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Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Simeone RM, Payne AB, Wu M, Orzel-Lockwood AO, Halasa NB, Calixte JM, Pannaraj PS, Mongkolrattanothai K, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Kamidani S, Chiotos K, Cameron MA, Maddux AB, Irby K, Schuster JE, Mack EH, Biggs A, Coates BM, Michelson KN, Bline KE, Nofziger RA, Crandall H, Hobbs CV, Gertz SJ, Heidemann SM, Bradford TT, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Staat MA, Bhumbra SS, Hume JR, Kong M, Stockwell MS, Connors TJ, Cullimore ML, Flori HR, Levy ER, Cvijanovich NZ, Zinter MS, Maamari M, Bowens C, Zerr DM, Guzman-Cottrill JA, Gonzalez I, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. Durability of Original Monovalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness Against COVID-19 Omicron-Associated Hospitalization in Children and Adolescents - United States, 2021-2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024; 73:330-338. [PMID: 38635481 PMCID: PMC11037436 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7315a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric COVID-19 vaccination is effective in preventing COVID-19-related hospitalization, but duration of protection of the original monovalent vaccine during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron predominance merits evaluation, particularly given low coverage with updated COVID-19 vaccines. During December 19, 2021-October 29, 2023, the Overcoming COVID-19 Network evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of ≥2 original monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses against COVID-19-related hospitalization and critical illness among U.S. children and adolescents aged 5-18 years, using a case-control design. Too few children and adolescents received bivalent or updated monovalent vaccines to separately evaluate their effectiveness. Most case-patients (persons with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result) were unvaccinated, despite the high frequency of reported underlying conditions associated with severe COVID-19. VE of the original monovalent vaccine against COVID-19-related hospitalizations was 52% (95% CI = 33%-66%) when the most recent dose was administered <120 days before hospitalization and 19% (95% CI = 2%-32%) if the interval was 120-364 days. VE of the original monovalent vaccine against COVID-19-related hospitalization was 31% (95% CI = 18%-43%) if the last dose was received any time within the previous year. VE against critical COVID-19-related illness, defined as receipt of noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, vasoactive infusions, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and illness resulting in death, was 57% (95% CI = 21%-76%) when the most recent dose was received <120 days before hospitalization, 25% (95% CI = -9% to 49%) if it was received 120-364 days before hospitalization, and 38% (95% CI = 15%-55%) if the last dose was received any time within the previous year. VE was similar after excluding children and adolescents with documented immunocompromising conditions. Because of the low frequency of children who received updated COVID-19 vaccines and waning effectiveness of original monovalent doses, these data support CDC recommendations that all children and adolescents receive updated COVID-19 vaccines to protect against severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University, New York, New York; New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital; New York, New York; Division of Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, California; Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Texas; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Tippett A, Ess G, Hussaini L, Reese O, Salazar L, Kelly M, Taylor M, Ciric C, Keane A, Cheng A, Gibson T, Li W, Hsiao HM, Bristow L, Hellmeister K, Al-Husein Z, Hubler R, Begier E, Liu Q, Gessner B, Swerdlow DL, Kamidani S, Kao C, Yildirim I, Rouphael N, Rostad CA, Anderson EJ. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Pre-pandemic Among Adults Hospitalized With Congestive Heart Failure or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Older Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:1065-1072. [PMID: 37946601 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data are limited on influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the prevention of influenza-related hospitalizations in older adults and those with underlying high-risk comorbidities. METHODS We conducted a prospective, test-negative, case-control study at 2 US hospitals from October 2018-March 2020 among adults aged ≥50 years hospitalized with acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) and adults ≥18 years admitted with congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Adults were eligible if they resided in 1 of 8 counties in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested using BioFire FilmArray (bioMérieux, Inc.) respiratory panel, and standard-of-care molecular results were included when available. Influenza vaccination history was determined from the Georgia vaccine registry and medical records. We used multivariable logistic regression to control for potential confounders and to determine 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Among 3090 eligible adults, 1562 (50.6%) were enrolled. Of the 1515 with influenza vaccination history available, 701 (46.2%) had received vaccination during that season. Influenza was identified in 37 (5.3%) vaccinated versus 78 (9.6%) unvaccinated participants. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, immunosuppression, month, and season, pooled VE for any influenza-related hospitalization in the eligible study population was 63.1% (95% CI, 43.8-75.8%). Adjusted VE against influenza-related hospitalization for ARI in adults ≥50 years was 55.9% (29.9-72.3%) and adjusted VE against influenza-related CHF/COPD exacerbation in adults ≥18 years was 80.3% (36.3-93.9%). CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccination was effective in preventing influenza-related hospitalizations in adults aged ≥50 years and those with CHF/COPD exacerbations during the 2018-2020 seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Tippett
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gabby Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Olivia Reese
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luis Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meg Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Caroline Ciric
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Keane
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Theda Gibson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wensheng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui-Mien Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laurel Bristow
- Department of Medicine, Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kieffer Hellmeister
- Department of Medicine, Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zayna Al-Husein
- Department of Medicine, Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Qing Liu
- Pfizer, Inc,New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carol Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Simeone RM, Fleming-Dutra KE, Halasa N, Wu M, Orzel-Lockwood AO, Kamidani S, Pannaraj PS, Chiotos K, Cameron MA, Maddux AB, Schuster JE, Crandall H, Kong M, Nofziger RA, Staat MA, Bhumbra SS, Irby K, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Hume JR, Gertz SJ, Maamari M, Bowens C, Levy ER, Bradford TT, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Mack EH, Guzman-Cottrill JA, Hobbs CV, Zinter MS, Cvijanovich NZ, Bline KE, Hymes SR, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Vaccine-Eligible US Children Under-5 Years Hospitalized for Acute COVID-19 in a National Network. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:242-249. [PMID: 38145397 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In June 2022, the mRNA COVID-19 vaccination was recommended for young children. We examined clinical characteristics and factors associated with vaccination status among vaccine-eligible young children hospitalized for acute COVID-19. METHODS We enrolled inpatients 8 months to <5 years of age with acute community-acquired COVID-19 across 28 US pediatric hospitals from September 20, 2022 to May 31, 2023. We assessed demographic and clinical factors, including the highest level of respiratory support, and vaccination status defined as unvaccinated, incomplete, or complete primary series [at least 2 (Moderna) or 3 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine doses ≥14 days before hospitalization]. RESULTS Among 597 children, 174 (29.1%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit and 75 (12.6%) had a life-threatening illness, including 51 (8.5%) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Children with underlying respiratory and neurologic/neuromuscular conditions more frequently received higher respiratory support. Only 4.5% of children hospitalized for COVID-19 (n = 27) had completed their primary COVID-19 vaccination series and 7.0% (n = 42) of children initiated but did not complete their primary series. Among 528 unvaccinated children, nearly half (n = 251) were previously healthy, 3 of them required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute COVID-19 and 1 died. CONCLUSIONS Most young children hospitalized for acute COVID-19, including most children admitted to the intensive care unit and with life-threatening illness, had not initiated COVID-19 vaccination despite being eligible. Nearly half of these children had no underlying conditions. Of the small percentage of children who initiated a COVID-19 primary series, most had not completed it before hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Zambrano
- From the Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Regina M Simeone
- From the Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katherine E Fleming-Dutra
- From the Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natasha Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Wu
- From the Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amber O Orzel-Lockwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathleen Chiotos
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa A Cameron
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Hillary Crandall
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio
| | - Mary A Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Samina S Bhumbra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Julie A Boom
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Leila C Sahni
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Janet R Hume
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shira J Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey
| | - Mia Maamari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Texas
| | - Cindy Bowens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Texas
| | - Emily R Levy
- Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tracie C Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Judith A Guzman-Cottrill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Children's of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Matt S Zinter
- Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, California
| | - Katherine E Bline
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Saul R Hymes
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Bernard and Millie Duker Children's Hospital, Albany Med Health System, Albany, New York
| | - Angela P Campbell
- From the Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Quincer EM, Cranmer LM, Kamidani S. Prenatal Maternal Immunization for Infant Protection: A Review of the Vaccines Recommended, Infant Immunity and Future Research Directions. Pathogens 2024; 13:200. [PMID: 38535543 PMCID: PMC10975994 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Prenatal maternal immunization is an effective tool to protect mothers and infants from poor health outcomes due to infectious diseases. We provide an overview of the rationale for the use of prenatal vaccines, discuss the immunologic environment of the maternal-fetal interface including the impact of maternal vaccines prenatally and subsequently on the infant's immune response, and review vaccines currently recommended in pregnancy and landscape for the future of maternal vaccination. This review aims to provide an understanding of the recent history and progress made in the field and highlight the importance of continued research and development into new vaccines for pregnant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Quincer
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lisa M. Cranmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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5
