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Amin MB, Talukdar PK, Sraboni AS, Islam MR, Mahmud ZH, Berendes D, Narrod C, Parveen S, Islam MA. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of major foodborne pathogens isolated from pangas and tilapia fish sold in retail markets of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 418:110717. [PMID: 38701665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Fish sold at retail markets are often contaminated with harmful bacterial pathogens, posing significant health risks. Despite the growing aquaculture industry in Bangladesh to meet high demand, little attention has been paid to ensuring the safety of fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of tilapia and pangas fish sold in retail markets across Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Specifically, the study aimed to compare the quality of fish from traditional wet markets and modern supermarkets, as well as fish samples collected during morning and evening hours. A total of 500 raw cut-fish samples (250 tilapia and 250 pangas) were collected at the point of sale from 32 wet markets and 25 supermarkets. All samples were tested for Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec), along with the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, and Cryptosporidium spp. Bacterial isolates were characterized using antibiotic susceptibility tests (AST) and the presence of common virulence and antibiotic-resistant genes. Fish samples from retail markets had higher prevalence of tested bacteria including E. coli (92 %), V. cholerae (62 %), ESBL-Ec (48 %), and Salmonella spp. (24 %). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of E. coli (97 % vs. 71 %), ESBL-Ec (58 % vs. 8 %) and Salmonella spp. (28 % vs. 8 %) on the wet market samples compared to supermarket samples (p < 0.005). The mean concentration of E. coli on fish from the wet market was 3.0 ± 0.9 log10 CFU/g, while that from supermarkets was 1.6 ± 0.9 log10 CFU/g. The mean concentration of ESBL-Ec in fish from wet markets and supermarkets were 2.3 ± 0.8 log10 CFU/g and 1.6 ± 0.5 log10 CFU/g, respectively. AST revealed that 46 % of E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR), while 4 %, 2 % and 5 % of E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. isolates, respectively, were resistant to carbapenems. At least 3 % of total E. coli isolates were found to be diarrheagenic, while 40 % of Salmonella isolates harbored pathogenic genes (stn, bcfC, ssaQ, avrA and sodC1), and none of the V. cholerae isolates harbored ctxA and tcpA. Our research shows that raw-cut fish samples from retail markets are contaminated with pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which could be a significant food safety concern. Public health interventions should be implemented to improve food safety and hygiene practices in the retail fish markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ajrin Sultana Sraboni
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rayhanul Islam
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David Berendes
- Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Team, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clare Narrod
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Moniruzzaman M, Hussain MT, Ali S, Hossain M, Hossain MS, Alam MAU, Galib FC, Islam MT, Paul P, Islam MS, Siddiqee MH, Mondal D, Parveen S, Mahmud ZH. Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from patients and surrounding hospital environments in Bangladesh: A molecular approach for the determination of pathogenicity and resistance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22109. [PMID: 38027708 PMCID: PMC10679508 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) is a primary concern for hospital and community healthcare settings, often linked to an increased incidence of nosocomial infections. This study investigated the characteristics of ESBL E. coli isolated from hospital environments and clinical samples. In total, 117 ESBL E. coli isolates were obtained. The isolates were subjected to molecular analysis for the presence of resistance and virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility testing, quantitative adherence assay, ERIC-PCR for phylogenetic analysis and whole genome sequencing of four highly drug resistant isolates. Out of the 117 isolates, 68.4% were positive for blaCTX-M, 39.3% for blaTEM, 30.8% for blaNDM-1, 13.7% for blaOXA and 1.7% for blaSHV gene. Upon screening for diarrheagenic genes, no isolates were found to harbour any of the tested genes. In the case of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence factors, 7.6%, 11%, 5.9%, 4.3% and 21.2% of isolates harbored the focG, kpsMII, sfaS, afa and iutA genes, respectively. At a temperature of 25°C, 14.5% of isolates exhibited strong biofilm formation with 21.4% and 28.2% exhibiting moderate and weak biofilm formation respectively, whereas 35.9% were non-biofilm formers. On the other hand at 37°C, 2.6% of isolates showed strong biofilm formation with 3.4% and 31.6% showing moderate and weak biofilm formation respectively, whereas, 62.4% were non-biofilm formers. Regarding antibiotic susceptibility testing, all isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 30 isolates being highly drug resistant. ERIC-PCR resulted in 12 clusters, with cluster E-10 containing the maximum number of isolates. Hierarchical clustering