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Dou JY, Zhou YP, Cui Y, Sun T, Shi JY, Xiong X, Zhang YC. [Pathogenic characteristics and influence factors of bloodstream infection-induced severe sepsis in pediatric intensive care unit]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2024; 104:198-204. [PMID: 38220445 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230729-00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To summarize the pathogenic characteristics of bloodstream infection (BSI)-induced severe sepsis and analyze the influence factors in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: Pediatric patients who were diagnosed with severe sepsis caused by BSI in the PICU of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2016 to December 2021 were retrospectively selected and divided into survival group and death group according to their discharge outcomes. Clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, pathogenic characteristics and drug resistance of the patients were collected. The characteristics of pathogens, clinical and laboratory indicators were summarized, and the influencing factors of death in children with severe sepsis caused by BSI were analyzed based on binary multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 132 patients, aged [M (Q1, Q3)] 36 (10, 119) months, with BSI-induced severe sepsis were enrolled in this study, including 81 males and 51 females. There were 38 cases aged 36 (15, 120) months in the death group, including 23 males and 15 females. There were 94 cases, aged 36 (8, 108) months, in the survival group, including 58 males and 36 females. A total of 132 strains of pathogens were isolated, including 87 strains (65.9%) of Gram-negative bacteria. The top 5 pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (24 cases, 18.2%), Escherichia coli (17 cases, 12.9%), Acinetobacter baumannii (13 cases, 9.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 cases, 7.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10 cases, 7.6%). The proportion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in hospital-acquired BSI was higher than that in community-acquired BSI [52.9% (36/68) vs 15.6% (10/64), P=0.001]. The proportions of community-acquired infection were 58.5% (55/94) and 23.7% (9/38) in the survival and death groups, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The proportion of central venous catheter insertion before bloodstream infection in the death group was higher than that in the survival group [63.2% (24/38) vs 42.6% (40/94), P=0.034]. According to the binary multivariate logistic regression analysis, hospital-acquired infection (OR=4.80, 95%CI: 1.825-12.621, P=0.001), absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.863-0.993, P=0.030) and decreased albumin (OR=0.89, 95%CI: 0.817-0.977, P=0.014) were risk factors for death. Conclusions: The common pathogen of BSI-induced severe sepsis in PICU is Gram-negative bacteria. The proportion of multi-drug resistant organisms of BSI obtained in hospitals is high. Children with severe sepsis due to BSI with nosocomial acquired infection, ANC and decreased albumin have a high risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Dou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Y P Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Y Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - T Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - X Xiong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Y C Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
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Ren YQ, Zhang YC, Shi JY, Shan YJ, Sun T, Zhou YP, Cui Y. [Analysis of risk factors of central nervous system complications supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2022; 60:1059-1065. [PMID: 36207854 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20220311-00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the risk factors of central nervous system (CNS) complications in children undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Methods: The clinical data, ECMO parameters, laboratory examination and outcome (follow-up to 90 d after discharge) of 82 children treated with ECMO in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Shanghai Children's Hospital from December 2015 to December 2021 were analyzed retrospectively in this study. The patients were divided into CNS complication group and non-CNS complication group. The ECMO mode, ECMO catheterization mode, clinical and laboratory indicators pre-ECMO and 24 h after ECMO initiation, in-hospital mortality and 90-day mortality were compared with Chi-square test, t test and nonparametric rank sum test. Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curve, and Log-rank test was used to compare the difference in survival rate. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the power of variables to predict CNS complications. Results: A total of 82 children were treated with ECMO, including 49 males and 33 females, aged 34 (8, 80) months. There were 18 cases suffering CNS complications, including cerebral hemorrhage in 8 cases, epilepsy in 6 cases, simple cerebral infarction in 3 cases, and cerebral hemorrhage combined with cerebral infarction in 1 case. Veno-arterial ECMO accounted for a greater proportion in CNS complication group (17/18 vs. 67% (43/64), χ2=4.02, P=0.045). A higher percentage of children with CNS complications underwent surgical cannulation compared to those in non-CNS complication group (16/18 vs. 53% (34/64), χ2=7.55, P=0.006). The laboratory results indicated that lower pre-ECMO pH value (7.24 (7.15, 7.28) vs. 7.35 (7.26, 7.45), Z=-3.65, P<0.001) and platelet count 24 h after ECMO initiation (66 (27, 135) ×109/L vs. 107 (61, 157) ×109/L, Z=-2.04, P=0.041) were associated with CNS complications. In the CNS complication group, 7 children died during hospitalization and 7 died during 90-day after admission, and there was no significant difference compared with those in the non-CNS complication group (7/18 vs. 31% (20/64), 7/18 vs. 34% (22/64), both P>0.05). The ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the ROC curve for pre-ECMO pH value was 0.738 (95%CI 0.598-0.877), and the optimal cut-off value was 7.325. Conclusions: CNS complications in children undergoing ECMO support are common. Pre-ECMO pH value <7.325 is a risk factor for CNS complications. Reducing the veno-arterial ECMO and surgical cannulation can help reduce the occurrence of CNS complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Ren
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y C Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y J Shan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - T Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y P Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
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O'Flynn R, Zhou YP, Waskin H, Leong R, Straus W. Hepatic safety of the antifungal triazole agent posaconazole: characterization of adverse event reports in a manufacturer's safety database. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:1113-1120. [PMID: 35232318 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2047177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second-generation triazoles including posaconazole are efficacious for prophylaxis and salvage treatment of life-threatening invasive fungal diseases but have been associated with hepatic adverse events (AEs). This report evaluated hepatic AEs in posaconazole-treated patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Hepatobiliary AEs with posaconazole exposure in the company's global safety database were analyzed to characterize underlying medical conditions and concomitant drug exposure. RESULTS As of October 2019, 516 cases (168 from clinical trials, 348 from postmarketing use) containing 618 hepatobiliary AEs were reported regardless of causality. Frequently reported terms were hyperbilirubinemia, hepatic failure, and hepatic function abnormal (clinical trials reports) and hepatotoxicity, hepatocellular injury, and hepatic function abnormal (postmarketing reports). Cases reporting concurrent medications associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) included 8% with verified severe DILI (vMost-DILI) concern, 24% with verified mild to moderate DILI (vLess-DILI) concern, and 37% received both vMost-DILI and vLess-DILI-concern medications in the DILIrank data set. CONCLUSIONS Use of concomitant medications with known risks for hepatic injury appears to be an important contributor for the development of hepatotoxicity in patients treated with posaconazole.
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Cui Y, Zhou YP, Shan YJ, Shi JY, Wang F, Xu TT, Zhang YC. [Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2022; 60:36-40. [PMID: 34986621 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20210610-00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in children. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 66 cases who underwent non-cardiac surgery ECMO in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Shanghai Children's Hospital from May 2016 to April 2021 were collected. The demographics, model of ECMO support, type and size of arteriovenous cannulas, way of catheterization and complications were recorded and summarized. Patients were divided into percutaneous cannulation group and surgical cannulation group according to catheterization strategies. The demographics, duration of cannulation and ECMO support, ECMO weaning rate and hospital survival rate were compared among two groups. χ2 and nonparametric rank sum test were used for comparison. Results: Among the 66 patients who received ECMO, 38 were male and 28 were female, with age 44.5 (12.0, 83.5) months and weight 15.0 (10.0, 25.0) kg; 21 patients underwent percutaneous cannulation, with a success rate of 95% (20 cases). Point-of-care ultrasound was performed for all percutaneous cannulation cases. The duration of percutaneous cannulation was significantly shorter than that of surgical cannulation (26.0 (23.3, 30.3) vs. 57.0 (53.8, 64.0) min, Z=6.31, P<0.001). Successful percutaneous cannulation cases were aged 70.5 (23.8, 109.5) months, and their weight was 23.2 (13.6, 37.0) kg. Ten cases were initially given veno-venous (VV) ECMO support, and 10 cases were given veno-arterial (VA) ECMO support. ECMO arterial cannulas were sized from 8 F to 17 F, and venous cannulas sized from 10 F to 19 F. For VV-ECMO, the right internal jugular and femoral veins were used as vascular access, while VA-ECMO used right internal jugular vein-femoral artery or right femoral vein-left femoral artery approach. Only one patient suffered severe complication (superior vena cava perforation). There was no catheter-related bloodstream infection. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cannulation for ECMO can be performed with a high rate of success and safety in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y P Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y J Shan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - F Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - T T Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y C Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Lu Y, Cui Y, Shi JY, Zhou YP, Wang CX, Zhang YC. [Efficacy of high flow nasal oxygen therapy in children with acute respiratory failure]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2021; 59:20-26. [PMID: 33396999 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20200612-00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the efficacy of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in children with acute respiratory failure. Methods: A prospective study was conducted. A total of 153 patients aged from 1 to 14 years with acute respiratory failure were enrolled, who were admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Shanghai Children's Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019. HFNC success was defined as no need for invasive mechanical ventilation and successfully withdrawn from HFNC, while HFNC failure was defined as need for invasive mechanical ventilation. HFNC at a flow rate of 2 L/(kg·min) (maximum ≤ 60 L/min) with inhaled oxygen concentration (FiO2) between 0.30 and 1.00 was applied to maintain percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) of 0.94-0.97. Parameters including arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in artery (PaCO2), SpO2 and PaO2/FiO2 were collected before and during the application of HFNC at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, as well as over 48 h after HFNC withdrawn. Comparison between the groups was performed by student t test, Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test. The sensitivity and specificity of the above parameters in predicting HFNC success were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: A total of 153 children (70 males and 83 females) were enrolled. Among them, 131 (85.6%) cases were successfully weaned off from HFNC and 22 (14.4%) failed. The duration of HFNC was 57 (38, 95) hours in the successful group, and the PaO2/FiO2 before HFNC application and after HFNC was withdrawn were 187 (170, 212) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and 280 (262, 292) mmHg, respectively. The duration of HFNC in the failure group was 19 (9, 