk of abnormal glucose. eCRF can be a vital sign used for research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate Medical School, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Jonathan Kenyon
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Marco Visentini-Scarzanella
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate Medical School, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Xuemei Sui
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan N Myers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
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Sloan RA, Kim Y, Kenyon J, Susumu SS, Sui X, Blair SN. Non-exercise Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness Without Physical Activity Status Predicts Abnormal Blood Glucose In Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000882268.74837.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sloan RA, Scarzanella MV, Gando Y, Sawada SS. Accuracy of Non-Exercise Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Japanese Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182312288. [PMID: 34886012 PMCID: PMC8656653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. In Japan, annual physical exams are mandatory in workplace settings, and most healthcare settings have electronic medical records (EMRs). However, in both settings, CRF is not usually determined, thereby limiting the potential for epidemiological investigations using EMR data. PURPOSE: To estimate CRF (mL/kg/min) using variables commonly recorded in EMRs. METHODS: Participants were 5293 Japanese adults (11.7% women) who completed an annual physical exam at a large gas company in Tokyo, Japan, in 2004. The mean age was 48.3 ± 8.0 years. Estimated CRF (eCRF) was based on age, measured body mass index, resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and smoking. Measured CRF was determined by a submaximal cycle ergometer graded exercise test. RESULTS: Regression models were used for males and females to calculate Pearson’s correlation and regression coefficients. Cross-classification of measured CRF and eCRF was conducted using the lowest quintile, quartile, and tertile as the unfit categories. R’s for eCRF were 0.61 (MD 4.41) for men and 0.64 (MD 4.22) for women. The overall accuracy level was reasonable and consistent across models, yet the unfit lower tertile model provided the best overall model when considering the positive predictive value and sensitivity. CONCLUSION: eCRF may provide a useful method for conducting investigations using data derived from EMRs or datasets devoid of CRF or physical activity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Sloan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco V. Scarzanella
- Department of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Yuko Gando
- Department of Sport Science, Surugadai University, Hannō 357-8555, Japan;
| | - Susumu S. Sawada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa-shi 359-1192, Japan;
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Sloan RA, Visentini-Scarzanella M, Gando Y, Sawada S. Development Of A Non-exercise Equation Without Physical Activity Status To Estimate Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Japanese Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000764528.42456.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sloan RA, Kanchibhotla D. Association Between Sudarshan Kriya Yoga and Healthy Lifestyle Practices Among Working Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from Singapore. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:968-973. [PMID: 34227848 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2021.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: There is a paucity of research on the association between yogic breathing and healthy lifestyle factors in working adults. Also, there is very little information about the frequency of yogic breathing practice and its benefits. The authors investigated the relationship between Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) frequency and the likelihood of leading a healthier lifestyle among practitioners and nonpractitioners. Design: Cross-sectional investigation on non-SKY and SKY practitioners, SKY was categorized into non-, monthly, weekly, and daily practitioners. Confounding variables included age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and education level. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to compare practice frequencies with the odds of having a healthier lifestyle. Settings: Community centers, community events, workplaces, and universities throughout Singapore Subjects: Of the 531 working adults (54.8% female), 50.1% had a healthier lifestyle ≥ 4 healthy lifestyle factors). Outcome Measure: Having a healthier lifestyle was defined as having ≥ 4 healthy lifestyle factors out of seven (smoking, alcohol, diet, exercise, sleep, stress, and weight). Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that those who practiced SKY ≥ 4 days/week had significantly higher odds of having a healthier lifestyle (odds ratio = 3.62; 95% confidence interval = 2.10-6.23). The p for trend analysis demonstrated that as the frequency of practice increased the likelihood of having a healthier lifestyle also increased ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: The practice of yogic breathing may promote a healthier lifestyle in working adults. Further experimental and longitudinal investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Sloan RA, Kim Y, Sawada SS, Lee IM, Sui X, Blair SN. The association of fitness and fatness with intermediate hyperglycemia incidence in women: A cohort study. Prev Med 2021; 148:106552. [PMID: 33857562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, general adiposity, and central adiposity with incident intermediate hyperglycemia (IH) in women. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1534 women aged 20-79 years old who had an annual health check-up with no history of major chronic diseases. At baseline, fitness was assessed by a Balke graded exercise test, and the estimated metabolic equivalents were used to create quartile groups. Women were also grouped based on their body mass index (<25 kg/m2, 25-29.9 kg/m2, and ≥ 30 kg/m2) and waist-to-height ratio (≥0.50 or < 0.50). Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to assess the association of fitness and fatness variables with incident IH defined as fasting glucose of 5.6-6.9 mmol/L. Overall, 18.1% (n = 277) of the women developed IH during an average follow-up of 5.06 years. Fitness, body mass index, and waist-to-height ratio at baseline were the independent predictors of the IH incidence in separate age-adjusted models; yet when all three variables were included in the same model along with confounding variables, only fitness remained significant and demonstrated a clear inverse association with incident IH (P-for-trend <0.001). Health promotion efforts should focus on improving fitness for the prevention of IH in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Kagoshima University Graduate Medical School, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | | | | | - I-Min Lee
- Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuemei Sui
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Sloan RA, Kanchibhotla D. The association of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga frequency with sleep quality: a cross-sectional study from Singapore. Sleep Breath 2020; 25:1665-1669. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mizuma K, Amitani M, Mizuma M, Kawazu S, Sloan RA, Ibusuki R, Takezaki T, Owaki T. Clarifying differences in viewpoints between multiple healthcare professionals during discharge planning assessments when discharging patients from a long-term care hospital to home. Eval Program Plann 2020; 82:101848. [PMID: 32652436 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive discharge planning provided by interprofessional collaboration is critical for discharging patients from hospitals to home. For effective interprofessional discharge planning, the evaluation that clarifies the differences in assessment viewpoints between various healthcare professionals is needed. This study aimed to clarify the assessment viewpoints of multiple healthcare professional groups when discharging patients from a long-term care hospital (LTCH) to home. We reviewed 102 medical records from an LTCH in Japan, extracted descriptions of discharge planning assessments written by 3 doctors, 13 nurses, 3 physical therapists, 13 care workers, and 2 social workers, linked these to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and conducted the statistical analysis. Doctors and nurses significantly focused on "Body Functions". Physical therapists and care workers significantly focused on "Activities and Participation". Social workers significantly focused on "Environmental Factors". We also identified the factors less or missing from assessments in the clinical field of the LTCH. Our findings could be contributed as a base of knowledge to foster a better understanding of different healthcare professionals' assessment viewpoints. The further development of comprehensive discharge planning assessment tools, service programs, and research on discharge planning methods that could contribute to effective interprofessional discharge planning is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Mizuma
- Department of Community-Based Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Marie Amitani
- Department of Community-Based Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Midori Mizuma
- Medical Corporation Hakuyoukai, 2125 Hishikarimaeme, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Suguru Kawazu
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Rie Ibusuki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhiro Owaki
- Department of Community-Based Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Kim Y, Umeda M, Lochbaum M, Sloan RA. Examining the day-to-day bidirectional associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, screen time, and sleep health during school days in adolescents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238721. [PMID: 32881930 PMCID: PMC7470331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a vulnerable period for experiencing poor sleep health. Growing studies have demonstrated lifestyle behaviors including physical activity (PA), screen time (SCT), and sedentary behaviors (SED) as the potential factors associated with sleep health in adolescents; yet, the evidence is inconclusive and the directionality of temporal associations across school days are not well understood. This study examined the day-to-day bidirectional associations of lifestyle behaviors with sleep health parameters in adolescents. METHODS A total of 263 adolescents (58% boys) in 6th - 8th grades wore an accelerometer for 24-hour across the three consecutive school days and completed recording SCT in time-diary and answering sleep quality (SQ) questions for each day. Sleep-wake patterns as well as time spent in moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) and SED were objectively quantified from the wrist-worn accelerometry data across the two segments of the day (during and after school hours). Mixed model analyses were conducted to test bidirectional associations between lifestyle factors and sleep health parameters in each temporal direction across the