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Okuyama M, Kamiya H, Kamidani S, Saitoh A. Adverse Event Following Immunization Monitoring System in Japan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:e52-e56. [PMID: 38758206 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Although immunization is essential for maintaining public health, adverse events following immunization (AEFI) occur at a certain rate. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct postimmunization safety monitoring and relief systems to ensure the safe implementation of immunizations for the public. This article summarizes the monitoring system of AEFI and the unique compensation system (so-called relief system) in Japan. In addition, current problems and issues on the AEFI monitoring and relief system will be specified, and immunization-related systems planned to be built in the future in Japan will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Okuyama
- From the Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kamiya
- From the Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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6
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Sato S, Katsuta T, Kawazoe Y, Takahashi M, Murata F, Maeda M, Fukuda H, Kamidani S. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and Guillain-Barré syndrome after 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in Japan: The vaccine effectiveness, networking, and universal safety (VENUS) study. Vaccine 2024; 42:4-7. [PMID: 38044244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address the lack of an active vaccine safety surveillance system in Japan, the Vaccine Effectiveness, Networking, and Universal Safety (VENUS) study was initiated in 2021 as a pilot system using existing health insurance claims data and vaccination records. METHODS This study evaluated the value of the VENUS study by assessing the incidence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) using a self-controlled case series (SCCS) design. RESULTS Incidence rate ratios for ITP during 28-day and 42-day risk periods were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-6.4), and 0.58 (95% CI, 0.081-4.2), respectively. Neither was statistically significant. Incidence rate ratios could not be estimated for GBS due to the limited sample size. CONCLUSION The VENUS study can provide valuable insights to facilitate the establishment of an advanced vaccine monitoring system in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Sato
- Clinical Research Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsuta
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan. katsuta-7-@marianna-u.ac.jp
| | - Yurika Kawazoe
- Clinical Research Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Medical Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Fumiko Murata
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukuda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for Cohort Studies, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rouphael NG, Branche AR, Diemert DJ, Falsey AR, Losada C, Baden LR, Frey SE, Whitaker JA, Little SJ, Kamidani S, Walter EB, Novak RM, Rupp R, Jackson LA, Babu TM, Kottkamp AC, Luetkemeyer AF, Immergluck LC, Presti RM, Bäcker M, Winokur PL, Mahgoub SM, Goepfert PA, Fusco DN, Atmar RL, Posavad CM, Netzl A, Smith DJ, Telu K, Mu J, McQuarrie LJ, Makowski M, Makhene MK, Crandon S, Montefiori DC, Roberts PC, Beigel JH. Immunogenicity of a 2-Dose Regimen of Moderna mRNA Beta/Omicron BA.1 Bivalent Variant Vaccine Boost in a Randomized Clinical Trial. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1662-1666. [PMID: 37561027 PMCID: PMC11032204 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the serologic responses of 1 dose versus 2 doses of a variant vaccine (Moderna mRNA-1273 Beta/Omicron BA.1 bivalent vaccine) in adults. A 2-dose boosting regimen with a variant vaccine did not increase the magnitude or the durability of the serological responses compared to a single variant vaccine boost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela R Branche
- Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, University of Rochester, New York
| | - David J Diemert
- George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, University of Rochester, New York
| | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, Missouri
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan J Little
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Richard M Novak
- Project WISH, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard Rupp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tara M Babu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Angelica C Kottkamp
- Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, Manhattan Research Clinic, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lilly C Immergluck
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Martín Bäcker
- Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, Long Island Research Clinic, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Siham M Mahgoub
- Howard University College of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dahlene N Fusco
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC) Laboratory Operations Unit, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J Smith
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jinjian Mu
- The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | - Mamodikoe K Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sonja Crandon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John H Beigel
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Fundora MP, Kamidani S, Oster ME. COVID Vaccination as a Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:1327-1335. [PMID: 37688764 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a known complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A clear benefit of COVID-19 vaccination is a reduction mortality; however, COVID-19 vaccination may also prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aim to describe CV pathology associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and describe how COVID-19 vaccination is a strategy for CVD prevention. RECENT FINDINGS The risks and benefits of COVID-19 vaccination have been widely studied. Analysis of individuals with and without pre-existing CVD has shown that COVID-19 vaccination can prevent morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduce mortality. COVID-19 vaccination is effective in preventing myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, myopericarditis, and long COVID, all associated with CVD risk factors. Vaccination reduces mortality in patients with pre-existing CVD. Further study investigating ideal vaccination schedules for individuals with CVD should be undertaken to protect this vulnerable group and address new risks from variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Fundora
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 1405 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew E Oster
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 1405 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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9
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Simeone RM, Zambrano LD, Halasa NB, Fleming-Dutra KE, Newhams MM, Wu MJ, Orzel-Lockwood AO, Kamidani S, Pannaraj PS, Irby K, Maddux AB, Hobbs CV, Cameron MA, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Kong M, Nofziger RA, Schuster JE, Crandall H, Hume JR, Staat MA, Mack EH, Bradford TT, Heidemann SM, Levy ER, Gertz SJ, Bhumbra SS, Walker TC, Bline KE, Michelson KN, Zinter MS, Flori HR, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. Effectiveness of Maternal mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy Against COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations in Infants Aged <6 Months During SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Predominance - 20 States, March 9, 2022-May 31, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023; 72:1057-1064. [PMID: 37874864 PMCID: PMC10545433 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7239a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Infants aged <6 months are not eligible for COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccination during pregnancy has been associated with protection against infant COVID-19-related hospitalization. The Overcoming COVID-19 Network conducted a case-control study during March 9, 2022-May 31, 2023, to evaluate the effectiveness of maternal receipt of a COVID-19 vaccine dose (vaccine effectiveness [VE]) during pregnancy against COVID-19-related hospitalization in infants aged <6 months and a subset of infants aged <3 months. VE was calculated as (1 - adjusted odds ratio) x 100% among all infants aged <6 months and <3 months. Case-patients (infants hospitalized for COVID-19 outside of birth hospitalization and who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result) and control patients (infants hospitalized for COVID-19-like illness with a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result) were compared. Odds ratios were determined using multivariable logistic regression, comparing the odds of receipt of a maternal COVID-19 vaccine dose (completion of a 2-dose vaccination series or a third or higher dose) during pregnancy with maternal nonvaccination between case- and control patients. VE of maternal vaccination during pregnancy against COVID-19-related hospitalization was 35% (95% CI = 15%-51%) among infants aged <6 months and 54% (95% CI = 32%-68%) among infants aged <3 months. Intensive care unit admissions occurred in 23% of all case-patients, and invasive mechanical ventilation was more common among infants of unvaccinated (9%) compared with vaccinated mothers (1%) (p = 0.02). Maternal vaccination during pregnancy provides some protection against COVID-19-related hospitalizations among infants, particularly those aged <3 months. Expectant mothers should remain current with COVID-19 vaccination to protect themselves and their infants from hospitalization and severe outcomes associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, University of California San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California; Immunization Project, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan; Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children’s Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Branche AR, Rouphael NG, Diemert DJ, Falsey AR, Losada C, Baden LR, Frey SE, Whitaker JA, Little SJ, Anderson EJ, Walter EB, Novak RM, Rupp R, Jackson LA, Babu TM, Kottkamp AC, Luetkemeyer AF, Immergluck LC, Presti RM, Bäcker M, Winokur PL, Mahgoub SM, Goepfert PA, Fusco DN, Malkin E, Bethony JM, Walsh EE, Graciaa DS, Samaha H, Sherman AC, Walsh SR, Abate G, Oikonomopoulou Z, El Sahly HM, Martin TCS, Kamidani S, Smith MJ, Ladner BG, Porterfield L, Dunstan M, Wald A, Davis T, Atmar RL, Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Posavad CM, Meagher MA, Stephens DS, Neuzil KM, Abebe K, Hill H, Albert J, Telu K, Mu J, Lewis TC, Giebeig LA, Eaton A, Netzl A, Wilks SH, Türeli S, Makhene M, Crandon S, Montefiori DC, Makowski M, Smith DJ, Nayak SU, Roberts PC, Beigel JH. Comparison of bivalent and monovalent SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines: the phase 2 randomized open-label COVAIL trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:2334-2346. [PMID: 37640860 PMCID: PMC10504073 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection wanes over time, requiring updated boosters. In a phase 2, open-label, randomized clinical trial with sequentially enrolled stages at 22 US sites, we assessed safety and immunogenicity of a second boost with monovalent or bivalent variant vaccines from mRNA and protein-based platforms targeting wild-type, Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.1 spike antigens. The primary outcome was pseudovirus neutralization titers at 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50 titers) with 95% confidence intervals against different SARS-CoV-2 strains. The secondary outcome assessed safety by solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs), unsolicited AEs, serious AEs and AEs of special interest. Boosting with prototype/wild-type vaccines produced numerically lower ID50 titers than any variant-containing vaccine against all variants. Conversely, boosting with a variant vaccine excluding prototype was not associated with decreased neutralization against D614G. Omicron BA.1 or Beta monovalent vaccines were nearly equivalent to Omicron BA.1 + prototype or Beta + prototype bivalent vaccines for neutralization of Beta, Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BA.4/5, although they were lower for contemporaneous Omicron subvariants. Safety was similar across arms and stages and comparable to previous reports. Our study shows that updated vaccines targeting Beta or Omicron BA.1 provide broadly crossprotective neutralizing antibody responses against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants without sacrificing immunity to the ancestral strain. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05289037 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | | | - David J Diemert