49) hours, and the PaO2/FiO2 before HFNC application and after HFNC withdrawn were 176 (171, 189) mmHg and 159 (156, 161) mmHg, respectively. The values of PaO2/FiO2 were significantly higher in the successful group than those in the failed group at using HFNC initially 1 h (196 (182, 211) vs. 174 (160, 178) mmHg, Z =-5.105, P<0.01), 6 h (213 (203, 220) vs. 168 (157, 170) mmHg, Z =-6.772, P<0.01), 12 h (226 (180, 261) vs. 165 (161, 170) mmHg, Z =-4.308, P<0.01), 24 h (229 (195, 259) vs. 165 (161, 170) mmHg, Z=-4.609, P<0.01) and 48 h (249 (216, 273) vs. 163 (158, 169) mmHg, Z =-4.628, P<0.01) after the HFNC application, and over 48 h after HFNC was withdrawn (277 (268, 283) vs. 157 (154, 158) mmHg, Z=-3.512, P<0.01). Moreover, the PaO2 levels were significantly higher in the successful group than those in the failed group using HFNC initially at 1 h (73.7 (71.0, 76.7) vs. 70.0 (66.2, 71.2) mmHg, Z=-4.587, P<0.01) and 6 h (79.0 (75.0, 82.0) vs. 71.0 (62.0, 72.0) mmHg, Z=-5.954, P<0.01) after HFNC application. Also, the SpO2 levels showed the same differences at 1 h (0.96 (0.95, 0.96) vs. 0.94 (0.92, 0.94), Z =-4.812, P<0.01) and 6 h (0.96 (0.95, 0.97) vs. 0.94(0.91, 0.95), Z=-5.024, P<0.01) after HFNC application. Forty eight hours after HFNC was withdrawn, the PaO2 (88.0 (81.7, 95.0) vs. 63.7 (63.3, 66.0) mmHg, Z =-3.032, P<0.01) and SpO2 (0.96 (0.94, 0.98) vs. 0.91 (0.90, 0.92), Z=-3.957, P<0.01) were also significantly higher in the successful group. Regarding the HFNC complications, there was one case with atelectasis and one with pneumothorax in the failure group. HFNC was used as sequential oxygen therapy after extubation in 79 children, successful in all. ROC curve showed that the area under curve of PaO2/FiO2 in predicting HFNC success was 0.990, and the optimal cut-off value was 232 mmHg with the 95%CI of 0.970-1.000 (P<0.01). Conclusions: HFNC could be used as a respiratory support strategy for children with mild to moderate respiratory failure and as a sequential oxygen therapy after extubation. The PaO2/FiO2 when HFNC withdrow is the optimal index to evaluate the success of HFNC application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y P Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - C X Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y C Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Yang SJ, Li JH, Li L, Chen XY, Yin G, Zhou YP, Xu XQ, Li L, Wang HY, Zhao SH. [Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in myocarditis patients with biopsy negative: a retrospective case series study]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2021; 49:23-30. [PMID: 33429482 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20200908-00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging feature of clinically diagnosed myocarditis patients with negative endocardial biopsy (EMB) results, and to further demonstrate the diagnostic value of CMR in these patients. Methods: This was a retrospective case series study. Fourteen patients, who were clinically diagnosed as myocarditis according to 2013 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) clinical diagnostic criteria for myocarditis, but with negative EMB results, were enrolled. All patients underwent CMR examinations. The morphological, functional and histological changes of the heart were assessed based on black blood sequence, cine sequence, T2W-STIR sequence and contrast agent late gadolinium enhancement,(LGE). Results: There were 10 males and 4 females in this cohort, the age was (25.6±13.2) years. The interval between symptom onset and CMR was 21 (13, 60) days, and the interval between symptom onset and EMB was 19 (9, 40) days. There were 13 patients with abnormal CMR results including myocardial oedema, fibrosis, decreased ejection fraction, pericardial effusion or increased cardiac chamber dimension. Nine out of 14 patients had CMR morphological and/or functional abnormalities, including 1 case of left atrium enlargement, 1 case of left ventricle enlargement, 3 cases of right ventricle enlargement, 4 cases of increased left ventricular end diastolic volume index. Left ventricular ejection fraction was<50% in three cases, right ventricular ejection fraction was<40% in 5 cases, and pericardial effusion depth>3 mm was detected in 3 cases. Of the 14 patients, 11 had histological changes, of which 6 had T2 ratio≥2. Among the 10 patients (10/14) with positive LGE, the most common patterns were subepicardial LGE of the lateral wall and/or midwall LGE of the septum (n=9); 2 cases showed extensively subendocardial LGE of the left ventricular wall. No LGE involved in the right ventricular wall in the whole cohort. Conclusion: CMR plays a complementary role in the diagnosis of myocarditis in clinically diagnosed myocarditis patients with negative EMB findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yang
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - J H Li
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - X Y Chen
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - G Yin
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Y P Zhou
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - X Q Xu
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - H Y Wang
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - S H Zhao
- Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Department of Cardiac MR, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
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Zhou TL, Zhou YP, Zhang YC, Cui Y, Wang F, Chen RX, Rong QF, Wang CX. [Clinical features and outcomes of cancer-related versus non-cancer-related sepsis in pediatric intensive care unit]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020; 58:482-487. [PMID: 32521960 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20200211-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the clinical features and outcomes of cancer-related and non-cancer-related sepsis in children who were admitted pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: The clinical history of patients with sepsis, who were admitted to PICU in Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University from August 2016 to July 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 768 patients were divided into the cancer-related sepsis group (135 cases) and the non-cancer-related sepsis group (633 cases). The patients in the cancer-related group were further categorized into three subgroups including hematological malignancy (80 cases), solid tumor (43 cases) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) (12 cases). The variables of clinical features, laboratory tests, pathogens, management strategies and in-hospital mortality were compared between the two groups by student t test, Mann-Whitney U test or Chi-square test. Results: The patients with cancer-related sepsis accounted for 17.6% of all patients (135/768). Regarding the site of initial infection, the incidence of gastrointestinal infection (43.0% (58/135) vs. 28.6% (181/633), χ(2)=10.718, P=0.001), blood stream infection (29.6% (40/135) vs. 17.1% (108/633), χ(2)=11.297, P=0.001) and skin and soft tissue infection (22.2% (30/135) vs. 4.1% (26/633), χ(2)=54.013, P<0.01) were higher in the patients with cancer-related sepsis than in those with non-cancer-related sepsis. On first PICU admission, the levels of hemoglobin (71 (61, 83) vs. 106 (92, 116) g/L, Z=13.594, P<0.01), white blood cell (1.4 (0.3, 5.2) vs. 9.8 (5.8, 15.1)×10(9)/L, Z=11.213, P<0.01), platelet count (51 (15, 121) vs. 286 (192, 384)×10(9)/L, Z=13.336, P<0.01), CD19(+)cells (0.106 (0.008, 0.274) vs. 0.325 (0.224, 0.454), Z=6.555, P<0.01), and neutrophil (0.449 (0.170, 0.730) vs. 0.683 (0.537, 0.800), Z=5.974, P<0.01) were significantly lower in patients with cancer-related sepsis; however, the levels of C-reactive protein (82 (25, 155) vs. 36 (11, 86) mg/L, Z=-5.257, P<0.01), procalcitonin (1.5 (0.3, 12.0) vs. 0.8 (0.2, 4.0) μg/L, Z=-2.767, P=0.006), CD8(+)cells (0.329 (0.253, 0.514) vs. 0.209 (0.156, 0.275), Z=-5.699, P<0.01), interleukin (IL) -6 (0.1 (0.1, 522.4) vs. 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) ng/L, Z=-2.747, P=0.006), IL-8 (0.1 (0.1, 177.0) vs. 0.1 (0.1, 4.5) ng/L, Z=-2.087, P=0.037), and IL-10 (0.1 (0.1, 42.7) vs. 0.1 (0.1, 6.6) ng/L, Z=-2.148, P=0.032) were significantly higher in patients with cancer-related sepsis. Similarly, the rate of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (34.8% (47/135) vs. 16.9% (107/633), χ(2)=26.267, P<0.01) and the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (83.0% (112/135) vs. 66.2% (419/633), χ(2)=14.667, P<0.01) were significantly higher in cancer-related sepsis group. Moreover, the incidence of co-infection with fungi was also higher in cancer-related sepsis group (14.1% (19/135) vs. 0.5%(3/633), χ(2)=73.965, P<0.01), and so was the number of multiple organ dysfunction (3 (2, 5) vs. 2 (1, 3), Z=-6.988, P<0.01). Finally, the in-hospital mortality rate of cancer-related sepsis and non-cancer-related sepsis were 36.3% (49/135) and 9.3% (59/633), respectively, also significantly different (χ(2)=67.000, P<0.01). There was no difference in the in-hospital mortality among children with hematologic tumors, solid tumors and HLH (35.0% (28/80) vs. 32.6% (14/43) vs. 7/12, χ(2)=2.838, P=0.242). Conclusions: The site of initial infection, inflammatory markers on PICU admission, and co-infection pathogen during hospitalization are different between patients with cancer-related sepsis and non-cancer-related sepsis. Besides, the in-hospital mortality of cancer-related sepsis is about 4-fold that of non-cancer-related sepsis. The monitoring of clinical features and organ dysfunction, and timely treatment are crucial for cancer-related sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y P Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y C Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Y Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - F Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - R X Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Q F Rong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - C X Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Wang YJ, Chen XP, Chen WJ, Zhang ZL, Zhou YP, Jia Z. Ethnicity and health inequalities: an empirical study based on the 2010 China survey of social change (CSSC) in Western China. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:637. [PMID: 32380963 PMCID: PMC7204236 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, ethnic minorities often live in frontier areas and have a relatively small population size, and tremendous social transitions have enlarged the gap between eastern and western China, with western China being home to 44 ethnic minority groups. These three disadvantages have health impacts. Examining ethnicity and health inequality in the context of western China is therefore essential. METHODS This paper is based on data from the 2010 China Survey of Social Change (CSSC2010), which was conducted in 12 provinces, autonomous regions and province-level municipalities in western China and had a sample size of 10,819. We examined self-rated health and disparities in self-rated health between ethnic minorities and Han Chinese in the context of western China. Self-rated health was coded as poor or good, and ethnicity was coded as ethnic minority or Han Chinese. Ethnic differences in self-rated health was examined by using binary logistic regression. Associations among sociodemographic variables, SES variable, health behaviour variable, health problem variables and self-rated health were also explored. RESULTS Fourteen percent of respondents reported their health to be poor. A total of 15.75% of ethnic minorities and 13.43% of Han Chinese respondents reported their health to be poor, indicating a difference in self-rated health between ethnic minorities and Han Chinese. Age, gender, marital status, education, alcohol, and health problems were the main factors that affected differences in self-rated health. CONCLUSION In western China, there were obvious ethnic disparities in self-rated health. Elderly ethnic minorities, non-partnered ethnic minorities, ethnic minorities with an educational level lower than middle school, and ethnic minorities with chronic disease had higher odds of poor self-rated health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Research Center for Circular Economy in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - X P Chen
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Research Center for Circular Economy in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - W J Chen
- Philosophy and Sociology School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Z L Zhang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Research Center for Circular Economy in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Y P Zhou
- Philosophy and Sociology School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Z Jia