days. Additionally, indirect associations across the days were tested using an autoregressive cross-lagged model analysis in the framework of path analysis. RESULTS MVPA minutes in a day did not predict sleep health parameters that night. The bidirectional associations were partially observed between SED and sleep health, but the significance and direction of the associations largely varied by the time segment of a day as well as types of sleep health parameters. Additionally, greater SCT during the day was associated with lower SQ that night (b = -0.010; P = .018), and greater SQ was associated with greater MVPA during school hours (b = 6.45; P = .028) and lower SED after school hours (b = -39.85; P = .029) the next day. Lastly, there were significant indirect associations of SCT with sleep health parameters across the days indicating multi-day lagged effects of SCT on sleep health the later nights. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of lowering SCT for better sleep health in adolescents during school days. Additionally, perceived SQ is shown to be a potential significant predictor promoting healthy behaviors the next day independent of sleep-wake patterns. Further studies are warranted to confirm the observed temporal associations between SCT, SQ, and behavioral outcomes in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Masataka Umeda
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marc Lochbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas United States of America
- Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Robert A. Sloan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate Medical School, Kagoshima, Japan
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Sloan RA, Kim Y, Sawada SS, Sui X, Lee IM, Blair SN. The Independent And Joint Associations Of Fitness And Fatness With Incident Prediabetes In Women: A Cohort Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000678432.26909.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sloan RA, Visentini-Scarzanella M, Sawada SS, Sui X, Myers JN, Blair SN. A Nonexercise Prediction Equation For Cardiorespiratory Fitness Without The Use Of Physical Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000679132.87486.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sloan RA, Kim Y, Sawada SS, Asakawa A, Blair SN, Finkelstein EA. Is Less Sedentary Behavior, More Physical Activity, or Higher Fitness Associated with Sleep Quality? A Cross-Sectional Study in Singapore. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E1337. [PMID: 32092928 PMCID: PMC7068518 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the independent, joint, and fully combined associations of sedentary behavior (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with the odds of poor sleep quality (SQ). METHODS We performed a secondary data analysis on 757 working adults (male = 345) in Singapore, with an average age of 35.2 years. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess SQ. Objectively measured MVPA and SB were each obtained using an accelerometer. A non-exercise prediction equation was used to estimate CRF. Logistic regression models were used to determine associations. RESULTS In total, 13.2% of the sample (n = 100) was identified as having poor SQ. After adjusting for study covariates, independent analyses revealed a clear inverse association for higher CRF and lower odds of poor SQ (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.28-0.91). SB and MVPA demonstrated no independent associations. Joint associations revealed that odds of having poor SQ for those with low CRF was higher regardless of SB level and was further deteriorated by lower MVPA in the fully combined model. The fully combined model also demonstrated that those with lower SB, higher MVPA, and higher CRF had the lowest odds of having poor SQ (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.10-0.78). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity/exercise training programs that aim to improve CRF may be useful in lowering the odds or poor SQ in working adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Sloan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate Medical School, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan;
| | - Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Susumu S. Sawada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan;
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate Medical School, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan;
| | - Steven N. Blair
- Exercise Science Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Eric A. Finkelstein
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
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Momma H, Sawada SS, Sloan RA, Gando Y, Kawakami R, Miyachi M, Fukunaka Y, Okamoto T, Tsukamoto K, Nagatomi R, Blair SN. Frequency of achieving a 'fit' cardiorespiratory fitness level and hypertension: a cohort study. J Hypertens 2019; 37:820-826. [PMID: 30817464 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness is encouraged to reduce the risk of hypertension, the level at, and length of time for which, individuals need to maintain fitness remains unclear. We examined the association between the frequency of achieving the recommended fitness levels of the 'Physical Activity Reference for Health Promotion 2013' and the risk of hypertension among Japanese men. METHODS This cohort study was conducted in 6653 men without hypertension enrolled in 1986. Whether the participants' fitness level was equal to or exceeded the reference value (fit) or not (unfit) was determined. The frequency of achieving the recommended fitness level was calculated by counting the number of times the fitness level was achieved in 1980 through 1986. Incident hypertension was defined as the first visit with a SBP/DBP of at least 140/90 mmHg or self-reported antihypertensive medication use and was evaluated during annual health examinations from 1986 until 2009. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 3630 men developed hypertension. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for incident hypertension comparing men with fit versus unfit at baseline was 0.79 (0.74-0.85). Moreover, the frequency of achieving the recommended fitness level was inversely associated with the incidence of hypertension. The risk of hypertension was lower among those who achieved three or more of the recommended levels (0.72 for three times to 0.62 for seven times). CONCLUSION Achieving the fitness level recommended in the Japanese guideline three or more times during a 6-year period can be beneficial for the risk reduction of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Momma
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate Medical and Dental School, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima
| | - Yuko Gando
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo
| | - Ryoko Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo
| | | | | | | | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi
| | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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Momma H, Sawada SS, Sloan RA, Gando Y, Kawakami R, Terada S, Miyachi M, Kinugawa C, Okamoto T, Tsukamoto K, Huang C, Nagatomi R, Blair SN. Importance of Achieving a "Fit" Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level for Several Years on the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Japanese Cohort Study. J Epidemiol 2018; 28:230-236. [PMID: 29176273 PMCID: PMC5911673 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20160199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The “Physical Activity Reference for Health Promotion 2013” provides “fit” reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) for good health. The importance of achieving a fit CRF level for several years on the subsequent prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains to be clarified. Methods This cohort study was conducted in 2,235 nondiabetic males aged 21 to 59 years, enrolled in April 1986 through March 1987. We calculated the ratio of the area under the curve (AUCratio) for actual measured values and the AUC for the reference values of CRF in each individual during an 8-year measurement period before the baseline. According to whether they met a fit CRF level or not, participants were categorized into groups based on the AUCratio (FitAUC or UnfitAUC) and initial CRF (Fitinitial or Unfitinitial), respectively. T2DM was evaluated on health checkups until March 2010. Results During the follow-up period, 400 men developed T2DM. After adjustment for confounders, as compared with those in the FitAUC group, the hazard ratio (HR) for those in the UnfitAUC group was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.65). A combined analysis with the categories of initial value and AUCratio showed that, compared with the Fitinitial and FitAUC group, the HRs of Fitinitial and UnfitAUC, Unfitinitial and FitAUC, and Unfitinitial and UnfitAUC groups were 1.41 (95% CI, 0.99–2.00), 1.18 (95% CI, 0.81–1.70), and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.08–1.83), respectively. Conclusion Achievement of a fit CRF level established in the Japan physical activity guideline for several years was associated with lower subsequent risk of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Momma
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate Medical and Dental School, Kagoshima University
| | - Yuko Gando
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | | | - Shin Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | | | | | | | - Cong Huang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina.,Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina
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Sloan RA, Kim Y, Sahasranaman A, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Biddle SJH, Finkelstein EA. The influence of a consumer-wearable activity tracker on sedentary time and prolonged sedentary bouts: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:189. [PMID: 29566746 PMCID: PMC5863802 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A recent meta-analysis surmised pedometers were a useful panacea to independently reduce sedentary time (ST). To further test and expand on this deduction, we analyzed the ability of a consumer-wearable activity tracker to reduce ST and prolonged sedentary bouts (PSB). We originally conducted a 12-month randomized control trial where 800 employees from 13 organizations were assigned to control, activity tracker, or one of two activity tracker plus incentive groups designed to increase step count. The primary outcome was accelerometer measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results We conducted a secondary analysis on accelerometer measured daily ST and PSB bouts. A general linear mixed model was used to examine changes in ST and prolonged sedentary bouts, followed by between-group pairwise comparisons. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of changes in step counts with ST and PSB. The changes in ST and PSB were not statistically significant and not different between the groups (P < 0.05). Increases in step counts were concomitantly associated with decreases in ST and PSB, regardless of intervention (P < 0.05). Caution should be taken when considering consumer-wearable activity trackers as a means to reduce sedentary behavior. Trial registration NCT01855776 Registered: August 8, 2012 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3306-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Hashimoto Y, Matsudaira K, Sawada SS, Gando Y, Kawakami R, Sloan RA, Kinugawa C, Okamoto T, Tsukamoto K, Miyachi M, Naito H. Association between objectively measured physical activity and body mass index with low back pain: a large-scale cross-sectional study of Japanese men. BMC Public Health 2018. [PMID: 29523128 PMCID: PMC5845261 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the combination of physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) with low back pain (LBP) is unclear. The present study offers a cross-sectional assessment of how combinations of PA and BMI are related to LBP in Japanese men. METHODS Participants were 4022 Japanese men (mean age = 47) who underwent regular clinical examinations. PA was measured using a uniaxial accelerometer and divided into tertiles (PAhigh, PAmiddle, PAlow). A self-administered questionnaire was used to report on persistent LBP experience, drinking and smoking habits, and any existing lifestyle diseases. After covariance adjustment, a logistic regression model was used to assess how combinations of PA and BMI are related to persistent LBP. RESULTS 428 of the participants had persistent LBP. A clear negative dose-response relationship was found between PA levels and persistent LBP (P for linearity = 0.012). Regarding BMI, odd ratios were shown to be higher in the overweight/obese category (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) than for the normal weight category (BMI < 25 kg/m2). When the PAhigh was taken as the reference in the normal weight category, odds ratios for PAlow and PAmiddle in the normal weight category were shown to be high. Moreover, in the overweight/obese category, odd ratios for every fitness level were also high as for the normal weight category. CONCLUSION The present study showed that both PA and BMI are related to persistent LBP. Also, the prevalence of persistent LBP became higher when PAlow and high BMI are combined rather than the group of PAhigh and low BMI combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hashimoto
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Graduate School of Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Ko Matsudaira
- Department of Medical Research and Management for Musculoskeletal pain, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Yuko Gando
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa city, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate Medical and Dental School, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima city, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kinugawa
- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8527, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8527, Japan
| | - Koji Tsukamoto
- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8527, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Graduate School of Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
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Kikuga N, Sawada SS, Matsushita M, Gando Y, Watanabe N, Hashimoto Y, Nakata Y, Sloan RA, Blair SN, Fukushima N, Inoue S. Predictive Indicators of Early Fitness Club Membership Termination in Japan. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517453.26867.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Finkelstein EA, Haaland BA, Bilger M, Sahasranaman A, Sloan RA, Nang EEK, Evenson KR. Effectiveness of activity trackers with and without incentives to increase physical activity (TRIPPA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:983-995. [PMID: 27717766 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increasing popularity of activity trackers, little evidence exists that they can improve health outcomes. We aimed to investigate whether use of activity trackers, alone or in combination with cash incentives or charitable donations, lead to increases in physical activity and improvements in health outcomes. METHODS In this randomised controlled trial, employees from 13 organisations in Singapore were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) with a computer generated assignment schedule to control (no tracker or incentives), Fitbit Zip activity tracker, tracker plus charity incentives, or tracker plus cash incentives. Participants had to be English speaking, full-time employees, aged 21-65 years, able to walk at least ten steps continuously, and non-pregnant. Incentives were tied to weekly steps, and the primary outcome, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) bout min per week, was measured via a sealed accelerometer and assessed on an intention-to-treat basis at 6 months (end of intervention) and 12 months (after a 6 month post-intervention follow-up period). Other outcome measures included steps, participants meeting 70 000 steps per week target, and health-related outcomes including weight, blood pressure, and quality-of-life measures. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01855776. FINDINGS Between June 13, 2013, and Aug 15, 2014, 800 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to the control (n=201), Fitbit (n=203), charity (n=199), and cash (n=197) groups. At 6 months, compared with control, the cash group logged an additional 29 MVPA bout min per week (95% CI 10-47; p=0·0024) and the charity group an additional 21 MVPA bout min per week (2-39; p=0·0310); the difference between Fitbit only and control was not significant (16 MVPA bout min per week [-2 to 35; p=0·0854]). Increases in MVPA bout min per week in the cash and charity groups were not significantly greater than that of the Fitbit group. At 12 months, the Fitbit group logged an additional 37 MVPA bout min per week (19-56; p=0·0001) and the charity group an additional 32 MVPA bout min per week (12-51; p=0·0013) compared with control; the difference between cash and control was not significant (15 MVPA bout min per week [-5 to 34; p=0·1363]). A decrease in physical activity of -23 MVPA bout min per week (95% CI -42 to -4; p=0·0184) was seen when comparing the cash group with the Fitbit group. There were no improvements in any health outcomes (weight, blood pressure, etc) at either assessment. INTERPRETATION The cash incentive was most effective at increasing MVPA bout min per week at 6 months, but this effect was not sustained 6 months after the incentives were discontinued. At 12 months, the activity tracker with or without charity incentives were effective at stemming the reduction in MVPA bout min per week seen in the control group, but we identified no evidence of improvements in health outcomes, either with or without incentives, calling into question the value of these devices for health promotion. Although other incentive strategies might generate greater increases in step activity and improvements in health outcomes, incentives would probably need to be in place long term to avoid any potential decrease in physical activity resulting from discontinuation. FUNDING Ministry of Health, Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Finkelstein
- Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Haaland
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; H Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcel Bilger
- Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aarti Sahasranaman
- Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert A Sloan
- The Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ei Ei Khaing Nang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Sloan RA, Haaland BA, Sawada SS, Lee IM, Sui X, Lee DC, Ridouane Y, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Blair SN. A Fit-Fat Index for Predicting Incident Diabetes in Apparently Healthy Men: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157703. [PMID: 27340824 PMCID: PMC4920380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of combined cardiorespiratory fitness and waist-to-height ratio in the form of a fit-fat index on incident diabetes risk. Additionally, the independent predictive performance of cardiorespiratory fitness, waist-to-height ratio, and body mass index also were estimated and compared. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 10,381 men who had a normal electrocardiogram and no history of major chronic disease at baseline from 1979 to 2005. Random survival forest models and traditional Cox proportional hazards models were used to predict diabetes at 5-, 10-, and 15-year incidence horizons. Results Overall, 4.8% of the participants developed diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses for incidence risk demonstrated good discrimination using random survival forest models across fitness and fatness measures; Cox models were poor to fair. The differences between fitness and fatness measures across horizons were clinically negligible. Smoothed random survival forest estimates demonstrated the impact of each fitness and fatness measure on incident diabetes was intuitive and graded. Conclusions Although fitness and fatness measures showed a similar discriminative ability in predicting incident diabetes, unique to the study was the ability of the fit-fat index to demonstrate a better indication of incident risk when compared to fitness or fatness alone. A single index combining cardiorespiratory fitness and waist-to-height ratio may be more useful because it can indicate improvements in either or both of the measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Kagoshima University, Graduate Medical and Dental School, Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin A Haaland
- Georgia Institute of Technology, H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I-Min Lee
- Harvard University, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Sui
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Duck-chul Lee
- Iowa State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yassine Ridouane
- Georgia Institute of Technology, H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Steven N Blair
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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Sloan RA, Sawada SS, Martin CK, Haaland B. Combined association of fitness and central adiposity with health-related quality of life in healthy Men: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015; 13:188. [PMID: 26596541 PMCID: PMC4657297 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-015-0385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited data examining the association of combined fitness and central obesity with health related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults. We examined the association of combined cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in the form of a fit-fat index (FFI) with the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) HRQoL scores in United States Navy servicemen. METHODS As part of a health fitness assessment, a total of 709 healthy males aged 18-49 years completed a submaximal exercise test, WHtR measurement, and HRQoL survey (SF-12v2) between 2004 and 2006. FFI level was classified into thirds with the lowest FFI tertile serving as the referent group. PCS and MCS scores ≥50 were taken to indicate average or better. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The prevalence of average or better HRQoL scores was lowest in the referent FFI tertile, PCS 60.2% and MCS 57.6%. Compared with the lowest FFI group in multivariate analyses, the OR (95% CI) of having average or better PCS was 1.63 (1.09-2.42) and 3.12 (1.95-4.99) for moderate and high FFI groups respectively; MCS was 1.70 (1.13-2.55) and 4.89 (3.03-7.89) for moderate and high FFI groups respectively (all P < 0.001). Consistent and progressive independent associations were observed between age and MCS, and also between CRF and MCS. CONCLUSION Among males in the United States Navy, higher levels of FFI were independently and more consistently associated with having average or better HRQoL (physical and mental) than other known predictors of HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Benjamin Haaland