and correlation analysis revealed associations between environmental and clinical isolates, indicating likely transmission and dissemination from the hospital environment to the patients. The whole genome sequencing of four highly drug resistant ExPEC isolates showed the presence of various antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors and mobile genetic elements, with isolates harbouring the plasmid incompatibility group IncF (FII, FIB, FIA). The sequenced isolates were identified as human pathogens with a 93.3% average score. This study suggests that ESBL producing E. coli are prevalent in the healthcare settings of Bangladesh, acting as a potential reservoir for AMR bacteria. This information may have a profound effect on treatment, and improvements in public healthcare policies are a necessity to combat the increased incidences of hospital-acquired infections in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moniruzzaman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mohammed Tanveer Hussain
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Microbiology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Mohakhali-66, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sobur Ali
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Monir Hossain
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Md. Sakib Hossain
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Atique Ul Alam
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Faisal Chowdhury Galib
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tamzid Islam
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - Partha Paul
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul H. Siddiqee
- Microbiology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Mohakhali-66, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Parveen
- Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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Amin MB, Talukdar PK, Asaduzzaman M, Roy S, Flatgard BM, Islam MR, Saha SR, Sharker Y, Mahmud ZH, Navab-Daneshmand T, Kile ML, Levy K, Julian TR, Islam MA. Correction: Effects of chronic exposure to arsenic on the fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli among people in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011690. [PMID: 37773936 PMCID: PMC10540963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010952.].
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Amin N, Haque R, Rahman MZ, Rahman MZ, Mahmud ZH, Hasan R, Islam MT, Sarker P, Sarker S, Adnan SD, Akter N, Johnston D, Rahman M, Liu P, Wang Y, Shirin T, Rahman M, Bhattacharya P. Dependency of sanitation infrastructure on the discharge of faecal coliform and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in wastewater from COVID and non-COVID hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 2023; 867:161424. [PMID: 36623655 PMCID: PMC9822545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater can be used as an indicator of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in specific catchment areas. We conducted a hospital-based study to explore wastewater management in healthcare facilities and analyzed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the hospital wastewater in Dhaka city during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak between September 2020-January 2021. We selected three COVID-hospitals, two non-COVID-hospitals, and one non-COVID-hospital with COVID wards, conducted spot-checks of the sanitation systems (i.e., toilets, drainage, and septic-tank), and collected 90 untreated wastewater effluent samples (68 from COVID and 22 from non-COVID hospitals). E. coli was detected using a membrane filtration technique and reported as colony forming unit (CFU). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using the iTaq Universal Probes One-Step kit for RT-qPCR amplification of the SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab and N gene targets and quantified for SARS-CoV-2 genome equivalent copies (GEC) per mL of sample. None of the six hospitals had a primary wastewater treatment facility; two COVID hospitals had functional septic tanks, and the rest of the hospitals had either broken onsite systems or no containment of wastewater. Overall, 100 % of wastewater samples were positive with a high concentration of E. coli (mean = 7.0 log10 CFU/100 mL). Overall, 67 % (60/90) samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The highest SARS-CoV-2 concentrations (median: 141 GEC/mL; range: 13-18,214) were detected in wastewater from COVID-hospitals, and in non-COVID-hospitals, the median SARS-CoV-2 concentration was 108 GEC/mL (range: 30-1829). Our results indicate that high concentrations of E. coli and SARS-CoV-2 were discharged through the hospital wastewater (both COVID and non-COVID) without treatment into the ambient water bodies. Although there is no evidence for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via wastewater, this study highlights the significant risk posed by wastewater from health care facilities in Dhaka for the many other diseases that are spread via faecal oral route. Hospitals in low-income settings could function as sentinel sites to monitor outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance systems. Hospitals should aim to adopt the appropriate wastewater treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of pathogens into the environment and mitigate environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuhu Amin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Rehnuma Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Md Ziaur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rezaul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahmidul Islam
