Dipeptides Increase Functional Activity of Human Skin Fibroblasts

We analyzed the effect of dipeptide Glu-Trp and isovaleroyl-Glu-Trp in concentrations of 0.2, 2 and 20 μg/ml and Actovegin preparation on functional activity of human skin fibroblasts. Dipeptides, especially Glu-Trp, produce a stimulating effect on human skin fibroblasts and their effect is equivalent to that of Actovegin. Dipeptides stimulate cell renewal processes by activating synthesis of Ki-67 and reducing expression of caspase-9 and enhance antioxidant function of the cells by stimulating the expression of Hsp-90 and inducible NO-synthase. These findings suggest that dipeptides are promising candidates for preparations stimulating reparative processes.

Effects of Lys-Glu-Trp peptide on cell-cell interactions and vascular endothelium proliferation under normal conditions and during atherosclerosis

The molecular mechanism of atherosclerosis is based on decreased expression of signal molecules connexin (Cx37 and Cx40), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and proliferative protein Ki-67, which characterize the processes of cell-cell interactions and proliferation of vascular endotheliocytes. Lys-Glu-Trp peptide in doses of 4 and 40 μg/ml promoted recovery of Cx37, Cx40, and VEGF expression in cultured endotheliocytes from the aorta of patients with atherosclerosis, which attests to vasoprotective effects of this agent.

Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effect of peptide Lys-Glu-Trp-NH(2) in rats with associated metabolic disorders

The effect of peptide Lys-Glu-Trp-NH2 in doses of 0.2, 20, and 2000 μg/kg on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was studied in Wistar rats with experimental hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. This tripeptide in a dose of 2000 μg/kg produced a hypolipidemic effect on atherogenic lipoproteins, decreased the intensity of LPO, improved the state of the antioxidant system, and normalized the content of HDL. Treatment with this tripeptide had a hypolipidemic effect and reduced the severity of specifi c morphofunctional changes in the pancreatic and hepatic tissue.

[Effect of prostatilen AC suppositories on course of experimental prostatitis]

The article presents the results of evaluation of efficacy of new drug prostatilen AC (rectal suppositories), containing regulatory peptides of the bovine prostate and zinc arginate-glycinate complex, in the treatment of prostatitis. The experiment was conducted on 40 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180-200 g. Chronic prostatitis was modeled by injection of 10% Dimexidum in combination with water, mixed with turpentine, a volumetric ratio of 4:1. It is shown that prostatilen AC has pronounced organotropic antiinflammatory effect, which manifests in reducing the weight of the prostate, reducing the protein level in the urine, activity of acid phosphatase, and levels of ceruloplasmin and C-reactive protein. In addition, this drug normalizes the act of urination and increases the diurnal diuresis, has antioxidant properties and increases the blood level of the male sex hormone testosterone.

[Gastroprotective activity of modified glutamyl-tryptophan dipeptide analogs and melatonin]

The gastroprotective action of synthetic dipeptides glutamyl-tryptophane (EW), iso-valeroyl-glutamyl-tryptophane (ivEW) and nicotinoyl-glutamyl-tryptophane (nEW) in comparison to melatonin was studied in experiments on male with the model indometacine and starvation stress-induced stomach ulcers. It was shown, that EW and melatonin exhibit antiulcer activity upon preventive intragastric administration on the model of starvation stress stomach ulcers. At the same time, ivEW, nEW, EW and melatonin exhibit antiulcer activity during the treatment of model indometacine-induced stomach ulcers. The maximum gastroprotective action was observed for ivEW on the model of indomethacin-induced stomach ulcer. The therapeutic efficiency of substances studied is based on their cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulating action.

[Peculiarities of treatment of elderly and old patients with femoral neck fractures]

The article presents a review of recent issues of diagnostics and general and surgical treatment of the aged patients with cervical hip fractures. The authors describe an approach of surgical treatment of these fractures requiring enhanced "vital" indications for operation in case of the aged patients due to their desperate state. In compliance with a patient's general state, level of physical activity, bone tissue state the authors formulate indications for inner osteosynthesis, unipolar, bipolar or total endoprosthesis replacement.