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Chen RX, Shi JY, Ren YQ, Wang F, Zhou YP, Cui Y. [Clinical features and outcomes of pediatric acute fulminant myocarditis requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 99:3715-3719. [PMID: 31874496 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2019.47.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To observe the clinical features and effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in critically ill children with acute fulminant myocarditis (AFM). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in pediatric patients with AFM requiring ECMO, from December 2015 to December 2018, who were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in Shanghai Children's Hospital. According to whether patient was alive at least 48 hours after weaning, the children were divided into successful weaning group (9 cases) and unsucessful weaning group (3 cases). The factors related to successful ECMO weaning were explored. The changes of clinical and biochemical parameters before and after ECMO treatment in successful weaning group were analyzed. Continuous variables were presented as median (inter quartile range) for abnormal distribution data, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the data. Results: A total of 12 pediatric patients including 4 males and 8 females were enrolled in this study. The median body weight was 20 (17, 36) kg, and the median age was 66 (48, 103) months. Nine cases were successfully weaned from ECMO, and 8 cases survived to discharge, and 4 cases died in the hospital. The median interval between symptoms onset and ECMO establishment was 3.0 (2.2, 4.0) days, the median duration of ECMO support was 120 (68, 152) hours. In the unsuccessful weaning group, patients displayed higher levels of initiallactic acid (LA), higher vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS), and longer QRS duration before ECMO establishment when compared with those in the successful weaning group (all P<0.05). After ECMO establishment, mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic central venous oxygen saturation, LA, myocardial injury markers and left ventricular ejection fraction were all significantly improved in the successful weaning group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: In pediatric AFM patients, serum LA level, VIS and QRS duration before ECMO establishment are associated with successful ECMO weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R X Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Zhou YP, O’Flynn R, Waskin H, Leong RW, Straus W. 702. Hepatic Safety Among Patients Treated with Anti-Fungal Triazole Agent Posaconazole: Characterization of Adverse events in a Manufacturer’s Safety Database. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019. [PMCID: PMC6810868 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Second-generation triazoles including posaconazole are highly efficacious for the prophylaxis and salvage treatment of life-threatening invasive fungal diseases. All triazoles have been associated with hepatic adverse events (AEs), which may affect their clinical use; however, risk factors for those AEs are poorly defined. Methods Reports of hepatobiliary AEs for posaconazole from clinical trials and post-market use in our company’s global safety database were reviewed to characterize concomitant medical conditions and drug exposure. Results As of 2018, 444 cases of hepatic AEs were reported; 139 (31%) led to discontinuation of posaconazole. Most hepatic AEs had a time to onset >20 days (55.5%). The most frequent AEs reported (per Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) were: Hyperbilirubinaemia (17%); Hepatotoxicity (13.5%); Hepatic function abnormal (11.5%); and Hepatocellular injury (11.3%). Most patients were adults (18–64 years old) (65%). Hematological malignancy (128 cases, 29%) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (91 cases, 20%) were leading concurrent medical conditions. Notably, 75% of the cases reported exposure to other drugs (often multiple ones) with known risks for drug-induced liver injury (DILI, e.g., acetaminophen, cytarabine, cyclosporine). Among 139 cases in which posaconazole treatment was discontinued due to hepatic AEs, 6 of the 20 most frequently used co-medications (used by >4.5% of the cases) were classified by the FDA in its DILIRank as “Most-DILI-Concern” (resulting in drug withdrawal, or prominent labeling for severe DILI risk in boxed warning or warnings and precautions), and 7 were “Less-DILI-concern” drugs (DILI risk language in warnings and precautions or adverse reactions). Similarly, of the top 35 concomitant medications for the entire group, 9 are classified as “Most-DILI-Concern” and 12 are “Less-DILI Concern” drugs. Conclusion The use of concomitant medications with known risks for hepatic injury appears to be an important contributor to the development of hepatotoxicity in patients treated with posaconazole. Co-administration of these drugs with anti-fungal triazole agents such as posaconazole, when needed, will continue to be carefully monitored. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | - Hetty Waskin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
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Zhou YP, Shi JY, Wang F, Cui Y, Xu TT, Wang CX, Zhang YC. [Continuous renal replacement therapy combined with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric cardiopulmonary failure]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2019; 56:336-341. [PMID: 29783818 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effectiveness and safety of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) combined with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on rescuing pediatric patients with cardiopulmonary failure. Methods: The medical records of patients treated with ECMO admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Shanghai Children's Hospital from December 2015 to November 2017 were retrospectively extracted. There were 14 patients treated with ECMO combined with CRRT (ECMO+ CRRT group) due to acute kidney injury (AKI) or fluid overload, while 11 cases treated with ECMO only. The demographics and clinical characteristics of patients, the indications, details and complications of ECMO and CRRT support, and the survival rates were analyzed. Results: A total of 25 cases including 15 boys and 10 girls with cardiopulmonary failure treated with ECMO were enrolled in this study, whose median age and body weight were 9 (1-117) months and 10 (2-42) kg. The median duration of ECMO support was 199.2 h, and the median duration of CRRT was 78.6 h. Among the 14 cases in ECMO + CRRT group, 12 cases were treated with CRRT connected to ECMO pipeline, and 2 other cases were treated with independently operated CRRT. The serum level of creatinine was significantly higher in ECMO+ CRRT group than that in ECMO group (53 (22- 126) vs. 29 (12- 92) μmol/L, Z=-2.208, P=0.043). There was no significant difference in running time between ECMO+CRRT group and ECMO group ((257±203) vs. (122± 83) h, t=-2.062, P=0.051). And the incidence of thrombocytopenia was higher in ECMO+CRRT group than that in ECMO group (10/14 vs. 3/11 , χ(2)=4.812, P=0.028). There were no differences in the successful weaning rate and discharge survival rate between ECMO + CRRT and ECMO group (9 vs. 8, χ(2)= 0.203, P= 0.652 and 8 vs. 8, χ(2)= 0.659, P= 0.417, respectively). Conclusion: The combination of CRRT and ECMO is an effective and safe treatment to alleviate fluid overload and improve kidney function in pediatric patients with cardiopulmonary failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Rudenko O, Shang J, Munk A, Ekberg JP, Petersen N, Engelstoft MS, Egerod KL, Hjorth SA, Wu M, Feng Y, Zhou YP, Mokrosinski J, Thams P, Reimann F, Gribble F, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Treebak JT, Howard AD, Schwartz TW. The aromatic amino acid sensor GPR142 controls metabolism through balanced regulation of pancreatic and gut hormones. Mol Metab 2019; 19:49-64. [PMID: 30472415 PMCID: PMC6323244 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES GPR142, which is highly expressed in pancreatic islets, has recently been deorphanized as a receptor for aromatic amino acids; however, its physiological role and pharmacological potential is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We find that GPR142 is expressed not only in β- but also in α-cells of the islets as well as in enteroendocrine cells, and we confirm that GPR142 is a highly selective sensor of essential aromatic amino acids, in particular Trp and oligopeptides with N-terminal Trp. GPR142 knock-out mice displayed a very limited metabolic phenotype but demonstrated that L-Trp induced secretion of pancreatic and gut hormones is mediated through GPR142 but that the receptor is not required for protein-induced hormone secretion. A synthetic GPR142 agonist stimulated insulin and glucagon as well as GIP, CCK, and GLP-1 secretion. In particular, GIP secretion was sensitive to oral administration of the GPR142 agonist an effect which in contrast to the other hormones was blocked by protein load. Oral administration of the GPR142 agonist increased [3H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake in muscle and fat depots mediated through insulin action while it lowered liver glycogen conceivably mediated through glucagon, and, consequently, it did not lower total blood glucose. Nevertheless, acute administration of the GPR142 agonist strongly improved oral glucose tolerance in both lean and obese mice as well as Zucker fatty rat. Six weeks in-feed chronic treatment with the GPR142 agonist did not affect body weight in DIO mice, but increased energy expenditure and carbohydrate utilization, lowered basal glucose, and improved insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS GPR142 functions as a sensor of aromatic amino acids, controlling GIP but also CCK and GLP-1 as well as insulin and glucagon in the pancreas. GPR142 agonists could have novel interesting potential in modifying metabolism through a balanced action of gut hormones as well as both insulin and glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rudenko
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jin Shang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hills Road, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Munk
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe P Ekberg
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siv A Hjorth
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margaret Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hills Road, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yue Feng
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hills Road, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hills Road, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jacek Mokrosinski
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Thams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Section of Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew D Howard
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hills Road, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Liu W, Shao PP, Liang GB, Bawiec J, He J, Aster SD, Wu M, Chicchi G, Wang J, Tsao KL, Shang J, Salituro G, Zhou YP, Li C, Akiyama TE, Metzger DE, Murphy BA, Howard AD, Weber AE, Duffy JL. Discovery and Pharmacology of a Novel Somatostatin Subtype 5 (SSTR5) Antagonist: Synergy with DPP-4 Inhibition. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1082-1087. [PMID: 30429949 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report new SSTR5 antagonists with enhanced potency, subtype selectivity, and minimal off-target activities as compared to previously reported compounds. Starting from the reported SSTR5 antagonist 1, we systematically surveyed changes in the central core and head piece while maintaining the diphenyl tail group constant. From this study the azaspirodecanone 10 emerged as a new highly potent and selective SSTR5 antagonist. Compound 10 lowered glucose excursion by 94% in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in mice following a 3 mg/kg oral dose. The compound increased both total and active circulating incretin hormone GLP-1 levels in mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg. A synergistic effect was also demonstrated when compound 10 was coadministered with a DPP-4 inhibitor, substantially increasing circulating active GLP-1[7-36] amide and insulin in response to a glucose challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Gui-Bai Liang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Bawiec
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jiafang He
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan D. Aster
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Margaret Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Garry Chicchi
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kwei-Lan Tsao
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jin Shang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Cai Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Taro E. Akiyama
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Beth Ann Murphy
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Ann E. Weber
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph L. Duffy
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Zhou YP. [Review of sixty years of Department of Burns of the 159th Hospital of PLA]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2018; 34:582-583. [PMID: 30293357 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of Department of Burns of the 159th Hospital of PLA in the past 60 years and shows their spirit of hard working and achievements of several generations.