- George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan J Little
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard M Novak
- Project WISH, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Rupp
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tara M Babu
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angelica C Kottkamp
- NYU VTEU Manhattan Research Clinic, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lilly C Immergluck
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, and Clinical Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Martín Bäcker
- NYU VTEU Long Island Research Clinic, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
| | | | - Siham M Mahgoub
- Howard University College of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Elissa Malkin
- George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Hady Samaha
- Hope Clinic, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Getahun Abate
- Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Hana M El Sahly
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas C S Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Maya Dunstan
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tamia Davis
- NYU VTEU Manhattan Research Clinic, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- NYU VTEU Manhattan Research Clinic, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- IDCRC Laboratory Operations Unit, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan A Meagher
- IDCRC Laboratory Operations Unit, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David S Stephens
- Department of Medicine and Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Heather Hill
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jim Albert
- The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Jinjian Mu
- The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Teri C Lewis
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Giebeig
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mamodikoe Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja Crandon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Seema U Nayak
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John H Beigel
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Cortese MM, Taylor AW, Akinbami LJ, Thames-Allen A, Yousaf AR, Campbell AP, Maloney SA, Harrington TA, Gloria Anyalechi E, Munshi D, Kamidani S, Robinette Curtis C, McCormick DW, Staat MA, Edwards KM, Buddy Creech C, Museru O, Marquez P, Thompson D, Su JR, Schlaudecker EP, Broder KR. Surveillance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in US Children Aged 5-11 Years Who Received Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, November 2021 through March 2022. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:143-148. [PMID: 36821777 PMCID: PMC10563003 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection; in the United States, reporting of MIS-C after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is required for vaccine safety monitoring. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was authorized for children aged 5-11 years on 29 October 2021. Covering a period when approximately 7 million children received vaccine, surveillance for MIS-C ≤ 90 days postvaccination using passive systems identified 58 children with MIS-C and laboratory evidence of past/recent SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 4 without evidence. During a period with extensive SARS-CoV-2 circulation, MIS-C illness in children after COVID-19 vaccination who lacked evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was rare (<1 per million vaccinated children).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Cortese
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Allan W. Taylor
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lara J. Akinbami
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea Thames-Allen
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna R. Yousaf
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela P. Campbell
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan A. Maloney
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Theresa A. Harrington
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - E. Gloria Anyalechi
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Datta Munshi
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Robinette Curtis
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David W. McCormick
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary A. Staat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C. Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt University Vaccine Research, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Oidda Museru
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paige Marquez
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deborah Thompson
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Su
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen R. Broder
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Rouphael NG, Branche AR, Diemert DJ, Falsey AR, Losada C, Baden LR, Frey SE, Whitaker JA, Little SJ, Kamidani S, Walter EB, Novak RM, Rupp R, Jackson LA, Babu TM, Kottkamp AC, Luetkemeyer AF, Immergluck LC, Presti RM, Bäcker M, Winokur PL, Mahgoub SM, Goepfert PA, Fusco DN, Atmar RL, Posavad CM, Netzl A, Smith DJ, Telu K, Mu J, Makowski M, Makhene MK, Crandon S, Montefiori DC, Roberts PC, Beigel JH. Immunogenicity of a Two Dose Regimen of Moderna mRNA Beta/Omicron BA.1 Bivalent Variant Vaccine Boost in a Randomized Clinical Trial. medRxiv 2023:2023.06.06.23290973. [PMID: 37333252 PMCID: PMC10275009 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.23290973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In this brief report, we compare the magnitude and durability of the serologic response of one versus two doses (separated by 56 days) of a variant vaccine (Moderna mRNA-1273 Beta/Omicron BA.1 bivalent vaccine) in adults.
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13
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Branche A, Rouphael N, Diemert D, Falsey A, Losada C, Baden LR, Frey S, Whitaker J, Little S, Anderson E, Walter E, Novak R, Rupp R, Jackson L, Babu T, Kottkamp A, Luetkemeyer A, Immergluck L, Presti R, Backer M, Winokur P, Mahgoub S, Goepfert P, Fusco D, Malkin E, Bethony J, Walsh E, Graciaa D, Samaha H, Sherman A, Walsh S, Abate G, Oikonomopoulou Z, El Sahly H, Martin T, Kamidani S, Smith M, Ladner B, Porterfield L, Dunstan M, Wald A, Davis T, Atmar R, Mulligan M, Lyke K, Posavad C, Meagher M, Stephens D, Neuzil K, Abebe K, Hill H, Albert J, Telu K, Mu J, Lewis T, Giebeig L, Eaton A, Netzl A, Wilks S, Tureli S, Makhene M, Crandon S, Montefiori D, Makowski M, Smith D, Nayak S, Roberts P, Beigel J. Bivalent and Monovalent SARS-CoV-2 Variant Vaccine Boosters Improve coverage of the known Antigenic Landscape: Results of the COVID-19 Variant Immunologic Landscape (COVAIL) Trial. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2653179. [PMID: 37205592 PMCID: PMC10187423 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2653179/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine protection against COVID-19 wanes over time and has been impacted by the emergence of new variants with increasing escape of neutralization. The COVID-19 Variant Immunologic Landscape (COVAIL) randomized clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT05289037) compares the breadth, magnitude and durability of antibody responses induced by a second COVID-19 vaccine boost with mRNA (Moderna mRNA-1273 and Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2), or adjuvanted recombinant protein (Sanofi CoV2 preS DTM-AS03) monovalent or bivalent vaccine candidates targeting ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens (Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.1). We found that boosting with a variant strain is not associated with loss in neutralization against the ancestral strain. However, while variant vaccines compared to the prototype/wildtype vaccines demonstrated higher neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/5 subvariants for up to 3 months after vaccination, neutralizing activity was lower for more recent Omicron subvariants. Our study, incorporating both antigenic distances and serologic landscapes, can provide a framework for objectively guiding decisions for future vaccine updates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Little
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92903
| | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirsten Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Christine Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Teri Lewis
- 29. Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Lisa Giebeig
- 29. Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | | | | | - Sam Wilks
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge
| | | | - Mamodikoe Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Sonja Crandon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH
| | | | | | | | - Seema Nayak
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH
| | - Paul Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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14
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Kamiya H, Kamidani S, Saitoh A. An Introduction to the Japanese Immunization Program: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:e154-e157. [PMID: 36795581 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, immunization is regulated by the Immunization Law, enacted shortly after World War II ended. It has been subsequently revised in response to social changes; however, after public health conditions improved, adverse events following immunization have received more public attention than the effectiveness of vaccination. This kind of public opinion had a major impact on the immunization program, leading to a so-called "vaccine gap" around a decade ago, that is, the less availability of vaccines for routine vaccination as compared with other countries. However, in recent years, several vaccines have been approved and are being routinely administered with the same schedule as in other countries. National immunization programs are influenced by various factors, such as cultures, customs, habits and ideas. This paper summarizes the status of immunization schedule and practices in Japan, process of policymaking, and possible future issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kamiya
- From the Immunization Group, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University, School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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15
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Haq K, Anyalechi EG, Schlaudecker EP, McKay R, Kamidani S, Manos CK, Oster ME. Multiple MIS-C Readmissions and Giant Coronary Aneurysm After COVID-19 Illness and Vaccination: A Case Report. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:e64-e69. [PMID: 36729556 PMCID: PMC9935235 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) rarely involves delayed giant coronary aneurysms, multiple readmissions or occurrence after COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS We describe a child with all 3 of these unusual features. We discuss his clinical presentation, medical management, review of the current literature and CDC guidance recommendations regarding further vaccinations. RESULTS A 5-year-old boy had onset of MIS-C symptoms 55 days after COVID-19 illness and 15 days after receiving his first BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination. He was admitted 3 times for MIS-C, and twice after his steroid dose was tapered. On his initial admission, he was given intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids. During his second admission, new, moderate coronary dilation was noted, and he was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids. At his last admission, worsening coronary dilation was noted, and he was treated with infliximab and steroids. During follow-up, he had improvement in his coronary artery dilatation. However, his inflammatory markers increased after steroid wean, and his steroid taper was further extended, after which time his inflammatory markers improved. This is the only such reported case of a patient who was admitted 3 times for MIS-C complications after COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSION MIS-C rarely involves delayed giant coronary aneurysms, multiple readmissions, or occurrence after COVID-19 vaccination. Whether our patient's COVID-19 vaccine 6 weeks after COVID-19 illness contributed to his MIS-C is unknown. After consultation with the CDC-funded Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Project, the patient's care team decided against further COVID-19 vaccination until at least 3 months post normalization of inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Haq