Comparative analysis of the expression of c-Fos and interleukin-2 proteins in hypothalamus cells during various treatments

The aim of the present work was to perform a combined analysis of the degree of activation of the anterior hypothalamus of the rat and expression of the interleukin-2 gene during treatments of different types: mild stress ("handling") and adaption to it, as well as intranasal administration of physiological saline and the peptides Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly). Changes in the numbers of c-Fos-and IL-2-positive cells in structures of the lateral area (LHA) and anterior (AHN), supraoptic (SON), and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus in Wistar rats. Ratios of the quantities of c-Fos-and IL-2-positive cells were determined in intact animals and after activation of brain cells initiated by different treatments; the influences of adaptation to handling on the nature of changes in the expression of these proteins was also studied. Combined analysis of the intensity of expression of these two proteins - c-Fos, a marker of neuron activation and a trans-factor for the IL-2 cytokine gene and other inducible genes, and IL-2 - in intact animals and after various treatments showed that the process of cell activation in most of the hypothalamic structures studied correlated with decreases in the quantity of IL-2-positive cells in these structures; different patterns of changes in the numbers of c-Fos-and IL-2-positive cells were seen in response to different treatments in conditions of stress and adaptation to it.

Production of lymphocyte-activating factors by mouse macrophages during aging and under the effect of short peptides

Age-specific characteristics of production of lymphocyte-activating factor by mouse peritoneal macrophages and modulation of this production by short synthetic peptides (Vilon, Epithalon, and Cortagen) were studied. The production of lymphocyte-activating factors by macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides in vitro was lower in old animals. The opposite modulating effects of short peptides on the production of lymphocyte-activating factors by resident and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages in young and old mice were demonstrated for the first time. This is a possible mechanism of immune system dysfunction during aging, which opens new vistas for its correction with short synthetic peptides.

[Parallel analysis of c-Fos protein and interleukin-2 expression in hypothalamic cells under different influence]

The objective of this work was to perform a parallel analysis of activation of the rat anterior hypothalamus cells as judged by c-Fos protein expression, and of the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) under different influences, i. e., mild stress (handling) and adaptation to it, and intranasal administration of saline and the peptides Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly). Changes in the counts of cells positive for c-Fos- and IL-2 proteins were studied in structures of the lateral (LHA) area, anterior (AHN), supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PVH) nuclei of Wistar rat hypothalamus. Quantity of the interleukin-2-positive and c-Fos-positive cells was calculated. The findings were: a negative correlation between the activation of cells and the amount of IL-2 in the cells in the hypothalamic structures under study, and the specific patterns of changes in the counts of cells positive for c-Fos and IL-2 under stress and adaptation to stress.

Interleukin-2 concentration in hypothalamic structures of rats receiving peptides during mild stress

The number of hypothalamic IL-2-containing cells changed in rats receiving Vilon and Epithalon during mild stress (handling). The number of IL-2-positive cells in hypothalamic structures decreased 24 h after intramuscular injection of Epithalon and 2 h after intranasal administration of the test peptides. Adaptation of animals to experimental conditions prevented the decrease in the number of IL-2-positive cells in the supraoptic nucleus after intranasal administration of Epithalon.

Synthesis of IL-2 mRNA in cells of rat hypothalamic structures after injection of short peptides

In situ hybridization on paraffin sections of the rat brain showed that synthetic peptides Vilon, Epithalon, and Cortagen modulated the expression of IL-2 gene in vivo in cells of some hypothalamic structures depending on the terms and routes of administration.

Effect of peptide Vilon on the content of transforming growth factor-beta and permeability of microvessels during experimental chronic renal failure

We studied the effect of Vilon in rats 2, 4, and 6 months after the onset of chronic renal failure. Subcutaneous injection of Vilon significantly decreased serum concentration of transforming growth factor-beta(1) and permeability of mesenteric microvessels in rats 2 months after the onset of chronic renal failure. Our results indicate that the preparation produces a potent homeostatic effect in the early period of chronic renal failure.

