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Ebke LA, Sinha S, Pauer GJT, Hagstrom SA. Photoreceptor Compartment-Specific TULP1 Interactomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158066. [PMID: 34360830 PMCID: PMC8348715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are highly compartmentalized cells with large amounts of proteins synthesized in the inner segment (IS) and transported to the outer segment (OS) and synaptic terminal. Tulp1 is a photoreceptor-specific protein localized to the IS and synapse. In the absence of Tulp1, several OS-specific proteins are mislocalized and synaptic vesicle recycling is impaired. To better understand the involvement of Tulp1 in protein trafficking, our approach in the current study was to physically isolate Tulp1-containing photoreceptor compartments by serial tangential sectioning of retinas and to identify compartment-specific Tulp1 binding partners by immunoprecipitation followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that Tulp1 has two distinct interactomes. We report the identification of: (1) an IS-specific interaction between Tulp1 and the motor protein Kinesin family member 3a (Kif3a), (2) a synaptic-specific interaction between Tulp1 and the scaffold protein Ribeye, and (3) an interaction between Tulp1 and the cytoskeletal protein microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) in both compartments. Immunolocalization studies in the wild-type retina indicate that Tulp1 and its binding partners co-localize to their respective compartments. Our observations are compatible with Tulp1 functioning in protein trafficking in multiple photoreceptor compartments, likely as an adapter molecule linking vesicles to molecular motors and the cytoskeletal scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Ebke
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.A.E.); (S.S.); (G.J.T.P.)
| | - Satyabrata Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.A.E.); (S.S.); (G.J.T.P.)
| | - Gayle J. T. Pauer
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.A.E.); (S.S.); (G.J.T.P.)
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.A.E.); (S.S.); (G.J.T.P.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Correspondence:
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Bonilha VL, Bell BA, Hu J, Milliner C, Pauer GJ, Hagstrom SA, Radu RA, Hollyfield JG. Geographic Atrophy: Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy, Histology, and Inflammation in the Region of Expanding Lesions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:15. [PMID: 32658960 PMCID: PMC7425718 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the pathology of AMD in eyes with geographic atrophy (GA) using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) blue light autofluorescence (BAF), and near-infrared (IR) AF and to correlate it with the histology and immunohistochemistry analysis at the margins of the GA lesion. Methods Enucleated, fixed eyes from seventeen donors with GA were imaged and analyzed by BAF-SLO, IRAF-SLO, and by fundus macroscopy (FM). Tissue from the margins of the GA lesions was cut and processed for resin embedding and histology or cryosectioning and fluorescence in the green and far-red channels, and immunohistochemistry to assess markers of inflammation. Isolated DNA from donors was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously shown to be risk factors for the development and progression of AMD. Results Around the leading edge of the GA lesions we observed hypertrophic RPE cells with cytoplasm filled with granules fluorescent both in the far-red and green-red channels; abundant microglia and macrophage; deposition of complement factor H (CFH) in Bruch's membrane (BM) and increased membrane attack complex (MAC) on RPE cells. Conclusions Fluorescence imaging of cryosections of RPE cells around the leading edge of the GA lesions suggest that IRAF-SLO visualizes mostly melanin-related compounds. In addition, medium-size GA atrophy displayed the most significant changes in inflammation markers.
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Bonilha VL, Bell BA, DeBenedictis MJ, Hagstrom SA, Fishman GA, Hollyfield JG. Cellular Changes in Retinas From Patients With BEST1 Mutations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573330. [PMID: 33154968 PMCID: PMC7591587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Best disease (BD), also known as vitelliform macular dystrophy, is an inherited disease of the central retina caused by more than 300 pathogenic variants in the BEST1 gene. The phenotype of BD is variable, and there are just a few reports on the histopathology of eyes from donors with BD. Here, we describe the histopathological comparison of donor’s eyes from two patients with BD. Eyes obtained from 85-year-old (donor 1) and 65-year-old (donor 2) donors were fixed within 25 h postmortem. Perifoveal and peripheral retinal regions were processed for histology and immunocytochemistry using retinal-specific and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific antibodies. Three age-matched normal eyes were used as controls. DNA was obtained from donor blood samples. Sequence analysis of the entire BEST1 coding region was performed and identified a c.886A > C (p.Asn296His) variant in donor 1 and a c.602T > C (p.Ile201Thr) variant in donor 2; both mutations were heterozygous. Fundus examination showed that donor 1 displayed a macular lesion with considerable scarring while donor 2 displayed close to normal macular morphology. Our studies of histology and molecular pathology in the perifovea and periphery of these two BD donor eyes revealed panretinal abnormalities in both photoreceptors and RPE cellular levels in the periphery; donor 1 also displayed macular lesion. Our findings confirm the phenotypic variability of BD associated with BEST1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brent A Bell
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Meghan J DeBenedictis
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie A Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gerald A Fishman
- Pangere Center at The Chicago Lighthouse for People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joe G Hollyfield
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Bell BA, Bonilha VL, Hagstrom SA, Anand-Apte B, Hollyfield JG, Samuels IS. Prolonged ocular exposure leads to retinal lesions in mice. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107672. [PMID: 31128100 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinal lesions in the posterior pole of laboratory mice occur due to native, developmental abnormalities or as a consequence of environmental or experimental conditions. In this study, we investigated the rate and extent of retinal lesions as a result of prolonged ocular exposure following general anesthesia. Following experimental preparation induction procedures (EPIP) involving general anesthesia, mydriasis/cycloplegia, and topical anesthesia to the cornea, two ocular recovery conditions (protected and unprotected) were tested within two different animal recovery chambers (open or closed). The anterior and posterior poles were evaluated for the development of retinal lesions using digital color photography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and spectral-domain optical coherence during anesthesia recovery and up to 2.5 months thereafter. In some mice, electroretinograms, histological and immunohistological evaluations were performed to assess functional and structural changes that accompanied the retinal lesions detected by in vivo imaging. Our data suggests that prolonged ocular surface exposure to circulating ambient room air leads to significant anterior and posterior segment ocular complications. The most abundant, semi-reversible complication observed was the development of lesions in the outer retina, which had a 90% probability of occurring after 45 min of exposure. The lesions mostly resolved short-term, but functional and imaging evidence suggest that some perturbations to the outer retina may persist one or more months following initial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute/Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Vera L Bonilha
- Cole Eye Institute/Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie A Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute/Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Cole Eye Institute/Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Joe G Hollyfield
- Cole Eye Institute/Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ivy S Samuels
- Cole Eye Institute/Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Sivakumaran TA, Igo RP, Kidd JM, Itsara A, Kopplin LJ, Chen W, Hagstrom SA, Peachey NS, Francis PJ, Klein ML, Chew EY, Ramprasad VL, Tay WT, Mitchell P, Seielstad M, Stambolian DE, Edwards AO, Lee KE, Leontiev DV, Jun G, Wang Y, Tian L, Qiu F, Henning AK, LaFramboise T, Sen P, Aarthi M, George R, Raman R, Das MK, Vijaya L, Kumaramanickavel G, Wong TY, Swaroop A, Abecasis GR, Klein R, Klein BEK, Nickerson DA, Eichler EE, Iyengar SK. Correction: A 32 kb Critical Region Excluding Y402H in CFH Mediates Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209943. [PMID: 30571798 PMCID: PMC6301675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ying GS, Maguire MG, Pan W, Grunwald JE, Daniel E, Jaffe GJ, Toth CA, Hagstrom SA, Martin DF. Baseline Predictors for Five-Year Visual Acuity Outcomes in the Comparison of AMD Treatment Trials. Ophthalmol Retina 2018; 2:525-530. [PMID: 29938247 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To determine baseline predictors of visual acuity (VA) outcomes at 5 years after initiating treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Secondary analysis of data from a cohort study. Participants Patients enrolled in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT) who completed a 5-year follow-up visit. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens. After two years, patients were released from the clinical trial protocol, and were recalled for examination at 5 years. Trained readers evaluated baseline lesion features, fluid and thickness. Baseline predictors were determined using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Main Outcome Measures VA score and change from baseline, ≥3-line gain, and VA 20/200 or worse at 5 years. Results Among 647 patients with VA measured at 5 years, mean VA score in the study eye was 58.9 letters (≈20/63), mean decrease from baseline was 3.3 letters, 17.6% eyes gained ≥3 lines, and 19.9% had VA of 20/200 or worse. In multivariate analysis, worse baseline VA was associated with worse VA, more VA gain, higher percentage with ≥3-line gain, and higher percentage with 20/200 or worse at 5 years (all p<0.001). Larger baseline CNV lesion area was associated with worse VA, greater VA loss, and higher percentage with 20/200 or worse at 5 years (all p<0.05). Absence of baseline subretinal fluid was associated with worse VA (p=0.03) and more VA loss (p=0.03). Female gender, bevacizumab treatment in the first 2 years, and absence of RPE elevation were associated with higher percentage with ≥3-line gain. Cigarette smoking was associated with a higher percentage with 20/200 or worse. None of the 21 SNPs evaluated were associated with VA outcomes. Conclusions Five years after initiating treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab in CATT participants, worse baseline VA, larger baseline CNV lesion area, and presence of baseline RPE elevation remained independently associated with worse VA at 5 years. In addition, male gender, cigarette smoking, absence of subretinal fluid and treatment with ranibizumab in the first 2 years were independently associated with worse vision outcomes at 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juan E Grunwald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ebenezer Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Maguire MG, Ying GS, Jaffe GJ, Toth CA, Daniel E, Grunwald J, Martin DF, Hagstrom SA. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Lesion Phenotypes in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 134:674-81. [PMID: 27099955 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the CFH, ARMS2, C3, LIPC, CFB, and C2 genes are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, the association of these SNPs with angiographic features of neovascular AMD has been inconsistent in previous studies, and to date, no studies have addressed their association with features on optical coherence tomography. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of genotype of SNPs previously associated with AMD on the phenotype of neovascular lesions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Participants for this cross-sectional study were recruited from the 1185 patients enrolled in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT), a randomized clinical trial. Eligibility criteria for CATT specified that eyes have choroidal neovascularization and visual acuity between 20/25 and 20/320. A subgroup of 835 patients provided blood samples from July 2010 through September 2011 and were genotyped for the SNPs rs1061170 (CFH), rs10490924 (ARMS2),rs2230199 (C3), rs10468017 (LIPC), rs4151667 (CFB), rs547154 (C2) using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Data analysis was initiated in November 2013 and completed in January 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Pretreatment ocular characteristics on fluorescein angiography (lesion type, area of neovascularization and total lesion, retinal angiomatous proliferation) and on time-domain optical coherence tomography (presence of intraretinal, subretinal, and subretinal pigment epithelium fluid; thickness at the foveal center of the retina, subretinal fluid, and subretinal tissue complex), visual acuity, and age. RESULTS A total of 835 (73%) of 1150 CATT patients were genotyped. Mean age decreased with the number of risk alleles for CFH (P < .001), ARMS2 (P < .001), and C3 (P = .005). The following results were found as the number of risk alleles increased from 0 to 1 to 2. For CFH, mean total thickness decreased from 476 to 476 to 434 µm (P = .01; adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status). For ARMS2, the mean area of the total lesion increased from 2.0 to 2.8 to 2.4 mm2 (P = .03), the proportion with retinal angiomatous proliferation lesions increased from 8% to 10% to 12% (P = .05), and the proportion with intraretinal fluid increased from 72% to 71% to 82% (P = .008). For C3, the proportion with intraretinal fluid decreased from 78% to 69% to 64% (P = .001), and the mean retinal thickness decreased from 225 to 207 to 197 µm (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE CFH, ARMS2, and C3 were associated with specific features of neovascularization at the time patients were enrolled in CATT. Previously identified associations of ARMS2 and CFH with type of choroidal neovascularization on fluorescein angiography were not confirmed. New associations with OCT features identified in CATT need confirmation to establish whether a true association exists. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00593450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Glenn J Jaffe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ebenezer Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Juan Grunwald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Grunwald JE, Pistilli M, Daniel E, Ying GS, Pan W, Jaffe GJ, Toth CA, Hagstrom SA, Maguire MG, Martin DF. Incidence and Growth of Geographic Atrophy during 5 Years of Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:97-104. [PMID: 28079023 PMCID: PMC5234734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the incidence, size, and growth rate of geographic atrophy (GA) during 5 years of follow-up among participants in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). DESIGN Cohort within a clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Participants included in CATT. METHODS A total of 1185 CATT participants were randomly assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab treatment and to 3 treatment regimens. Participants were released from protocol treatment at 2 years and examined at approximately 5 years (N = 647). Two masked graders assessed the presence and size of GA in digital color photographs (CPs) and fluorescein angiograms (FAs) taken at baseline and years 1, 2, and 5. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify risk factors for incidence of GA. Annual change in the square root of the total area of GA was the measure of growth. Multivariate linear mixed models including baseline demographic, treatment, and ocular characteristics on CP/FA and optical coherence tomography (OCT) as candidate risk factors were used to estimate adjusted growth rates, standard errors (SEs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Geographic atrophy incidence and growth rate. RESULTS Among the 1011 participants who did not have GA at baseline and had follow-up images gradable for GA, the cumulative incidence was 12% at 1 year, 17% at 2 years, and 38% at 5 years. At baseline, older age, hypercholesterolemia, worse visual acuity, larger choroidal neovascularization (CNV) area, retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) lesion, GA in the fellow eye, and intraretinal fluid were associated with a higher risk of incident GA. Thicker subretinal tissue complex and presence of subretinal fluid were associated with less GA development. The overall GA growth rate was 0.33 mm/year (SE, 0.02 mm/year). Eyes treated with ranibizumab in the first 2 years of the clinical trial had a higher growth rate than eyes treated with bevacizumab (adjusted growth rate, 0.38 vs. 0.28 mm/year; P = 0.009). Geographic atrophy in the fellow eye, hemorrhage, and absence of sub-retinal pigment epithelium fluid at baseline were associated with a higher growth rate. CONCLUSIONS Development of GA is common 5 years after initiating therapy. Several risk factors identified at 2 years of follow-up persist at 5 years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Grunwald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Maxwell Pistilli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ebenezer Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Glenn J Jaffe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Inherited retinal disorders (IRDs) result in severe visual impairments in children and adults. A challenge in the field of retinal degenerations is identifying mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death related to specific genetic mutations. Mutations in the gene TULP1 have been associated with two forms of IRDs, early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). TULP1 is a cytoplasmic, membrane-associated protein shown to be involved in transportation of newly synthesized proteins destined for the outer segment compartment of photoreceptor cells; however, how mutant TULP1 causes cell death is not understood. In this study, we provide evidence that common missense mutations in TULP1 express as misfolded protein products that accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causing prolonged ER stress. In an effort to maintain protein homeostasis, photoreceptor cells then activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) complex. Our results indicate that the two major apoptotic arms of the UPR pathway, PERK and IRE1, are activated. Additionally, we show that retinas expressing mutant TULP1 significantly upregulate the expression of CHOP, a UPR signaling protein promoting apoptosis, and undergo photoreceptor cell death. Our study demonstrates that the ER-UPR, a known mechanism of apoptosis secondary to an overwhelming accumulation of misfolded protein, is involved in photoreceptor degeneration caused by missense mutations in TULP1. These observations suggest that modulating the UPR pathways might be a strategy for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Adrian Au
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Philip D. Kiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lobo GP, Ebke LA, Au A, Hagstrom SA. TULP1 Missense Mutations Induces the Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response Stress Complex (ER-UPR). Adv Exp Med Biol 2016; 854:223-30. [PMID: 26427415 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the TULP1 gene are associated with early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP); however, the molecular mechanisms related to the deleterious effects of TULP1 mutations remains unknown. Several studies have shown that misfolded proteins secondary to genetic mutations can accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) complex followed by cellular apoptosis. We hypothesize that TULP1 mutations produce misfolded protein products that accumulate in the ER and induce cellular apoptosis via the UPR. To test our hypothesis, we first performed three in-silico analyses of TULP1 missense mutations (I459K, R420P and F491L), which predicted misfolded protein products. Subsequently, the three mutant TULP1-GFP constructs and wild-type (wt) TULP1-GFP were transiently transfected into hTERT-RPE-1 cells. Staining of cells using ER tracker followed by confocal microscopy showed wt-TULP1 localized predominantly to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. In contrast, all three mutant TULP1 proteins revealed cytoplasmic punctate staining which co-localized with the ER. Furthermore, western blot analysis of cells expressing mutant TULP1 proteins revealed induction of downstream targets of the ER-UPR complex, including BiP/GPR-78, phosphorylated-PERK (Thr980) and CHOP. Our in-vitro analyses suggest that mutant TULP1 proteins are misfolded and accumulate within the ER leading to induction of the UPR stress response complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmic Research-i31, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Lindsey A Ebke
- Department of Ophthalmic Research-i31, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Adrian Au
- Department of Ophthalmic Research-i31, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research-i31, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 44195, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Bonilha VL, Rayborn ME, Bell BA, Marino MJ, Traboulsi EI, Hagstrom SA, Hollyfield JG. Histopathology of the Retina from a Three Year-Old Suspected to Have Joubert Syndrome. Austin J Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 2:1057. [PMID: 27747301 PMCID: PMC5061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the retinal pathology in a 3 year-old eye donor who died from complications of an undiagnosed genetic syndrome. METHODS Eyes were fixed and analyzed using macroscopic fundus photography (MF), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Small areas from the perifovea and periphery were processed for histology and indirect immunofluorescence, using antibodies specific to retinal proteins such as rhodopsin, cone arrestin, RPE65 and others. Available medical records were also reviewed. RESULTS With all three imaging modalities, the affected donor's eyes lacked the distinct morphological detail typically observed with these techniques in postmortem control eyes. MF images showed a "photonegative effect" due to a hypopigmented macula relative to a hyperpigmented retinal background. cSLO imaging demonstrated a weak autofuorescence signal that was largely devoid of the usual retinal structures compared to the control. SD-OCT suggested disorganization of the affected retina, absence of a photoreceptor layer, and degeneration of the choroid in the macular area. Histologic findings indicated a highly disorganized photoreceptor layer in the macula and periphery. The RPE layer displayed thinning in some regions of the periphery and decreased pigmentation in most areas. Rods and cones were significantly reduced in the affected retina but a few cones were detected in the perifovea. Centrin-2 labeling was mostly absent from the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor cells. Medical record review pointed to a possible clinical diagnosis of Joubert syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The retinal degenerative findings, and absence of centrin-2 labeling are compatible with the expected retinal phenotype in patients with Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Bonilha
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - M E Rayborn
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - B A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - M J Marino
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - E I Traboulsi
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - S A Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - J G Hollyfield
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Hagstrom SA, Ying GS, Maguire MG, Martin DF, Gibson J, Lotery A, Chakravarthy U. VEGFR2 Gene Polymorphisms and Response to Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:1563-8. [PMID: 26028346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A previously published study demonstrated a pharmacogenetic association between the minor alleles of 2 VEGFR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and greater improvement in visual acuity (VA) to treatment with ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug, in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We evaluated whether this association was replicated among patients who participated in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT) or the Alternative Treatments to Inhibit VEGF in Patients with Age-Related Choroidal Neovascularisation (IVAN) trial. DESIGN Cohort studies within randomized clinical trials. PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred thirty-five patients participating in CATT and 512 patients participating in IVAN. METHODS Each patient was genotyped for the SNPs rs4576072 and rs6828477 in the VEGFR2 gene. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Mean change in VA from baseline to 1 year after initiation of treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. Differences in VA response between the patient group homozygous for the minor allele of each SNP and the other genotype groups were evaluated with analysis of variance. Differences in VA response by the number of minor alleles present for either SNP or both combined were evaluated with tests of linear trend. Analyses were conducted separately for CATT and IVAN participants and with both the studies combined. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in mean change in VA was identified between genotypes of either SNP (P ≥ 0.05). Furthermore, a stepwise analysis failed to show a significant interaction for either SNP based on the number of minor alleles present. The lack of association was similar in both the CATT and IVAN cohorts and whether the analysis combined patients treated with either ranibizumab or bevacizumab or when restricted to patients treated with ranibizumab only. CONCLUSIONS The CATT and IVAN data do not support a pharmacogenetic association between the 2 VEGFR2 SNPs, rs4576072 and rs6828477, and change in VA in response to anti-VEGF therapy in patients with neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Gui-shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel F Martin
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Jane Gibson
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Bonilha VL, Rayborn ME, Bell BA, Marino MJ, Pauer GJ, Beight CD, Chiang J, Traboulsi EI, Hollyfield JG, Hagstrom SA. Histopathological comparison of eyes from patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa caused by novel EYS mutations. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:295-305. [PMID: 25491159 PMCID: PMC10846590 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the retinal histopathology in donor eyes from patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) caused by EYS mutations. Eyes from a 72-year-old female (donor 1, family 1), a 91-year-old female (donor 2, family 2), and her 97-year-old sister (donor 3, family 2) were evaluated with macroscopic, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Age-similar normal eyes and an eye donated by donor 1's asymptomatic mother (donor 4, family 1) were used as controls. The perifovea and peripheral retina were processed for microscopy and immunocytochemistry with markers for cone and rod photoreceptor cells. DNA analysis revealed EYS mutations c.2259 + 1G > A and c.2620C > T (p.Q874X) in family 1, and c.4350_4356del (p.I1451Pfs*3) and c.2739-?_3244 + ?del in family 2. Imaging studies revealed the presence of bone spicule pigment in arRP donor retinas. Histology of all three affected donor eyes showed very thin retinas with little evidence of stratified nuclear layers in the periphery. In contrast, the perifovea displayed a prominent inner nuclear layer. Immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated advanced retinal degenerative changes in all eyes, with near-total absence of rod photoreceptors. In addition, we found that the perifoveal cones were more preserved in retinas from the donor with the midsize genomic rearrangement (c.4350_4356del (p.I1451Pfs*3) and c.2739-?_3244 + ?del) than in retinas from the donors with the truncating (c.2259 + 1G > A and c.2620C > T (p.Q874X) mutations. Advanced retinal degenerative changes with near-total absence of rods and preservation of some perifoveal cones are observed in arRP donor retinas with EYS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Bonilha