- From the Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
- Department of Pediatrics, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - E. Gloria Anyalechi
- Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rachel McKay
- From the Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- From the Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
- Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia K. Manos
- From the Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew E. Oster
- From the Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
- Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Daley MF, Reifler LM, Glanz JM, Hambidge SJ, Getahun D, Irving SA, Nordin JD, McClure DL, Klein NP, Jackson ML, Kamidani S, Duffy J, DeStefano F. Association Between Aluminum Exposure From Vaccines Before Age 24 Months and Persistent Asthma at Age 24 to 59 Months. Acad Pediatr 2023; 23:37-46. [PMID: 36180331 PMCID: PMC10109516 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between cumulative aluminum exposure from vaccines before age 24 months and persistent asthma at age 24 to 59 months. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Vaccination histories were used to calculate cumulative vaccine-associated aluminum in milligrams (mg). The persistent asthma definition required one inpatient or 2 outpatient asthma encounters, and ≥2 long-term asthma control medication dispenses. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association between aluminum exposure and asthma incidence, stratified by eczema presence/absence. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per 1 mg increase in aluminum exposure were calculated, adjusted for birth month/year, sex, race/ethnicity, VSD site, prematurity, medical complexity, food allergy, severe bronchiolitis, and health care utilization. RESULTS The cohort comprised 326,991 children, among whom 14,337 (4.4%) had eczema. For children with and without eczema, the mean (standard deviation [SD]) vaccine-associated aluminum exposure was 4.07 mg (SD 0.60) and 3.98 mg (SD 0.72), respectively. Among children with and without eczema, 6.0% and 2.1%, respectively, developed persistent asthma. Among children with eczema, vaccine-associated aluminum was positively associated with persistent asthma (aHR 1.26 per 1 mg increase in aluminum, 95% CI 1.07, 1.49); a positive association was also detected among children without eczema (aHR 1.19, 95% CI 1.14, 1.25). CONCLUSION In a large observational study, a positive association was found between vaccine-related aluminum exposure and persistent asthma. While recognizing the small effect sizes identified and the potential for residual confounding, additional investigation of this hypothesis appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Daley
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado (MF Daley, LM Reifler, and JM Glanz), Aurora, Colo; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine (MF Daley and SJ Hambidge), Aurora, Colo.
| | - Liza M Reifler
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado (MF Daley, LM Reifler, and JM Glanz), Aurora, Colo
| | - Jason M Glanz
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado (MF Daley, LM Reifler, and JM Glanz), Aurora, Colo; Colorado School of Public Health (JM Glanz), Aurora, Colo
| | - Simon J Hambidge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine (MF Daley and SJ Hambidge), Aurora, Colo; Community Health Services, Denver Health (SJ Hambidge), Denver, Colo
| | - Darios Getahun
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California (D Getahun), Pasadena, Calif; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine (D Getahun), Pasadena, Calif
| | - Stephanie A Irving
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest (SA Irving), Portland, Ore
| | | | - David L McClure
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute (DL McClure), Marshfield, Wis
| | - Nicola P Klein
- Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California (NP Klein), Oakland, Calif
| | - Michael L Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (ML Jackson), Seattle, Wash
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S Kamidani), Atlanta, Ga; Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S Kamidani, J Duffy, and F DeStefano), Atlanta, Ga
| | - Jonathan Duffy
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S Kamidani, J Duffy, and F DeStefano), Atlanta, Ga
| | - Frank DeStefano
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S Kamidani, J Duffy, and F DeStefano), Atlanta, Ga
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17
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Kamidani S, Panagiotakopoulos L, Licata C, Daley MF, Yih WK, Zerbo O, Tseng HF, DeSilva MB, Nelson JC, Groom HC, Williams JT, Hambidge SJ, Donahue JG, Belay ED, Weintraub ES. Kawasaki Disease Following the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Rotavirus Vaccines. Pediatrics 2022; 150:e2022058789. [PMID: 36349537 PMCID: PMC9724171 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-058789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporal associations between Kawasaki disease (KD) and childhood vaccines have been reported. Limited data on KD following 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) and rotavirus vaccines are available. METHODS We conducted a self-controlled risk interval study using Vaccine Safety Datalink electronic health record data to investigate the risk of KD following PCV13 and rotavirus vaccines in children <2 years of age who were born from 2006 to 2017. All hospitalized KD cases identified by International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes that fell within predefined risk (days 1-28 postvaccination) and control (days 29-56 for doses 1 and 2, and days 43-70 for doses 3 and 4) intervals were confirmed by manual chart review. RESULTS During the study period, 655 cases of KD were identified by International Classification of Diseases codes. Of these, 97 chart-confirmed cases were within risk or control intervals. In analyses, the age-adjusted relative risk for KD following any dose of PCV13 was 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.47-1.21). Similarly, the age-adjusted relative risk for KD following any dose of rotavirus vaccine was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.40-1.09). Overall, there was no evidence of an elevated risk of KD following PCV13 or rotavirus vaccines by dose. In addition, no statistically significant temporal clustering of KD cases was identified during days 1 to 70 postvaccination. CONCLUSIONS PCV13 and rotavirus vaccination were not associated with an increased risk of KD in children <2 years of age. Our findings provide additional evidence for the overall safety of PCV13 and rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kamidani
- The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Charles Licata
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew F. Daley
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - W. Katherine Yih
- The Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ousseny Zerbo
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, California
| | - Hung Fu Tseng
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Jennifer C. Nelson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Holly C. Groom
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
| | | | | | | | - Ermias D. Belay
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric S. Weintraub
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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18
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Kamidani S, Garg S, Rolfes MA, Campbell AP, Cummings CN, Haston JC, Openo KP, Fawcett E, Chai SJ, Herlihy R, Yousey-Hindes K, Monroe ML, Kim S, Lynfield R, Smelser C, Muse A, Felsen CB, Billing L, Thomas A, Talbot HK, Schaffner W, Risk I, Anderson EJ. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in US Children Over 9 Seasons Following the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1930-1939. [PMID: 35438769 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent population-based data are limited regarding influenza-associated hospitalizations in US children. METHODS We identified children <18 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during 2010-2019 seasons, through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Adjusted hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates were calculated, and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to evaluate risk factors for pneumonia, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and death. RESULTS Over 9 seasons, adjusted influenza-associated hospitalization incidence rates ranged from 10 to 375 per 100 000 persons each season and were highest among infants <6 months old. Rates decreased with increasing age. The highest in-hospital mortality rates were observed in children <6 months old (0.73 per 100 000 persons). Over time, antiviral treatment significantly increased, from 56% to 85% (P < .001), and influenza vaccination rates increased from 33% to 44% (P = .003). Among the 13 235 hospitalized children, 2676 (20%) were admitted to the ICU, 2262 (17%) had pneumonia, 690 (5%) required mechanical ventilation, and 72 (0.5%) died during hospitalization. Compared with those <6 months of age, hospitalized children ≥13 years old had higher odds of pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.7 [95% confidence interval, 2.1-3.4], ICU admission (1.6 [1.3-1.9]), mechanical ventilation (1.6 [1.1-2.2]), and death (3.3 [1.2-9.3]). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalization and death rates were greatest in younger children at the population level. Among hospitalized children, however, older children had a higher risk of severe outcomes. Continued efforts to prevent and attenuate influenza in children are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa A Rolfes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela P Campbell
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Abt Associates, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia C Haston
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle P Openo
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily Fawcett
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Shua J Chai
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA.,Field Services Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness, Center for Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachel Herlihy
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kimberly Yousey-Hindes
- Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maya L Monroe
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sue Kim
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chad Smelser
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alison Muse
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Christina B Felsen
- New York State Emerging Infections Program, Center for Community Health and Prevention, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Ann Thomas
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Ilene Risk
- Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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Sahni LC, Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Pannaraj PS, Maddux AB, Halasa NB, Bline KE, Cameron MA, Schwartz SP, Walker TC, Irby K, Chiotos K, Nofziger RA, Mack EH, Smallcomb L, Bradford TT, Kamidani S, Tarquinio KM, Cvijanovich NZ, Schuster JE, Bhumbra SS, Levy ER, Hobbs CV, Cullimore ML, Coates BM, Heidemann SM, Gertz SJ, Kong M, Flori HR, Staat MA, Zinter MS, Hume JR, Chatani BM, Gaspers MG, Maamari M, Randolph AG, Patel MM, Boom JA. Factors Associated With COVID-19 Non-vaccination in Adolescents Hospitalized Without COVID-19. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 12:29-35. [PMID: 36309873 PMCID: PMC9620352 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine received emergency use authorization for persons ≥ 16 years in December 2020 and for adolescents 12-15 years in May 2021. Despite the clear benefits and favorable safety profile, vaccine uptake in adolescents has been suboptimal. We sought to assess factors associated with COVID-19 non-vaccination in adolescents 12-18 years of age. METHODS Between June 1, 2021 and April 29, 2022, we assessed factors associated with COVID-19 non-vaccination in hospitalized adolescents ages 12-18 years enrolled in the Overcoming COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness network. Demographic characteristics and clinical information were captured through parent interviews and/or electronic medical record abstraction; COVID-19 vaccination was assessed through documented sources. We assessed associations between receipt of the COVID-19 vaccine and demographic and clinical factors using univariate and multivariable logistic regression and estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for each factor associated with non-vaccination. RESULTS Among 1665 hospitalized adolescents without COVID-19, 56% were unvaccinated. Unvaccinated adolescents were younger (median age 15.1 years vs. 15.4 years, p < .01) and resided in areas with higher social vulnerability index (SVI) scores (median 0.6 vs 0.5, p < .001) than vaccinated adolescents. Residence in the Midwest [aOR 2.60 (95% CI: 1.80, 3.79)] or South [aOR 2.49 (95% CI: 1.77, 3.54)] US census regions, rarely or never receiving influenza vaccine [aOR 5.31 (95% CI: 3.81, 7.47)], and rarely or never taking precautions against COVID-19 [aOR 3.17 (95% CI: 1.94, 5.31)] were associated with non-vaccination against COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to increase COVID-19 vaccination of adolescents should focus on persons with geographic, socioeconomic, and medical risk factors associated with non-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila C Sahni
