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Jones C, Vicente-Santos A, Clennon JA, Gillespie TR. Deforestation and Bovine Rabies Outbreaks in Costa Rica, 1985-2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1039-1042. [PMID: 38666690 PMCID: PMC11060472 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.230927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In Latin America, rabies virus has persisted in a cycle between Desmodus rotundus vampire bats and cattle, potentially enhanced by deforestation. We modeled bovine rabies virus outbreaks in Costa Rica relative to land-use indicators and found spatial-temporal relationships among rabies virus outbreaks with deforestation as a predictor.
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2
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Strahan EK, Witherbee J, Bergl R, Lonsdorf EV, Mwacha D, Mjungu D, Arandjelovic M, Ikfuingei R, Terio K, Travis DA, Gillespie TR. Potentially Zoonotic Enteric Infections in Gorillas and Chimpanzees, Cameroon and Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:577-580. [PMID: 38407249 PMCID: PMC10902540 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.230318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite zoonotic potential, data are lacking on enteric infection diversity in wild apes. We employed a novel molecular diagnostic platform to detect enteric infections in wild chimpanzees and gorillas. Prevalent Cryptosporidium parvum, adenovirus, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli across divergent sites and species demonstrates potential widespread circulation among apes in Africa.
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3
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Fleischer R, Jones C, Ledezma-Campos P, Czirják GÁ, Sommer S, Gillespie TR, Vicente-Santos A. Gut microbial shifts in vampire bats linked to immunity due to changed diet in human disturbed landscapes. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167815. [PMID: 37852483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic land-use change alters wildlife habitats and modifies species composition, diversity, and contacts among wildlife, livestock, and humans. Such human-modified ecosystems have been associated with emerging infectious diseases, threatening human and animal health. However, human disturbance also creates new resources that some species can exploit. Common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in Latin America constitute an important example, as their adaptation to human-modified habitats and livestock blood-feeding has implications for e.g., rabies transmission. Despite the well-known links between habitat degradation and disease emergence, few studies have explored how human-induced disturbance influences wildlife behavioural ecology and health, which can alter disease dynamics. To evaluate links among habitat disturbance, diet shifts, gut microbiota, and immunity, we quantified disturbance around roosting caves of common vampire bats in Costa Rica, measured their long-term diet preferences (livestock or wildlife blood) using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, evaluated innate and adaptive immune markers, and characterized their gut microbiota. We observed that bats from roosting caves with more cattle farming nearby fed more on cattle blood. Moreover, gut microbial richness and the abundance of specific gut microbes differed according to feeding preferences. Interestingly, bats feeding primarily on wildlife blood harboured a higher abundance of the bacteria Edwardsiella sp., which tended to be associated with higher immunoglobulin G levels. Our results highlight how human land-use change may indirectly affect wildlife health and emerging infectious diseases through diet-induced shifts in microbiota, with implications for host immunity and potential consequences for susceptibility to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Fleischer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christie Jones
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda Vicente-Santos
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Vicente-Santos A, Willink B, Nowak K, Civitello DJ, Gillespie TR. Host-pathogen interactions under pressure: A review and meta-analysis of stress-mediated effects on disease dynamics. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:2003-2020. [PMID: 37804128 PMCID: PMC10874615 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have increased the intensity and frequency of natural stressors and created novel stressors, altering host-pathogen interactions and changing the risk of emerging infectious diseases. Despite the ubiquity of such anthropogenic impacts, predicting the directionality of outcomes has proven challenging. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis to determine the primary mechanisms through which stressors affect host-pathogen interactions and to evaluate the impacts stress has on host fitness (survival and fecundity) and pathogen infectivity (prevalence and intensity). We assessed 891 effect sizes from 71 host species (representing seven taxonomic groups) and 78 parasite taxa from 98 studies. We found that infected and uninfected hosts had similar sensitivity to stressors and that responses varied according to stressor type. Specifically, limited resources compromised host fecundity and decreased pathogen intensity, while abiotic environmental stressors (e.g., temperature and salinity) decreased host survivorship and increased pathogen intensity, and pollution increased mortality but decreased pathogen prevalence. We then used our meta-analysis results to develop susceptible-infected theoretical models to illustrate scenarios where infection rates are expected to increase or decrease in response to resource limitations or environmental stress gradients. Our results carry implications for conservation and disease emergence and reveal areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Vicente-Santos
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz Willink
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106-91, Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Kacy Nowak
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David J. Civitello
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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5
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Mitchell MM, Vicente-Santos A, Rodríguez-Herrera B, Corrales-Aguilar E, Gillespie TR. Genetic Diversity of Bartonella spp. in Cave-Dwelling Bats and Bat Flies, Costa Rica, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:488-491. [PMID: 35076376 PMCID: PMC8798684 DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.211686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine Bartonella spp. dynamics, we sampled bats and bat flies across 15 roosts in Costa Rica. PCR indicated prevalence of 10.7% in bats and 29.0% in ectoparasite pools. Phylogenetic analysis of 8 sequences from bats and 5 from bat fly pools revealed 11 distinct genetic variants, including 2 potentially new genotypes.
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6
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Martínez-Mota R, Righini N, Mallott EK, Gillespie TR, Amato KR. The relationship between pinworm (Trypanoxyuris) infection and gut bacteria in wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23330. [PMID: 34529285 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut bacteria may coexist with other groups of organisms, such as nematode parasites, that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of primates; however, the possible effects of endoparasites on bacterial communities are frequently overlooked. Here we explored whether infection with Trypanoxyuris, an oxyurid gastrointestinal parasite, is associated with changes in the gut bacterial community of wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), by comparing gut bacterial communities of consistently infected individuals and individuals that never tested positive for Trypanoxyuris throughout different months across the year. We additionally controlled for other sources of variation reported to influence the primate microbiome including individual identity, social group, and seasonality. Trypanoxyuris infection was not related to differences in gut bacterial alpha diversity, but was weakly associated with differences in gut bacterial community structure. In contrast, among the covariates considered, both individual identity and social group were more strongly associated with variation in the howler gut bacterial community. Our results suggest that gastrointestinal parasites may be associated, to some extent, with shifts in the gut bacterial communities hosted by free-ranging primates, although a causal link still needs to be established. Further studies of wild primate hosts infected with parasite species with different pathogenicity are needed to better elucidate health-related consequences from the parasite-microbiome interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Martínez-Mota
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales (CITRO), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Nicoletta Righini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrición (IICAN), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth K Mallott
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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7
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Rakotonanahary RJL, Andriambolamanana H, Razafinjato B, Raza-Fanomezanjanahary EM, Ramanandraitsiory V, Ralaivavikoa F, Tsirinomen'ny Aina A, Rahajatiana L, Rakotonirina L, Haruna J, Cordier LF, Murray MB, Cowley G, Jordan D, Krasnow MA, Wright PC, Gillespie TR, Docherty M, Loyd T, Evans MV, Drake JM, Ngonghala CN, Rich ML, Popper SJ, Miller AC, Ihantamalala FA, Randrianambinina A, Ramiandrisoa B, Rakotozafy E, Rasolofomanana A, Rakotozafy G, Andriamahatana Vololoniaina MC, Andriamihaja B, Garchitorena A, Rakotonirina J, Mayfield A, Finnegan KE, Bonds MH. Integrating Health Systems and Science to Respond to COVID-19 in a Model District of Rural Madagascar. Front Public Health 2021; 9:654299. [PMID: 34368043 PMCID: PMC8333873 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.654299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many outstanding questions about how to control the global COVID-19 pandemic. The information void has been especially stark in the World Health Organization Africa Region, which has low per capita reported cases, low testing rates, low access to therapeutic drugs, and has the longest wait for vaccines. As with all disease, the central challenge in responding to COVID-19 is that it requires integrating complex health systems that incorporate prevention, testing, front line health care, and reliable data to inform policies and their implementation within a relevant timeframe. It requires that the population can rely on the health system, and decision-makers can rely on the data. To understand the process and challenges of such an integrated response in an under-resourced rural African setting, we present the COVID-19 strategy in Ifanadiana District, where a partnership between Malagasy Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) and non-governmental organizations integrates prevention, diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment, in the context of a model health system. These efforts touch every level of the health system in the district-community, primary care centers, hospital-including the establishment of the only RT-PCR lab for SARS-CoV-2 testing outside of the capital. Starting in March of 2021, a second wave of COVID-19 occurred in Madagascar, but there remain fewer cases in Ifanadiana than for many other diseases (e.g., malaria). At the Ifanadiana District Hospital, there have been two deaths that are officially attributed to COVID-19. Here, we describe the main components and challenges of this integrated response, the broad epidemiological contours of the epidemic, and how complex data sources can be developed to address many questions of COVID-19 science. Because of data limitations, it still remains unclear how this epidemic will affect rural areas of Madagascar and other developing countries where health system utilization is relatively low and there is limited capacity to diagnose and treat COVID-19 patients. Widespread population based seroprevalence studies are being implemented in Ifanadiana to inform the COVID-19 response strategy as health systems must simultaneously manage perennial and endemic disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan B. Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Demetrice Jordan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark A. Krasnow