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Zhou YP, Wu R, Shen W, Yu HH, Yu SJ. [Comparison of effects of oleic acid and palmitic acid on lipid deposition and mTOR / S6K1 / SREBP-1c pathway in HepG2 cells]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2018; 26:451-456. [PMID: 30317760 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effects of oleic acid and palmitic acid on lipid deposition and mTOR/S6K1/SREBP-1c pathways in HepG2 cells. Methods: The model of steatosis was established with induction of oleic acid and palmitic acid and was intervened by rapamycin. The changes in lipid droplets were observed after staining the cells with oil Red O. Intracellular triglyceride (TG) contents in cells were measured by TG kit. mTOR, S6K1, and SREBP-1c mRNA expression levels were detected using QRT-PCR. Western blot was used to determine protein expression levels of mTOR, S6K1 and SREBP-1c. Results: Both fatty acids increased lipid droplets in HepG2 cells. Fatty degeneration with elevated TG occurred with significant changes in oleic acid group lipids. Rapamycin alleviated lipid deposition caused by oleic acid and palmitic acid and inhibited their induction of increased expression of mTOR, S6K1, and SREBP-1c. QRT-PCR and Western blot results showed that mRNA and protein expressions of mTOR, S6K1, and SREBP-1c in oleic acid and palmitic acid group were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). The increase was more pronounced in the palmitic acid group (P < 0.05); however, after rapamycin intervention, the expression of mRNA and protein in the three groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the change in palmitic acid group was more pronounced (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Oleic acid and palmitic acid can induce lipid deposition in HepG2 cells and increase expression of every component of mTOR/S6K1/SREBP-1c pathway; however, Oleic acid-induced lipid deposition is more pronounced, and the mTOR, S6K1, and SREBP-1c pathway change is more obvious in palmitic acid. Rapamycin has high potent inhibitory effect on palmitic acid-induced lipid deposition. These results specify that lipid synthesis involved in the mTOR/S6K1/SREBP-1c pathways are mainly associated to palmitic acid in HepG2 cells, whereas other signaling pathway may mediate oleic acid-induced lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - R Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - W Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - H H Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - S J Yu
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Zong RR, Zhou YP, Liu ZG. [The research advances of microRNA-184 and related ocular diseases]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2017; 53:950-955. [PMID: 29325388 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
microRNA-184 (miR-184) is a small, non-coding, endogenic RNA molecule of 22 nucleotides in length. It is a highly conserved sequence throughout many different species. Multiple studies have demonstrated that miR-184 is an important factor in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. miR-184 plays vital roles in many biological processes, including development and differentiation in many tissues and organs. Meanwhile, the research on the physiological and pathological role of miR-184 in eyes draws more and more attention lately. Recent research indicates that miR-184 is highly expressed in the cornea and lens of mice. miR-184 plays crucial regulatory roles in several ocular diseases, such as neovascularization, keratoconus, endothelial dystrophy-iris hypoplasia-congenital cataract-stromal thinning syndrome, corneal squamous cell carcinoma, age-related macular degeneration and cataract. Here we summarize and discuss the recent findings of miR-184 in its gene structure, gene expression and regulation, biological function and its relevance with ocular diseases. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 950-955).
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Zong
- Eye Instituteof Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
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Tian YF, Zhang JH, Lu HM, Liu YY, Zhou YP, Lu Q, Buren R, Zhang YH. [The combined effects of family history of cardiovascular disease and overweight on ischemic stroke incidence among the Mongolian population]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 50:794-798. [PMID: 27655599 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the cumulative effect of family history of cardiovascular disease(CVD)and overweight on ischemic stroke events in the Mongolian population. Methods: Study participants were recruited from 32 villages from May 2002 to August 2012 in Kezuohou Banner(county)and Naiman Banner in Inner Mongolia, China. Among 3 457 Mongolian people aged ≥20 years old living in these villages, 2 589 were selected to participate in this study. None of the participants had chronic kidney disease, malignant tumor, thyroid disease or adrenalopathy, or acute infectious disease. The 2 589 participants were followed for a mean of 9.2 years. Six participants were lost to follow up, resulting in a follow-up rate of 99.8%. Information collected included demographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, history of disease, family history of CVD, and physical examination. Ischemic stroke incidence information was collected during follow-up. All participants were categorized into four subgroups according to family history of CVD and overweight status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios(HR)and 95% CI of ischemic stroke events among subgroups, compared with the subgroup with no family history of CVD and body mass index(BMI)<24 kg/m2(the reference group). Results: Among 2 589 participants, 76 ischemic stroke events occurred after follow-up, and 8 were excluded because of lack of key data. Finally, 2 581 participants were included in the analysis, and the incidence density was 323/100 000 person-years. The cumulative incidence rates of ischemic stroke were 2.48%, 1.86%, 6.67% and 9.00% in the no family history of CVD and BMI <24 kg/m2, no family history of CVD and BMI ≥24 kg/m2, family history of CVD and BMI <24 kg/m2 and family history of CVD and BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 subgroups, respectively. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, after further adjustment for age, gender, smoking, drinking, FPG, hypertension, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and heart rate, the risk of ischemic stroke in the subgroup with a family history of CVD and BMI ≥24 kg/m2 was higher than the reference group(HR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.16-5.87). However, the risk of ischemic stroke in other two groups was not statistically significant compared with the reference group. The HR(95% CI)values in the no family history of CVD and BMI ≥24 kg/m2and family history of CVD and BMI <24 kg/m2 subgroups were 1.18(0.5- 2.39)and 1.27(0.67- 2.42), respectively. Conclusion: In the Mongolian population, a family history of CVD and coexistent overweight may increase the risk of ischemic stroke events, suggesting that in people with family history of cardiovascular disease, weight control is conducive to the prevention of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou 215123, China
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19
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Lai Z, He S, Sherer EC, Wu Z, Yu Y, Ball R, Hong Q, Yang DX, Guo L, Li D, Tuang Q, Chicchi GG, Trusca D, Tsao KL, Zhou YP, Howard AD, Nargund RP, Hagmann WK. Discovery of substituted (4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methanamine as potent somatostatin receptor 3 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Shang J, Li J, Keller MP, Hohmeier HE, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zhou HH, Shen X, Rabaglia M, Soni M, Attie AD, Newgard CB, Thornberry NA, Howard AD, Zhou YP. Induction of miR-132 and miR-212 Expression by Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) in Rodent and Human Pancreatic β-Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26218441 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding how glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) promotes pancreatic β-cell function and/or mass may uncover new treatment for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the effect of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. miRNA levels in INS-1 cells and isolated rodent and human islets treated with GLP-1 in vitro and in vivo (with osmotic pumps) were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. The role of miRNAs on insulin secretion was studied by transfecting INS-1 cells with either precursors or antisense inhibitors of miRNAs. Among the 250 miRNAs surveyed, miR-132 and miR-212 were significantly up-regulated by GLP-1 by greater than 2-fold in INS-1 832/3 cells, which were subsequently reproduced in freshly isolated rat, mouse, and human islets, as well as the islets from GLP-1 infusion in vivo in mice. The inductions of miR-132 and miR-212 by GLP-1 were correlated with cAMP production and were blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 but not affected by the exchange protein activated by cAMP activator 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM. GLP-1 failed to increase miR-132 or miR-212 expression levels in the 832/13 line of INS-1 cells, which lacks robust cAMP and insulin responses to GLP-1 treatment. Overexpression of miR-132 or miR-212 significantly enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in both 832/3 and 832/13 cells, and restored insulin responses to GLP-1 in INS-1 832/13 cells. GLP-1 increases the expression of miRNAs 132 and 212 via a cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent pathway in pancreatic β-cells. Overexpression of miR-132 or miR-212 enhances glucose and GLP-1-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shang
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jing Li
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Mark P Keller
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Hans E Hohmeier
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Yong Wang
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Yue Feng
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Heather H Zhou
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Xiaolan Shen
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Mary Rabaglia
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Mufaddal Soni
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Alan D Attie
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Nancy A Thornberry
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Andrew D Howard
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes (J.S., Y.F., N.A.T., A.D.H., Y.-P.Z.) and Target Validation (J.L., H.H.Z.) and Laboratory of Animal Research (X.S.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065; Department of Biochemistry (M.P.K., M.R., M.S., A.D.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (H.E.H., C.B.N.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704; and Department of Surgery/Transplant (Y.W.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Shah SK, He S, Guo L, Truong Q, Qi H, Du W, Lai Z, Liu J, Jian T, Hong Q, Dobbelaar P, Ye Z, Sherer E, Feng Z, Yu Y, Wong F, Samuel K, Madiera M, Karanam BV, Reddy VB, Mitelman S, Tong SX, Chicchi GG, Tsao KL, Trusca D, Feng Y, Wu M, Shao Q, Trujillo ME, Eiermann GJ, Li C, Pachanski M, Fernandez G, Nelson D, Bunting P, Morissette P, Volksdorf S, Kerr J, Zhang BB, Howard AD, Zhou YP, Pasternak A, Nargund RP, Hagmann WK. Discovery of MK-1421, a Potent, Selective sstr3 Antagonist, as a Development Candidate for Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:513-7. [PMID: 26005524 PMCID: PMC4434471 DOI: 10.1021/ml500514w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
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The imidazolyl-tetrahydro-β-carboline
class of sstr3 antagonists
have demonstrated efficacy in a murine model of glucose excursion
and may have potential as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. The first
candidate in this class caused unacceptable QTc interval prolongation
in oral, telemetrized cardiovascular (CV) dogs. Herein, we describe
our efforts to identify an acceptable candidate without CV effects.