- Ophthalmic Research - i31, Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA,
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Chakravarthy U, Hagstrom SA. Does genetic variation influence response to treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in neovascular age-related macular degeneration? Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 21:345-6. [PMID: 25387353 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2014.966850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Chakravarthy
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK and
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Hagstrom SA, Ying GS, Pauer GJT, Sturgill-Short GM, Huang J, Maguire MG, Martin DF. VEGFA and VEGFR2 gene polymorphisms and response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials (CATT). JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 132:521-7. [PMID: 24652518 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Individual variation in response and duration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is seen among patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Identification of genetic markers that affect clinical response may result in optimization of anti-VEGF therapy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacogenetic relationship between genotypes of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VEGF signaling pathway and response to treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In total, 835 of 1149 patients (72.7%) participating in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT) at 43 CATT clinical centers. INTERVENTION Each patient was genotyped for 7 SNPs in VEGFA (rs699946, rs699947, rs833069, rs833070, rs1413711, rs2010963, and rs2146323) and 1 SNP in VEGFR2 (rs2071559) using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Genotypic frequencies were compared with clinical measures of response to therapy at 1 year, including the mean visual acuity, mean change in visual acuity, at least a 15-letter increase, retinal thickness, mean change in total foveal thickness, presence of fluid on optical coherence tomography, presence of leakage on fluorescein angiography, mean change in lesion size, and mean number of injections administered. Differences in response by genotype were evaluated with tests of linear trend calculated from logistic regression models for categorical outcomes and linear regression models for continuous outcomes. The method of controlling the false discovery rate was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. RESULTS For each of the measures of visual acuity evaluated, no association was observed with any of the genotypes or with the number of risk alleles. Four VEGFA SNPs demonstrated an association with retinal thickness: rs699947 (P = .03), rs833070 (P = .04), rs1413711 (P = .045), and rs2146323 (P = .006). However, adjusted P values for these associations were all statistically nonsignificant (range, P = .24 to P = .45). Among the participants in 2 as-needed groups, no association was found in the number of injections among the different genotypes or for the total number of risk alleles. The effect of risk alleles on each clinical measure did not differ by treatment group, drug, or dosing regimen (P > .01 for all). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides evidence that no pharmacogenetic associations exist between the studied VEGFA and VEGFR2 SNPs and response to anti-VEGF therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00593450.
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Ratnapriya R, Zhan X, Fariss RN, Branham KE, Zipprer D, Chakarova CF, Sergeev YV, Campos MM, Othman M, Friedman JS, Maminishkis A, Waseem NH, Brooks M, Rajasimha HK, Edwards AO, Lotery A, Klein BE, Truitt BJ, Li B, Schaumberg DA, Morgan DJ, Morrison MA, Souied E, Tsironi EE, Grassmann F, Fishman GA, Silvestri G, Scholl HPN, Kim IK, Ramke J, Tuo J, Merriam JE, Merriam JC, Park KH, Olson LM, Farrer LA, Johnson MP, Peachey NS, Lathrop M, Baron RV, Igo RP, Klein R, Hagstrom SA, Kamatani Y, Martin TM, Jiang Y, Conley Y, Sahel JA, Zack DJ, Chan CC, Pericak-Vance MA, Jacobson SG, Gorin MB, Klein ML, Allikmets R, Iyengar SK, Weber BH, Haines JL, Léveillard T, Deangelis MM, Stambolian D, Weeks DE, Bhattacharya SS, Chew EY, Heckenlively JR, Abecasis GR, Swaroop A. Rare and common variants in extracellular matrix gene Fibrillin 2 (FBN2) are associated with macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5827-37. [PMID: 24899048 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affecting the macula constitute a major cause of incurable vision loss and exhibit considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity, from early-onset monogenic disease to multifactorial late-onset age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As part of our continued efforts to define genetic causes of macular degeneration, we performed whole exome sequencing in four individuals of a two-generation family with autosomal dominant maculopathy and identified a rare variant p.Glu1144Lys in Fibrillin 2 (FBN2), a glycoprotein of the elastin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). Sanger sequencing validated the segregation of this variant in the complete pedigree, including two additional affected and one unaffected individual. Sequencing of 192 maculopathy patients revealed additional rare variants, predicted to disrupt FBN2 function. We then undertook additional studies to explore the relationship of FBN2 to macular disease. We show that FBN2 localizes to Bruch's membrane and its expression appears to be reduced in aging and AMD eyes, prompting us to examine its relationship with AMD. We detect suggestive association of a common FBN2 non-synonymous variant, rs154001 (p.Val965Ile) with AMD in 10 337 cases and 11 174 controls (OR = 1.10; P-value = 3.79 × 10(-5)). Thus, it appears that rare and common variants in a single gene--FBN2--can contribute to Mendelian and complex forms of macular degeneration. Our studies provide genetic evidence for a key role of elastin microfibers and Bruch's membrane in maintaining blood-retina homeostasis and establish the importance of studying orphan diseases for understanding more common clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics and
| | | | - Kari E Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Zipprer
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory
| | - Christina F Chakarova
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Naushin H Waseem
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Albert O Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Oregon and Oregon Retina, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Barbara E Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and, Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Barbara J Truitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Margaux A Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Eric Souied
- Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Hôpital Henri Mondor - Université Paris Est Créteil 94000, France
| | - Evangelia E Tsironi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Gerald A Fishman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Lana M Olson
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Section of Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Neurology, Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Neal S Peachey
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | | | - Robert P Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and, Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | | | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Tammy M Martin
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yingda Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yvette Conley
- Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, 440 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jose-Alan Sahel
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Donald J Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Samuel G Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael L Klein
- Macular Degeneration Center, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science, University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bernhard H Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Margaret M Deangelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 9104, USA
| | - Daniel E Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shomi S Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Clinical Trials Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory,
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Hagstrom SA, Ying GS, Pauer GJT, Huang J, Maguire MG, Martin DF. Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1) gene polymorphisms and response to anti-VEGF therapy in the comparison of AMD treatments trials (CATT). Ophthalmology 2014; 121:1663-4.e1. [PMID: 24813631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jiayan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel F Martin
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Miraldi Utz V, Coussa RG, Marino MJ, Chappelow AV, Pauer GJ, Hagstrom SA, Traboulsi EI. Predictors of visual acuity and genotype-phenotype correlates in a cohort of patients with Stargardt disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:513-8. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Grossman GH, Beight CD, Ebke LA, Pauer GJT, Hagstrom SA. Interaction of tubby-like protein-1 (Tulp1) and microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1A and MAP1B in the mouse retina. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014; 801:511-8. [PMID: 24664738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tubby-like protein-1 (Tulp1) is a photoreceptor-specific protein involved in the transport of specific proteins from the inner segment (IS) to the outer segment (OS) in photoreceptor cells. Mutations in the human TULP1 gene cause an early onset form of retinitis pigmentosa. Our previous work has shown an association between Tulp1 and the microtubule-associated protein, MAP1B. An allele of Mtap1a, which encodes the MAP1A protein, significantly delays photoreceptor degeneration in Tulp1 mutant mice. MAP1 proteins are important in stabilizing microtubules in neuronal cells, but their role in photoreceptors remains obscure. To investigate the relationship between Tulp1 and MAP1 proteins, we performed western blots, immunoprecipitations (IP), immunohistochemistry and proximity ligand assays (PLA) in wild-type and tulp1-/- mouse retinas. Our IP experiments provide evidence that Tulp1 and MAP1B interact while PLA experiments localize their interaction to the outer nuclear layer and IS of photoreceptors. Although MAP1A and MAP1B protein levels are not affected in the tulp1-/- retina, they are no longer localized to the OS of photoreceptors. This may be the cause for disorganized OSs in tulp1-/- mice, and indicate that their transport to the OS is Tulp1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Grossman
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA,
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Utz VM, Chappelow AV, Marino MJ, Beight CD, Sturgill-Short GM, Pauer GJT, Crowe S, Hagstrom SA, Traboulsi EI. Identification of three ABCA4 sequence variations exclusive to African American patients in a cohort of patients with Stargardt disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156:1220-1227.e2. [PMID: 24011517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical and molecular findings in ten unrelated African American patients with Stargardt disease. DESIGN Retrospective, observational case series. METHODS We reviewed the clinical histories, examinations, and genotypes of 85 patients with molecular diagnoses of Stargardt disease. Three ABCA4 sequence variations identified exclusively in African Americans were evaluated in 300 African American controls and by in silico analysis. RESULTS ABCA4 sequence changes were identified in 85 patients from 80 families, of which 11 patients identified themselves as African American. Of these 11 patients, 10 unrelated patients shared 1 of 3 ABCA4 sequence variations: c.3602T>G (p.L1201R); c.3899G>A (p.R1300Q); or c.6320G>A (p.R2107H). The minor allele frequencies in the African American control population for each variation were 7.5%, 6.3%, and 2%, respectively. This is comparable to the allele frequency in African Americans in the Exome Variant Server. In contrast, the allele frequency of all three of these variations was less than or equal to 0.05% in European Americans. Although both c.3602T>G and c.3899G>A have been reported as likely disease-causing variations, one of our control patients was homozygous for each variant, suggesting that these are nonpathogenic. In contrast, the absence of c.6320G>A in the control population in the homozygous state, combined with the results of bioinformatics analysis, support its pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Three ABCA4 sequence variations were identified exclusively in 10 unrelated African American patients: p.L1201R and p.R1300Q likely represent nonpathogenic sequence variants, whereas the p.R2107H substitution appears to be pathogenic. Characterization of population-specific disease alleles may have important implications for the development of genetic screening algorithms.