- Centre Valbio, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Patricia C. Wright
- Centre Valbio, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Institute for the Conservation of Tropical Environments, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Centre Valbio, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Michelle V. Evans
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Calistus N. Ngonghala
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for African Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael L. Rich
- PIVOT NGO, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Partners in Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephen J. Popper
- PIVOT NGO, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ann C. Miller
- PIVOT NGO, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andres Garchitorena
- PIVOT NGO, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julio Rakotonirina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Alishya Mayfield
- PIVOT NGO, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Karen E. Finnegan
- PIVOT NGO, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Bonds
- PIVOT NGO, Ranomafana, Madagascar
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Kuthyar S, Kowalewski MM, Seabolt M, Roellig DM, Gillespie TR. Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and evidence for cross-species transmission in Northern Argentina. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2209-2218. [PMID: 34224652 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities, such as human population expansion and land-use change, create ecological overlap between humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife and can exacerbate the zoonotic transmission of parasites. To improve our understanding of this dynamic, we employed multi-locus genotyping to conduct a cross-sectional study of the potential for zoonotic transmission of the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis among humans, household associated livestock and dogs, and black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in the Corrientes Province of Argentina. We found Giardia prevalence to be highest in howler monkeys (90.3% (47/52)), followed by humans (61.1% (22/36)), dogs (44.4% (16/36)), and cattle (41.9% (18/43)). We further established that howler monkeys exclusively harbored strains of assemblage B (100%) while humans were infected with either assemblage A (13.3%) or B (80%) or A and B (6.7%), and cattle and dogs were infected with either assemblage A (cattle, 94.1%; dogs, 80%)), A and C (10%), or their host-adapted assemblage (cattle, 5.9%; dogs, 10%). Our finding of G. duodenalis in both humans and domesticated animals (assemblage A) and humans and wild primates (assemblage B) suggests that cross-species transmission of multiple assemblages of G. duodenalis may occur in rural complexes such as northern Argentina where people, domesticated animals, and wildlife overlap. We further highlight the need to investigate the implications of these results for human health, the economics of livestock production, and wildlife conservation in this and similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Kuthyar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martin M Kowalewski
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Matthew Seabolt
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Lonsdorf EV, Travis DA, Raphael J, Kamenya S, Lipende I, Mwacha D, Collins DA, Wilson M, Mjungu D, Murray C, Bakuza J, Wolf TM, Parsons MB, Deere JR, Lantz E, Kinsel MJ, Santymire R, Pintea L, Terio KA, Hahn BH, Pusey AE, Goodall J, Gillespie TR. The Gombe Ecosystem Health Project: 16 years of program evolution and lessons learned. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23300. [PMID: 34223656 PMCID: PMC8727649 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks pose a significant threat to the conservation of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and all threatened nonhuman primates. Characterizing and mitigating these threats to support the sustainability and welfare of wild populations is of the highest priority. In an attempt to understand and mitigate the risk of disease for the chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania, we initiated a long-term health-monitoring program in 2004. While the initial focus was to expand the ongoing behavioral research on chimpanzees to include standardized data on clinical signs of health, it soon became evident that the scope of the project would ideally include diagnostic surveillance of pathogens for all primates (including people) and domestic animals, both within and surrounding the National Park. Integration of these data, along with in-depth post-mortem examinations, have allowed us to establish baseline health indicators to inform outbreak response. Here, we describe the development and expansion of the Gombe Ecosystem Health project, review major findings from the research and summarize the challenges and lessons learned over the past 16 years. We also highlight future directions and present the opportunities and challenges that remain when implementing studies of ecosystem health in a complex, multispecies environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jane Raphael
- Gombe National Park, Tanzania Nationals Park, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Shadrack Kamenya
- Gombe Stream Research Center, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Iddi Lipende
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Dismas Mwacha
- Gombe Stream Research Center, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - D Anthony Collins
- Gombe Stream Research Center, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Michael Wilson
- Departments of Anthropology and Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Deus Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Center, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Carson Murray
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jared Bakuza
- College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tiffany M Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michele B Parsons
- Division of Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Deere
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emma Lantz
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Michael J Kinsel
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel Santymire
- Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Karen A Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne E Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jane Goodall
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health and Program in Population Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Barelli C, Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Mundry R, Rovero F, Heistermann M, Hauffe HC, Gillespie TR. Correction: Altitude and human disturbance are associated with helminth diversity in an endangered primate, Procolobus gordonorum. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251617. [PMID: 33956911 PMCID: PMC8101721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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11
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Deere JR, Schaber KL, Foerster S, Gilby IC, Feldblum JT, VanderWaal K, Wolf TM, Travis DA, Raphael J, Lipende I, Mjungu D, Pusey AE, Lonsdorf EV, Gillespie TR. Gregariousness is associated with parasite species richness in a community of wild chimpanzees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021; 75:87. [PMID: 34456452 PMCID: PMC8386636 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased risk of pathogen transmission through proximity and contact is a well-documented cost of sociality. Affiliative social contact, however, is an integral part of primate group life and can benefit health. Despite its importance to the evolution and maintenance of sociality, the tradeoff between costs and benefits of social contact for group-living primate species remains poorly understood. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we used social network analysis to investigate whether contact via association in the same space and/or physical contact measured through grooming were associated with helminth parasite species richness in a community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). We identified parasite taxa in 381 fecal samples from 36 individuals from the Kasekela community of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, from November 1, 2006 - October 31, 2012. Over the study period, eight environmentally transmitted helminth taxa were identified. We quantified three network metrics for association and grooming contact, including degree strength, betweenness, and closeness. Our findings suggest that more gregarious individuals - those who spent more time with more individuals in the same space - had higher parasite richness, while the connections in the grooming network were not related to parasite richness. The expected parasite richness in individuals increased by 1.13 taxa (CI: 1.04, 1.22; p = 0.02) per one standard deviation increase in degree strength of association contact. The results of this study add to the understanding of the role that different types of social contact plays in the parasite richness of group-living social primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Deere
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Kathryn L. Schaber
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Steffen Foerster
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ian C. Gilby
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Joseph T. Feldblum
- Department of Anthropology, and Society of Fellows, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI US
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Dominic A. Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Jane Raphael
- Tanzanian National Park Authority, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Iddi Lipende
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Deus Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Center, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Anne E. Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | | | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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12
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Parsons MB, Travis DA, Lonsdorf EV, Lipende I, Elchoufi D, Gilagiza B, Collins A, Kamenya S, Tauxe RV, Gillespie TR. Antimicrobial Resistance Creates Threat to Chimpanzee Health and Conservation in the Wild. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040477. [PMID: 33920028 PMCID: PMC8071057 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease is recognized as the greatest threat to the endangered chimpanzees made famous by the groundbreaking work of Dr. Jane Goodall at Gombe National Park (GNP), Tanzania. The permeable boundary of this small protected area allows for regular wildlife–human and wildlife–domestic animal overlap, which may facilitate cross-species transmission of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. Few studies have examined the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in wild ape populations. We used molecular techniques to investigate the presence of genes conferring resistance to sulfonamides (often used to treat diarrheal illness in human settings in this region) and tetracycline (used in the past—though much less so now) in fecal specimens from humans, domestic animals, chimpanzees, and baboons in and around GNP. We also tested stream water used by these groups. Sulfonamide resistance was common in humans (74%), non-human primates (43%), and domestic animals (17%). Tetracycline resistance was less common in all groups: humans (14%), non-human primates (3%), and domestic animals (6%). Sul resistance genes were detected from 4/22 (18%) of streams sampled. Differences in sul gene frequencies did not vary by location in humans nor in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele B. Parsons
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Dominic A. Travis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA;
| | | | - Iddi Lipende
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; (I.L.); (B.G.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Deema Elchoufi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.P.); (D.E.)