[The effect of vilon (Lys-Glu) on 1.2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia]

The influence of vilon (Lys-Glu) on 1.2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia in mice has been studied. After treatment with 10 microg/kg, tumors developed in 14.3% which survived until first tumor detection (46 weeks) while, in control group, tumors occurred in 60%. Vilon-related inhibition of preneoplastic alterations in the kidneys was reported.

[Vilon effect on consequences of repeated radioactive and mercuric impact in small doses]

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of vilon administration in rats after reiterated exposure to ecotoxicants (mercury in concentration near to maximum allowable one and gamma-radiation in small dose). In 24 hours after repeated radioactive and mercuric impact (RMI) and for 30 consecutive days the animals reported lymphopenia. At the same time the indices of DNA leucocytes content and structure did not differ from the parameters of intact animals, this could evidence the development of adaptation reactions. Vilon administration led to the normalization of the lymphocytes number by the 30th day after repeated irradiation (contrary to the radioactive- chemical control), while the number of granulocytes in the test group was higher than that in the intact control group. Study of the survival rate in rats revealed that Vilon reduced morbidity of rats in the course of 15 months after RMI.

[Effect of peptide Livagen on activity of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract and non-digestive organs in rats of different ages]

It is stated that Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) is a weakly hydrolyzed peptide. Peptide hydrolases of small intestine do not hydrolyze Livagen even to a small extent. Under in vitro conditions Livagen reduces glycil-L-leucinedipeptidase activity in small intestine by 50%. After two weeks of Livagen administration per os in rats the digestive enzymes activity in young animals reduces, while in old animals it increases. It should be mentioned that the activity of enzymes in old rats after Livagen administration in the majority of cases approaches to the level of the activity in young animals of control group.

Role of aqueous medium in mechanisms underlying the influence of immunoactive peptides in ultralow doses

The mechanism underlying the influence of peptides in ultralow doses is based on distant signal transduction from the ligand molecules to target cells by means of water solitons. Biological activity of synthetic immunoactive peptides in concentrations below 10(-18) M depends on their structural and conformational characteristics. The data on temperature dependencies of the near-infrared spectrum for solutions of these peptides are presented.

Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects

Effects of synthetic short peptides (Vilon, Epithalon, Livagen, Prostamax, and Cortagen) on activity of ribosome genes, parameters of common heterochromatin melting, polymorphism of structural heterochromatin (C segments) of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, and variability of facultative heterochromatin were studied in leukocytes of subjects aged 75-88 years. All the studied peptides induced activation of ribosome genes, decondensation of densely packed chromatin fibrils, and release of genes repressed as a result of age-specific condensation of the cellular euchromatin regions (deheterochromatinization of facultative chromatin). Treatment with Epithalon, Livagen, and Prostamax led to decondensation of chromosome 1 pericentromeric structural chromatin, while Epithalon and Livagen treatment led to changes in chromosome 9 as well. Hence, short peptides activate heterochromatin and heterochromatinized regions of cell chromosomes in senile subjects.

[Effect of epitalon on the immunity and hemostasis in hypophysectomized chicken and old hens]

Neonatal hypophysectomy in chicken, as well as that in old hen has been established to entail in 1,5 months after surgery cellular and humoral immunity disturbances, pronounced hypercoagulation and fibrinolysis depression. Administration of Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) to a large extent eliminates revealed shifts. This effect appeared to be stronger in neonatally hypophysectomized chicken than in old hens.

[Effect of new peptide bioregulators livagen and epitalon on enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum]

The effect of new peptide bioregulators--Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) and Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly)--on endogenous opioid system was studied, particularly, their ability to change the activity of enkephalin-degrading enzymes from serum and interact with opioid receptors of the brain membrane fraction. Enkephalinase activity was assayed in vitro by the rate of 3H-Leu-enkephalin hydrolysis in the presence of the tested peptides. Livagen and Epitalon inhibited enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum. Livagen proved to be more efficient also as compared to well-known peptidase inhibitors such as puromycin, leupeptin, and D-PAM. The dose-inhibitory effect curves for Livagen and Epitalon were plotted; their IC50 equaled 20 and 500 microM, respectively. The interaction between the peptides and opioid receptors was estimated using a radioreceptor method with [3H][D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin. No interaction was observed between the tested peptides and mu- or delta-opioid receptors of the membrane fraction from the rat brain.