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Maguire MG, Daniel E, Shah AR, Grunwald JE, Hagstrom SA, Avery RL, Huang J, Martin RW, Roth DB, Castellarin AA, Bakri SJ, Fine SL, Martin DF. Incidence of choroidal neovascularization in the fellow eye in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:2035-41. [PMID: 23706946 PMCID: PMC3758381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of drug; dosing regimen; and traditional, nontraditional, and genetic risk factors on the incidence of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the fellow eye of patients treated for CNV with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. DESIGN Cohort study of patients enrolled in a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Patients with no CNV in the fellow eye at the time of enrollment in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). METHODS Eligibility criteria for the clinical trial required that study eyes have evidence on fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography of CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and visual acuity between 20/25 and 20/320. Treatment for the study eye was assigned randomly to either ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 3 different regimens for dosing over a 2-year period. The genotypes for 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with risk of AMD were determined. Only patients without CNV in the fellow eye at baseline were considered at risk. The CATT ophthalmologists examined patients every 4 weeks through 2 years and recorded treatment for CNV in the fellow eye. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Development of CNV in the fellow eye. RESULTS Among 1185 CATT participants, 727 (61%) had no CNV in the fellow eye at enrollment. At 2 years, CNV had developed in 75 (20.6%) of 365 patients treated with ranibizumab and in 60 (16.6%) of 362 patients treated with bevacizumab (absolute difference, 4.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.7% to 9.6%; P = 0.17). The risk ratio for pro re nata dosing relative to monthly dosing was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8-1.6). Greater elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium and fluid in the foveal center of the study eye were associated with increased incidence of CNV in the fellow eye. Incidence was not associated with genotype on rs1061170 (CFH), rs10490924 (ARMS2), rs11200638 (HTRA1), and rs2230199 (C3; P>0.35). CONCLUSIONS Through 2 years, there was no statistically significant difference between ranibizumab and bevacizumab in incidence of CNV in the fellow eye. Genotype on 4 SNPs previously found to be associated with AMD did not affect the risk of CNV in the fellow eye among CATT patients. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Grunwald JE, Daniel E, Huang J, Ying GS, Maguire MG, Toth CA, Jaffe GJ, Fine SL, Blodi B, Klein ML, Martin AA, Hagstrom SA, Martin DF. Risk of geographic atrophy in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology 2013; 121:150-161. [PMID: 24084496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe risk factors for geographic atrophy (GA) in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). DESIGN Cohort within a randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS We analyzed 1024 CATT patients with no GA visible on color fundus photographs (CFPs) and/or fluorescein angiograms (FAs) at enrollment. METHODS Eyes were assigned to ranibizumab (0.5 mg) or bevacizumab (1.25 mg) treatment and to a 2-year monthly or pro re nata (PRN) injection regimen, or monthly injections for 1 year and PRN for 1 year. Demographic, genetic, and baseline ocular characteristics and lesion features of CFP/FA and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were evaluated as risk factors for GA through 2 years of follow-up. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Development of GA. RESULTS By 2 years, GA developed in 187 of 1024 patients (18.3%). Baseline risk factors for GA development included baseline visual acuity (VA) ≤20/200 (aHR, 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-4.93), retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP; aHR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.16-2.47), GA in the fellow eye (aHR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.40-3.08), and intraretinal fluid at the foveal center (aHR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.34-3.31). Baseline factors associated with lower risk for GA development included blocked fluorescence (aHR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29-0.82), OCT measurements of subretinal fluid thickness of >25 μ (aHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.35-0.78), subretinal tissue complex thickness of >275 compared with ≤75 μ (aHR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19-0.50), and vitreomacular attachment (aHR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.97). Ranibizumab compared with bevacizumab had a higher risk (aHR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.06-1.93), and monthly dosing had a higher risk (aHR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.17-2.16) than PRN dosing. There were no strong associations between development of GA and the presence of risk alleles for CFH, ARMS 2, HTRA1, C3, or TLR3. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one fifth of CATT patients developed GA within 2 years of treatment. Independent baseline risk factors included poor VA, RAP, foveal intraretinal fluid, monthly dosing, and treatment with ranibizumab. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy may have a role in the development of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Grunwald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Ebenezer Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiayan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Glenn J Jaffe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Reading Center, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stuart L Fine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Barbara Blodi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael L Klein
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
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Abstract
Dynamin proteins are involved in vesicle generation, providing mechanical force to excise newly formed vesicles from membranes of cellular compartments. In the brain, dynamin-1, dynamin-2, and dynamin-3 have been well studied; however, their function in the retina remains elusive. A retina-specific splice variant of dynamin-1 interacts with the photoreceptor-specific protein Tubby-like protein 1 (Tulp1), which when mutated causes an early onset form of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we investigated the role of the dynamins in the retina, using immunohistochemistry to localize dynamin-1, dynamin-2, and dynamin-3 and immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry to explore dynamin-1 interacting proteins in mouse retina. Dynamin-2 is primarily confined to the inner segment compartment of photoreceptors, suggesting a role in outer segment protein transport. Dynamin-3 is present in the terminals of photoreceptors and dendrites of second-order neurons but is most pronounced in the inner plexiform layer where second-order neurons relay signals from photoreceptors. Dynamin-1 appears to be the dominant isoform in the retina and is present throughout the retina and in multiple compartments of the photoreceptor cell. This suggests that it may function in multiple cellular pathways. Surprisingly, dynamin-1 expression and localization did not appear to be disrupted in tulp1−/− mice. Immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that dynamin-1 associates primarily with proteins involved in cytoskeletal-based membrane dynamics. This finding is confirmed by western blot analysis. Results further implicate dynamin-1 in vesicular protein transport processes relevant to synaptic and post-Golgi pathways and indicate a possible role in photoreceptor stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Grossman
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
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Bonilha VL, Shadrach KG, Rayborn ME, Li Y, Pauer GJT, Hagstrom SA, Bhattacharya SK, Hollyfield JG. Retinal deimination and PAD2 levels in retinas from donors with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res 2013; 111:71-8. [PMID: 23562679 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deimination is a form of protein posttranslational modification carried out by the peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) enzymes. PAD2 is the principal deiminase expressed in the retina. Elevated levels of PAD2 and protein deimination are present in a number of human neurological diseases, with or without ocular manifestation. To define the association of deimination with the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we studied protein deimination and PAD2 levels in retinas of AMD donor eyes compared to age-matched non-AMD retinas. Eyes from non-AMD and AMD donors were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. Retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from donor eyes were processed for immunohistochemical detection and western blotting using antibodies to PAD2 and citrulline residues. The ganglion cell, inner plexiform, inner nuclear and outer nuclear layers were labeled by both PAD2 and citrulline antibodies. Changes in the localization of deiminated residues and PAD2 were evident as the retinal layers were remodeled coincident with photoreceptor degeneration in AMD retinas. Immunodetection of either PAD2 or citrulline residues could not be evaluated in the RPE layer due to the high autofluorescence levels in this layer. Interestingly, higher deimination immunoreactivity was detected in AMD retinal lysates. However, no significant changes in PAD2 were detected in the AMD and non-AMD retinas and RPE lysates. Our observations show increased levels of protein deimination but not PAD2 in AMD retinas and RPE, suggesting a reduced rate of turnover of deiminated proteins in these AMD retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Cole Eye Institute(i31), Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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25