| | - Baraka Gilagiza
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; (I.L.); (B.G.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Anthony Collins
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; (I.L.); (B.G.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Shadrack Kamenya
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; (I.L.); (B.G.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Robert V. Tauxe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-727-7926
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13
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Gillespie TR, Jones KE, Dobson AP, Clennon JA, Pascual M. COVID-Clarity demands unification of health and environmental policy. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:1319-1321. [PMID: 33508882 PMCID: PMC8014021 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spillover of novel pathogens from wildlife to people, such as the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is increasing and this trend is most strongly associated with tropical deforestation driven by agricultural expansion. This same process is eroding natural capital, reducing forest-associated health co-benefits, and accelerating climate change. Protecting and promoting tropical forests is one of the most immediate steps we can take to simultaneously mitigate climate change while reducing the risk of future pandemics; however, success in this undertaking will require greater connectivity of policy initiatives from local to global, as well as unification of health and environmental policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary BiologyDepartment of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Kate E. Jones
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Julie A. Clennon
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
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14
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Kuthyar S, Kowalewski MM, Roellig DM, Mallott EK, Zeng Y, Gillespie TR, Amato KR. Effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance and Giardia duodenalis infection on a sentinel species' gut bacteria. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:45-57. [PMID: 33437414 PMCID: PMC7790644 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat disturbance, a common consequence of anthropogenic land use practices, creates human-animal interfaces where humans, wildlife, and domestic species can interact. These altered habitats can influence host-microbe dynamics, leading to potential downstream effects on host physiology and health. Here, we explored the effect of ecological overlap with humans and domestic species and infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis on the bacteria of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya), a key sentinel species, in northeastern Argentina. Fecal samples were screened for Giardia duodenalis infection using a nested PCR reaction, and the gut bacterial community was characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Habitat type was correlated with variation in A. caraya gut bacterial community composition but did not affect gut bacterial diversity. Giardia presence did not have a universal effect on A. caraya gut bacteria across habitats, perhaps due to the high infection prevalence across all habitats. However, some bacterial taxa were found to vary with Giardia infection. While A. caraya's behavioral plasticity and dietary flexibility allow them to exploit a range of habitat conditions, habitats are generally becoming more anthropogenically disturbed and, thus, less hospitable. Alterations in gut bacterial community dynamics are one possible indicator of negative health outcomes for A. caraya in these environments, since changes in host-microbe relationships due to stressors from habitat disturbance may lead to negative repercussions for host health. These dynamics are likely relevant for understanding organism responses to environmental change in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Kuthyar
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Martin M. Kowalewski
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Estación Biológica CorrientesMuseo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN‐CONICET)CorrientesArgentina
| | - Dawn M. Roellig
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)AtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - Yan Zeng
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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15
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Wilson ML, Lonsdorf EV, Mjungu DC, Kamenya S, Kimaro EW, Collins DA, Gillespie TR, Travis DA, Lipende I, Mwacha D, Ndimuligo SA, Pintea L, Raphael J, Mtiti ER, Hahn BH, Pusey AE, Goodall J. Research and Conservation in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem: Challenges and Opportunities. Biol Conserv 2020; 252:108853. [PMID: 33343005 PMCID: PMC7743041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, started by Jane Goodall in 1960, provided pioneering accounts of chimpanzee behavior and ecology. With funding from multiple sources, including the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) and grants from private foundations and federal programs, the project has continued for sixty years, providing a wealth of information about our evolutionary cousins. These chimpanzees face two main challenges to their survival: infectious disease - including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz), which can cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in chimpanzees - and the deforestation of land outside the park. A health monitoring program has increased understanding of the pathogens affecting chimpanzees and has promoted measures to characterize and reduce disease risk. Deforestation reduces connections between Gombe and other chimpanzee populations, which can cause loss of genetic diversity. To promote habitat restoration, JGI facilitated participatory village land use planning, in which communities voluntarily allocated land to a network of Village Land Forest Reserves. Expected benefits to people include stabilizing watersheds, improving water supplies, and ensuring a supply of forest resources. Surveys and genetic analyses confirm that chimpanzees persist on village lands and remain connected to the Gombe population. Many challenges remain, but the regeneration of natural forest on previously degraded lands provides hope that conservation solutions can be found that benefit both people and wildlife. Conservation work in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem has helped promote broader efforts to plan and work for conservation elsewhere in Tanzania and across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Wilson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | | | - Deus C. Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute – Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Shadrack Kamenya
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute – Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Elihuruma Wilson Kimaro
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- Gombe National Park, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - D. Anthony Collins
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute – Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
- Program in Population, Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Dominic A. Travis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA
| | - Iddi Lipende
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Dismas Mwacha
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute – Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Sood A. Ndimuligo
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Anne E. Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jane Goodall
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, VA, 22182 USA
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16
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Milstein MS, Shaffer CA, Suse P, Marawanaru E, Gillespie TR, Terio KA, Wolf TM, Travis DA. An Ethnographic Approach to Characterizing Potential Pathways of Zoonotic Disease Transmission from Wild Meat in Guyana. Ecohealth 2020; 17:424-436. [PMID: 33792854 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hunting, butchery, and consumption of wild meat is an important interface for zoonotic disease transmission. Despite this, few researchers have used ethnography to understand the sociocultural factors that may increase zoonotic disease transmission from hunting, particularly in Amazonia. Here, we use ethnographic methods consisting of structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, and participant observation to address questions pertaining to wild meat consumption, pathways of zoonotic disease transmission, food security, and the cultural identity of indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Guyana. Our data revealed that the majority of Waiwai eat wild meat two to three times/week and 60% of respondents reported butchery-related injuries. However, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, and participant observation data indicate that the Waiwai do not perceive most cuts from butchery as injuries, despite being a potential route of pathogen exposure. Additionally, participant observation revealed that hunting is integral to Waiwai identity and the Waiwai exhibit a cultural aversion to domestic meats. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay of hunting and wild meat consumption and disease in Amazonia and demonstrate how an ethnographic approach provides the contextual data necessary for identifying potential pathways of zoonotic transmission from wild meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S Milstein
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Christopher A Shaffer
- Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, 49401, USA
| | - Phillip Suse
- Masakenari Village, Konashen Indigenous District, Region 9, Guyana
| | | | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karen A Terio
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Brookfield, IL, 60513, USA
| | - Tiffany M Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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17
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Wilson ML, Lonsdorf EV, Mjungu DC, Kamenya S, Kimaro EW, Collins DA, Gillespie TR, Travis DA, Lipende I, Mwacha D, Ndimuligo SA, Pintea L, Raphael J, Mtiti ER, Hahn BH, Pusey AE, Goodall J. Research and Conservation in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem: Challenges and Opportunities. Biol Conserv 2020; 252:108853. [PMID: 33343005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, started by Jane Goodall in 1960, provided pioneering accounts of chimpanzee behavior and ecology. With funding from multiple sources, including the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) and grants from private foundations and federal programs, the project has continued for sixty years, providing a wealth of information about our evolutionary cousins. These chimpanzees face two main challenges to their survival: infectious disease - including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz), which can cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in chimpanzees - and the deforestation of land outside the park. A health monitoring program has increased understanding of the pathogens affecting chimpanzees and has promoted measures to characterize and reduce disease risk. Deforestation reduces connections between Gombe and other chimpanzee populations, which can cause loss of genetic diversity. To promote habitat restoration, JGI facilitated participatory village land use planning, in which communities voluntarily allocated land to a network of Village Land Forest Reserves. Expected benefits to people include stabilizing watersheds, improving water supplies, and ensuring a supply of forest resources. Surveys and genetic analyses confirm that chimpanzees persist on village lands and remain connected to the Gombe population. Many challenges remain, but the regeneration of natural forest on previously degraded lands provides hope that conservation solutions can be found that benefit both people and wildlife. Conservation work in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem has helped promote broader efforts to plan and work for conservation elsewhere in Tanzania and across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wilson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA
| | - Deus C Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute - Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Shadrack Kamenya
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute - Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Elihuruma Wilson Kimaro
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- Gombe National Park, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - D Anthony Collins
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute - Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
- Program in Population, Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA
| | - Iddi Lipende
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Dismas Mwacha
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, the Jane Goodall Institute - Tanzania, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Sood A Ndimuligo
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Anne E Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jane Goodall
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, VA, 22182 USA
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18
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Zhu P, Garber PA, Wang L, Li M, Belov K, Gillespie TR, Zhou X. Comprehensive Knowledge of Reservoir Hosts is Key to Mitigating Future Pandemics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:100065. [PMID: 33521764 PMCID: PMC7833268 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other epidemics (such as severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], Ebola, and H1N1) are stark reminders that knowledge of animal behavior and ecosystem health are key to controlling the spread of zoonotic diseases early in their onset. However, we have very limited information about the set of behavioral and ecological factors that promote viral spillover and the effects that has on ecosystem health and disease transmission. Thus, expanding our current knowledge of reservoir hosts and pandemics represents an urgent and critical tool in ecological epidemiology. We also propose to create an integrative database that ranks animal species in terms of their likelihood as hosts for specific infectious diseases. We call for a global and cooperative effort of field and laboratory scientists to create, maintain, and update this information in order to reduce the severity of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Katherine Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xuming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
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19
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Ito A, Eckardt W, Stoinski TS, Gillespie TR, Tokiwa T. Three new Prototapirella species, Opisthotrichum janus, and Troglocorys cava add to Entodiniomorphida (Ciliophora, Trichostomatia) diversity in mountain gorillas in Rwanda. Eur J Protistol 2020; 76:125738. [PMID: 32916436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a high number of Entodiniomorphida species was discovered in Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda compared to other primates. Thirteen species of five genera (Troglocorys, Gorilloflasca, Prototapirella, Troglodytella, and Opisthotrichum) were identified with 10 species in Gorilloflasca, Prototapirella, and Troglodytella being host-specific, to our current knowledge. The remaining three species have been described for other herbivorous mammals; Prototapirella gorillae for western lowland gorillas; Troglocorys cava for western lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and guinea baboons; Opisthotrichum janus in the family Ophryoscolecidae is regarded as specific to African antelopes. Here, we show the first indication that wild herbivorous hindgut fermenting mammals might have rumen ophryoscolecids in the intestine sympatric with their native intestinal ciliates. We also describe three new Prototapirella species, P. sabyinyo, P. sulcata, and P. curiosa. The somatic ciliary zones of the three new species are atypical of Prototapirella while their buccal infraciliature is not different from that of other Prototapirella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Ookusa Animal Clinic, Ookusa 503, Matsue, Shimane 690-0032, Japan.