- Corresponding author: Leila C. Sahni, PhD, MPH. Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave Ste 1550, Houston, TX 77030. Telephone: (832) 824-2057;
| | - Ashley M Price
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Samantha M Olson
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katherine E Bline
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Melissa A Cameron
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Tracie C Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Kathleen Chiotos
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Laura Smallcomb
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Samina S Bhumbra
- The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Emily R Levy
- Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Melissa L Cullimore
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Bria M Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of MI, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Shira J Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Heidi R Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children’s Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mary A Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 42559, USA
| | - Matt S Zinter
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Janet R Hume
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Brandon M Chatani
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mary G Gaspers
- University of Arizona, Diamond Children’s Banner Children’s Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Mia Maamari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manish M Patel
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Julie A Boom
- Alternate corresponding author: Julie A. Boom, MD, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave Ste 1550, Houston, TX 77030. Telephone: (832) 822-3433;
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Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Orzel AO, Young CC, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Maddux AB, Bline KE, Kamidani S, Tarquinio KM, Chiotos K, Schuster JE, Cullimore ML, Heidemann SM, Hobbs CV, Nofziger RA, Pannaraj PS, Cameron MA, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Michelson KN, Coates BM, Flori HR, Mack EH, Smallcomb L, Gertz SJ, Bhumbra SS, Bradford TT, Levy ER, Kong M, Irby K, Cvijanovich NZ, Zinter MS, Bowens C, Crandall H, Hume JR, Patel MM, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 is Associated With a Decreased Likelihood of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Aged 5-18 Years-United States, July 2021 - April 2022. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:e90-e100. [PMID: 35924406 PMCID: PMC9384630 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), linked to antecedent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is associated with considerable morbidity. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by vaccination might also decrease MIS-C likelihood. METHODS In a multicenter, case-control, public health investigation of children ages 5-18 years hospitalized from 1 July 2021 to 7 April 2022, we compared the odds of being fully vaccinated (2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine ≥28 days before hospital admission) between MIS-C case-patients and hospital-based controls who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. These associations were examined by age group, timing of vaccination, and periods of Delta and Omicron variant predominance using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS We compared 304 MIS-C case-patients (280 [92%] unvaccinated) with 502 controls (346 [69%] unvaccinated). MIS-C was associated with decreased likelihood of vaccination (adjusted OR [aOR]: .16; 95% CI: .10-.26), including among children ages 5-11 years (aOR: .22; 95% CI: .10-.52), ages 12-18 years (aOR: .10; 95% CI: .05-.19), and during the Delta (aOR: .06; 95% CI: .02-.15) and Omicron (aOR: .22; 95% CI: .11-.42) variant-predominant periods. This association persisted beyond 120 days after the second dose (aOR: .08; 95% CI: .03-.22) in 12-18-year-olds. Among all MIS-C case-patients, 187 (62%) required intensive care unit admission and 280 (92%) vaccine-eligible case-patients were unvaccinated. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with 2 doses of BNT162b2 is associated with reduced likelihood of MIS-C in children ages 5-18 years. Most vaccine-eligible hospitalized patients with MIS-C were unvaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Zambrano
- Corresponding author: Laura D. Zambrano U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS H24-5 Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | | | | | - Natasha B Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Amber O Orzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cameron C Young
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie A Boom
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leila C Sahni
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katherine E Bline
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathleen Chiotos
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa L Cullimore
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melissa A Cameron
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tracie C Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly N Michelson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bria M Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heidi R Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children’s Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Smallcomb
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shira J Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, USA
| | - Samina S Bhumbra
- The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily R Levy
- Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, California, USA
| | - Matt S Zinter
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cindy Bowens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hillary Crandall
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Janet R Hume
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Kamidani S, Rostad CA, Anderson EJ. Addressing the global burden of paediatric critical COVID-19 and mortality. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas 2022; 12:100301. [PMID: 35757023 PMCID: PMC9212755 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Halasa NB, Olson SM, Staat MA, Newhams MM, Price AM, Pannaraj PS, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Chiotos K, Cameron MA, Bline KE, Hobbs CV, Maddux AB, Coates BM, Michelson KN, Heidemann SM, Irby K, Nofziger RA, Mack EH, Smallcomb L, Schwartz SP, Walker TC, Gertz SJ, Schuster JE, Kamidani S, Tarquinio KM, Bhumbra SS, Maamari M, Hume JR, Crandall H, Levy ER, Zinter MS, Bradford TT, Flori HR, Cullimore ML, Kong M, Cvijanovich NZ, Gilboa SM, Polen KN, Campbell AP, Randolph AG, Patel MM. Maternal Vaccination and Risk of Hospitalization for Covid-19 among Infants. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:109-119. [PMID: 35731908 PMCID: PMC9342588 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2204399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants younger than 6 months of age are at high risk for complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and are not eligible for vaccination. Transplacental transfer of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) after maternal Covid-19 vaccination may confer protection against Covid-19 in infants. METHODS We used a case-control test-negative design to assess the effectiveness of maternal vaccination during pregnancy against hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants younger than 6 months of age. Between July 1, 2021, and March 8, 2022, we enrolled infants hospitalized for Covid-19 (case infants) and infants hospitalized without Covid-19 (control infants) at 30 hospitals in 22 states. We estimated vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of full maternal vaccination (two doses of mRNA vaccine) among case infants and control infants during circulation of the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant (July 1, 2021, to December 18, 2021) and the B.1.1.259 (omicron) variant (December 19, 2021, to March 8, 2022). RESULTS A total of 537 case infants (181 of whom had been admitted to a hospital during the delta period and 356 during the omicron period; median age, 2 months) and 512 control infants were enrolled and included in the analyses; 16% of the case infants and 29% of the control infants had been born to mothers who had been fully vaccinated against Covid-19 during pregnancy. Among the case infants, 113 (21%) received intensive care (64 [12%] received mechanical ventilation or vasoactive infusions). Two case infants died from Covid-19; neither infant's mother had been vaccinated during pregnancy. The effectiveness of maternal vaccination against hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants was 52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33 to 65) overall, 80% (95% CI, 60 to 90) during the delta period, and 38% (95% CI, 8 to 58) during the omicron period. Effectiveness was 69% (95% CI, 50 to 80) when maternal vaccination occurred after 20 weeks of pregnancy and 38% (95% CI, 3 to 60) during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Maternal vaccination with two doses of mRNA vaccine was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization for Covid-19, including for critical illness, among infants younger than 6 months of age. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha B Halasa
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Samantha M Olson
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Mary A Staat
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Ashley M Price
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Julie A Boom
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Leila C Sahni
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Kathleen Chiotos
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Melissa A Cameron
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Katherine E Bline
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Aline B Maddux
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Bria M Coates
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Kelly N Michelson
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Katherine Irby
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Laura Smallcomb
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Tracie C Walker
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Shira J Gertz
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Samina S Bhumbra
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Mia Maamari
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Janet R Hume
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Hillary Crandall
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Emily R Levy
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Matt S Zinter
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Heidi R Flori
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Melissa L Cullimore
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Michele Kong
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Suzanne M Gilboa
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Kara N Polen
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Angela P Campbell
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
| | - Manish M Patel
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., S.M.G., K.N.P., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus (K.E.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - all in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C., K.N.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.), and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S., T.C.W.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (J.E.S.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.), and the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (H.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.)