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Fritsche LG, Chen W, Schu M, Yaspan BL, Yu Y, Thorleifsson G, Zack DJ, Arakawa S, Cipriani V, Ripke S, Igo RP, Buitendijk GHS, Sim X, Weeks DE, Guymer RH, Merriam JE, Francis PJ, Hannum G, Agarwal A, Armbrecht AM, Audo I, Aung T, Barile GR, Benchaboune M, Bird AC, Bishop PN, Branham KE, Brooks M, Brucker AJ, Cade WH, Cain MS, Campochiaro PA, Chan CC, Cheng CY, Chew EY, Chin KA, Chowers I, Clayton DG, Cojocaru R, Conley YP, Cornes BK, Daly MJ, Dhillon B, Edwards AO, Evangelou E, Fagerness J, Ferreyra HA, Friedman JS, Geirsdottir A, George RJ, Gieger C, Gupta N, Hagstrom SA, Harding SP, Haritoglou C, Heckenlively JR, Holz FG, Hughes G, Ioannidis JPA, Ishibashi T, Joseph P, Jun G, Kamatani Y, Katsanis N, N Keilhauer C, Khan JC, Kim IK, Kiyohara Y, Klein BEK, Klein R, Kovach JL, Kozak I, Lee CJ, Lee KE, Lichtner P, Lotery AJ, Meitinger T, Mitchell P, Mohand-Saïd S, Moore AT, Morgan DJ, Morrison MA, Myers CE, Naj AC, Nakamura Y, Okada Y, Orlin A, Ortube MC, Othman MI, Pappas C, Park KH, Pauer GJT, Peachey NS, Poch O, Priya RR, Reynolds R, Richardson AJ, Ripp R, Rudolph G, Ryu E, Sahel JA, Schaumberg DA, Scholl HPN, Schwartz SG, Scott WK, Shahid H, Sigurdsson H, Silvestri G, Sivakumaran TA, Smith RT, Sobrin L, Souied EH, Stambolian DE, Stefansson H, Sturgill-Short GM, Takahashi A, Tosakulwong N, Truitt BJ, Tsironi EE, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Vijaya L, Vingerling JR, Vithana EN, Webster AR, Wichmann HE, Winkler TW, Wong TY, Wright AF, Zelenika D, Zhang M, Zhao L, Zhang K, Klein ML, Hageman GS, Lathrop GM, Stefansson K, Allikmets R, Baird PN, Gorin MB, Wang JJ, Klaver CCW, Seddon JM, Pericak-Vance MA, Iyengar SK, Yates JRW, Swaroop A, Weber BHF, Kubo M, Deangelis MM, Léveillard T, Thorsteinsdottir U, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Heid IM, Abecasis GR. Seven new loci associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 2013; 45:433-9, 439e1-2. [PMID: 23455636 PMCID: PMC3739472 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of blindness in older individuals. To accelerate the understanding of AMD biology and help design new therapies, we executed a collaborative genome-wide association study, including >17,100 advanced AMD cases and >60,000 controls of European and Asian ancestry. We identified 19 loci associated at P < 5 × 10(-8). These loci show enrichment for genes involved in the regulation of complement activity, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Our results include seven loci with associations reaching P < 5 × 10(-8) for the first time, near the genes COL8A1-FILIP1L, IER3-DDR1, SLC16A8, TGFBR1, RAD51B, ADAMTS9 and B3GALTL. A genetic risk score combining SNP genotypes from all loci showed similar ability to distinguish cases and controls in all samples examined. Our findings provide new directions for biological, genetic and therapeutic studies of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Fritsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Hagstrom SA, Ying GS, Pauer GJT, Sturgill-Short GM, Huang J, Callanan DG, Kim IK, Klein ML, Maguire MG, Martin DF. Pharmacogenetics for genes associated with age-related macular degeneration in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT). Ophthalmology 2013; 120:593-599. [PMID: 23337555 PMCID: PMC3633658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the pharmacogenetic relationship between genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and response to treatment with ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) or bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech) for neovascular AMD. DESIGN Clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred thirty-four (73%) of 1149 patients participating in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT) were recruited through 43 CATT clinical centers. METHODS Each patient was genotyped for SNPs rs1061170 (CFH), rs10490924 (ARMS2), rs11200638 (HTRA1), and rs2230199 (C3), using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Genotypic frequencies were compared with clinical measures of response to therapy at one year, including mean visual acuity (VA), mean change in VA, 15-letter or more increase in VA, retinal thickness, mean change in total foveal thickness, presence of fluid on OCT, presence of leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA), mean change in lesion size, and mean number of injections administered. Differences in response by genotype were evaluated with tests of linear trend calculated from logistic regression models for categorical outcomes and linear regression models for continuous outcomes. To adjust for multiple comparisons, P≤0.01 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in response by genotype were identified for any of the clinical measures studied. Specifically, there were no high-risk alleles that predicted final VA or change in VA, the degree of anatomic response (fluid on OCT or FA, retinal thickness, change in total foveal thickness, change in lesion size), or the number of injections. Furthermore, a stepwise analysis failed to show a significant epistatic interaction among the variants analyzed; that is, response did not vary by the number of risk alleles present. The lack of association was similar whether patients were treated with ranibizumab or bevacizumab or whether they received monthly or pro re nata dosing. CONCLUSIONS Although specific alleles for CFH, ARMS2, HTRA1, and C3 may predict the development of AMD, they did not predict response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Jiayan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael L Klein
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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27
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Utz VM, Beight CD, Marino MJ, Hagstrom SA, Traboulsi EI. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa secondary to pre-mRNA splicing-factor gene PRPF31 (RP11): review of disease mechanism and report of a family with a novel 3-base pair insertion. Ophthalmic Genet 2013; 34:183-8. [PMID: 23343310 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2012.762932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several forms of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) are caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins that are ubiquitously expressed and involved in the pre-mRNA spliceosome such as PRPF31. This paper provides an overview of the molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and mechanism for incomplete penetrance and retina-specific disease in pedigrees of families who harbor mutations in PRPF31 (RP11). The molecular and clinical features of a family with a novel 3-base insertion, c.914_915insTGT (p.Val305_Asp306insVal) in exon 9 of PRPF31 are described to illustrate the salient clinical features of mutations in this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Utz
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA , and
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28
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Sivakumaran TA, Igo RP, Kidd JM, Itsara A, Kopplin LJ, Chen W, Hagstrom SA, Peachey NS, Francis PJ, Klein ML, Chew EY, Ramprasad VL, Tay WT, Mitchell P, Seielstad M, Stambolian DE, Edwards AO, Lee KE, Leontiev DV, Jun G, Wang Y, Tian L, Qiu F, Henning AK, LaFramboise T, Sen P, Aarthi M, George R, Raman R, Das MK, Vijaya L, Kumaramanickavel G, Wong TY, Swaroop A, Abecasis GR, Klein R, Klein BEK, Nickerson DA, Eichler EE, Iyengar SK. A 32 kb critical region excluding Y402H in CFH mediates risk for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25598. [PMID: 22022419 PMCID: PMC3192039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H shows very strong association with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), and recent data suggest that multiple causal variants are associated with disease. To refine the location of the disease associated variants, we characterized in detail the structural variation at CFH and its paralogs, including two copy number polymorphisms (CNP), CNP147 and CNP148, and several rare deletions and duplications. Examination of 34 AMD-enriched extended families (N = 293) and AMD cases (White N = 4210 Indian = 134; Malay = 140) and controls (White N = 3229; Indian = 117; Malay = 2390) demonstrated that deletion CNP148 was protective against AMD, independent of SNPs at CFH. Regression analysis of seven common haplotypes showed three haplotypes, H1, H6 and H7, as conferring risk for AMD development. Being the most common haplotype H1 confers the greatest risk by increasing the odds of AMD by 2.75-fold (95% CI = [2.51, 3.01]; p = 8.31×10(-109)); Caucasian (H6) and Indian-specific (H7) recombinant haplotypes increase the odds of AMD by 1.85-fold (p = 3.52×10(-9)) and by 15.57-fold (P = 0.007), respectively. We identified a 32-kb region downstream of Y402H (rs1061170), shared by all three risk haplotypes, suggesting that this region may be critical for AMD development. Further analysis showed that two SNPs within the 32 kb block, rs1329428 and rs203687, optimally explain disease association. rs1329428 resides in 20 kb unique sequence block, but rs203687 resides in a 12 kb block that is 89% similar to a noncoding region contained in ΔCNP148. We conclude that causal variation in this region potentially encompasses both regulatory effects at single markers and copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theru A. Sivakumaran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Kidd
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andy Itsara
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Kopplin
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Neal S. Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Francis
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vedam L. Ramprasad
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Wan-Ting Tay
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Dwight E. Stambolian
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Albert O. Edwards
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kristine E. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dmitry V. Leontiev
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gyungah Jun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liping Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Feiyou Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alice K. Henning
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas LaFramboise
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Parveen Sen
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Manoharan Aarthi
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Ronnie George
- Department of Glaucoma, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Manmath Kumar Das
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Vijaya
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Govindasamy Kumaramanickavel
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Kellogg Eye Center and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grossman GH, Watson RF, Pauer GJT, Bollinger K, Hagstrom SA. Immunocytochemical evidence of Tulp1-dependent outer segment protein transport pathways in photoreceptor cells. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:658-68. [PMID: 21867699 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tulp1 is a protein of unknown function exclusive to rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Mutations in the gene cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in humans and photoreceptor degeneration in mice. In tulp1-/- mice, rod and cone opsins are mislocalized, and rhodopsin-bearing extracellular vesicles accumulate around the inner segment, indicating that Tulp1 is involved in protein transport from the inner segment to the outer segment. To investigate this further, we sought to define which outer segment transport pathways are Tulp1-dependent. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the localization of outer segment proteins in tulp1-/- photoreceptors, prior to retinal degeneration. We also surveyed the condition of inner segment organelles and rhodopsin transport machinery proteins. Herein, we show that guanylate cyclase 1 and guanylate cyclase activating proteins 1 and 2 are mislocalized in the absence of Tulp1. Furthermore, arrestin does not translocate to the outer segment in response to light stimulation. Additionally, data from the tulp1-/- retina adds to the understanding of peripheral membrane protein transport, indicating that rhodopsin kinase and transducin do not co-transport in rhodopsin carrier vesicles and phosphodiesterase does not co-transport in guanylate cyclase carrier vesicles. These data implicate Tulp1 in the transport of selective integral membrane outer segment proteins and their associated proteins, specifically, the opsin and guanylate cyclase carrier pathways. The exact role of Tulp1 in outer segment protein transport remains elusive. However, without Tulp1, two rhodopsin transport machinery proteins exhibit abnormal distribution, Rab8 and Rab11, suggesting a role for Tulp1 in vesicular docking and fusion at the plasma membrane near the connecting cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Grossman