- H.Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Amitani M, Amitani H, Sloan RA, Suzuki H, Sameshima N, Asakawa A, Nerome Y, Owaki T, Inui A, Hoshino E. The translational aspect of complementary and alternative medicine for cancer with particular emphasis on Kampo. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:150. [PMID: 26300773 PMCID: PMC4527580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) including Japanese Kampo is known to have anticancer potential. An increasing number of cancer survivors are using CAM for disease prevention, immune system enhancement, and symptom control. Although there have been abundant previous clinical reports regarding CAM, scientific investigations aimed at acquiring quantifiable results in clinical trials, as well as basic research regarding CAM, have only recently been undertaken. Recent studies suggest that CAM enhancement of immune function is related to cytokines. This review provides a translational aspect of CAM, particularly Hozai in Kampo from both scientific and clinical points of view for further development of CAM for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Amitani
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan ; Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Suzuki
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nanami Sameshima
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nerome
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Owaki
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Etsuo Hoshino
- Division of Kampo Support, Cancer Institute Hospital Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Singapore's obesity prevalence among adult Singapore residents aged 18-69 increased from 6.9% (2004) to 10.8% (2010). Among school-going children, the prevalence of overweight and severely overweight (body weight > 120% standard weight for height) increased from 1.4% (1976) to 12.7% (2006) for primary 1 students, and 2.2% to 15.9% for primary 6 students. Fundamentally, obesity is a function of excess energy intake (food consumption) and insufficient energy expenditure (physical activity). In 2010, about 40% did not have sufficient physical activity, and about 60% consumed excess energy. For students in the mainstream schools, only a fifth consumed at least two servings of fruits and vegetables every day, and a tenth were physically active for at least 60 min on 5 or more days a week. From a public health perspective, the most powerful levers for influencing population health lie in interventions that make healthy living convenient and an unconscious choice by targeting the social and environmental context. Recognizing this, the Health Promotion Board has in recent years made a strategic shift away from just public education campaigns aimed at individual behaviours, to focus on creating a ground-up social movement to enable and empower individuals to live out a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Foo
- Youth Health Division, Health Promotion Board, Singapore
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Sloan RA, Sawada SS, Girdano D, Liu YT, Biddle SJH, Blair SN. Associations of sedentary behavior and physical activity with psychological distress: a cross-sectional study from Singapore. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:885. [PMID: 24063622 PMCID: PMC3849594 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests the adverse association between sedentary behaviour (SB) with physical and mental health, but few studies have investigated the relationship between volume of physical activity and psychological distress. The present study examined the independent and interactive associations of daily SB and weekly level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with psychological distress in a multi-ethnic Asian population. METHODS De-identified data of 4,337 adults (18-79 years old) on sedentary behaviors, physical activity patterns, psychological distresses, and other relevant variables were obtained from the Singapore Ministry of Health's 2010 National Health Survey. Psychological distress was assessed using General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), whereas total daily SB and total weekly volume (MET/minutes) of MVPA were estimated using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire version 2 (GPAQ v2). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to estimate the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the independent and interactive relationships of SB and MVPA with prevalence of psychological distress. RESULTS The category of high SB was positively associated with increased odds (OR = 1.29, 1.04-1.59) for psychological distress, whereas the category of active was inversely associated with lower odds (OR = 0.73, 0.62-0.86) for psychological distress. Multivariate analyses for psychological distress by combined daily SB and weekly MVPA levels showed inverse associations between middle SB and active categories (OR = 0.58, 0.45 - 0.74) along with low SB and active categories (OR = 0.61, 0.47-0.80). CONCLUSIONS The present population-based cross-sectional study indicated that in the multi-ethnic Asian society of Singapore, a high level of SB was independently associated with psychological distress and meeting the recommended guidelines for physical activity along with ≤ 5 h/day of SB was associated with the lowest odds of psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Health Promotion Board, Physical Activity Centre of Excellence, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Girdano