| | - Winnie Eckardt
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | - Toshihiro Tokiwa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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21
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Barelli C, Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Mundry R, Rovero F, Hauffe HC, Gillespie TR. Altitude and human disturbance are associated with helminth diversity in an endangered primate, Procolobus gordonorum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225142. [PMID: 31800582 PMCID: PMC6892551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites colonizing the mammalian gut influence the host immune system and health. Parasite infections, mainly helminths, have been studied intensively in both humans and non-human animals, but relatively rarely within a conservation framework. The Udzungwa red colobus monkey (Procolobus gordonorum) is an endangered endemic primate species living in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania, a global biodiversity hotspot. Since this endemic primate species is highly sensitive to human disturbance, here we investigate whether habitat type (driven by natural and human-induced factors) is associated with helminth diversity. Using standard flotation and sedimentation techniques, we analyzed 251 fecal samples belonging to 25 social groups from four different forest blocks within the Udzungwa Mountains. Five parasitic helminth taxa were recovered from Udzungwa red colobus, including Trichuris sp., Strongyloides fulleborni, S. stercoralis, a strongylid nematode and Colobenterobius sp. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models to explore the contribution of habitat type, altitude and fecal glucocorticoid levels (as biomarkers of stress) in predicting gut parasite variation. Although some parasites (e.g., Trichuris sp.) infected more than 50% of individuals, compared to others (e.g., Colobenterobius sp.) that infected less than 3%, both parasite richness and prevalence did not differ significantly across forests, even when controlling for seasonality. Stress hormone levels also did not predict variation in parasite richness, while altitude could explain it resulting in lower richness at lower altitudes. Because human activities causing disturbance are concentrated mainly at lower altitudes, we suggest that protection of primate forest habitat preserves natural diversity at both macro- and microscales, and that the importance of the latter should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Barelli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
- MUSE–Science Museum, Tropical Biodiversity Section, Trento, Italy
| | - Viviana Gonzalez-Astudillo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Pathology Resident, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francesco Rovero
- MUSE–Science Museum, Tropical Biodiversity Section, Trento, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heidi C. Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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22
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Kopp A, Hübner A, Zirkel F, Hobelsberger D, Estrada A, Jordan I, Gillespie TR, Drosten C, Junglen S. Detection of Two Highly Diverse Peribunyaviruses in Mosquitoes from Palenque, Mexico. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090832. [PMID: 31500304 PMCID: PMC6783978 DOI: 10.3390/v11090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Peribunyaviridae family contains the genera Orthobunyavirus, Herbevirus, Pacuvirus, and Shangavirus. Orthobunyaviruses and pacuviruses are mainly transmitted by blood-feeding insects and infect a variety of vertebrates whereas herbeviruses and shangaviruses have a host range restricted to insects. Here, we tested mosquitoes from a tropical rainforest in Mexico for infections with peribunyaviruses. We identified and characterized two previously unknown viruses, designated Baakal virus (BKAV) and Lakamha virus (LAKV). Sequencing and de novo assembly of the entire BKAV and LAKV genomes revealed that BKAV is an orthobunyavirus and LAKV is likely to belong to a new genus. LAKV was almost equidistant to the established peribunyavirus genera and branched as a deep rooting solitary lineage basal to herbeviruses. Virus isolation attempts of LAKV failed. BKAV is most closely related to the bird-associated orthobunyaviruses Koongol virus and Gamboa virus. BKAV was successfully isolated in mosquito cells but did not replicate in common mammalian cells from various species and organs. Also cells derived from chicken were not susceptible. Interestingly, BKAV can infect cells derived from a duck species that is endemic in the region where the BKAV-positive mosquito was collected. These results suggest a narrow host specificity and maintenance in a mosquito–bird transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kopp
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Hübner
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany, Biotest AG, 63303 Dreieich, Germany.
| | | | - Alejandro Estrada
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04513, Mexico.
| | | | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Christian Drosten
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Murthy S, O'Brien K, Agbor A, Angedakin S, Arandjelovic M, Ayimisin EA, Bailey E, Bergl RA, Brazzola G, Dieguez P, Eno-Nku M, Eshuis H, Fruth B, Gillespie TR, Ginath Y, Gray M, Herbinger I, Jones S, Kehoe L, Kühl H, Kujirakwinja D, Lee K, Madinda NF, Mitamba G, Muhindo E, Nishuli R, Ormsby LJ, Petrzelkova KJ, Plumptre AJ, Robbins MM, Sommer V, Ter Heegde M, Todd A, Tokunda R, Wessling E, Jarvis MA, Leendertz FH, Ehlers B, Calvignac-Spencer S. Cytomegalovirus distribution and evolution in hominines. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez015. [PMID: 31384482 PMCID: PMC6671425 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are thought to have evolved in very close association with their hosts. This is notably the case for cytomegaloviruses (CMVs; genus Cytomegalovirus) infecting primates, which exhibit a strong signal of co-divergence with their hosts. Some herpesviruses are however known to have crossed species barriers. Based on a limited sampling of CMV diversity in the hominine (African great ape and human) lineage, we hypothesized that chimpanzees and gorillas might have mutually exchanged CMVs in the past. Here, we performed a comprehensive molecular screening of all 9 African great ape species/subspecies, using 675 fecal samples collected from wild animals. We identified CMVs in eight species/subspecies, notably generating the first CMV sequences from bonobos. We used this extended dataset to test competing hypotheses with various degrees of co-divergence/number of host switches while simultaneously estimating the dates of these events in a Bayesian framework. The model best supported by the data involved the transmission of a gorilla CMV to the panine (chimpanzee and bonobo) lineage and the transmission of a panine CMV to the gorilla lineage prior to the divergence of chimpanzees and bonobos, more than 800,000 years ago. Panine CMVs then co-diverged with their hosts. These results add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome (including other herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and papillomaviruses) often jumped between hominine lineages over the last few million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Murthy
- Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immune-Compromised Patients" Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn O'Brien
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany.,African Parks Network, Lonehill, Republic of South Africa
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Emma Bailey
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gregory Brazzola
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Henk Eshuis
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Fruth
- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Sciences and hPsychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Yisa Ginath
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maryke Gray
- International Gorilla Conservation Programme, Kigali, Rwanda.,Batavia Coast Maritime Institute, Geraldton, WA, Australia
| | | | - Sorrel Jones
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany.,Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Laura Kehoe
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hjalmar Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kevin Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Nadège F Madinda
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany.,Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Radar Nishuli
- Réserve de Faune à Okapis, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lucy J Ormsby
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Plumptre
- Wildlife Conservation Society, NY, USA.,KBA Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.,Zoology Department, Conservation Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Sommer
- Gashaka Primate Project, Nigeria c/o Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martijn Ter Heegde
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelique Todd
- Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, WWF Central African Republic, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Raymond Tokunda
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Erin Wessling
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA), Leipzig, Germany.,Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, WWF Central African Republic, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immune-Compromised Patients" Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Greene LK, Clayton JB, Rothman RS, Semel BP, Semel MA, Gillespie TR, Wright PC, Drea CM. Local habitat, not phylogenetic relatedness, predicts gut microbiota better within folivorous than frugivorous lemur lineages. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190028. [PMID: 31185820 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Both host phylogenetic placement and feeding strategy influence the structure of the gut microbiome (GMB); however, parsing their relative contributions presents a challenge. To meet this challenge, we compared GMB structure in two genera of lemurs characterized by different dietary specializations, the frugivorous brown lemurs ( Eulemur spp.) and the folivorous sifakas ( Propithecus spp.). These genera sympatrically occupy similar habitats (dry forests and rainforests) and diverged over similar evolutionary timescales. We collected fresh faeces from 12 species (six per host genus), at seven sites across Madagascar, and sequenced the 16S rRNA gene to determine GMB membership, diversity and variability. The lemurs' GMBs clustered predominantly by host genus; nevertheless, within genera, host relatedness did not predict GMB distance between species. The GMBs of brown lemurs had greater evenness and diversity, but were more homogeneous across species, whereas the GMBs of sifakas were differentiated between habitats. Thus, over relatively shallow timescales, environmental factors can override the influence of host phylogenetic placement on GMB phylogenetic composition. Moreover, feeding strategy can underlie the relative strength of host-microbiome coadaptation, with Madagascar's folivores perhaps requiring locally adapted GMBs to facilitate their highly specialized diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K Greene
- 1 Program in Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University , Durham, NC 27708 , USA.,2 Primate Microbiome Project , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA
| | - Jonathan B Clayton
- 2 Primate Microbiome Project , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA.,3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA
| | - Ryan S Rothman
- 4 Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berks , SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Brandon P Semel
- 5 Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24061 , USA
| | - Meredith A Semel
- 6 Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24061 , USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- 2 Primate Microbiome Project , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA.,7 Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322 , USA
| | - Patricia C Wright
- 8 Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794 , USA
| | - Christine M Drea
- 1 Program in Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University , Durham, NC 27708 , USA
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25