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, i31, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kopplin LJ, Igo RP, Wang Y, Sivakumaran TA, Hagstrom SA, Peachey NS, Francis PJ, Klein ML, SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Pauer GJT, Sturgill GM, Joshi T, Tian L, Xi Q, Henning AK, Lee KE, Klein R, Klein BEK, Iyengar SK. Genome-wide association identifies SKIV2L and MYRIP as protective factors for age-related macular degeneration. Genes Immun 2010; 11:609-21. [PMID: 20861866 PMCID: PMC3375062 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in the developed world. We conducted a genome-wide association study in a series of families enriched for AMD and completed a meta-analysis of this new data with results from reanalysis of an existing study of a late-stage case-control cohort. We tested the top findings for replication in 1896 cases and 1866 controls and identified two novel genetic protective factors for AMD. In addition to the complement factor H (CFH) (P=2.3 × 10⁻⁶⁴) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) (P=1.2 × 10⁻⁶⁰) loci, we observed a protective effect at rs429608, an intronic SNP in SKIV2L (P=5.3 × 10⁻¹⁵), a gene near the complement component 2 (C2)/complement factor B (BF) locus, that indicates the protective effect may be mediated by variants other than the C2/BF variants previously studied. Haplotype analysis at this locus identified three protective haplotypes defined by the rs429608 protective allele. We also identified a new potentially protective effect at rs2679798 in MYRIP (P=2.9 × 10⁻⁴), a gene involved in retinal pigment epithelium melanosome trafficking. Interestingly, MYRIP was initially identified in the family-based scan and was confirmed in the case-control set. From these efforts, we report the identification of two novel protective factors for AMD and confirm the previously known associations at CFH, ARMS2 and C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kopplin
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Sturgill GM, Bala E, Yaniglos SS, Peachey NS, Hagstrom SA. Mutation screen of beta-crystallin genes in 274 patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Genet 2010; 31:129-34. [PMID: 20565250 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2010.486774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The crystallin family of proteins comprise the main structural proteins of the vertebrate lens and have been classified into alpha-, beta-, and gamma- families. Several of the beta-crystallin proteins have been detected in the retina where they are each localized to different compartments of rod and cone photoreceptors. Functionally, beta-crystallins have been implicated in the protection of the retina from intense light exposure. Two members of the beta-crystallins, CRYBB1 and CRYBB2, have been identified in drusen preparations isolated from the retina of donor eyes of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population of developed countries. We therefore investigated CRYBB1 and CRYBB2 as candidate genes for AMD in 274 unrelated patients. RESULTS A mutation screen of the entire coding region of the CRYBB1gene uncovered eight sequence variations, including three missense changes, two intronic changes and three isocoding changes. A mutation screen of the entire coding region of the CRYBB2 gene uncovered three sequence variations, one isocoding change and two intronic changes. CONCLUSIONS Although variant alleles of the CRYBB1 and CRYBB2 genes were found, none are considered pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen M Sturgill
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Gu J, Pauer GJT, Yue X, Narendra U, Sturgill GM, Bena J, Gu X, Peachey NS, Salomon RG, Hagstrom SA, Crabb JW. Assessing susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration with proteomic and genomic biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1338-49. [PMID: 19202148 PMCID: PMC2690477 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800453-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease and major cause of severe visual loss. Toward the discovery of tools for early identification of AMD susceptibility, we evaluated the combined predictive capability of proteomic and genomic AMD biomarkers. We quantified plasma carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) oxidative protein modifications and CEP autoantibodies by ELISA in 916 AMD and 488 control donors. CEP adducts are uniquely generated from oxidation of docosahexaenoate-containing lipids that are abundant in the retina. Mean CEP adduct and autoantibody levels were found to be elevated in AMD plasma by approximately 60 and approximately 30%, respectively. The odds ratio for both CEP markers elevated was 3-fold greater or more in AMD than in control patients. Genotyping was performed for AMD risk polymorphisms associated with age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2), high temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1), complement factor H, and complement C3, and the risk of AMD was predicted based on genotype alone or in combination with the CEP markers. The AMD risk predicted for those exhibiting elevated CEP markers and risk genotypes was 2-3-fold greater than the risk based on genotype alone. AMD donors carrying the ARMS2 and HTRA1 risk alleles were the most likely to exhibit elevated CEP markers. The results compellingly demonstrate higher mean CEP marker levels in AMD plasma over a broad age range. Receiver operating characteristic curves suggest that CEP markers alone can discriminate between AMD and control plasma donors with approximately 76% accuracy and in combination with genomic markers provide up to approximately 80% discrimination accuracy. Plasma CEP marker levels were altered slightly by several demographic and health factors that warrant further study. We conclude that CEP plasma biomarkers, particularly in combination with genomic markers, offer a potential early warning system for assessing susceptibility to this blinding, multifactorial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Gu
- Cole Eye Institute, Lerner Research Inst., Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Narendra U, Pauer GJ, Hagstrom SA. Genetic analysis of complement factor H related 5, CFHR5, in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis 2009; 15:731-6. [PMID: 19365580 PMCID: PMC2667568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the complement factor H related 5 (CFHR5) gene, encoding a member of the complement factor H family, for the presence of genetic polymorphisms or mutations associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS We screened 639 unrelated patients with AMD and 663 age-matched normal controls using direct genomic sequencing of the ten coding exons, along with the immediately flanking intronic DNA. The pathologic impact of the identified sequence variants were analyzed by computational methods using PolyPhen and PMut algorithms. RESULTS We identified five heterozygous sequence changes in CFHR5. Asp169Asp had a minor allele frequency of 0.001% in patients and 0.014% in controls (p<0.0001), while Arg356His had a minor allele frequency of 0.016% in patients and 0.007% in controls. Val379Leu, Met514Arg, and Cys568Ter were found only in normal controls. In silico analysis predicted Arg356His and Val379Leu to be neutral and benign. Met514Arg was predicted to be pathological and damaging to the function of the CFHR5 protein. CONCLUSIONS No definitive pathogenic CFHR5 mutations have been found in any of 639 unrelated patients with AMD, indicating that sequence variations in CFHR5 do not play a major role in determining AMD susceptibility. However, our findings suggest a possible protective role for Asp169Asp. Further studies of different and larger populations of patient and control samples will be required to address this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi Narendra
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Gayle J.T. Pauer
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the photoreceptor-specific tubby-like protein 1 (TULP1) underlie a form of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. To investigate the role of Tulp1 in the photoreceptor synapse, the authors examined the presynaptic and postsynaptic architecture and retinal function in tulp1(-/-) mice METHODS The authors used immunohistochemistry to examine tulp1(-/-) mice before retinal degeneration and made comparisons with wild-type (wt) littermates and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice, another model of photoreceptor degeneration that has a comparable rate of degeneration. Retinal function was characterized with the use of electroretinography. RESULTS In wt mice, Tulp1 is localized to the photoreceptor synapse. In the tulp1(-/-) synapse, the spatial relationship between the ribbon-associated proteins Bassoon and Piccolo are disrupted, and few intact ribbons are present. Furthermore, bipolar cell dendrites are stunted. Comparable abnormalities are not seen in rd10 mice. The leading edge of the a-wave had normal kinetics in tulp1(-/-) mice but reduced gain in rd10 mice. The b-wave intensity-response functions of tulp1(-/-) mice are shifted to higher intensities than in wt mice, but those of rd10 mice are not. CONCLUSIONS Photoreceptor synapses and bipolar cell dendrites in tulp1(-/-) mice display abnormal structure and function. A malformation of the photoreceptor synaptic ribbon is likely the cause of the dystrophy in bipolar cell dendrites. The association of early-onset, severe photoreceptor degeneration preceded by synaptic abnormalities appears to represent a phenotype not previously described. Not only is Tulp1 critical for photoreceptor function and survival, it is essential for the proper development of the photoreceptor synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Grossman
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Xi Q, Pauer GJT, Ball SL, Rayborn M, Hollyfield JG, Peachey NS, Crabb JW, Hagstrom SA. Interaction between the photoreceptor-specific tubby-like protein 1 and the neuronal-specific GTPase dynamin-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2837-44. [PMID: 17525220 PMCID: PMC3021943 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tubby-like proteins (TULPs) are a family of four proteins, two of which have been linked to neurosensory disease phenotypes. TULP1 is a photoreceptor-specific protein that is mutated in retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited retinal disease characterized by the degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptor cells. To investigate the function of TULP1 in maintaining the health of photoreceptors, the authors sought the identification of interacting proteins. METHODS Immunoprecipitation from retinal lysates, followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and in vitro binding assays, were used to identify TULP1 binding partners. RT-PCR was performed on total RNA from wild-type mouse retina to identify the Dynamin-1 isoform expressed in the retina. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine the localization of TULP1 and Dynamin-1 in photoreceptor cells. Electroretinography (ERG) and light microscopy were used to phenotype tulp1-/- mice at a young age. RESULTS Immunoprecipitation from retinal lysate identified Dynamin-1 as a possible TULP1 binding partner. GST pull-down assays further supported an interaction between TULP1 and Dynamin-1. In photoreceptor cells, Dynamin-1 and TULP1 colocalized primarily to the outer plexiform layer, where photoreceptor terminals synapse on second-order neurons and, to a lesser extent, to the inner segments, where polarized protein translocation occurs. ERG analyses in young tulp1-/- mice indicated a decreased b-wave at ages when the retina retained a full complement of photoreceptor cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that TULP1 interacts with Dynamin-1 and suggested that TULP1 is involved in the vesicular trafficking of photoreceptor proteins, both at the nerve terminal during synaptic transmission and at the inner segment during protein translocation to the outer segment. These results also raised the possibility that normal synaptic function requires TULP1, and they motivate a closer look at synaptic architecture in the developing tulp1-/- retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quansheng Xi
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gayle J. T. Pauer
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sherry L. Ball
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mary Rayborn
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joe G. Hollyfield
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Neal S. Peachey
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John W. Crabb