- COVID-19 Research@KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden; WaterAid, Bangladesh
| | - Protim Sarker
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Supriya Sarker
- Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Bangladesh
| | | | - Nargis Akter
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) section, UNICEF, Bangladesh
| | - Dara Johnston
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) section, UNICEF, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuke Wang
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research@KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
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Amin MB, Talukdar PK, Asaduzzaman M, Roy S, Flatgard BM, Islam MR, Saha SR, Sharker Y, Mahmud ZH, Navab-Daneshmand T, Kile ML, Levy K, Julian TR, Islam MA. Effects of chronic exposure to arsenic on the fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli among people in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010952. [PMID: 36480516 PMCID: PMC9731454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a leading cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. Heavy metals such as arsenic have been shown to drive co-selection of antibiotic resistance, suggesting arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a risk factor for antibiotic resistance carriage. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and abundance of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (AR-Ec) among people and drinking water in high (Hajiganj, >100 μg/L) and low arsenic-contaminated (Matlab, <20 μg/L) areas in Bangladesh. Drinking water and stool from mothers and their children (<1 year) were collected from 50 households per area. AR-Ec was detected via selective culture plating and isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance, arsenic resistance, and diarrheagenic genes by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was done for 30 E. coli isolates from 10 households. Prevalence of AR-Ec was significantly higher in water in Hajiganj (48%) compared to water in Matlab (22%, p <0.05) and among children in Hajiganj (94%) compared to children in Matlab (76%, p <0.05), but not among mothers. A significantly higher proportion of E. coli isolates from Hajiganj were multidrug-resistant (83%) compared to isolates from Matlab (71%, p <0.05). Co-resistance to arsenic and multiple antibiotics (MAR index >0.2) was observed in a higher proportion of water (78%) and child stool (100%) isolates in Hajiganj than in water (57%) and children (89%) in Matlab (p <0.05). The odds of arsenic-resistant bacteria being resistant to third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics were higher compared to arsenic-sensitive bacteria (odds ratios, OR 1.2-7.0, p <0.01). WGS-based phylogenetic analysis of E. coli isolates did not reveal any clustering based on arsenic exposure and no significant difference in resistome was found among the isolates between the two areas. The positive association detected between arsenic exposure and antibiotic resistance carriage among children in arsenic-affected areas in Bangladesh is an important public health concern that warrants redoubling efforts to reduce arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prabhat Kumar Talukdar
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Subarna Roy
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Brandon M. Flatgard
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Md. Rayhanul Islam
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sumita Rani Saha
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yushuf Sharker
- Center for Data Research and Analytics LLC, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tala Navab-Daneshmand
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Molly L. Kile
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Julian
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Asaduzzaman M, Rousham E, Unicomb L, Islam MR, Amin MB, Rahman M, Hossain MI, Mahmud ZH, Szegner M, Wood P, Islam MA. Spatiotemporal distribution of antimicrobial resistant organisms in different water environments in urban and rural settings of Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 2022; 831:154890. [PMID: 35364179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of clinically important antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and associated genes is important to identify the environmental distribution of contamination and 'hotspots' of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We conducted an integrated survey of AMR in drinking water, wastewater and surface water (rivers and ponds) in three settings in Bangladesh: rural households, rural poultry farms, and urban food markets. Spatial mapping was conducted via geographic information system (GIS) using ArcGIS software. Samples (n = 397) were analyzed for the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec), carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CR-Ec) and resistance genes (blaCTX-M-1,blaNDM-1). In rural households, 5% of drinking water supply samples tested positive for