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Wolf TM, Singer RS, Lonsdorf EV, Maclehose R, Gillespie TR, Lipende I, Raphael J, Terio K, Murray C, Pusey A, Hahn BH, Kamenya S, Mjungu D, Travis DA. Syndromic Surveillance of Respiratory Disease in Free-Living Chimpanzees. Ecohealth 2019; 16:275-286. [PMID: 30838479 PMCID: PMC6684380 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disease surveillance in wildlife is rapidly expanding in scope and methodology, emphasizing the need for formal evaluations of system performance. We examined a syndromic surveillance system for respiratory disease detection in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, from 2004 to 2012, with respect to data quality, disease trends, and respiratory disease detection. Data quality was assessed by examining community coverage, completeness, and consistency. The data were examined for baseline trends; signs of respiratory disease occurred at a mean frequency of less than 1 case per week, with most weeks containing zero observations of abnormalities. Seasonal and secular (i.e., over a period of years) trends in respiratory disease frequency were not identified. These baselines were used to develop algorithms for outbreak detection using both weekly counts and weekly prevalence thresholds and then compared retrospectively on the detection of 13 respiratory disease clusters from 2005 to 2012. Prospective application of outbreak detection algorithms to real-time syndromic data would be useful in triggering a rapid outbreak response, such as targeted diagnostic sampling, enhanced surveillance, or mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Wolf
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 495 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Randall S Singer
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | - Richard Maclehose
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd St, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, 400 Dowman Drive, Math and Science Center, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Iddi Lipende
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, PO Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Jane Raphael
- Gombe National Park, Tanzania National Parks Authority, S L P 185, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL, 60513, USA
| | - Carson Murray
- George Washington University, 800 22nd St. NW, Suite 6000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Anne Pusey
- Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 409 Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shadrack Kamenya
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, PO Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Deus Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, PO Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 495 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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26
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Wolf TM, Annie Wang W, Lonsdorf EV, Gillespie TR, Pusey A, Gilby IC, Travis DA, Singer RS. Optimizing syndromic health surveillance in free ranging great apes: the case of Gombe National Park. J Appl Ecol 2019; 56:509-518. [PMID: 30983624 PMCID: PMC6457473 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Syndromic surveillance is an incipient approach to early wildlife disease detection. Consequently, systematic assessments are needed for methodology validation in wildlife populations. 2. We evaluated the sensitivity of a syndromic surveillance protocol for respiratory disease detection among chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Empirical health, behavioural and demographic data were integrated with an agent-based, network model to simulate disease transmission and surveillance. 3. Surveillance sensitivity was estimated as 66% (95% Confidence Interval: 63.1, 68.8%) and 59.5% (95% Confidence Interval: 56.5%, 62.4%) for two monitoring methods (weekly count and prevalence thresholds, respectively), but differences among calendar quarters in outbreak size and surveillance sensitivity suggest seasonal effects. 4. We determined that a weekly detection threshold of ≥2 chimpanzees with clinical respiratory disease leading to outbreak response protocols (enhanced observation and biological sampling) is an optimal algorithm for outbreak detection in this population. 5. Synthesis and applications. This is the first quantitative assessment of syndromic surveillance in wildlife, providing a model approach to detecting disease emergence. Coupling syndromic surveillance with targeted diagnostic sampling in the midst of suspected outbreaks will provide a powerful system for detecting disease transmission and understanding population impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Wolf
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Wenchun Annie Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Emory University & Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Anne Pusey
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Ian C Gilby
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287 USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
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27
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Altizer S, Becker DJ, Epstein JH, Forbes KM, Gillespie TR, Hall RJ, Hawley DM, Hernandez SM, Martin LB, Plowright RK, Satterfield DA, Streicker DG. Food for contagion: synthesis and future directions for studying host-parasite responses to resource shifts in anthropogenic environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29531154 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-provided resource subsidies for wildlife are diverse, common and have profound consequences for wildlife-pathogen interactions, as demonstrated by papers in this themed issue spanning empirical, theoretical and management perspectives from a range of study systems. Contributions cut across scales of organization, from the within-host dynamics of immune function, to population-level impacts on parasite transmission, to landscape- and regional-scale patterns of infection. In this concluding paper, we identify common threads and key findings from author contributions, including the consequences of resource subsidies for (i) host immunity; (ii) animal aggregation and contact rates; (iii) host movement and landscape-level infection patterns; and (iv) interspecific contacts and cross-species transmission. Exciting avenues for future work include studies that integrate mechanistic modelling and empirical approaches to better explore cross-scale processes, and experimental manipulations of food resources to quantify host and pathogen responses. Work is also needed to examine evolutionary responses to provisioning, and ask how diet-altered changes to the host microbiome influence infection processes. Given the massive public health and conservation implications of anthropogenic resource shifts, we end by underscoring the need for practical recommendations to manage supplemental feeding practices, limit human-wildlife conflicts over shared food resources and reduce cross-species transmission risks, including to humans.This article is part of the theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host-parasite dynamics in wildlife'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sonia M Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Dara A Satterfield
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Daniel G Streicker
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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28
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Ito A, Eckardt W, Stoinski TS, Gillespie TR, Tokiwa T. Three new Troglodytella and a new Gorilloflasca ciliates (Entodiniomorphida) from mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) in Rwanda. Eur J Protistol 2018; 65:42-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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29
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Martínez-Mota R, Pozo-Montuy G, Bonilla Sánchez YM, Gillespie TR. Effects of anthropogenic stress on the presence of parasites in a threatened population of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Therya 2018. [DOI: 10.12933/therya-18-572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Faust CL, McCallum HI, Bloomfield LSP, Gottdenker NL, Gillespie TR, Torney CJ, Dobson AP, Plowright RK. Pathogen spillover during land conversion. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:471-483. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Faust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; Universtiy of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment; Griffith University; Griffith Qld. Australia
| | - Laura S. P. Bloomfield
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - Nicole L. Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Department of Environmental Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population; Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University; Athens GA USA
| | - Colin J. Torney
- School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
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31
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Faust CL, Dobson AP, Gottdenker N, Bloomfield LSP, McCallum HI, Gillespie TR, Diuk-Wasser M, Plowright RK. Null expectations for disease dynamics in shrinking habitat: dilution or amplification? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0173. [PMID: 28438921 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As biodiversity declines with anthropogenic land-use change, it is increasingly important to understand how changing biodiversity affects infectious disease risk. The dilution effect hypothesis, which points to decreases in biodiversity as critical to an increase in infection risk, has received considerable attention due to the allure of a win-win scenario for conservation and human well-being. Yet some empirical data suggest that the dilution effect is not a generalizable phenomenon. We explore the response of pathogen transmission dynamics to changes in biodiversity that are driven by habitat loss using an allometrically scaled multi-host model. With this model, we show that declining habitat, and thus declining biodiversity, can lead to either increasing or decreasing infectious-disease risk, measured as endemic prevalence. Whether larger habitats, and thus greater biodiversity, lead to a decrease (dilution effect) or increase (amplification effect) in infection prevalence depends upon the pathogen transmission mode and how host competence scales with body size. Dilution effects were detected for most frequency-transmitted pathogens and amplification effects were detected for density-dependent pathogens. Amplification effects were also observed over a particular range of habitat loss in frequency-dependent pathogens when we assumed that host competence was greatest in large-bodied species. By contrast, only amplification effects were observed for density-dependent pathogens; host competency only affected the magnitude of the effect. These models can be used to guide future empirical studies of biodiversity-disease relationships across gradients of habitat loss. The type of transmission, the relationship between host competence and community assembly, the identity of hosts contributing to transmission, and how transmission scales with area are essential factors to consider when elucidating the mechanisms driving disease risk in shrinking habitat.This article is part of the themed issue 'Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Faust
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Laura S P Bloomfield
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population, Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population, Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Maria Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Ragazzo LJ, Zohdy S, Velonabison M, Herrera J, Wright PC, Gillespie TR. Entamoeba histolytica infection in wild lemurs associated with proximity to humans. Vet Parasitol 2017; 249:98-101. [PMID: 29279094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, affects 50 million people worldwide, and results in 100,000 deaths annually. It is particularly prevalent in developing nations where poverty and poor sanitation contribute to contamination of food and water. E. histolytica is also a zoonotic protozoan parasite with the potential to infect non-human primates. Lemurs, primates endemic to Madagascar, are the most threatened mammalian group in the world due to habitat loss. As forests disappear, humans and lemurs come into more frequent contact, and the potential for E. histolytica to infect lemurs intensifies. Consequently, we screened 176 fecal samples from seven lemur species at eight sites in the rain forests of southeastern Madagascar for E. histolytica to determine if human proximity influenced lemur infection. Of samples examined, 4.0% (from three lemur species) were positive for E. histolytica. Of lemurs infected with E. histolytica, three (43%) exhibited diarrheal feces. Distance to human settlements explained the variation in E. histolytica infection seen in lemurs. These results provide the first evidence of E. histolytica in wild lemurs and highlight the need for additional work to better understand the eco-epidemiology of this potential threat to these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Ragazzo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - James Herrera
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio, BP 33, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Centre ValBio, BP 33, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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33