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Sturgill GM, Pauer GJT, Bala E, Simpson E, Yaniglos SS, Crabb JW, Hollyfield JG, Lewis H, Peachey NS, Hagstrom SA. Mutation screen of the cone-specific gene, CLUL1, in 376 patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Genet 2007; 27:151-5. [PMID: 17148042 PMCID: PMC3021946 DOI: 10.1080/13816810600976871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin is a secreted glycoprotein expressed ubiquitously in many tissues that appears to function as a molecular chaperone capable of protecting stressed proteins. It is upregulated in many different forms of neurodegeneration and is thought to represent a defense response against neuronal damage. Clusterin has been found to be a common protein identified in drusen preparations isolated from the retina of donor eyes of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population of developed countries. A retina-specific clusterin-like protein (CLUL1) showing nearly 25% identity to clusterin at the protein level was recently cloned and shown to be expressed specifically in cone photoreceptor cells. For these reasons, we investigated CLUL1 as a candidate gene for AMD. A mutation screen of the entire coding region of the CLUL1 gene in 376 unrelated patients with AMD uncovered three sequence variations, one isocoding change and two intronic changes. One intronic change appears significantly less frequent in patients with the more severe forms of AMD than in control subjects, suggesting that this variant may reduce the risk for AMD or may be linked to a nearby variant that may reduce AMD risk. Variant alleles of the CLUL1 gene were found; however, none are considered pathogenic. None of the variants identified are predicted to create or destroy splice donor or acceptor sites based on splice-site prediction software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen M Sturgill
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Melamud A, Shen GQ, Chung D, Xi Q, Simpson E, Li L, Peachey NS, Zegarra H, Hagstrom SA, Wang QK, Traboulsi EI. Mapping a new genetic locus for X linked retinitis pigmentosa to Xq28. J Med Genet 2006; 43:e27. [PMID: 16740911 PMCID: PMC2593026 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have defined a new genetic locus for an X linked form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) on chromosome Xq28. We examined 15 members of a family in which RP appeared to be transmitted in an X linked manner. Ocular examinations were performed, and fundus photographs and electroretinograms were obtained for selected patients. Blood samples were obtained from all patients and an additional seven family members who were not given examinations. Visual acuity in four affected individuals ranged from 20/40 to 20/80+. Patients described the onset of night blindness and colour vision defects in the second decade of life, with the earliest at 13 years of age. Examined affected individuals had constricted visual fields and retinal findings compatible with RP. Based on full field electroretinography, cone function was more severely reduced than rod function. Female carriers had no ocular signs or symptoms and slightly reduced cone electroretinographic responses. Affected and non-affected family members were genotyped for 20 polymorphic markers on the X-chromosome spaced at 10 cM intervals. Genotyping data were analysed using GeneMapper software. Genotyping and linkage analyses identified significant linkage to markers DXS8061, DXS1073, and DXS1108 with two point LOD scores of 2.06, 2.17, and 2.20, respectively. Haplotype analysis revealed segregation of the disease phenotype with markers at Xq28.
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Xi Q, Pauer GJ, Traboulsi EI, Hagstrom SA. Mutation screen of the TUB gene in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:569-73. [PMID: 16643894 PMCID: PMC3023989 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TUB is the first identified member of the TULP family of four proteins with unknown function. A spontaneous mutation in murine tub causes retinal degeneration, obesity, and deafness. Mutations in another member of the TULP family, TULP1, are a cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). These findings prompted us to investigate TUB as a candidate gene for RP and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). A mutation screen of the entire coding region of the TUB gene in 159 unrelated patients with autosomal recessive RP, 114 unrelated patients with simplex RP, and 21 unrelated patients with LCA uncovered 18 sequence variations. Of these, seven were missense mutations, six were isocoding changes, and five were intronic polymorphisms. All seven missense mutations were identified as heterozygous changes and no defect could be found in the other allele. None of the isocoding variants or intronic polymorphisms are predicted to create or destroy splice donor or acceptor sites based on splice-site prediction software. Although variant alleles of the TUB gene were found, none could be definitively associated with a specific retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Corresponding author. Ophthalmic Research - i31, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Tel.: +1 216 445 4133; fax: +1 216 445 3670. (S.A. Hagstrom)
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Pauer GJT, Xi Q, Zhang K, Traboulsi EI, Hagstrom SA. Mutation screen of the membrane-type frizzled-related protein (MFRP) gene in patients with inherited retinal degenerations. Ophthalmic Genet 2006; 26:157-61. [PMID: 16352475 DOI: 10.1080/13816810500374425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
MFRP is a member of the frizzled-related protein family and contains a cysteine-rich domain essential for Wnt binding and signaling. MFRP is highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelial cells of the eye. A splice donor mutation in the mouse ortholog of Mfrp is responsible for photoreceptor degeneration in the rd6 mouse. For these reasons, we investigated MFRP as a candidate gene for a phenotype associated with mutations. We screened 152 patients with inherited retinal degenerations including retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis and Stargardt macular dystrophy. We identified five polymorphisms in the 5' untranslated region, four missense changes, six isocoding variants and four intronic changes. None of the sequence variants were interpreted as pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle J T Pauer
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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40
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Xi Q, Pauer GJT, Marmorstein AD, Crabb JW, Hagstrom SA. Tubby-like protein 1 (TULP1) interacts with F-actin in photoreceptor cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 46:4754-61. [PMID: 16303976 PMCID: PMC3026440 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE TULP1 is a photoreceptor-specific protein of unknown function that, when mutated, can cause retinitis pigmentosa in humans and photoreceptor degeneration in mice. Toward a better understanding of the role of TULP1 in retinal disease, its subcellular localization was sought and the TULP1 protein binding partners identified. METHODS Immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation were used to determine the localization of TULP1 and actin in COS7 cells and photoreceptor cells. Immunoprecipitation from retinal lysates followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and in vitro binding assays was used to identify TULP1-binding partners. Phospholipid binding assays were performed with a commercially available kit. RESULTS TULP1 localizes at or near the plasma membrane and associates with the membranous fraction of COS7 cells, probably through binding phosphorylated phospholipids. In addition, TULP1 partitions to the aqueous phase during Triton X-114 extraction. Immunoprecipitation from retinal lysate identified F-actin as a possible TULP1-binding partner. Co-sedimentation assays further support an interaction between TULP1 and actin. In photoreceptor cells, actin and TULP1 colocalize at the inner segment, connecting cilium, and outer limiting membrane. CONCLUSIONS TULP1 is a cytoplasmic protein that associates with cellular membranes and the cytoskeleton. TULP1 and actin appear to interact and colocalize in photoreceptor cells of the retina. TULP1 may be involved in actin cytoskeletal functions such as protein trafficking that takes place at or near the plasma membrane from the inner segment through the connecting cilium into the outer segment of photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quansheng Xi
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Alan D. Marmorstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John W. Crabb
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Chavala SH, Sari A, Lewis H, Pauer GJT, Simpson E, Hagstrom SA, Traboulsi EI. An Arg311Gln NR2E3 mutation in a family with classic Goldmann-Favre syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:1065-6. [PMID: 16024868 PMCID: PMC1772771 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.068130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hanzlicek BW, Peachey NS, Grimm C, Hagstrom SA, Ball SL. Probing inner retinal circuits in the rod pathway: a comparison of c-fos activation in mutant mice. Vis Neurosci 2005; 21:873-81. [PMID: 15733342 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523804216078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have used wild-type mice and mice possessing defects in specific retinal circuits in order to more clearly define functional circuits of the inner retina. The retina of the nob mouse lacks communication between photoreceptors and depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs). Thus, all light driven activity in the nob mouse is mediated via remaining hyperpolarizing bipolar cell (HBC) circuits. Transducin null (Tr alpha-/-) mice lack rod photoreceptor activity and thus remaining retinal circuits are solely generated via cone photoreceptor activity. Activation in inner retinal circuits in each of these mice was identified by monitoring light-induced expression of an immediate early gene, c-fos. The number of cells expressing c-fos in the inner retina was dependent upon stimulus intensity and was altered in a systematic fashion in mice with known retinal mutations. To determine whether c-fos is activated via circuits other than photoreceptors in the outer retina, we examined c-fos expression in tulp1-/- mice that lack photoreceptors in the outer retina; these mice showed virtually no c-fos activity following light exposure. Double-labeling immunohistochemical studies were carried out to more clearly define the population of c-fos expressing amacrine cells. Our results indicate that c-fos may be used to map functional circuits in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett W Hanzlicek
- Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hagstrom SA, Pauer GJT, Reid J, Simpson E, Crowe S, Maumenee IH, Traboulsi EI. SOX2 mutation causes anophthalmia, hearing loss, and brain anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 138A:95-8. [PMID: 16145681 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The SOX2 transcription factor is expressed early in the embryonic stem cells of the blastocyst and later in the neural stem cells. It is a member of the SOX family of proteins that carry a DNA-binding high-mobility group domain and additional domains that regulate embryonic development and cell fate determinations. We surveyed 93 patients with severe eye malformations for mutations in SOX2. Here, we report a novel nonsense mutation in one female patient with bilateral clinical anophthalmia, absence of all optic pathways, and other neurological abnormalities. The mutation, Q155X, creates a premature termination codon early in the transcriptional activation domain and is likely to be a null allele. Our data show that mutations in SOX2 can cause not only anophthalmia, but also aplasia of the optic nerve, chiasm and optic tract, as well as modest bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, and global developmental delay, underscoring the importance of SOX2 in early human eye and brain development.