These efforts resulted in the identification of (1R,3R)-3-(4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-(1-ethyl-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3H-2-one-5-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline
(17e, MK-1421).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillermo Fernandez
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Donald Nelson
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Patricia Bunting
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Pierre Morissette
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sylvia Volksdorf
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Janet Kerr
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Soni MS, Rabaglia ME, Bhatnagar S, Shang J, Ilkayeva O, Mynatt R, Zhou YP, Schadt EE, Thornberry NA, Muoio DM, Keller MP, Attie AD. Downregulation of carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase by miRNAs 132 and 212 amplifies glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes 2014; 63:3805-14. [PMID: 24969106 PMCID: PMC4207388 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) 132 and 212 are differentially upregulated in response to obesity in two mouse strains that differ in their susceptibility to obesity-induced diabetes. Here we show the overexpression of miRNAs 132 and 212 enhances insulin secretion (IS) in response to glucose and other secretagogues including nonfuel stimuli. We determined that carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase (CACT; Slc25a20) is a direct target of these miRNAs. CACT is responsible for transporting long-chain acyl-carnitines into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CACT in β-cells led to the accumulation of fatty acyl-carnitines and enhanced IS. The addition of long-chain fatty acyl-carnitines promoted IS from rat insulinoma β-cells (INS-1) as well as primary mouse islets. The effect on INS-1 cells was augmented in response to suppression of CACT. A nonhydrolyzable ether analog of palmitoyl-carnitine stimulated IS, showing that β-oxidation of palmitoyl-carnitine is not required for its stimulation of IS. These studies establish a link between miRNA-dependent regulation of CACT and fatty acyl-carnitine-mediated regulation of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufaddal S Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mary E Rabaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Jin Shang
- Department of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Randall Mynatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Department of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Nancy A Thornberry
- Department of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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He S, Lai Z, Ye Z, Dobbelaar P, Shah SK, Truong Q, Du W, Guo L, Liu J, Jian T, Qi H, Bakshi R, Hong Q, Dellureficio J, Reibarkh M, Samuel K, Reddy V, Mitelman S, Tong SX, Chicchi GG, Tsao KL, Trusca D, Wu M, Shao Q, Trujillo M, Fernandez G, Nelson D, Bunting P, Kerr J, Fitzgerald P, Morissette P, Volksdorf S, Eiermann GJ, Li C, Zhang B, Howard A, Zhou YP, Nargund RP, Hagmann WK. Investigation of Cardiovascular Effects of Tetrahydro-β-carboline sstr3 antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:748-53. [PMID: 25050159 PMCID: PMC4094257 DOI: 10.1021/ml500028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of somatostatin subtype receptor 3 (sstr3) has emerged as a potential treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, the development of our first preclinical candidate, MK-4256, was discontinued due to a dose-dependent QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) prolongation observed in a conscious cardiovascular (CV) dog model. As the fate of the entire program rested on resolving this issue, it was imperative to determine whether the observed QTc prolongation was associated with hERG channel (the protein encoded by the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene) binding or was mechanism-based as a result of antagonizing sstr3. We investigated a structural series containing carboxylic acids to reduce the putative hERG off-target activity. A key tool compound, 3A, was identified from this SAR effort. As a potent sstr3 antagonist, 3A was shown to reduce glucose excursion in a mouse oGTT assay. Consistent with its minimal hERG activity from in vitro assays, 3A elicited little to no effect in an anesthetized, vagus-intact CV dog model at high plasma drug levels. These results afforded the critical conclusion that sstr3 antagonism is not responsible for the QTc effects and therefore cleared a path for the program to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhong Lai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhixiong Ye
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter
H. Dobbelaar
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shrenik K. Shah
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Quang Truong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wu Du
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Liangqin Guo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tianying Jian
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Raman
K. Bakshi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Dellureficio
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Koppara Samuel
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Vijay
B. Reddy
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stan Mitelman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sharon X. Tong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gary G. Chicchi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kwei-Lan Tsao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dorina Trusca
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Margaret Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qing Shao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria
E. Trujillo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guillermo Fernandez
- Department
of Safety Assessment, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Donald Nelson
- Department
of Safety Assessment, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Patricia Bunting
- Department
of Safety Assessment, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Janet Kerr
- Department
of Safety Assessment, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Patrick Fitzgerald
- Department
of Safety Assessment, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Pierre Morissette
- Department
of Safety Assessment, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sylvia Volksdorf
- Department
of Safety Assessment, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - George J. Eiermann
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Cai Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bei Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew
D. Howard
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William K. Hagmann
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Diabetes Research, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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24
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Li D, Wu Z, Yu Y, Ball RG, Guo L, Sherer E, He S, Hong Q, Lai Z, Qi H, Truong Q, Yang DX, Chicchi GG, Tsao KL, Trusca D, Trujillo M, Pachanski M, Eiermann GJ, Howard AD, Zhou YP, Zhang BB, Nargund RP, Hagmann WK. Diamine Derivatives as Novel Small-Molecule, Potent, and Subtype-Selective Somatostatin SST3 Receptor Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:690-5. [PMID: 24944745 DOI: 10.1021/ml500079u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of small-molecule, highly potent, and subtype-selective somatostatin SST3 agonists was discovered through modification of a SST3 antagonist. As an example, (1R,2S)-9 demonstrated not only potent in vitro SST3 agonist activity but also in vivo SST3 agonist activity in a mouse oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). These agonists may be useful reagents for studying the physiological roles of the SST3 receptor and may potentially be useful as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derun Li
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhicai Wu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard G. Ball
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Liangqin Guo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edward Sherer
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shuwen He
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhong Lai
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Quang Truong
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David X. Yang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gary G. Chicchi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kwei-Lan Tsao
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dorina Trusca
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Maria Trujillo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michele Pachanski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - George J. Eiermann
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bei B. Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - William K. Hagmann
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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25
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Kong LJ, Feng W, Wright M, Chen Y, Dallas-yang Q, Zhou YP, Berger JP. FGF21 suppresses hepatic glucose production through the activation of atypical protein kinase Cι/λ. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:302-8. [PMID: 23305840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a potent and robust metabolic regulator. Administration of recombinant FGF21 protein to rodents and rhesus monkeys exerts strong anti-diabetic effects. Previous studies have demonstrated that FGF21 inhibits glucose output in the rat H4IIE hepatoma cell line. We performed pharmacological studies to investigate the mechanisms by which FGF21 regulates glucose production in these cells. We found that both insulin and FGF21 suppressed gene expression of G6Pase and PEPCK. Accordingly, glucose production was inhibited. The FGF21 effects were phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent, and, unlike insulin, Akt-independent. Additionally, we found that FGF21 induced PKCι/λ phosphorylation in a PI3K-dependent manner; and that a non-isoform selective PKC inhibitor blocked FGF21 inhibition of glucose production, while an inhibitor of classical and novel PKC isoforms had no effect on FGF21 inhibitory activity. Furthermore, hepatic PKCι/λ phosphorylation was upregulated in FGF21-treated diabetic db/db mice.These data support the proposition that FGF21 inhibits hepatic glucose production by the PI3K-dependent activation of PKCι/λ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jie Kong
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY80T-B119, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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26
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Tu Z, Keller MP, Zhang C, Rabaglia ME, Greenawalt DM, Yang X, Wang IM, Dai H, Bruss MD, Lum PY, Zhou YP, Kemp DM, Kendziorski C, Yandell BS, Attie AD, Schadt EE, Zhu J. Integrative analysis of a cross-loci regulation network identifies App as a gene regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003107. [PMID: 23236292 PMCID: PMC3516550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases result from molecular changes induced by multiple genetic factors and the environment. To derive a systems view of how genetic loci interact in the context of tissue-specific molecular networks, we constructed an F2 intercross comprised of >500 mice from diabetes-resistant (B6) and diabetes-susceptible (BTBR) mouse strains made genetically obese by the Leptinob/ob mutation (Lepob). High-density genotypes, diabetes-related clinical traits, and whole-transcriptome expression profiling in five tissues (white adipose, liver, pancreatic islets, hypothalamus, and gastrocnemius muscle) were determined for all mice. We performed an integrative analysis to investigate the inter-relationship among genetic factors, expression traits, and plasma insulin, a hallmark diabetes trait. Among five tissues under study, there are extensive protein–protein interactions between genes responding to different loci in adipose and pancreatic islets that potentially jointly participated in the regulation of plasma insulin. We developed a novel ranking scheme based on cross-loci protein-protein network topology and gene expression to assess each gene's potential to regulate plasma insulin. Unique candidate genes were identified in adipose tissue and islets. In islets, the Alzheimer's gene App was identified as a top candidate regulator. Islets from 17-week-old, but not 10-week-old, App knockout mice showed increased insulin secretion in response to glucose or a membrane-permeant cAMP analog, in agreement with the predictions of the network model. Our result provides a novel hypothesis on the mechanism for the connection between two aging-related diseases: Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes are two common aging-related diseases. Numerous studies have shown that the two diseases are associated. However, the mechanisms of such connection are not clear. Both diseases are complex diseases that are induced by multiple genetic factors and the environment. To understand the molecular network regulated by complex genetic factors causing type 2 diabetes, we constructed an F2 intercross comprised of >500 mice from diabetes-resistant and diabetic mouse strains. We measured genotypes, clinical traits, and expression profiling in five tissues for each mouse. We then performed an integrative analysis to investigate the inter-relationship among genetic factors, expression traits, and plasma insulin, a hallmark diabetes trait, and developed a novel method for inferring key regulators for regulating plasma insulin. In islets, the Alzheimer's gene App was identified as a top candidate regulator. Islets from 17-week-old, but not 10-week-old, App knockout mice showed increased insulin secretion in response to glucose, in agreement with the predictions of the network model. Our result provides a novel hypothesis on the mechanism for the connection between two aging-related diseases: Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Tu
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chunsheng Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Rabaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - I-Ming Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hongyue Dai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Bruss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Pek Y. Lum
- Department of Genetics, Rosetta Inpharmatics, Merck, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Kemp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Yandell
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li XN, Herrington J, Petrov A, Ge L, Eiermann G, Xiong Y, Jensen MV, Hohmeier HE, Newgard CB, Garcia ML, Wagner M, Zhang BB, Thornberry NA, Howard AD, Kaczorowski GJ, Zhou YP. The role of voltage-gated potassium channels Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 in the regulation of insulin and somatostatin release from pancreatic islets. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:407-16. [PMID: 23161216 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channels Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 are highly expressed in pancreatic islets, yet their contribution to islet hormone secretion is not fully understood. Here we investigate the role of Kv2 channels in pancreatic islets using a combination of genetic and pharmacologic approaches. Pancreatic β-cells from Kv2.1(-/-) mice possess reduced Kv current and display greater glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) relative to WT β-cells. Inhibition of Kv2.x channels with selective peptidyl [guangxitoxin-1E (GxTX-1E)] or small molecule (RY796) inhibitors enhances GSIS in isolated wild-type (WT) mouse and human islets, but not in islets from Kv2.1(-/-) mice. However, in WT mice neither inhibitor improved glucose tolerance in vivo. GxTX-1E and RY796 enhanced somatostatin release in isolated human and mouse islets and in situ perfused pancreata from WT and Kv2.1(-/-) mice. Kv2.2 silencing in mouse islets by adenovirus-small hairpin RNA (shRNA) specifically enhanced islet somatostatin, but not insulin, secretion. In mice lacking somatostatin receptor 5, GxTX-1E stimulated insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance. Collectively, these data show that Kv2.1 regulates insulin secretion in β-cells and Kv2.2 modulates somatostatin release in δ-cells. Development of selective Kv2.1 inhibitors without cross inhibition of Kv2.2 may provide new avenues to promote GSIS for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Nina Li