Effects of peptides on proliferative activity of retinal and pigmented epithelial cells

We studied the effects of Retinalamin (polypeptide preparation isolated from the retina) and a synthetic peptide Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) on proliferative activity of retinal and pigmented epithelial cells. Experiments showed that Retinalamin and Epithalon (in certain concentrations) tissue-specifically stimulated proliferation of retinal and pigmented epithelial cell in culture.

[The study of the role of the water medium in the mechanism of action of peptides in low and ultra low doses]

The correlation between the structures and conformations of short peptides KE, EW, AEDG and other, their influence on the dynamic properties of water and dose/biologic effect dependencies in a wide range of concentrations were regarded. Their effects on the dynamic properties of water were studied by temperature dependencies (5-45 degrees C) of infrared spectra of the solutions in the near (5180 cm-1) and far (200 cm-1). In vitro biotesting included the determination of the proliferative activity of thymocytes, a bimodal curve with the second maximum were detected at super-low doses (10(-17)-10(-15) mol/l). Authors propose a hypothesis that for superlow concentrations the formation and distance transmission of a signal from ligand to a target cell without the formation of any ligand-receptor complex take place. An active role in this model belongs to water medium acting according to the solution mechanism.

Physiological role of short peptides in nutrition

Here we review new data about the physiological role of short peptides and their use as biologically active food additives (parapharmaceutics). Some approaches to the development of peptide preparations for peroral administration are considered and the mechanisms of nonspecific and tissue-specific effects produced by peroral peptide parapharmaceutics are discussed. Particular attention is given to biological properties of short peptides synthesized at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. These peptides hold much promise for the synthesis of parapharmaceutics increasing organism's resistance to extreme factors and preventing accelerated aging and age-related diseases.

Effect of vilon and epithalon on activity of enzymes in epithelial and subepithelial layers in small intestine of old rats

Per os administration of Vilon (Lys-Glu) or Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) to aged Wistar rats for 1 month significantly increased activity of membrane enzymes maltase and alkaline phosphatase in epithelial layer of the small intestine. In addition, Vilon significantly increased activity of cytosolic glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase in the stromal and seromuscular layers of the small intestine in comparison with the control rats not treated with this agent. These findings suggest improvement of trophic and barrier functions of the small intestine and corroborate the hypothesis on the existence of not only epithelial, but also subepithelial enzymatic barrier supporting the enzyme system in the small intestine, especially in aged animals.

Inductive activity of retinal peptides

We studied the effect of retinal polypeptide Retinalamin on multipotent ectodermal cells of the early gastrula of Xenopus laevis. Neuronal differentiation of the early gastrula ectoderm including the brain, retina, and pigment epithelium depended on Retinalamin concentration.

[Tissue-specific action of peptides in tissue culture of rats of various ages]

There was studied the effect of polypeptide preparations isolated from the cerebral cortex (Cortexin), epiphysis (Epithalamin), liver (Hepalin), thymus (Thymalin) and small synthetic peptides--Cortagen, Epitalon, Livagen, Vilon on the development of explants from the cerebral cortex, brain subcortical structures, liver and thymus of rats of various age. With respect to the applied concentrations of the investigated peptides, they exerted tissue-specific effects in the organ-typical culture of animal tissues.

In vitro effect of short peptides on expression of interleukin-2 gene in splenocytes

Synthetic peptides Vilon (Lys-Glu), Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), and Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) in vitro activated interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis in splenocytes from CBA mice in the absence of specific inductors. The intensity of interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis in splenocytes depended on the type, concentration, and duration of treatment with the peptides. Vilon and Epithalon were most potent, while Cortagen produced a less pronounced effect on interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis.