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Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Pannaraj PS, Irby K, Bline KE, Maddux AB, Nofziger RA, Cameron MA, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Mack EH, Smallcomb L, Schuster JE, Hobbs CV, Kamidani S, Tarquinio KM, Bradford TT, Levy ER, Chiotos K, Bhumbra SS, Cvijanovich NZ, Heidemann SM, Cullimore ML, Gertz SJ, Coates BM, Staat MA, Zinter MS, Kong M, Chatani BM, Hume JR, Typpo KV, Maamari M, Flori HR, Tenforde MW, Zambrano LD, Campbell AP, Patel MM, Randolph AG. BNT162b2 Protection against the Omicron Variant in Children and Adolescents. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1899-1909. [PMID: 35353976 PMCID: PMC9006785 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2202826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant, which led to increased U.S. hospitalizations for coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), generated concern about immune evasion and the duration of protection from vaccines in children and adolescents. METHODS Using a case-control, test-negative design, we assessed vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 leading to hospitalization and against critical Covid-19 (i.e., leading to receipt of life support or to death). From July 1, 2021, to February 17, 2022, we enrolled case patients with Covid-19 and controls without Covid-19 at 31 hospitals in 23 states. We estimated vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of antecedent full vaccination (two doses of BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine) at least 14 days before illness among case patients and controls, according to time since vaccination for patients 12 to 18 years of age and in periods coinciding with circulation of B.1.617.2 (delta) (July 1, 2021, to December 18, 2021) and omicron (December 19, 2021, to February 17, 2022) among patients 5 to 11 and 12 to 18 years of age. RESULTS We enrolled 1185 case patients (1043 [88%] of whom were unvaccinated, 291 [25%] of whom received life support, and 14 of whom died) and 1627 controls. During the delta-predominant period, vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization for Covid-19 among adolescents 12 to 18 years of age was 93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89 to 95) 2 to 22 weeks after vaccination and was 92% (95% CI, 80 to 97) at 23 to 44 weeks. Among adolescents 12 to 18 years of age (median interval since vaccination, 162 days) during the omicron-predominant period, vaccine effectiveness was 40% (95% CI, 9 to 60) against hospitalization for Covid-19, 79% (95% CI, 51 to 91) against critical Covid-19, and 20% (95% CI, -25 to 49) against noncritical Covid-19. During the omicron period, vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization among children 5 to 11 years of age was 68% (95% CI, 42 to 82; median interval since vaccination, 34 days). CONCLUSIONS BNT162b2 vaccination reduced the risk of omicron-associated hospitalization by two thirds among children 5 to 11 years of age. Although two doses provided lower protection against omicron-associated hospitalization than against delta-associated hospitalization among adolescents 12 to 18 years of age, vaccination prevented critical illness caused by either variant. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Price
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Samantha M Olson
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Julie A Boom
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Leila C Sahni
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Katherine Irby
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Katherine E Bline
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Aline B Maddux
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Melissa A Cameron
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Tracie C Walker
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Laura Smallcomb
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Emily R Levy
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Kathleen Chiotos
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Samina S Bhumbra
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Melissa L Cullimore
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Shira J Gertz
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Bria M Coates
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Mary A Staat
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Matt S Zinter
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Michele Kong
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Brandon M Chatani
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Janet R Hume
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Katri V Typpo
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Mia Maamari
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Heidi R Flori
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Mark W Tenforde
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Laura D Zambrano
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Angela P Campbell
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Manish M Patel
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.M.P., S.M.O., M.W.T., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - all in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus (K.E.B.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.) - all in Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (E.H.M.) and the Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M. Coates); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M. Chatani); and the Department of Pediatrics and Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (K.V.T.)