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Nishiguchi KM, Sandberg MA, Kooijman AC, Martemyanov KA, Pott JWR, Hagstrom SA, Arshavsky VY, Berson EL, Dryja TP. Defects in RGS9 or its anchor protein R9AP in patients with slow photoreceptor deactivation. Nature 2004; 427:75-8. [PMID: 14702087 DOI: 10.1038/nature02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The RGS proteins are GTPase activating proteins that accelerate the deactivation of G proteins in a variety of signalling pathways in eukaryotes. RGS9 deactivates the G proteins (transducins) in the rod and cone phototransduction cascades. It is anchored to photoreceptor membranes by the transmembrane protein R9AP (RGS9 anchor protein), which enhances RGS9 activity up to 70-fold. If RGS9 is absent or unable to interact with R9AP, there is a substantial delay in the recovery from light responses in mice. We identified five unrelated patients with recessive mutations in the genes encoding either RGS9 or R9AP who reported difficulty adapting to sudden changes in luminance levels mediated by cones. Standard visual acuity was normal to moderately subnormal, but the ability to see moving objects, especially with low-contrast, was severely reduced despite full visual fields; we have termed this condition bradyopsia. To our knowledge, these patients represent the first identified humans with a phenotype associated with reduced RGS activity in any organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji M Nishiguchi
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Quansheng Xi
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Hagstrom SA, Adamian M, Scimeca M, Pawlyk BS, Yue G, Li T. A role for the Tubby-like protein 1 in rhodopsin transport. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:1955-62. [PMID: 11481257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that a lack of Tubby-like protein 1 (TULP1) function causes aberrant transport of nascent rhodopsin and to examine the functional relationship between the homologous proteins TULP1 and Tubby by studying mice carrying combined mutations. METHODS Subcellular localization of TULP1 and rhodopsin in photoreceptors was determined by immunofluorescence and by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy. Mice carrying different tulp1/tubby allele combinations were examined by histology, electroretinograms (ERGs), and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS TULP1 is distributed throughout the photoreceptor cytoplasm but is excluded from the outer segments and the nuclei. In the tulp1-/- mice, ectopic accumulation of rhodopsin occurs at an early age. Both the vesicular profiles in the interphotoreceptor space and the inner segment plasma membranes are immunoreactive for rhodopsin. Mice doubly homozygous for null mutations in the tulp1 and tubby genes initially develop photoreceptors and express a battery of photoreceptor markers at age 14 days. Thereafter their photoreceptors undergo a fulminant degeneration that reaches completion by postnatal day 17. The disease phenotype in the double homozygote is much more severe than either single homozygote. Double heterozygotes are phenotypically normal. CONCLUSIONS A lack of TULP1 function results in misrouting of nascent rhodopsin. TULP1 may be a component of the cellular machinery that targets nascent rhodopsin to the outer segments. Comparison of disease phenotypes in the single and double mutants suggests that TULP1 and Tubby are not functionally interchangeable in photoreceptors nor do they form an obligate functional complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hagstrom
- Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Hagstrom SA, Neitz M, Neitz J. Cone pigment gene expression in individual photoreceptors and the chromatic topography of the retina. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2000; 17:527-537. [PMID: 10708034 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.17.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Human trichromatic vision is based on three classes of cones: L, M, and S (long-, middle-, and short-wavelength sensitive, respectively). Individuals can have more than one M and/or more than one L pigment gene on the X chromosome along with an S pigment gene on chromosome 7. In some people the X-linked pigment gene array can include polymorphic variants that encode multiple, spectrally distinct cone photopigment subtypes. A single-cell, polymerase chain reaction approach was used to examine visual pigment gene expression in individual human cone cells and identify them as L or M. The ratio of L:M pigment gene expression was assayed in homogenized retinal tissues taken from the same eyes. Results indicate that there is a close correspondence between the cone ratio determined from counting single cells and the L:M pigment mRNA ratio estimated from homogenized pieces of retina. The results also show that the different pigment genes in one array are often expressed at very different levels, giving rise to unequal numbers of L and M cones. Expression of only one photopigment gene was detected in each cone cell. However, individual males can have more than the classically described three spectrally distinct cone types in their retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226-0509, USA
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Hagstrom SA, Duyao M, North MA, Li T. Retinal degeneration in tulp1-/- mice: vesicular accumulation in the interphotoreceptor matrix. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40:2795-802. [PMID: 10549638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Tulp1 gene is a member of the tubby gene family with unknown function. Mutations in the human TULP1 gene cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. To understand the pathogenic mechanism associated with TULP1 mutations and to explore the physiologic function of this protein, we examined tissue distribution of the Tulp1 protein in normal mice and the photoreceptor disease phenotype in Tulp1-ablated mice. METHODS Tissue distribution of the Tulp1 protein in normal mice was examined by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. The disease phenotype in tulp1-/- mice was studied by light and electron microscopy, electroretinography (ERG), and immunocytochemistry. These results were compared with another mouse model of retinal degeneration carrying a rhodopsin mutation. RESULTS Tulp1 is found exclusively in photoreceptors, localizing predominantly in the inner segments. It is a soluble protein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa. Photoreceptor degeneration developed in tulp1-/- mice, with early involvement of both rods and cones. At the early stage of degeneration, rod and cone opsins, but not peripherin/RDS, exhibited prominent ectopic localization. Electron microscopy revealed massive accumulation of extracellular vesicles surrounding the distal inner segments. CONCLUSIONS The function of Tulp1 is required to maintain viability of rod and cone photoreceptors. Extracellular vesicular accumulation is not a common phenomenon associated with photoreceptor degeneration but appears to be a distinct ultrastructural feature shared by a small group of retinal disease models. The defect in tulp1-/- mice may be consistent with a loss of polarized transport of nascent opsin to the outer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hagstrom
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114, USA
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Hagstrom SA, Dryja TP. Mitotic recombination map of 13cen-13q14 derived from an investigation of loss of heterozygosity in retinoblastomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2952-7. [PMID: 10077618 PMCID: PMC15876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity at tumor-suppressor loci is an important oncogenic mechanism first discovered in retinoblastomas. We explored this phenomenon by examining a set of matched retinoblastoma and leukocyte DNA samples from 158 patients informative for DNA polymorphisms. Loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma locus (13q14) was observed in 101 cases, comprising 7 cases with a somatic deletion causing hemizygosity and 94 with homozygosity (isodisomy). Homozygosity was approximately equally frequent in tumors from male and female patients, among patients with a germ-line vs. somatic initial mutation, and among patients in whom the initial mutation occurred on the maternal vs. paternal allele. A set of 75 tumors exhibiting homozygosity was investigated with markers distributed in the interval 13cen-13q14. Forty-one tumors developed homozygosity at all informative marker loci, suggesting that homozygosity occurred through chromosomal nondisjunction. The remaining cases exhibited mitotic recombination. There was no statistically significant bias in apparent nondisjunction vs. mitotic recombination among male vs. female patients or among patients with germ-line vs. somatic initial mutations. We compared the positions of somatic recombination events in the analyzed interval with a previously reported meiotic recombination map. Although mitotic crossovers occurred throughout the assayed interval, they were more likely to occur proximally than a comparable number of meiotic crossovers. Finally, we observed four triple-crossover cases, suggesting negative interference for mitotic recombination, the opposite of what is usually observed for meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hagstrom
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
In the central human retina, there are estimated to be nearly two L cone photoreceptors for each M cone. The extent to which this value varies across individuals is unclear and little is known about how the M:L cone ratio might change with retinal location. To address these questions, the ratio of M:L cone pigment mRNA was examined at different locations. For patches of central retina, the average M:L ratio was about 2:3 which decreased to about 1:3 for patches 40 degrees eccentric. There were also large individual differences among the 23 eyes examined. The extremes differed in central M:L mRNA ratio by a factor of > 3. The measured differences in mRNA ratio are proposed to reflect differences in photoreceptor ratio. Such variations provide unique opportunities for understanding how the neural circuitry for color vision is affected by changes in cone ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hagstrom
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226-4812, USA
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