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Salerno J, Ross N, Ghai R, Mahero M, Travis DA, Gillespie TR, Hartter J. Human-Wildlife Interactions Predict Febrile Illness in Park Landscapes of Western Uganda. Ecohealth 2017; 14:675-690. [PMID: 29181611 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fevers of unknown origin complicate treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and are a global health burden. We examined risk factors of self-reported fever-categorized as "malarial" and "nonmalarial"-in households adjacent to national parks across the Ugandan Albertine Rift, a biodiversity and emerging infectious disease hotspot. Statistical models fitted to these data suggest that perceived nonmalarial fevers of unknown origin were associated with more frequent direct contact with wildlife and with increased distance from parks where wildlife habitat is limited to small forest fragments. Perceived malarial fevers were associated with close proximity to parks but were not associated with direct wildlife contact. Self-reported fevers of any kind were not associated with livestock ownership. These results suggest a hypothesis that nonmalarial fevers in this area are associated with wildlife contact, and further investigation of zoonoses from wildlife is warranted. More generally, our findings of land use-disease relationships aid in hypothesis development for future research in this social-ecological system where emerging infectious diseases specifically, and rural public health provisioning generally, are important issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Salerno
- Environmental Studies Program, Sustainability, Energy and Environment Community, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ria Ghai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, Sustainability, Energy and Environment Community, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
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Travis DA, Lonsorf EV, Gillespie TR. The grand challenge of great ape health and conservation in the anthropocene. Am J Primatol 2017; 80. [PMID: 29095520 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
"Ecosystem Health recognizes the inherent interdependence of the health of humans, animals and ecosystems and explores the perspectives, theories and methodologies emerging at the interface between ecological and health sciences." This broad focus requires new approaches and methods for solving problems of greater complexity at larger scales than ever before. Nowhere is this point more salient than the case of disease emergence and control at the human-non human primate interface in shrinking tropical forests under great anthropogenic pressure. This special edition brings together transdisciplinary experts who have created successful partnerships leading to advances in ecosystem approaches to health for wild ape populations with relevance to all developing country tropical forest environments. It is no coincidence that the advances herein highlight two long term health projects-the Gombe Ecosystem Health Project (Gombe National Park, Tanzania), and the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d'Ivoire-since standardizing and validating noninvasive disease surveillance, risk assessment and management methods presents a special series of challenges where time is a major factor. Advances highlighted in this addition include: health surveillance and monitoring, health risk analysis, field immobilization and interventions, human-NHP networks/interfaces, diagnostic tool development, and cutting edge molecular and genetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Travis
- Gombe Ecosystem Health Project, Gombe National Park, Kigoma, Tanzania.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth V Lonsorf
- Gombe Ecosystem Health Project, Gombe National Park, Kigoma, Tanzania.,Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Gombe Ecosystem Health Project, Gombe National Park, Kigoma, Tanzania.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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35
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Ito A, Eckardt W, Stoinski TS, Gillespie TR, Tokiwa T. Gorilloflasca africana n.g., n.sp., (Entodiniomorphida) from wild habituated Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda. Eur J Protistol 2017; 60:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hermanns K, Zirkel F, Kopp A, Marklewitz M, Rwego IB, Estrada A, Gillespie TR, Drosten C, Junglen S. Discovery of a novel alphavirus related to Eilat virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:43-49. [PMID: 28206905 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods and infect vertebrate hosts. An exception is Eilat virus (EILV), the only described alphavirus with a host range restricted to insects. We established a new generic reverse transcription PCR assay for alphaviruses and tested 8860 tropical mosquitoes. We detected a novel alphavirus, tentatively named Taï Forest alphavirus (TALV), in Culex decens mosquitoes collected in Ivory Coast. The full genome was sequenced, and closest similarity was found to EILV. Pairwise amino acid identities to EILV ranged between 67 and 88 % for the corresponding proteins, suggesting that TALV defines a proposed new alphavirus species. Phylogenetic analyses placed TALV as a sister species to EILV with a basal relationship to the western equine encephalitis virus complex. In comparison to the highly abundant insect-specific flaviviruses, insect-specific alphaviruses seem to be rare. This new PCR assay can detect novel alphaviruses and may facilitate the identification of additional new alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hermanns
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Zirkel
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Present address: Ecosystem Health Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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37
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Martínez-Mota R, Garber PA, Palme R, Gillespie TR. The relative effects of reproductive condition, stress, and seasonality on patterns of parasitism in wild female black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28407272 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections in wildlife are shaped by host-related traits including individual reproductive condition. It has been argued that female primates are more susceptible to infectious diseases during pregnancy due to short-term changes in immune function that result in reduced ability to combat infections. Likewise, lactation, which is the most energetically expensive state, may affect immunity and infection risk due to tradeoffs between milk production and maintenance of immune function. Here, we examine the degree to which parasite prevalence and parasite richness are affected by female reproductive condition and stress levels in wild female black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Over the course of one year, we collected fresh fecal samples from 15 adult females belonging to seven black howler groups living in Escárcega, Mexico. Fecal samples were used for parasitological analysis and for measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (i.e., stress biomarker). We found that the prevalence of intestinal parasites and parasite richness did not differ among non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating females. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels increased significantly during pregnancy and during the first month of lactation, and positively predicted the probability of Controrchis biliophilus infection. Parasite prevalence and richness decreased during the months of increased rainfall. We conclude that reproductive physiology has limited consequences on intestinal parasitic infection risk in female black howler monkeys and that seasonal environmental fluctuations have greater effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Martínez-Mota
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution and Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Rushmore J, Bisanzio D, Gillespie TR. Making New Connections: Insights from Primate-Parasite Networks. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:547-560. [PMID: 28279627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Social interactions are important in everyday life for primates and many other group-living animals; however, these essential exchanges also provide opportunities for parasites to spread through social groups. Network analysis is a unique toolkit for studying pathogen transmission in a social context, and recent primate-parasite network studies shed light on linkages between behavior and infectious disease dynamics, providing insights for conservation and public health. We review existing literature on primate-parasite networks, examining determinants of infection risk, issues of network scale and temporal dynamics, and applications for disease control. We also discuss analytical and conceptual gaps that should be addressed to improve our understanding of how individual and group-level factors affect infection risk, while highlighting interesting areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rushmore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Donal Bisanzio
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB, Roos C, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Heymann EW, Lambert JE, Rovero F, Barelli C, Setchell JM, Gillespie TR, Mittermeier RA, Arregoitia LV, de Guinea M, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Shanee S, Shanee N, Boyle SA, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Amato KR, Meyer ALS, Wich S, Sussman RW, Pan R, Kone I, Li B. Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1600946. [PMID: 28116351 PMCID: PMC5242557 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates, our closest biological relatives, play important roles in the livelihoods, cultures, and religions of many societies and offer unique insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and the threat of emerging diseases. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. Current information shows the existence of 504 species in 79 genera distributed in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Alarmingly, ~60% of primate species are now threatened with extinction and ~75% have declining populations. This situation is the result of escalating anthropogenic pressures on primates and their habitats-mainly global and local market demands, leading to extensive habitat loss through the expansion of industrial agriculture, large-scale cattle ranching, logging, oil and gas drilling, mining, dam building, and the construction of new road networks in primate range regions. Other important drivers are increased bushmeat hunting and the illegal trade of primates as pets and primate body parts, along with emerging threats, such as climate change and anthroponotic diseases. Often, these pressures act in synergy, exacerbating primate population declines. Given that primate range regions overlap extensively with a large, and rapidly growing, human population characterized by high levels of poverty, global attention is needed immediately to reverse the looming risk of primate extinctions and to attend to local human needs in sustainable ways. Raising global scientific and public awareness of the plight of the world's primates and the costs of their loss to ecosystem health and human society is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anthony B. Rylands
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | | | - Vincent Nijman
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Eckhard W. Heymann
- Abteilung Verhaltensökologie und Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joanna E. Lambert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street UCB 233, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Claudia Barelli
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Joanna M. Setchell
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Math and Science Center, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel de Guinea
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Sidney Gouveia
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dobrovolski
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Sam Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester M32 0PH, U.K
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Noga Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester M32 0PH, U.K
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Sarah A. Boyle
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Agustin Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Katherine C. MacKinnon
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Katherine R. Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Andreas L. S. Meyer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19020, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert W. Sussman
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ruliang Pan
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia (M309), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Inza Kone
- Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Baoguo Li
- Xi’an Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229, Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China
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Salzer JS, Pinto CM, Grippi DC, Williams-Newkirk AJ, Peterhans JK, Rwego IB, Carroll DS, Gillespie TR. Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Native and Invasive Trypanosomes of Rodents in Forested Uganda. Ecohealth 2016; 13:698-707. [PMID: 27655649 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Habitat disturbance and anthropogenic change are globally associated with extinctions and invasive species introductions. Less understood is the impact of environmental change on the parasites harbored by endangered, extinct, and introduced species. To improve our understanding of the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on such host-parasite interactions, we investigated an invasive trypanosome (Trypanosoma lewisi). We screened 348 individual small mammals, representing 26 species, from both forested and non-forested habitats in rural Uganda. Using microscopy and PCR, we identified 18% of individuals (order Rodentia) as positive for trypanosomes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed two trypanosomes circulating-T. lewisi and T. varani. T. lewisi was found in seven species both native and invasive, while T. varani was identified in only three native forest species. The lack of T. varani in non-forested habitats suggests that it is a natural parasite of forest-dwelling rodents. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic disturbance may lead to spillover of an invasive parasite (T. lewisi) from non-native to native species, and lead to local co-extinction of a native parasite (T. varani) and native forest-dwelling hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Salzer
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - C Miguel Pinto
- Department of Mammalogy and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, PO Box 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dylan C Grippi
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Amanda Jo Williams-Newkirk
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Julian Kerbis Peterhans
- College of Professional Studies, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Division of Mammals, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Wren BT, Remis MJ, Camp JW, Gillespie TR. Number of Grooming Partners Is Associated with Hookworm Infection in Wild Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2016; 87:168-179. [PMID: 27682258 DOI: 10.1159/000448709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are many known benefits of social grooming among primates, including maintenance of social relationships, removal of ectoparasites, and improved physiological condition. Recently, however, researchers have noted that social grooming and social contact may also present a significant cost by facilitating transmission of some parasites and pathogens. We investigated whether the number of social grooming partners varied based on infection status for gastrointestinal parasites. We used focal animal sampling and continuous recording to collect data on the number of grooming partners for known individual vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). We collected non-invasive faecal samples and examined them using faecal flotation, faecal sedimentation, and immunofluorescence microscopy. We detected 6 parasites: Trichuris sp. (92%), hookworm (71%), spirurids (68%), Oesophagostomum sp. (84%), Strongyloides sp. (24%), and Entamoeba coli (92%). The number of grooming partners varied significantly based on infection with hookworm and sex. No significant relationships were detected for other parasites. Associations between host behavioural variation and some parasite taxa (specifically Trichuris, Oesophagostomum, and Entamoeba spp.) were impossible to explore due to an extremely high prevalence among hosts. This is the first report that we are aware of that has detected an association between social grooming behaviours and infection with hookworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi T Wren
- Department of Anthropology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., USA
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Nunn CL, Craft ME, Gillespie TR, Schaller M, Kappeler PM. The sociality-health-fitness nexus: synthesis, conclusions and future directions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0115. [PMID: 25870401 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This theme issue has highlighted the links between sociality, health and fitness in a broad range of organisms, and with approaches that include field and captive studies of animals, comparative and meta-analyses, theoretical modelling and clinical and psychological studies of humans. In this concluding chapter, we synthesize the results of these diverse studies into some of the key concepts discussed in this issue, focusing on risks of infectious disease through social contact, the effects of competition in groups on susceptibility to disease, and the integration of sociality into research on life-history trade-offs. Interestingly, the studies in this issue both support pre-existing hypotheses, and in other ways challenge those hypotheses. We focus on unexpected results, including a lack of association between ectoparasites and fitness and weak results from a meta-analysis of the links between dominance rank and immune function, and place these results in a broader context. We also review relevant topics that were not covered fully in this theme issue, including self-medication and sickness behaviours, society-level defences against infectious disease, sexual selection, evolutionary medicine, implications for conservation biology and selective pressures on parasite traits. We conclude by identifying general open questions to stimulate and guide future research on the links between sociality, health and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708, USA Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark Schaller
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Rimbach R, Bisanzio D, Galvis N, Link A, Di Fiore A, Gillespie TR. Brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0110. [PMID: 25870396 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated risk of disease transmission is considered a major cost of sociality, although empirical evidence supporting this idea remains scant. Variation in spatial cohesion and the occurrence of social interactions may have profound implications for patterns of interindividual parasite transmission. We used a social network approach to shed light on the importance of different aspects of group-living (i.e. within-group associations versus physical contact) on patterns of parasitism in a neotropical primate, the brown spider monkey (Ateles hybridus), which exhibits a high degree of fission-fusion subgrouping. We used daily subgroup composition records to create a 'proximity' network, and built a separate 'contact' network using social interactions involving physical contact. In the proximity network, connectivity between individuals was homogeneous, whereas the contact network highlighted high between-individual variation in the extent to which animals had physical contact with others, which correlated with an individual's age and sex. The gastrointestinal parasite species richness of highly connected individuals was greater than that of less connected individuals in the contact network, but not in the proximity network. Our findings suggest that among brown spider monkeys, physical contact impacts the spread of several common parasites and supports the idea that pathogen transmission is one cost associated with social contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rimbach
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Fundación Proyecto Primates Colombia, Cra. 11a No. 91-55, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Donal Bisanzio
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nelson Galvis
- Fundación Proyecto Primates Colombia, Cra. 11a No. 91-55, Bogotá, Colombia Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18ª-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Link
- Fundación Proyecto Primates Colombia, Cra. 11a No. 91-55, Bogotá, Colombia Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18ª-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Fundación Proyecto Primates Colombia, Cra. 11a No. 91-55, Bogotá, Colombia Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Wolf TM, Sreevatsan S, Singer RS, Lipende I, Collins A, Gillespie TR, Lonsdorf EV, Travis DA. Noninvasive Tuberculosis Screening in Free-Living Primate Populations in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Ecohealth 2016; 13:139-144. [PMID: 26419483 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in noninvasive detection methods for mycobacterial infection in primates create new opportunities for exploring the epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-living species. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and baboons (Papio anubis) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, were screened for infection with pathogens of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex using Fecal IS6110 PCR; none was positive. This study demonstrates the feasibility of large-scale mycobacterial screening in wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Wolf
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Minnesota Zoological Gardens, Apple Valley, MN, USA.
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dominic A Travis
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Zohdy S, Derfus K, Headrick EG, Andrianjafy MT, Wright PC, Gillespie TR. Small-scale land-use variability affects Anopheles spp. distribution and concomitant Plasmodium infection in humans and mosquito vectors in southeastern Madagascar. Malar J 2016; 15:114. [PMID: 26944051 PMCID: PMC4779247 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deforestation and land-use change have the potential to alter human exposure to malaria. A large percentage of Madagascar’s original forest cover has been lost to slash-and-burn agriculture, and malaria is one of the top causes of mortality on the island. In this study, the influence of land-use on the distribution of Plasmodium vectors and concomitant Plasmodium infection in humans and mosquito vectors was examined in the southeastern rainforests of Madagascar. Methods From June to August 2013, health assessments were conducted on individuals living in sixty randomly selected households in six villages bordering Ranomafana National Park. Humans were screened for malaria using species-specific rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and surveyed about insecticide-treated bed net (ITN) usage. Concurrently, mosquitoes were captured in villages and associated forest and agricultural sites. All captured female Anopheline mosquitoes were screened for Plasmodium spp. using a circumsporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (csELISA). Results Anopheles spp. dominated the mosquito communities of agricultural and village land-use sites, accounting for 41.4 and 31.4 % of mosquitoes captured respectively, whereas Anopheles spp. accounted for only 1.6 % of mosquitoes captured from forest sites. Interestingly, most Anopheles spp. (67.7 %) were captured in agricultural sites in close proximity to animal pens, and 90.8 % of Anopheles mosquitoes captured in agricultural sites were known vectors of malaria. Three Anopheline mosquitoes (0.7 %) were positive for malaria (Plasmodium vivax-210) and all positive mosquitoes were collected from agricultural or village land-use sites. Ten humans (3.7 %) tested were positive for P. falciparum, and 23.3 % of those surveyed reported never sleeping under ITNs. Conclusions This study presents the first report of malaria surveillance in humans and the environment in southeastern Madagascar. These findings suggest that even during the winter, malaria species are present in both humans and mosquitoes; with P. falciparum found in humans, and evidence of P. vivax-210 in mosquito vectors. The presence of P. vivax in resident vectors, but not humans may relate to the high incidence of humans lacking the Duffy protein. The majority of mosquito vectors were found in agricultural land-use sites, in particular near livestock pens. These findings have the potential to inform and improve targeted malaria control and prevention strategies in the region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1164-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zohdy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Kristin Derfus
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Emily G Headrick
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | | | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana Ifanadiana 312, BP 33, Ranomafana, Madagascar. .,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364, USA.
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Centre ValBio, Ranomafana Ifanadiana 312, BP 33, Ranomafana, Madagascar.