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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28
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He S, Ye Z, Truong Q, Shah S, Du W, Guo L, Dobbelaar PH, Lai Z, Liu J, Jian T, Qi H, Bakshi RK, Hong Q, Dellureficio J, Pasternak A, Feng Z, deJesus R, Yang L, Reibarkh M, Bradley SA, Holmes MA, Ball RG, Ruck RT, Huffman MA, Wong F, Samuel K, Reddy VB, Mitelman S, Tong SX, Chicchi GG, Tsao KL, Trusca D, Wu M, Shao Q, Trujillo ME, Eiermann GJ, Li C, Zhang BB, Howard AD, Zhou YP, Nargund RP, Hagmann WK. The Discovery of MK-4256, a Potent SSTR3 Antagonist as a Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:484-9. [PMID: 24900499 DOI: 10.1021/ml300063m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship study of the imidazolyl-β-tetrahydrocarboline series identified MK-4256 as a potent, selective SSTR3 antagonist, which demonstrated superior efficacy in a mouse oGTT model. MK-4256 reduced glucose excursion in a dose-dependent fashion with maximal efficacy achieved at doses as low as 0.03 mg/kg po. As compared with glipizide, MK-4256 showed a minimal hypoglycemia risk in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhixiong Ye
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Quang Truong
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shrenik Shah
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wu Du
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Liangqin Guo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter H. Dobbelaar
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhong Lai
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tianying Jian
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Raman K. Bakshi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - James Dellureficio
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhe Feng
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Reynalda deJesus
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lihu Yang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott A. Bradley
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark A. Holmes
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard G. Ball
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rebecca T. Ruck
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark A. Huffman
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Frederick Wong
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Koppara Samuel
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Vijay B. Reddy
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stan Mitelman
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sharon X. Tong
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gary G. Chicchi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kwei-Lan Tsao
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dorina Trusca
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Margaret Wu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Shao
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Maria E. Trujillo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - George J. Eiermann
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cai Li
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bei B. Zhang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - William K. Hagmann
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Process Research, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Diabetes Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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29
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Pasternak A, Feng Z, de Jesus R, Ye Z, He S, Dobbelaar P, Bradley S, Chicchi GG, Tsao KL, Trusca D, Eiermann GJ, Li C, Feng Y, Wu M, Shao Q, Zhang BB, Nargund R, Mills SG, Howard AD, Yang L, Zhou YP. Stimulation of Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion by a Potent, Selective sst3 Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:289-93. [PMID: 24900466 PMCID: PMC4025754 DOI: 10.1021/ml200272z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This letter provides the first pharmacological proof of principle that the sst3 receptor mediates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β-cells. To enable these studies, we identified the selective sst3 antagonist (1R,3R)-3-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (5a), with improved ion channel selectivity and mouse pharmacokinetic properties as compared to previously described tetrahydro-β-carboline imidazole sst3 antagonists. We demonstrated that compound 5a enhances GSIS in pancreatic β-cells and blocks glucose excursion induced by dextrose challenge in ipGTT and OGTT models in mice. Finally, we provided strong evidence that these effects are mechanism-based in an ipGTT study, showing reduction of glucose excursion in wild-type but not sst3 knockout mice. Thus, we have shown that antagonism of sst3 represents a new mechanism with potential in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe Feng
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Reynalda de Jesus
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhixiong Ye
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shuwen He
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter Dobbelaar
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott
A. Bradley
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gary G. Chicchi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kwei-Lan Tsao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dorina Trusca
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Cai Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yue Feng
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Margaret Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Shao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bei B. Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sander G. Mills
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lihu Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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30
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Feng Y, Guan XM, Li J, Metzger JM, Zhu Y, Juhl K, Zhang BB, Thornberry NA, Reitman ML, Zhou YP. Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic islets across multiple species. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4106-15. [PMID: 21878513 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) regulates energy homeostasis, and BRS-3 agonism is being explored as a possible therapy for obesity. Here we study the role of BRS-3 in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose homeostasis. We quantified BRS-3 mRNA in pancreatic islets from multiple species and examined the acute effects of Bag-1, a selective BRS-3 agonist, on GSIS in mouse, rat, and human islets, and on oral glucose tolerance in mice. BRS-3 is highly expressed in human, mouse, rhesus, and dog (but not rat) pancreatic islets and in rodent insulinoma cell lines (INS-1 832/3 and MIN6). Silencing BRS-3 with small interfering RNA or pharmacological blockade with a BRS-3 antagonist, Bantag-1, reduced GSIS in 832/3 cells. In contrast, the BRS-3 agonist (Bag-1) increased GSIS in 832/3 and MIN6 cells. The augmentation of GSIS by Bag-1 was completely blocked by U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor. Bag-1 also enhanced GSIS in islets isolated from wild-type, but not Brs3 knockout mice. In vivo, Bag-1 reduced glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance test in a BRS-3-dependent manner. BRS-3 agonists also increased GSIS in human islets. These results identify a potential role for BRS-3 in islet physiology, with agonism directly promoting GSIS. Thus, in addition to its potential role in the treatment of obesity, BRS-3 may also regulate blood glucose levels and have a role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Feng
- Department of Diabetes and Obesity, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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31
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Herrington J, Solly K, Ratliff KS, Li N, Zhou YP, Howard A, Kiss L, Garcia ML, McManus OB, Deng Q, Desai R, Xiong Y, Kaczorowski GJ. Identification of novel and selective Kv2 channel inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:959-64. [PMID: 21948463 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.074831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of selective ion channel inhibitors represents a critical step for understanding the physiological role that these proteins play in native systems. In particular, voltage-gated potassium (K(V)2) channels are widely expressed in tissues such as central nervous system, pancreas, and smooth muscle, but their particular contributions to cell function are not well understood. Although potent and selective peptide inhibitors of K(V)2 channels have been characterized, selective small molecule K(V)2 inhibitors have not been reported. For this purpose, high-throughput automated electrophysiology (IonWorks Quattro; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) was used to screen a 200,000-compound mixture (10 compounds per sample) library for inhibitors of K(V)2.1 channels. After deconvolution of 190 active samples, two compounds (A1 and B1) were identified that potently inhibit K(V)2.1 and the other member of the K(V)2 family, K(V)2.2 (IC(50), 0.1-0.2 μM), and that possess good selectivity over K(V)1.2 (IC(50) >10 μM). Modeling studies suggest that these compounds possess a similar three-dimensional conformation. Compounds A1 and B1 are >10-fold selective over Na(V) channels and other K(V) channels and display weak activity (5-9 μM) on Ca(V) channels. The biological activity of compound A1 on native K(V)2 channels was confirmed in electrophysiological recordings of rat insulinoma cells, which are known to express K(V)2 channels. Medicinal chemistry efforts revealed a defined structure-activity relationship and led to the identification of two compounds (RY785 and RY796) without significant Ca(V) channel activity. Taken together, these newly identified channel inhibitors represent important tools for the study of K(V)2 channels in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Herrington
- Department of Ion Channels, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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32
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Ohyama S, Takano H, Iino T, Nishimura T, Zhou YP, Langdon RB, Zhang BB, Eiki JI. A small-molecule glucokinase activator lowers blood glucose in the sulfonylurea-desensitized rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:250-6. [PMID: 20465996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase activators increase insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells and hepatic glucose utilization by modifying the activity of glucokinase, a key enzyme in glucose-sensing and glycemic regulation. Sulfonylureas are antihyperglycemic agents that stimulate insulin secretion via a glucose-independent mechanism that is vulnerable to secondary failure through beta-cell desensitization. The present study determined whether glucokinase activator treatment retains its glucose-lowering efficacy in male, adult, non-diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats desensitized to sulfonylurea treatment and whether glucose-lowering during chronic glucokinase activator treatment is subject to secondary failure. Animals were given food containing either glimepiride (a sulfonylurea), Compound B (3-[(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-methylethoxy]-5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy]-N-1,3-thiazol-2-ylbenzamide, an experimental glucokinase activator), or no drug for up to 5 weeks. Food containing 0.04% of either drug produced acute (within 4-8 h) and significant (P<0.05) reductions in blood glucose to approximately 50% of control levels. Chronic treatment with either 0.01% or 0.04% glimepiride resulted in complete failure of glucose-lowering efficacy within 3 days whereas the efficacy of Compound B was sustained throughout the entire study. Glipizide, also a sulfonylurea, had no glucose-lowering effect when given by gavage (3mg/kg) to glimepiride-desensitized animals whereas Compound B retained full glucose-lowering efficacy in glimepiride-desensitized animals. Oral glucose tolerance was significantly impaired, compared with controls, in animals treated with glimepiride for two weeks but was enhanced to a small extent in animals treated with Compound B. Compound B also significantly increased pancreatic insulin content, compared with controls. These findings suggest that Compound B has sustained glucose-lowering effects in a rat model of sulfonylurea failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumika Ohyama
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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33
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Zhao E, Keller MP, Rabaglia ME, Oler AT, Stapleton DS, Schueler KL, Neto EC, Moon JY, Wang P, Wang IM, Lum PY, Ivanovska I, Cleary M, Greenawalt D, Tsang J, Choi YJ, Kleinhanz R, Shang J, Zhou YP, Howard AD, Zhang BB, Kendziorski C, Thornberry NA, Yandell BS, Schadt EE, Attie AD. Obesity and genetics regulate microRNAs in islets, liver, and adipose of diabetic mice. Mamm Genome 2010. [PMID: 19727952 DOI: 10.1007/00335-009-9217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes results from severe insulin resistance coupled with a failure of b cells to compensate by secreting sufficient insulin. Multiple genetic loci are involved in the development of diabetes, although the effect of each gene on diabetes susceptibility is thought to be small. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding 19-22-nucleotide RNA molecules that potentially regulate the expression of thousands of genes. To understand the relationship between miRNA regulation and obesity-induced diabetes, we quantitatively profiled approximately 220 miRNAs in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, and liver from diabetes-resistant (B6) and diabetes-susceptible (BTBR) mice. More than half of the miRNAs profiled were expressed in all three tissues, with many miRNAs in each tissue showing significant changes in response to genetic obesity. Furthermore, several miRNAs in each tissue were differentially responsive to obesity in B6 versus BTBR mice, suggesting that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In liver there were approximately 40 miRNAs that were downregulated in response to obesity in B6 but not BTBR mice, indicating that genetic differences between the mouse strains play a critical role in miRNA regulation. In order to elucidate the genetic architecture of hepatic miRNA expression, we measured the expression of miRNAs in genetically obese F2 mice. Approximately 10% of the miRNAs measured showed significant linkage (miR-eQTLs), identifying loci that control miRNA abundance. Understanding the influence that obesity and genetics exert on the regulation of miRNA expression will reveal the role miRNAs play in the context of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Zhao
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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34
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Zhao E, Keller MP, Rabaglia ME, Oler AT, Stapleton DS, Schueler KL, Neto EC, Moon JY, Wang P, Wang IM, Lum PY, Ivanovska I, Cleary M, Greenawalt D, Tsang J, Choi YJ, Kleinhanz R, Shang J, Zhou YP, Howard AD, Zhang BB, Kendziorski C, Thornberry NA, Yandell BS, Schadt EE, Attie AD. Obesity and genetics regulate microRNAs in islets, liver, and adipose of diabetic mice. Mamm Genome 2010; 20:476-85. [PMID: 19727952 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes results from severe insulin resistance coupled with a failure of b cells to compensate by secreting sufficient insulin. Multiple genetic loci are involved in the development of diabetes, although the effect of each gene on diabetes susceptibility is thought to be small. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding 19-22-nucleotide RNA molecules that potentially regulate the expression of thousands of genes. To understand the relationship between miRNA regulation and obesity-induced diabetes, we quantitatively profiled approximately 220 miRNAs in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, and liver from diabetes-resistant (B6) and diabetes-susceptible (BTBR) mice. More than half of the miRNAs profiled were expressed in all three tissues, with many miRNAs in each tissue showing significant changes in response to genetic obesity. Furthermore, several miRNAs in each tissue were differentially responsive to obesity in B6 versus BTBR mice, suggesting that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In liver there were approximately 40 miRNAs that were downregulated in response to obesity in B6 but not BTBR mice, indicating that genetic differences between the mouse strains play a critical role in miRNA regulation. In order to elucidate the genetic architecture of hepatic miRNA expression, we measured the expression of miRNAs in genetically obese F2 mice. Approximately 10% of the miRNAs measured showed significant linkage (miR-eQTLs), identifying loci that control miRNA abundance. Understanding the influence that obesity and genetics exert on the regulation of miRNA expression will reveal the role miRNAs play in the context of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Zhao