Possible involvement of aqueous medium in distant signal transmission from immunoactive dipeptides

Possible involvement of aqueous medium in distant signal transmission to target cells through solitons without formation of the ligand-receptor complexes is discussed. Temperature dependence of IR spectra for dipeptide and amino acid solutions in the far and near IR regions are presented, which prove principal possibility of such processes.

Effect of Vilon and Epithalon on glucose and glycine absorption in various regions of small intestine in aged rats

Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) administered orally for 1 month improved transport characteristics of the small intestine in aged rats. Vilon enhanced passive glucose accumulation in the serous fluid in inverted sac made from the distal region of the small intestine, while Epithalon enhanced this process in the medial region. Vilon stimulated active glucose accumulation in the serous sac of the medial small intestine, Epithalon - in the proximal and distal small intestinal segments. Glycine absorption increased only in the proximal intestinal segment under the effect of Epithalon.

Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway

Immunomodulating effects of synthetic peptides Vilon (Lys-Glu), Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), and Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) and possible involvement of the sphingomyelin signal transduction pathway in their effects in mouse thymocytes were studied. Vilon produced the most potent comitogenic effect on thymocyte proliferation and modulated comitogenic activity of interleukin-1b. Epithalon was less potent, while Cortagen produced no such effects. Vilon produced a more pronounced stimulatory effect on sphingomyelinase activity in mouse thymocyte membranes compared to Epithalon and Cortagen.

Effects of epithalon on activities gastrointestinal enzymes in young and old rats

Peroral administration of Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) to male and female Wistar rats aging 3 and 11 months changed activity of enzymes hydrolyzing carbohydrates, proteins, and phosphoric acid esters in various portions of the gastrointestinal tract. The most pronounced activation of enzymes was observed in 11-month-old animals. This effect diminished the differences in enzyme activities between young and old rats (compared to untreated animals). Our results indicate that Epithalon modulates activity of gastrointestinal enzymes during aging.

[Effect of vilon and epithalone on induction and growth of induced bladder neoplasms in rats]

Experimental data on the effect of peptides--Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly)--on induction of urinary bladder tumors in rats are presented. Treatment with Vilon was followed by a significant fall in tumor incidence in 56% of experimental animals, as compared with 75.5% in control, as well as inhibition of early-onset neoplastic changes in the bladder mucosa. No inhibitory effect of Epitalon was recorded.

[Molecular physiology of aging]

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the peptide bioregulators role in molecular mechanisms of ageing and age-related pathology development. There has been put forward the concept of peptide regulation of ageing based on the priority data of authors long-term investigations on inhibition of involution processes in organs and tissues developed with age and restoration of specific proteins synthesis in cells under the influence of natural and synthetic peptide bioregulators. The prospects of peptide bioregulators employment in gerontological practice are being discussed in the paper with the purpose of treatment and prevention of age-associated pathology and human longevity increase.

[Effect of epithalone on growth kinetics and functional morphology of M-1 sarcoma]

The growth of subcutaneously-transplanted sarcoma M-1 in rat was inhibited by injection of a synthetic tetrapeptide--epitalon (2.5 (micrograms/kg). The effect lasted for two weeks after injection course. Decrease in proliferative activity was not associated with the drug's immediate cytostatic action on tumor cells. The specific mechanism of the drug's action via blood flow was shown by morphological signs of hemorrhagic necrosis of tumor and increased apoptosis of tumor cells.

Mechanisms underlying geroprotective effects of peptides

We review the role of peptides in aging and the mechanisms underlying the geroprotective effect of peptide preparations. Geroprotective properties of peptides are associated with their influence on systems maintaining homeostasis in the body and regulation of mechanisms underlying aging. Peptides normalize synthesis of tissue-specific proteins and regulate expression of genes responsible for proliferation and differentiation of cells. Thus, peptides maintain normal physiological functions and decelerate aging.