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24
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Sharma S, Agha B, Delgado C, Walson K, Woods C, Gonzalez MD, Jerris R, Sysyn G, Beiter J, Kamidani S, Rostad CA. Croup Associated With SARS-CoV-2: Pediatric Laryngotracheitis During the Omicron Surge. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:371-374. [PMID: 35512450 PMCID: PMC9426860 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective analysis, we describe weekly croup and corresponding viral prevalence patterns in a pediatric quaternary care system in metropolitan Atlanta. We characterize a series of 24 patients with croup associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and show that this clinical presentation increased substantially in frequency during the period of high Omicron vs Delta transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Sharma
- Corresponding Author: Sujit Sharma, MD, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite, 1001 Johnson Ferry Road, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA. E-mail:
| | - Beesan Agha
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine Associates (PEMA), LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlos Delgado
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine Associates (PEMA), LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen Walson
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Charles Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark D Gonzalez
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Jerris
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory Sysyn
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Beiter
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine Associates (PEMA), LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Infectious Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Infectious Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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25
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Anderson E, Jackson L, Rouphael N, Widge A, Montefiori D, Doria-Rose N, Suthar M, Cohen K, O'Connell S, Makowski M, Makhene M, Buchanan W, Spearman P, Creech CB, O'Dell S, Schmidt S, Leav B, Bennett H, Pajon R, Posavad C, Hural J, Beigel J, Albert J, Abebe K, Eaton A, Rostad C, Rebolledo P, Kamidani S, Graciaa D, Coler R, McDermott A, Ledgerwood J, Mascola J, DeRosa S, Neuzil K, McElrath MJ, Roberts P. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine - An Interim Analysis. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1222037. [PMID: 35547849 PMCID: PMC9094107 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1222037/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Waning immunity after two SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations and the emergence of variants precipitated the need for a third dose of vaccine. We evaluated early safety and immunogenicity after a third mRNA vaccination in adults who received the mRNA-1273 primary series in the Phase 1 trial approximately 9 to 10 months earlier. The booster vaccine formulations included 100 mcg of mRNA-1273, 50 mcg of mRNA-1273.351 that encodes Beta variant spike protein, and bivalent vaccine of 25 mcg each of mRNA-1273 and mRNA-1273.351. A third dose of mRNA vaccine appeared safe with acceptable reactogenicity. Vaccination induced rapid increases in binding and neutralizing antibody titers to D614G, Beta, and Delta variants that were similar or greater than peak responses after the second dose. Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased to similar levels as after the second dose. A third mRNA vaccination was well tolerated and generated robust humoral and T cell responses. ClinicalTrials.gov numbers NCT04283461 (mRNA-1273 Phase 1) and NCT04785144 (mRNA-1273.351 Phase 1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
| | | | - Alicia Widge
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Vaccine Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH
| | | | - Mamodikoe Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Wendy Buchanan
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Rhea Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | | | | | - John Mascola
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Stephen DeRosa
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington
| | | | | | - Paul Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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26
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Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Pannaraj PS, Irby K, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Maddux AB, Mack EH, Bradford TT, Schuster JE, Nofziger RA, Cameron MA, Chiotos K, Cullimore ML, Gertz SJ, Levy ER, Kong M, Cvijanovich NZ, Staat MA, Kamidani S, Chatani BM, Bhumbra SS, Bline KE, Gaspers MG, Hobbs CV, Heidemann SM, Maamari M, Flori HR, Hume JR, Zinter MS, Michelson KN, Zambrano LD, Campbell AP, Patel MM, Randolph AG. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Critical Covid-19 in Adolescents. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:713-723. [PMID: 35021004 PMCID: PMC8781318 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2117995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of pediatric hospitalizations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) caused by the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States has offered an opportunity to assess the real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine in adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age. METHODS We used a case-control, test-negative design to assess vaccine effectiveness against Covid-19 resulting in hospitalization, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of life-supporting interventions (mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), or death. Between July 1 and October 25, 2021, we screened admission logs for eligible case patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 at 31 hospitals in 23 states. We estimated vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of antecedent full vaccination (two doses of BNT162b2) in case patients as compared with two hospital-based control groups: patients who had Covid-19-like symptoms but negative results on testing for SARS-CoV-2 (test-negative) and patients who did not have Covid-19-like symptoms (syndrome-negative). RESULTS A total of 445 case patients and 777 controls were enrolled. Overall, 17 case patients (4%) and 282 controls (36%) had been fully vaccinated. Of the case patients, 180 (40%) were admitted to the ICU, and 127 (29%) required life support; only 2 patients in the ICU had been fully vaccinated. The overall effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against hospitalization for Covid-19 was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90 to 96); the effectiveness was 95% (95% CI, 91 to 97) among test-negative controls and 94% (95% CI, 89 to 96) among syndrome-negative controls. The effectiveness was 98% against ICU admission and 98% against Covid-19 resulting in the receipt of life support. All 7 deaths occurred in patients who were unvaccinated. CONCLUSIONS Among hospitalized adolescent patients, two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine were highly effective against Covid-19-related hospitalization and ICU admission or the receipt of life support. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Olson
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Ashley M Price
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Julie A Boom
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Leila C Sahni
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Katherine Irby
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Tracie C Walker
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Aline B Maddux
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Melissa A Cameron
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Kathleen Chiotos
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Melissa L Cullimore
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Shira J Gertz
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Emily R Levy
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Michele Kong
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Mary A Staat
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Brandon M Chatani
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Samina S Bhumbra
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Katherine E Bline
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Mary G Gaspers
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Mia Maamari
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Heidi R Flori
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Janet R Hume
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Matt S Zinter
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Kelly N Michelson
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Laura D Zambrano
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Angela P Campbell
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Manish M Patel
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
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Halasa NB, Olson SM, Staat MA, Newhams MM, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Cameron MA, Pannaraj PS, Bline KE, Bhumbra SS, Bradford TT, Chiotos K, Coates BM, Cullimore ML, Cvijanovich NZ, Flori HR, Gertz SJ, Heidemann SM, Hobbs CV, Hume JR, Irby K, Kamidani S, Kong M, Levy ER, Mack EH, Maddux AB, Michelson KN, Nofziger RA, Schuster JE, Schwartz SP, Smallcomb L, Tarquinio KM, Walker TC, Zinter MS, Gilboa SM, Polen KN, Campbell AP, Randolph AG, Patel MM. Effectiveness of Maternal Vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine During Pregnancy Against COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization in Infants Aged <6 Months - 17 States, July 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:264-270. [PMID: 35176002 PMCID: PMC8853480 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for persons who are pregnant, breastfeeding, trying to get pregnant now, or who might become pregnant in the future, to protect them from COVID-19.§ Infants are at risk for life-threatening complications from COVID-19, including acute respiratory failure (1). Evidence from other vaccine-preventable diseases suggests that maternal immunization can provide protection to infants, especially during the high-risk first 6 months of life, through passive transplacental antibody transfer (2). Recent studies of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy suggest the possibility of transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies that might provide protection to infants (3-5); however, no epidemiologic evidence currently exists for the protective benefits of maternal immunization during pregnancy against COVID-19 in infants. The Overcoming COVID-19 network conducted a test-negative, case-control study at 20 pediatric hospitals in 17 states during July 1, 2021-January 17, 2022, to assess effectiveness of maternal completion of a 2-dose primary mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy against COVID-19 hospitalization in infants. Among 379 hospitalized infants aged <6 months (176 with COVID-19 [case-infants] and 203 without COVID-19 [control-infants]), the median age was 2 months, 21% had at least one underlying medical condition, and 22% of case- and control-infants were born premature (<37 weeks gestation). Effectiveness of maternal vaccination during pregnancy against COVID-19 hospitalization in infants aged <6 months was 61% (95% CI = 31%-78%). Completion of a 2-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy might help prevent COVID-19 hospitalization among infants aged <6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response Team; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children’s Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas; The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children’s Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Kamidani S, Tarquinio KM, Maddux AB, Heidemann SM, Bhumbra SS, Bline KE, Nofziger RA, Hobbs CV, Bradford TT, Cvijanovich NZ, Irby K, Mack EH, Cullimore ML, Pannaraj PS, Kong M, Walker TC, Gertz SJ, Michelson KN, Cameron MA, Chiotos K, Maamari M, Schuster JE, Orzel AO, Patel MM, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA Vaccination Against Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, July-December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:52-58. [PMID: 35025852 PMCID: PMC8757620 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe postinfectious hyperinflammatory condition, which generally occurs 2-6 weeks after a typically mild or asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (1-3). In the United States, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccine is currently authorized for use in children and adolescents aged 5-15 years under an Emergency Use Authorization and is fully licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for persons aged ≥16 years (4). Prelicensure randomized trials in persons aged ≥5 years documented high vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity (5),§ and real-world studies in persons aged 12-18 years demonstrated high vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe COVID-19 (6). Recent evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccination is associated with lower MIS-C incidence among adolescents (7); however, VE of the 2-dose Pfizer-BioNTech regimen against MIS-C has not been evaluated. The effectiveness of 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine received ≥28 days before hospital admission in preventing MIS-C was assessed using a test-negative case-control design¶ among hospitalized patients aged 12-18 years at 24 pediatric hospitals in 20 states** during July 1-December 9, 2021, the period when most MIS-C patients could be temporally linked to SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant predominance. Patients with MIS-C (case-patients) and two groups of hospitalized controls matched to case-patients were evaluated: test-negative controls had at least one COVID-19-like symptom and negative SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antigen-based assay results, and syndrome-negative controls were hospitalized patients without COVID-19-like illness. Among 102 MIS-C case-patients and 181 hospitalized controls, estimated effectiveness of 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine against MIS-C was 91% (95% CI = 78%-97%). All 38 MIS-C patients requiring life support were unvaccinated. Receipt of 2 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is associated with a high level of protection against MIS-C in persons aged 12-18 years, highlighting the importance of vaccination among all eligible children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan; The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Anderson EJ, Campbell JD, Creech CB, Frenck R, Kamidani S, Munoz FM, Nachman S, Spearman P. Warp Speed for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines: Why Are Children Stuck in Neutral? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:336-340. [PMID: 32945335 PMCID: PMC7543330 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While adult clinical trials of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have moved quickly into phase 3 clinical trials, clinical trials have not started in children in the United States. The direct COVID-19 impact upon children is greater than that observed for a number of other pathogens for which we now have effective pediatric vaccines. Additionally, the role of children in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission has clearly been underappreciated. Carefully conducted phase 2 clinical trials can adequately address potential COVID-19 vaccine safety concerns. Delaying phase 2 vaccine clinical trials in children will delay our recovery from COVID-19 and unnecessarily prolong its impact upon children’s education, health, and emotional well-being, and equitable access to opportunities for development and social success. Given the potential direct and indirect benefits of pediatric vaccination, implementation of phase 2 clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines should begin now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James D Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert Frenck
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Flor M Munoz
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon Nachman
- Department of Pediatrics, The State University of New York (SUNY) Stony Brook; Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Paul Spearman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,USA
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Anderson EJ, Kamidani S, Orenstein W, Campbell JD. COVID-19 Vaccines Have Moved Out of Neutral, but Still Gearing Up in Children. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:169-170. [PMID: 33949653 PMCID: PMC8135996 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV), Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Walt Orenstein
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - James D Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused substantial morbidity and mortality. Operation Warp Speed aims to accelerate the development of a safe and effective vaccine by early 2021. Multiple vaccine candidates with reassuring safety and efficacy profiles have advanced to phase 3 clinical trials in adults. The purpose of this review is to describe the burden of COVID-19 in children, to update pediatricians about adult COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, to discuss the importance of COVID-19 vaccine trials in children and to instill confidence in the established vaccine development and licensure processes. RECENT FINDINGS Children of all ages are at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease manifestations. Children are also susceptible to downstream effects of COVID-19, including social isolation and interruption in education. Developing a pediatric COVID-19 vaccine could prevent disease, mitigate downstream effects and enable children to re-engage in their world. SUMMARY Children could benefit both directly and indirectly from vaccination. In light of the safety and immunogenicity results from recent adult COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, children should have the opportunity to be included in clinical trials in parallel to ongoing adult phase 3 clinical trials in a manner that is careful, methodical and transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV), Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV), Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kamidani S, Garg S, Campbell AP, Cummings CN, Openo KP, McMullen CL, Chai S, Herlihy R, Yousey-Hindes K, Monroe M, Kim S, Lynfield R, Dufort E, Billing LM, Sutton M, Talbot H, McCaffrey K, Anderson EJ. 1712. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in Children in the post-2009 Pandemic Era. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [PMCID: PMC7778316 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Significant changes in influenza vaccination coverage and antiviral treatment guidance occurred following the 2009 influenza pandemic in children. However, data are limited describing recent epidemiology, clinical characteristics, antiviral use, vaccine coverage, and outcomes of influenza-related hospitalizations in children. Methods Children < 18 years hospitalized with influenza during seasons 2010–2011 through 2018–2019 were included through the US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET). Age-stratified hospitalization rates were calculated using the number of catchment-area residents with laboratory-confirmed influenza within 14 days prior to or ≤3 days after hospital admission during October 1-April 30 of each influenza season. Data on underlying medical history, influenza vaccination, antiviral use, and outcomes were abstracted from medical records using standard case report forms by trained surveillance officers. Results Over 9 seasons, 13,235 children were identified. Stepwise decreases in unadjusted hospitalization rates with age occurred, with the highest rates in infants < 6 months (ranging 56–184 per 100,000 persons) (Fig.1). Among these children, 56% were male, 34% were non-Hispanic White, 55% had a preexisting medical condition, and 8% were immunocompromised (Table 1). Use of antiviral treatment substantially increased from 56% to 85%, and influenza vaccination rates among hospitalized children increased from 34% to 43% over time. Regarding severe outcomes, 2,676 (20%) were admitted to ICU, 2,262 (17%) had pneumonia, 690 (5%) required mechanical ventilation, and 72 (0.5%) died. In univariable analysis, compared to hospitalized infants < 6 months, children >13 years had higher odds of ICU admission (odds ratio (OR), 2.0; 95% CI, 1.7–2.4), mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.3), and pneumonia (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.1–3.3) (Table 2). Figure 1 ![]()
Table 1 ![]()
Table 2 ![]()
Conclusion Although influenza-related hospitalization rates decreased with increasing age, severe outcomes were more common among hospitalized older children. Room for improvement exists in influenza vaccination coverage and antiviral use. While 20% of children were admitted to ICU, death was uncommon. Disclosures Sue Kim, MPH, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) (Grant/Research Support) Melissa Sutton, MD, MPH, CDC funding (Emerging Infections Program) (Grant/Research Support) Evan J. Anderson, MD, Sanofi Pasteur (Scientific Research Study Investigator)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shikha Garg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Kyle P Openo
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program and Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | | | - Shua Chai
- California Department of Public Health, Oakland, CA
| | - Rachel Herlihy
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Maya Monroe
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sue Kim
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Evan J Anderson
- Emory University, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Gaensbauer JT, Lamb M, Calvimontes DM, Asturias EJ, Kamidani S, Contreras-Roldan IL, Dominguez SR, Robinson CC, Zacarias A, Berman S, Melgar MA. Identification of Enteropathogens by Multiplex PCR among Rural and Urban Guatemalan Children with Acute Diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:534-540. [PMID: 31392942 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) platforms have enhanced understanding of intestinal pathogens in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, few such studies have been performed in Latin America, where poverty, poor sanitation, and undernutrition persist. Multiplex PCR (BioFire, Salt Lake City, UT) was used to identify viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens in stool collected on day 1 and 31 from children aged 6 to 35 months with acute, non-bloody diarrhea in two locations (rural and urban) in Guatemala. We analyzed correlation between pathogens and clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic variables; described patterns of pathogen acquisition, persistence, and clearance over the 30-day period; and calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs) for diarrheal causation for individual pathogens. We analyzed 316 subjects (144 urban; 172 rural) enrolled between March 2015 and January 2016. Rural subjects had significantly more malnutrition, animal exposure, and unimproved water/sanitation infrastructure. The majority of subjects had multiple pathogens/sample (4.8 rural and 2.7 urban). Few meaningful correlates were identified between individual pathogens and clinical, demographic, or environmental variables. Escherichia coli pathotypes, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Giardia had high rates of persistence between initial and 30-day follow-up. Statistically significant adjusted PAFs were identified for Campylobacter (14.9%, 95% CI: 3.2-23.1), norovirus (10.2%, 95% CI: 0.4-17.1), sapovirus (7.6%, 95% CI: 2.3-10.9), and adenovirus 40/41 (5.6%, 95% CI: 0.3-8.7). These observations further characterize the diversity and complexity of enteric pathogens in children in LMICs. Patterns of chronic symptomatic and asymptomatic infection among Latin American children are similar to those observed in other LMIC regions. Findings have direct implications for practitioners treating individuals with acute infectious diarrhea and should inform regional public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Gaensbauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Denver Health Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado.,Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Molly Lamb
- Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Edwin J Asturias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Samuel R Dominguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christine C Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alma Zacarias
- Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephen Berman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
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35
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Ogawa E, Shoji K, Kamidani S, Miyairi I. Febrile seizures with leukocytosis as a predictor for occult bacteremia. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:578-582. [PMID: 30980459 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Febrile children 3-36 months old, who had a body temperature >39°C and white blood cell (WBC) count >15 000/mm3 were known to be at risk for occult pneumococcal bacteremia (OPB) in the pre-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era. The positive predictive value of these criteria, however, decreased dramatically after the introduction of PCV, indicating a need for alternative criteria. A high rate of febrile seizures has been noted in children with OPB, suggesting that screening may still be practical in this population. We performed a retrospective analysis to evaluate factors that predict OPB in patients visiting the emergency department (ED) with febrile seizures. METHODS Children 3-36 months old who visited the ED for febrile seizures and had blood cultures taken were included. Patients with underlying diseases were excluded from analysis. We performed statistical analyses comparing patient demographics according to the presence or absence of OPB. RESULTS One thousand and eighty-two patients visited the ED with febrile seizure, and blood cultures were taken in 397, of whom 87% had received more than three doses of PCV. Of the nine patients with OPB, eight (89%) met the risk criteria. In contrast, only 12% (48/388) of those without OPB met the criteria. In this population, those who fulfilled the risk criteria were more likely to have OPB than those who did not (14.3% vs 0.3%; likelihood ratio, 7.17). CONCLUSIONS High WBC count and fever may effectively predict OPB in pediatric patients with febrile seizure in the post-PCV era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Ogawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shoji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Isao Miyairi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Gaensbauer J, Melgar M, Calvimontes M, Asturias EJ, Contreras-Roldan I, Dominguez SR, Robinson CC, Kamidani S, Berman S. Determinants of Rotavirus Acquisition in Rotavirus-Vaccinated Guatemalan Infants. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw172.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Gaensbauer
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado; Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado; Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital Colorado/University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mario Melgar
- Infectious Diseases, Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | | | | | | | - Samuel R. Dominguez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado/University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephen Berman
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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