- Health Sciences Public Health, Walden University, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Yi Tong Liu
- Health Promotion Board, Physical Activity Centre of Excellence, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart JH Biddle
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Steven N Blair
- University of South Carolina, Departments of Exercise Science and Epidemiology /Biostatistics, Columbia, USA
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Sloan RA, Sawada SS, Martin CK, Church T, Blair SN. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and health-related quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7:47. [PMID: 19476640 PMCID: PMC2695434 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited data examining the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health related quality of life (HRQOL) in healthy young adults. We examined the association between CRF and the HRQOL Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores in apparently healthy males in the United States Navy. METHODS A total of 709 males (18-49 yr) performed a submaximal exercise test and HRQOL assessment (SF-12v2) between 2004-2006. CRF level was classified into fourths depending on age distribution with the lowest fitness quartile serving as the referent group. PCS and MCS scores >or= 50 were defined as above the norm. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The age-standardized prevalence of above the norm scores was lowest in the referent CRF quartile, PCS 56.6% and MCS 45.1%. After adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking habit, alcohol habit and using the lowest CRF group as the reference, the OR (95% CI) for PCS scores above the norm across the fitness quartiles (P < 0.003 for trend) were 1.51(0.94-2.41), 2.24(1.29-3.90), and 2.44 (1.30-4.57); For MCS the OR (95% CI) were across the fitness quartiles (P trend < 0.001) 2.03(1.27-3.24), 4.53(2.60-7.90), 3.59(1.95-6.60). CONCLUSION Among males in the United States Navy relative higher levels of CRF are associated with higher levels of HRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sloan
- Health Promotion Center, United States Naval Hospital Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Sloan RA, Sawada SS. Associations between Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level and Health-Related Quality of Life: A Cross-Sectional Study of United States Navy Male Service Members. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000321596.02392.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sawada SS, Sloan RA, Nishiura C, Hori H, Noguchi J, Saitoh H, Tsukamoto K, Blair SN. Muscular and Performance Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: Prospective Study of Japanese Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000321598.48134.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Haltom RW, Kraemer RR, Sloan RA, Hebert EP, Frank K, Tryniecki JL. Circuit weight training and its effects on excess postexercise oxygen consumption. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31:1613-8. [PMID: 10589865 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199911000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a paucity of research concerning energy expenditure during and after circuit weight training (CWT). There is evidence that duration of rest between sets affects metabolic responses to resistive exercise. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of rest-interval duration upon the magnitude of 1 h of excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). METHODS Seven healthy men completed two randomized circuit weight training sessions using 20-s and 60-s rest intervals (20 RI, 60 RI). Sessions included two circuits of eight upper and lower body resistive exercises in which 20 repetitions were performed at 75% of a previously determined 20 repetition maximum. RESULTS The 1 h EPOC of 10.3 +/- 0.57 L for the 20 RI session was significantly higher than 7.40 +/- 0.39 L for the 60 RI session. The net caloric expenditure during 1 h of recovery from the 20 RI session was significantly higher than that of the 60 RI session (51.51 +/- 2.84 vs 37.00 +/- 1.97 kcal); however, total gross energy expenditure (exercise + 1 h recovery) was significantly greater for the 60 RI protocol (277.23 kcal) than the 20 RI protocol (242.21 kcal). CONCLUSION Data demonstrate that shortening the rest interval duration will increase the magnitude of 1 h EPOC from CWT; however, the exercise + recovery caloric costs from CWT are slightly greater for a longer rest interval duration protocol. These data suggest that total caloric cost be taken into account for CWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Haltom
- Southeastern Louisiana University, Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Hammond 70402, USA
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Sloan RA. Wartime Army Medical Laboratory Activities: Public Health Aspects of Wartime Studies Conducted at the Army Institute of Pathology. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1947; 37:819-828. [PMID: 18016558 PMCID: PMC1623816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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