[Rhythm of protein synthesis in cultures of hepatocytes from rats of different ages. Norm and effect of the peptide livagen]

The circumhoralian rhythm of protein synthesis was determined in a monolayer culture of hepatocytes from rats at the age of 1 to 24 months and weighing from 45 to 480 g, respectively. The peptide lyvagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) obtained by directed chemical synthesis on the basis of amino acid analysis of the liver polypeptide preparations increased the level of protein synthesis in the hepatocytes from rats of different ages; the highest effect was observed in the cells of old animals. In old rats, lyvagen increased the amplitude of protein synthesis fluctuations. The peptide epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) constructed on the basis of analysis of the epiphysis peptides did not change the intensity of protein synthesis in the cultured hepatocytes.

Effect of the dipeptide vilon on activity of digestive enzyme in rats of various ages

Peroral administration of Vilon (Lys-Glu) to male and female Wistar rats aging 3 and 11 months changed activity of digestive enzymes (invertase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase, and amino- and dipeptidases) in various portions of the gastrointestinal tract. The increase in enzyme activity was most pronounced in 11-month-old animals, which diminished differences between rats of various ages. Our results indicate that Vilon produces positive effects on digestive enzyme activity during aging.

Inhibitory effect of peptide vilon on the development of induced rat urinary bladder tumors in rats

The effect of peptide vilon (Lys-Glu) on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats was studied. Urinary bladder tumors were induced with a selective carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. The tumors developed in 56% vilon-treated animals and in 75.5% controls. Vilon 2-fold decreased the incidence of preneoplastic and early neoplastic changes in urinary bladder mucosa and significantly inhibited carcinogenesis.

Immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis of effects of vilon and epithalon on functional morphology of radiosensitive organs

Studies of the effects of vilon and epithalon on functional morphology of the thymus, spleen, and duodenum in intact rats and rats exposed to single whole-body gamma-irradiation in a dose of 6 Gy showed that vilon stimulated proliferative activity of thymocytes and enhanced proliferative potential of stem cells in the intestine, thus stimulating the postradiation recovery of critical organs. Epithalon decelerated metabolic processes in the duodenal mucosa and suppressed hemopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in the spleen.

Effect of tetrapeptide cortagen on regeneration of sciatic nerve

Intramuscular injection of 10 microg/kg cortagen to rats during 10 days after transsection and suturing of the sciatic nerve increased the growth rate and conduction velocity in the regenerating nerve fibers by 27% and 40%, respectively.

Effect of epitalon on the lifespan increase in Drosophila melanogaster

The geroprotector activity of epitalon, a synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, was studied on the Drosophila melanogaster wild strain Canton-S. The substance was added to the culture medium only at the developmental stage (from egg to larva). Epitalon significantly increased the lifespan (LS) of imagoes by 11-16% when applied at unprecedented low concentrations-from 0.001 x 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-6) wt.% of culture medium for males and from 0.01 x 10(-6) to 0.1 x 10(-6) wt.% of culture medium for females. The increase in LS did not depend on the substance dose. Effective concentrations of epitalon were 16,000-80,000,000 times lower than those of melatonin. The possible mechanisms of the antioxidant and regulatory effects of epitalon are discussed.

Effect of peptide Lys-Glu on interleukin-2 gene expression in lymphocytes

Lys-Glu in vitro stimulated interleukin-2 gene expression in mouse spleen lymphocytes. This effect depended on peptide concentration and duration of treatment. It is hypothesized that this peptide is the shortest regulatory fragment promoting the transport of trans-acting factors into the nucleus. It can not be excluded that Lys-Glu is a structural component of trans-acting factor active centers, which are necessary for the activation of interleukin-2 gene transcription in lymphocytes.

Effect of vilon on biological age and lifespan in mice

Subcutaneous administration of vilon (Lys-Glu) to female CBA mice starting from the 6th month of life increased physical activity and endurance, decreased body temperature, prolonged the lifespan, and prevented the development of spontaneous neoplasms. Vilon had no effect on age-related changes of estrous function and free radical processes. Long-term administration of vilon caused no unfavourable effects on animal development. The obtained results show safety of chronic vilon administration and allow to use this preparation for geroprotection and prophylaxis of age pathology.