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Rimbach R, Bisanzio D, Galvis N, Link A, Di Fiore A, Gillespie TR. Correction to 'Brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:rstb.2015.0179. [PMID: 25964465 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hoppe E, Pauly M, Gillespie TR, Akoua-Koffi C, Hohmann G, Fruth B, Karhemere S, Madinda NF, Mugisha L, Muyembe JJ, Todd A, Petrzelkova KJ, Gray M, Robbins M, Bergl RA, Wittig RM, Zuberbühler K, Boesch C, Schubert G, Leendertz FH, Ehlers B, Calvignac-Spencer S. Multiple Cross-Species Transmission Events of Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) during Hominine Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2072-84. [PMID: 25862141 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV; species HAdV-A to -G) are highly prevalent in the human population, and represent an important cause of morbidity and, to a lesser extent, mortality. Recent studies have identified close relatives of these viruses in African great apes, suggesting that some HAdV may be of zoonotic origin. We analyzed more than 800 fecal samples from wild African great apes and humans to further investigate the evolutionary history and zoonotic potential of hominine HAdV. HAdV-B and -E were frequently detected in wild gorillas (55%) and chimpanzees (25%), respectively. Bayesian ancestral host reconstruction under discrete diffusion models supported a gorilla and chimpanzee origin for these viral species. Host switches were relatively rare along HAdV evolution, with about ten events recorded in 4.5 My. Despite presumably rare direct contact between sympatric populations of the two species, transmission events from gorillas to chimpanzees were observed, suggesting that habitat and dietary overlap may lead to fecal-oral cross-hominine transmission of HAdV. Finally, we determined that two independent HAdV-B transmission events to humans occurred more than 100,000 years ago. We conclude that HAdV-B circulating in humans are of zoonotic origin and have probably affected global human health for most of our species lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Hoppe
- Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maude Pauly
- Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Fruth
- Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zooological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stomy Karhemere
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Nadège F Madinda
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Maryke Gray
- International Gorilla Conservation Program, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Martha Robbins
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grit Schubert
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Roellig DM, Salzer JS, Carroll DS, Ritter JM, Drew C, Gallardo-Romero N, Keckler MS, Langham G, Hutson CL, Karem KL, Gillespie TR, Visvesvara GS, Metcalfe MG, Damon IK, Xiao L. Identification of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in an epizoological investigation of a laboratory colony of prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:91-7. [PMID: 25881801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2005, black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) have been collected for use as research animals from field sites in Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. In January of 2012, Giardia trophozoites were identified by histology, thin-section electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent staining in the lumen of the small intestine and colon of a prairie dog euthanized because of extreme weight loss. With giardiasis suspected as the cause of weight loss, a survey of Giardia duodenalis in the laboratory colony of prairie dogs was initiated. Direct immunofluorescent testing of feces revealed active shedding of Giardia cysts in 40% (n=60) of animals held in the vivarium. All tested fecal samples (n=29) from animals in another holding facility where the index case originated were PCR positive for G. duodenalis with assemblages A and B identified from sequencing triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and β-giardin (bg) genes. Both assemblages are considered zoonotic, thus the parasites in prairie dogs are potential human pathogens and indicate prairie dogs as a possible wildlife reservoir or the victims of pathogen spill-over. Molecular testing for other protozoan gastrointestinal parasites revealed no Cryptosporidium infections but identified a host-adapted Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Johanna S Salzer
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Clifton Drew
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nadia Gallardo-Romero
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - M Shannon Keckler
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gregory Langham
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina L Hutson
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin L Karem
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Govinda S Visvesvara
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maureen G Metcalfe
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inger K Damon
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Zohdy S, Derfus K, Andrianjafy MT, Wright PC, Gillespie TR. Field evaluation of synthetic lure (3-methyl-1-butanol) when compared to non odor-baited control in capturing Anopheles mosquitoes in varying land-use sites in Madagascar. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:145. [PMID: 25889982 PMCID: PMC4359513 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is the 4(th) largest cause of mortality in Madagascar. To better understand malaria transmission dynamics, it is crucial to map the distribution of the malaria vectors, mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles. To do so, it is important to have a strong Anopheles-specific lure to ensure the maximum number of captures. Previous studies have isolated volatiles from the human skin microbiota and found the compound 3-methyl-1-butanol to be the most attractive to the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, in a laboratory setting; and recommended 3-methyl-1-butanol as a compound to increase An. gambiae captures in the field. To date, this compound's ability to lure wild mosquitoes in differing land-use settings has not been tested. In this study, we evaluate the role of the synthetic compound, 3-methyl-1-butanol in combination with field produced CO(2) in attracting Anopheles mosquitoes in varying land-use sites in Madagascar. METHODS CDC miniature light traps in combination with field produced CO(2) were deployed in and around six villages near Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. To test the role of 3-methyl-1-butanol in luring Anopheles mosquitoes, two traps were set in each land-use site (village, agricultural sites, and forested habitats affiliated with each village). One was baited with the synthetic odor and the other was kept as a non-baited control. RESULTS While 3-methyl-1-butanol baited traps did capture An. gambiae s.l. in this study, we did not find traps baited with synthetic 3-methyl-1-butanol to be more successful in capturing Anopheles mosquitoes, (including Anopheles gambiae s.l.) than the non odor-baited control traps in any of the land-use sites examined; however, regardless of odor bait, trapping near livestock pens resulted in the capture of significantly more Anopheles specimens. CONCLUSIONS A strong synthetic lure in combination with insecticide has great potential as a mosquito control. Our findings suggest that trapping mosquitoes near livestock in malaria endemic regions, such as Madagascar, may be more successful at capturing Anopheles mosquitoes than the proposed 3-1-methyl-butanol lure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zohdy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Suite E510, Atlanta, 30322, , GA, USA. .,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, 30322, , GA, USA. .,Centre ValBio, BP 33 Ranomafana Ifanadiana 312, Ranomafana, Madagascar.
| | - Kristin Derfus
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, 30322, , GA, USA.
| | | | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio, BP 33 Ranomafana Ifanadiana 312, Ranomafana, Madagascar. .,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794-4364, , NY, USA.
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Suite E510, Atlanta, 30322, , GA, USA. .,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, 30322, , GA, USA. .,Centre ValBio, BP 33 Ranomafana Ifanadiana 312, Ranomafana, Madagascar.
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Parsons MB, Travis D, Lonsdorf EV, Lipende I, Roellig DMA, Kamenya S, Zhang H, Xiao L, Gillespie TR. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans, wild primates, and domesticated animals in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003529. [PMID: 25700265 PMCID: PMC4336292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important zoonotic parasite globally. Few studies have examined the ecology and epidemiology of this pathogen in rural tropical systems characterized by high rates of overlap among humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife. We investigated risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection and assessed cross-species transmission potential among people, non-human primates, and domestic animals in the Gombe Ecosystem, Kigoma District, Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey was designed to determine the occurrence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in humans, domestic animals and wildlife living in and around Gombe National Park. Diagnostic PCR revealed Cryptosporidium infection rates of 4.3% in humans, 16.0% in non-human primates, and 9.6% in livestock. Local streams sampled were negative. DNA sequencing uncovered a complex epidemiology for Cryptosporidium in this system, with humans, baboons and a subset of chimpanzees infected with C. hominis subtype IfA12G2; another subset of chimpanzees infected with C. suis; and all positive goats and sheep infected with C. xiaoi. For humans, residence location was associated with increased risk of infection in Mwamgongo village compared to one camp (Kasekela), and there was an increased odds for infection when living in a household with another positive person. Fecal consistency and other gastrointestinal signs did not predict Cryptosporidium infection. Despite a high degree of habitat overlap between village people and livestock, our results suggest that there are distinct Cryptosporidium transmission dynamics for humans and livestock in this system. The dominance of C. hominis subtype IfA12G2 among humans and non-human primates suggest cross-species transmission. Interestingly, a subset of chimpanzees was infected with C. suis. We hypothesize that there is cross-species transmission from bush pigs (Potaochoerus larvatus) to chimpanzees in Gombe forest, since domesticated pigs are regionally absent. Our findings demonstrate a complex nature of Cryptosporidium in sympatric primates, including humans, and stress the need for further studies. Cryptosporidium is a common zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite. In a cross-sectional survey of humans, non-human primates (chimpanzees and baboons) and livestock in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania, Cryptosporidium infection rate was 4.3%, 16.0% and 9.6% respectively. Infection was not associated with clinical disease in people; however, living in a household with an infected person increased one’s risk of infection. Phylogenetic analyses identified clusters of Cryptosporidium with a mixed host background. Surprisingly, the Mitumba chimpanzee community, which shares a natural boundary with a human community, had a lower occurrence of C. hominis compared to the Kasakela chimpanzee community, which resides in the forest interior (less human exposure). However, Kasakela chimpanzees were also infected with C. suis, suggesting a transmission cycle linked to sympatric bush pigs. Our findings highlight the complex nature of zoonotic parasite transmission and stress the need for further studies in similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele B. Parsons
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution and Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dominic Travis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Dawn M. Anthony Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania,
| | | | - Hongwei Zhang
- Institute of Parasite Disease Prevention and Control, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution and Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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