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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35
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Ronnebaum SM, Jensen MV, Hohmeier HE, Burgess SC, Zhou YP, Qian S, MacNeil D, Howard A, Thornberry N, Ilkayeva O, Lu D, Sherry AD, Newgard CB. Silencing of cytosolic or mitochondrial isoforms of malic enzyme has no effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rodent islets. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28909-17. [PMID: 18755687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804665200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a role for pyruvate cycling in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Some of the possible pyruvate cycling pathways are completed by conversion of malate to pyruvate by malic enzyme. Using INS-1-derived 832/13 cells, it has recently been shown by other laboratories that NADP-dependent cytosolic malic enzyme (MEc), but not NAD-dependent mitochondrial malic enzyme (MEm), regulates GSIS. In the current study, we show that small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of either MEm or MEc results in decreased GSIS in both 832/13 cells and a new and more glucose- and incretin-responsive INS-1-derived cell line, 832/3. The effect of MEm to suppress GSIS in these cell lines was linked to a substantial decrease in cell growth, whereas MEc suppression resulted in decreased NADPH, shown previously to be correlated with GSIS. However, adenovirus-mediated delivery of small interfering RNAs specific to MEc and MEm to isolated rat islets, while leading to effective suppression of the targets transcripts, had no effect on GSIS. Furthermore, islets isolated from MEc-null MOD1(-/-) mice exhibit normal glucose- and potassium-stimulated insulin secretion. These results indicate that pyruvate-malate cycling does not control GSIS in primary rodent islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ronnebaum
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704, USA
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36
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Tan CP, Feng Y, Zhou YP, Eiermann GJ, Petrov A, Zhou C, Lin S, Salituro G, Meinke P, Mosley R, Akiyama TE, Einstein M, Kumar S, Berger JP, Mills SG, Thornberry NA, Yang L, Howard AD. Selective small-molecule agonists of G protein-coupled receptor 40 promote glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose in mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:2211-9. [PMID: 18477808 PMCID: PMC2494688 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute activation of G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) by free fatty acids (FFAs) or synthetic GPR40 agonists enhances insulin secretion. However, it is still a matter of debate whether activation of GPR40 would be beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, since chronic exposure to FFAs impairs islet function. We sought to evaluate the specific role of GPR40 in islets and its potential as a therapeutic target using compounds that specifically activate GPR40. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed a series of GPR40-selective small-molecule agonists and studied their acute and chronic effects on glucose-dependent insulin secretion (GDIS) in isolated islets, as well as effects on blood glucose levels during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests in wild-type and GPR40 knockout mice (GPR40(-/-)). RESULTS Small-molecule GPR40 agonists significantly enhanced GDIS in isolated islets and improved glucose tolerance in wild-type mice but not in GPR40(-/-) mice. While a 72-h exposure to FFAs in tissue culture significantly impaired GDIS in islets from both wild-type and GPR40(-/-) mice, similar exposure to the GPR40 agonist did not impair GDIS in islets from wild-type mice. Furthermore, the GPR40 agonist enhanced insulin secretion in perfused pancreata from neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and improved glucose levels in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity acutely and chronically. CONCLUSIONS GPR40 does not mediate the chronic toxic effects of FFAs on islet function. Pharmacological activation of GPR40 may potentiate GDIS in humans and be beneficial for overall glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina P Tan
- Department of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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37
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Waddleton D, Wu W, Feng Y, Thompson C, Wu M, Zhou YP, Howard A, Thornberry N, Li J, Mancini JA. Phosphodiesterase 3 and 4 comprise the major cAMP metabolizing enzymes responsible for insulin secretion in INS-1 (832/13) cells and rat islets. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:884-93. [PMID: 18706893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
cAMP is a key modulator for glucose-dependent insulin secretion (GDIS). Members of the phosphodiesterase (PDEs) gene family regulate intracellular levels of cAMP by hydrolyzing cAMP to the corresponding inactive 5'AMP derivative. These studies examined the expression and function of all 18 cAMP-specific PDEs in the rat insulinoma derived INS-1 (832/13) cell and isolated rat islets using quantitative PCR and siRNA-mediated gene-specific knockdown. PDE1C, PDE3B, PDE4C, PDE8B, PDE10A, and PDE11A were significantly expressed in rat islets and INS-1 (832/13) cells at the mRNA level. PDE1C, PDE10A and PDE11A were also expressed in brain, along with PDE3B, PDE4C and PDE8B which were also highly expressed in liver, and PDE3B was present in adipose tissue and PDE4C in skeletal muscle. siRNA mediated knockdown of PDE1C, PDE3B, PDE8B and PDE4C, but not PDE10A and PDE11A, significantly enhanced GDIS in rat INS-1 (832/13) cells. Also, selective inhibitors of PDE3 (trequinsin) and PDE4 (roflumilast and L-826,141) significantly augmented GDIS in both INS-1 (832/13) cells and rat islets. The combination of PDE3 and PDE4 selective inhibitors demonstrate that these enzymes comprise a significant proportion of the cAMP metabolizing activity in INS-1 cells and rat islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Waddleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Weizhen Wu, Jin Shang, Yue Feng, Thompson CM, Horwitz S, Thompson JR, Macintyre ED, Thornberry NA, Chapman K, Zhou YP, Howard AD, Jing Li. Identification of Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion Targets in Pancreatic β Cells by Combining Defined-Mechanism Compound Library Screening and siRNA Gene Silencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:128-34. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057107313763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification and validation of novel drug targets continues to be a major bottleneck in drug development, particularly for polygenic complex diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors describe an approach that allows researchers to rapidly identify and validate potential drug targets by combining chemical tools and RNA interference technology. As a proof-of-concept study, the known mechanism Sigma LOPAC library was used to screen for glucose-dependent insulin secretion (GDIS) in INS-1 832/13 cells. In addition to several mechanisms that are known to regulate GDIS (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate—specific phosphodiesterases, adrenoceptors, and Ca2+ channels), the authors find that several of the dopamine receptor ( DRD) antagonists significantly enhance GDIS, whereas DRD agonists profoundly inhibit GDIS. Subsequent siRNA studies in the same cell line indicate that knockdown of DRD2 enhanced GDIS. Furthermore, selective DRD2 antagonists and agonists also enhance or suppress, respectively, GDIS in isolated rat islets. The data support that the approach described here offers a rapid and effective way for target identification and validation. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008;128-134)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Shang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ
| | - Yue Feng
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ,
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Mu J, Woods J, Zhou YP, Roy RS, Li Z, Zycband E, Feng Y, Zhu L, Li C, Howard AD, Moller DE, Thornberry NA, Zhang BB. Chronic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 with a sitagliptin analog preserves pancreatic beta-cell mass and function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55:1695-704. [PMID: 16731832 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), a key regulator of the actions of incretin hormones, exert antihyperglycemic effects in type 2 diabetic patients. A major unanswered question concerns the potential ability of DPP-4 inhibition to have beneficial disease-modifying effects, specifically to attenuate loss of pancreatic beta-cell mass and function. Here, we investigated the effects of a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor, an analog of sitagliptin (des-fluoro-sitagliptin), on glycemic control and pancreatic beta-cell mass and function in a mouse model with defects in insulin sensitivity and secretion, namely high-fat diet (HFD) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Significant and dose-dependent correction of postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia, HbA(1c), and plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were observed in HFD/STZ mice following 2-3 months of chronic therapy. Treatment with des-fluoro-sitagliptin dose dependently increased the number of insulin-positive beta-cells in islets, leading to the normalization of beta-cell mass and beta-cell-to-alpha-cell ratio. In addition, treatment of mice with des-fluoro-sitagliptin, but not glipizide, significantly increased islet insulin content and improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets. These findings suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors may offer long-lasting efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes by modifying the courses of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mu
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Herrington J, Zhou YP, Bugianesi RM, Dulski PM, Feng Y, Warren VA, Smith MM, Kohler MG, Garsky VM, Sanchez M, Wagner M, Raphaelli K, Banerjee P, Ahaghotu C, Wunderler D, Priest BT, Mehl JT, Garcia ML, McManus OB, Kaczorowski GJ, Slaughter RS. Blockers of the delayed-rectifier potassium current in pancreatic beta-cells enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Diabetes 2006; 55:1034-42. [PMID: 16567526 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Delayed-rectifier K+ currents (I(DR)) in pancreatic beta-cells are thought to contribute to action potential repolarization and thereby modulate insulin secretion. The voltage-gated K+ channel, K(V)2.1, is expressed in beta-cells, and the biophysical characteristics of heterologously expressed channels are similar to those of I(DR) in rodent beta-cells. A novel peptidyl inhibitor of K(V)2.1/K(V)2.2 channels, guangxitoxin (GxTX)-1 (half-maximal concentration approximately 1 nmol/l), has been purified, characterized, and used to probe the contribution of these channels to beta-cell physiology. In mouse beta-cells, GxTX-1 inhibits 90% of I(DR) and, as for K(V)2.1, shifts the voltage dependence of channel activation to more depolarized potentials, a characteristic of gating-modifier peptides. GxTX-1 broadens the beta-cell action potential, enhances glucose-stimulated intracellular calcium oscillations, and enhances insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets in a glucose-dependent manner. These data point to a mechanism for specific enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion by applying blockers of the beta-cell I(DR), which may provide advantages over currently used therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Herrington
- Department of Ion Channels, Merck Research Laboratories, RY80N-C31, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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41
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Zhou YP, Madjidi A, Wilson ME, Nothhelfer DA, Johnson JH, Palma JF, Schweitzer A, Burant C, Blume JE, Johnson JD. Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to insulin insufficiency in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes 2005; 54:2612-9. [PMID: 16123349 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.9.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To assess the molecular changes associated with pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction occurring during the onset of type 2 diabetes, we profiled pancreatic islet mRNAs from diabetic male and high-fat-fed female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and their nondiabetic lean counterparts on custom islet-specific oligonucleotide arrays. The most prominent changes in both the male and female models of type 2 diabetes were increases in the mRNAs encoding proteases and extracellular matrix components that are associated with tissue remodeling and fibrosis. The mRNAs for metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -12, and -14 were sharply increased with the onset of islet dysfunction and diabetes. Zymography of islet extracts revealed a concurrent, >10-fold increase in MMP-2 protease activity in islets from 9-week-old male ZDF rats. Treatment of female ZDF rats receiving a diabetogenic diet with PD166793, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, substantially prevented diabetes. The effect of this compound was due in part to marked beta-cell expansion. These studies indicate that MMPs contribute to islet fibrosis and insulin insufficiency in ZDF rats. Class-targeted protease inhibitors should be explored for their potential therapeutic utility in preservation of beta-cell mass in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Zhou
- Metabolex, 3876 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94583, USA
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Zhou YP, Marlen K, Palma JF, Schweitzer A, Reilly L, Gregoire FM, Xu GG, Blume JE, Johnson JD. Overexpression of Repressive cAMP Response Element Modulators in High Glucose and Fatty Acid-treated Rat Islets. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51316-23. [PMID: 14534319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307972200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia of the diabetic state accelerate beta-cell dysfunction, yet the mechanisms are not fully defined. We used rat islet-specific oligonucleotide arrays (Metabolex Rat Islet Genechips) to identify genes that are coordinately regulated by high glucose and free fatty acids (FFA). Exposure of rat islets to FFA (125 microM for 2 days) or glucose (27 mM for 4 days) reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by 70 +/- 5 and 40 +/- 4%, respectively, relative to control-cultured islets. These treatments also substantially reduced the insulin content of the islets. Islet Genechips analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of cAMP response element modulator (CREM)-17X and inducible cAMP early repressor were significantly increased in both 27 mM glucose- and FFA-treated islets. Removing FFA or high glucose from the culture medium restored glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the mRNA levels of the two CREM repressors to normal. Northern blot analysis revealed a 5-fold increase in the abundance of CREM-17X mRNA and a concomitant 50% reduction in the insulin mRNA in FFA-treated islets. Transient transfection of the insulin-secreting beta HC9 cells with CREM-17X suppressed rat insulin promoter activity by nearly 50%. Overexpression of CREM-17X in intact islets via adenovirus infection decreased islet insulin mRNA levels and insulin content and resulted in a significant decrease in glucose- or KCl-induced insulin secretion. Taken together, these data suggest that up-regulation of CREM repressors by either FFA or high glucose exacerbates beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes by suppressing insulin gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Zhou
- Department of Insulin Secretion Genomics, Metabolex, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, USA.
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Zhou YP, Sreenan S, Pan CY, Currie KPM, Bindokas VP, Horikawa Y, Lee JP, Ostrega D, Ahmed N, Baldwin AC, Cox NJ, Fox AP, Miller RJ, Bell GI, Polonsky KS. A 48-hour exposure of pancreatic islets to calpain inhibitors impairs mitochondrial fuel metabolism and the exocytosis of insulin. Metabolism 2003; 52:528-34. [PMID: 12759879 DOI: 10.1053/meta.2003.50091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in the gene for a cytosolic cysteine protease, calpain-10, increases the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes apparently by altering levels of gene expression. In view of the importance of altered beta-cell function in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, the present study was undertaken to define the effects on insulin secretion of exposing pancreatic islets to calpain inhibitors for 48 hours. Exposure of mouse islets to calpain inhibitors (ALLN, ALLM, E-64-d, MDL 18270, and PD147631) of different structure and mechanism of action for 48 hours reversibly suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion by 40% to 80%. Exposure of islets to inhibitors of other proteases, ie, cathepsin B and proteasome, did not affect insulin secretion. The 48-hour incubation with calpain inhibitors also attenuates insulin secretory responses to the mitochondrial fuel alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC). The same incubation also suppresses glucose metabolism and intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) responses to glucose or KIC in islets. In summary, long-term inhibition of islet calpain activity attenuates insulin secretion possibly by limiting the rate of glucose metabolism. A reduction of calpain activity in islet could contribute to the development of beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes thereby providing a link between genetic susceptibility to diabetes and the pathophysiologic manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Zhou
- Departments of Medicine, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Human Genetics, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Attele AS, Zhou YP, Xie JT, Wu JA, Zhang L, Dey L, Pugh W, Rue PA, Polonsky KS, Yuan CS. Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes 2002; 51:1851-8. [PMID: 12031973 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated antihyperglycemic and anti-obese effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and its major constituent, ginsenoside Re, in obese diabetic C57BL/6J ob/ ob mice and their lean littermates. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of Panax ginseng berry extract for 12 days. On day 12, 150 mg/kg extract-treated ob/ob mice became normoglycemic (137 +/- 6.7 mg/dl) and had significantly improved glucose tolerance. The overall glucose excursion during the 2-h intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test decreased by 46% (P < 0.01) compared with vehicle-treated ob/ob mice. The improvement in blood glucose levels in the extract-treated ob/ ob mice was associated with a significant reduction in serum insulin levels in fed and fasting mice. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study revealed a more than twofold increase in the rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in treated ob/ ob mice (112 +/- 19.1 vs. 52 +/- 11.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) for the vehicle group, P < 0.01). In addition, the extract-treated ob/ob mice lost a significant amount of weight (from 51.7 +/- 1.9 g on day 0 to 45.7 +/- 1.2 on day 12, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated ob/ob mice), associated with a significant reduction in food intake (P < 0.05) and a very significant increase in energy expenditure (P < 0.01) and body temperature (P < 0.01). Treatment with the extract also significantly reduced plasma cholesterol levels in ob/ob mice. Additional studies demonstrated that ginsenoside Re plays a significant role in antihyperglycemic action. This antidiabetic effect of ginsenoside Re was not associated with body weight changes, suggesting that other constituents in the extract have distinct pharmacological mechanisms on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoja S Attele
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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45
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Xie JT, Zhou YP, Dey L, Attele AS, Wu JA, Gu M, Polonsky KS, Yuan CS. Ginseng berry reduces blood glucose and body weight in db/db mice. Phytomedicine 2002; 9:254-258. [PMID: 12046868 DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we observed anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of Panax ginseng berry in adult C57BL/Ks db/db mice and their lean littermates. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of Panax ginseng berry extract at 150 mg/kg body wt. for 12 consecutive days. On Day 5, the extract-treated db/db mice had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels as compared to vehicle-treated mice (180.5+/-10.2 mg/dl vs. 226.0+/-15.3 mg/dl, P < 0.01). On day 12, the extract-treated db/db mice were normoglycemic (134.3+/-7.3 mg/dl) as compared to vehicle-treated mice (254.8+/-24.1 mg/dl; P < 0.01). Fasting blood glucose levels of lean mice did not decrease significantly after treatment with extract. After 12 days of treatment with the extract, glucose tolerance increased significantly, and overall blood glucose exposure calculated as area under the curve (AUC) decreased 53.4% (P < 0.01) in db/db mice. Furthermore, db/db mice treated with extract (150 mg/kg body wt.) showed weight loss from 51.0+/-1.9 g on Day 0, to 46.6+/-1.7 g on Day 5, and to 45.2+/-1.4 g on Day 12 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 compared to Day 0, respectively). The body weight of lean littermates also decreased at the same dose of extract. These data suggest that Panax ginseng berry extract may have therapeutic value in treating diabetic and obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Xie
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Sreenan SK, Zhou YP, Otani K, Hansen PA, Currie KP, Pan CY, Lee JP, Ostrega DM, Pugh W, Horikawa Y, Cox NJ, Hanis CL, Burant CF, Fox AP, Bell GI, Polonsky KS. Calpains play a role in insulin secretion and action. Diabetes 2001; 50:2013-20. [PMID: 11522666 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.9.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes suggest that variation in the calpain-10 gene affects susceptibility to this common disorder, raising the possibility that calpain-sensitive pathways may play a role in regulating insulin secretion and/or action. Calpains are ubiquitously expressed cysteine proteases that are thought to regulate a variety of normal cellular functions. Here, we report that short-term (4-h) exposure to the cell-permeable calpain inhibitors calpain inhibitor II and E-64-d increases the insulin secretory response to glucose in mouse pancreatic islets. This dose-dependent effect is observed at glucose concentrations above 8 mmol/l. This effect was also seen with other calpain inhibitors with different mechanisms of action but not with cathepsin inhibitors or other protease inhibitors. Enhancement of insulin secretion with short-term exposure to calpain inhibitors is not mediated by increased responses in intracellular Ca2+ or increased glucose metabolism in islets but by accelerated exocytosis of insulin granules. In muscle strips and adipocytes, exposure to both calpain inhibitor II and E-64-d reduced insulin-mediated glucose transport. Incorporation of glucose into glycogen in muscle also was reduced. These results are consistent with a role for calpains in the regulation of insulin secretion and insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sreenan
- Deppartment of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
Four 7,20-epoxy ent-kaurane diterpenoids, xerophilusins G (1) and I-K (2-4), were isolated from the leaves of Isodon xerophilus, along with four known ones, enanderianin C (5), rosthorin A (6), longikaurin B (7), and rabdoternin D (8). Their structures were determined primarily using NMR spectroscopic techniques. The structure and stereochemistry of 3 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 4 and 7 exhibited broad cytotoxicity against four kinds of human tumor cells (K562, HL-60, HCT, and MKN-28 cells) in the range of 2.23-15.35 and 0.30-8.61 microg/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hou
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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48
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Abstract
Three new 7,20:14,20-diepoxy-ent-kaurane diterpenoids, xerophilusins A-C (1-3), together with a known one, macrocalin B (4), were isolated from the leaves of Isodon xerophilus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of their spectral properties and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed significant cytotoxic activity against K562, HL-60, and MKN-28 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hou
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the biological activity of subeschar tissue fluid (STF) and its probable mechanism in the genesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS). METHODS The changes of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), white blood cell count (WBCC) as well as the major organ function were observed in the animals injected with STF. The inflammatory mediators TNF-alpha and IL-1 in the supernatants of macrophages cultured with STF were assayed. RESULTS The HR, RR and WBCC were elevated in animals after injection with STF. STF showed a deleterious effect on function and structure of the major visceral organs. Macrophages were activated to produce excessive TNF-alpha and IL-1. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that STF may be one of the inducing factors involved in the genesis of SIRS and the development of MODS in the early postburn stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Burn Unit, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guang Zhou, People's Republic of China
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50
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Zhou YP, Pena JC, Roe MW, Mittal A, Levisetti M, Baldwin AC, Pugh W, Ostrega D, Ahmed N, Bindokas VP, Philipson LH, Hanahan D, Thompson CB, Polonsky KS. Overexpression of Bcl-x(L) in beta-cells prevents cell death but impairs mitochondrial signal for insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278:E340-51. [PMID: 10662719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.2.e340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To study effects of Bcl-x(L) in the pancreatic beta-cell, two transgenic lines were produced using different forms of the rat insulin promoter. Bcl-x(L) expression in beta-cells was increased 2- to 3-fold in founder (Fd) 1 and over 10-fold in Fd 2 compared with littermate controls. After exposure to thapsigargin (10 microM for 48 h), losses of cell viability in islets of Fd 1 and Fd 2 Bcl-x(L) transgenic mice were significantly lower than in islets of wild-type mice. Unexpectedly, severe glucose intolerance was observed in Fd 2 but not Fd 1 Bcl-x(L) mice. Pancreatic insulin content and islet morphology were not different from control in either transgenic line. However, Fd 2 Bcl-x(L) islets had impaired insulin secretory and intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) responses to glucose and KCl. Furthermore, insulin and [Ca(2+)](i) responses to pyruvate methyl ester (PME) were similarly reduced as glucose in Fd 2 Bcl-x(L) islets. Consistent with a mitochondrial defect, glucose oxidation, but not glycolysis, was significantly lower in Fd 2 Bcl-x(L) islets than in wild-type islets. Glucose-, PME-, and alpha-ketoisocaproate-induced hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, NAD(P)H, and ATP production were also significantly reduced in Fd 2 Bcl-x(L) islets. Thus, although Bcl-x(L) promotes beta-cell survival, high levels of expression of Bcl-x(L) result in reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion and hyperglycemia due to a defect in mitochondrial nutrient metabolism and signaling for insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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