ESBL-Ec, and a high proportion of wastewater, pond and river water samples were positive for ESBL-Ec (90%, 76%, and 85%, respectively). In poultry farms, 10% of drinking water samples tested positive for ESBL-Ec compared to a high prevalence in wastewater, pond and river water (90%, 68%, and 85%, respectively). CR-Ec prevalence in household wastewater and pond water was relatively low (8% and 5%, respectively) compared to river water (33%). In urban areas, 38% of drinking water samples and 98% of wastewater samples from food markets tested positive for ESBL-Ec while 30% of wastewater samples tested positive for CR-Ec. Wastewaters had the highest concentrations of ESBL-Ec, CR-Ec, blaCTXM-1 and blaNDM-1 and these were significantly higher in urban compared to rural samples (p < 0.05). ESBL-Ec is ubiquitous in drinking water, wastewater and surface water bodies in both rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. CR-Ec is less widespread but found at a high prevalence in wastewater discharged from urban food markets and in rural river samples. Surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistant organisms and genes in waterbodies is an important first step in addressing environmental dimensions of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Food Safety and One Health Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Emily Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rayhanul Islam
- Food Safety and One Health Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Food Safety and One Health Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahdia Rahman
- Food Safety and One Health Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammed Iqbal Hossain
- Food Safety and One Health Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Food Safety and One Health Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mark Szegner
- Geography and Environment, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Wood
- Geography and Environment, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Food Safety and One Health Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Haque R, Moe CL, Raj SJ, Ong L, Charles K, Ross AG, Shirin T, Raqib R, Sarker P, Rahman M, Rahman MZ, Amin N, Mahmud ZH, Rahman M, Johnston D, Akter N, Khan TA, Hossain MA, Hasan R, Islam MT, Bhattacharya P. Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh: Opportunities and challenges. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 2022; 27:100334. [PMID: 35434440 PMCID: PMC9004539 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health crisis of global concern. The progression of the COVID-19 pandemic has been monitored in the first place by testing symptomatic individuals for SARS-CoV-2 virus in the respiratory samples. Concurrently, wastewater carries feces, urine, and sputum that potentially contains SARS-CoV-2 intact virus or partially damaged viral genetic materials excreted by infected individuals. This brings significant opportunities for understanding the infection dynamics by environmental surveillance. It has advantages for the country, especially in densely populated areas where individual clinical testing is difficult. However, there are several challenges including: 1) establishing a sampling plan and schedule that is representative of the various catchment populations 2) development and validation of standardized protocols for the laboratory analysis 3) understanding hydraulic flows and virus transport in complex wastewater drainage systems and 4) collaborative efforts from government agencies, NGOs, public health units and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Christine L Moe
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Suraja J Raj
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Li Ong
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Katrina Charles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Allen G Ross
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Protim Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Nuhu Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | - Dara Johnston
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Section, UNICEF, Bangladesh
| | - Nargis Akter
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Section, UNICEF, Bangladesh
| | - Taqsem A Khan
- Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (DWASA), Bangladesh
| | | | - Rezaul Hasan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Tahmidul Islam
- COVID-19 Research @KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research @KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hossain MS, Ali S, Hossain M, Uddin SZ, Moniruzzaman M, Islam MR, Shohael AM, Islam MS, Ananya TH, Rahman MM, Rahman MA, Worth M, Mondal D, Mahmud ZH. ESBL Producing Escherichia coli in Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants: An Invisible Threat to Public Health in Rohingya Camps, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2022; 9:783019. [PMID: 34976932 PMCID: PMC8714839 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.783019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human faecal sludge contains diverse harmful microorganisms, making it hazardous to the environment and public health if it is discharged untreated. Faecal sludge is one of the major sources of E. coli that can produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing E. coli in faecal sludge samples collected from faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh. Methods: ESBL producing E. coli were screened by cultural as well as molecular methods and further characterized for their major ESBL genes, plasmid profiles, pathotypes, antibiotic resistance patterns, conjugation ability, and genetic similarity. Results: Of 296 isolates, 180 were phenotypically positive for ESBL. All the isolates, except one, contained at least one ESBL gene that was tested (blaCTX−M−1, blaCTX−M−2, blaCTX−M−8, blaCTX−M−9, blaCTX−M−15, blaCTX−M−25, blaTEM, and blaSHV). From plasmid profiling, it was observed that plasmids of 1–211 MDa were found in 84% (151/180) of the isolates. Besides, 13% (24/180) of the isolates possessed diarrhoeagenic virulence genes. From the remaining isolates, around 51% (79/156) harbored at least one virulence gene that is associated with the extraintestinal pathogenicity of E. coli. Moreover, 4% (3/156) of the isolates were detected to be potential extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains. Additionally, all the diarrhoeagenic and ExPEC strains showed resistance to three or more antibiotic groups which indicate their multidrug-resistant potential. ERIC-PCR differentiated these pathogenic isolates into seven clusters. In addition to this, 16 out of 35 tested isolates transferred plasmids of 32–112 MDa to E. coli J53 recipient strain. Conclusion: The present study implies that the faecal sludge samples examined here could be a potential origin for spreading MDR pathogenic ESBL-producing E. coli. The exposure of Rohingya individuals, living in overcrowded camps, to these organisms poses a severe threat to their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sakib Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sobur Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monir Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - M Moniruzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Martin Worth
- WASH Section, United Nations Children's Fund, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Charles KJ, Howard G, Villalobos Prats E, Gruber J, Alam S, Alamgir ASM, Baidya M, Flora MS, Haque F, Hassan SMQ, Islam S, Lazaro A, Lwetoijera DW, Mahmud SG, Mahmud ZH, Matwewe F, Pasa K, Rahman M, Reza AAS, Selimuzzaman M, Sharif AR, Sharma S, Thomas JM, Campbell-Lendrum D. Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies. Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:151876. [PMID: 34826465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate resilient water supplies are those that provide access to drinking water that is sustained through seasons and through extreme events, and where good water quality is also sustained. While surface and groundwater quality are widely understood to vary with rainfall, there is a gap in the evidence on the impact of weather and extremes in rainfall and temperature on drinking water quality, and the role of changes in water system management. A three-country (Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania) observational field study tracked 2353 households clustered around 685 water sources across seven different geographies over 14 months. Water quality (E. coli) data was modelled using GEE to account for clustering effects and repeated measures at households. All types of infrastructure were vulnerable to changes in weather, with differences varying between geographies; protected boreholes provided the greatest protection at the point of collection (PoC). Water quality at the point of use (PoU) was vulnerable to changes in weather, through changes in PoC water quality as well as changes in management behaviours, such as safe storage, treatment and cleaning. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of rainfall and temperature extremes on water quality at the PoC, and the role that weather has on PoU water quality via management behaviours. Climate resilience for water supplies needs to consider the infrastructure as well as the management decisions that are taking place at a community and household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Charles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK.
| | - Guy Howard
- Department of Civil Engineering and Cabot Institute of the Environment, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK.
| | | | - Joshua Gruber
- Center for Effective Global Action, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America.
| | - Sadekul Alam
- Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Farhana Haque
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | | | - M Selimuzzaman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
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Rager TL, Koepfli C, Khan WA, Ahmed S, Mahmud ZH, Clayton KN. Usability of Rapid Cholera Detection Device (OmniVis) for Water Quality Workers in Bangladesh: Iterative Convergent Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e22973. [PMID: 33978590 PMCID: PMC8156127 DOI: 10.2196/22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera poses a significant global health burden. In Bangladesh, cholera is endemic and causes more than 100,000 cases each year. Established environmental reservoirs leave millions at risk of infection through the consumption of contaminated water. The Global Task Force for Cholera Control has called for increased environmental surveillance to detect contaminated water sources prior to human infection in an effort to reduce cases and deaths. The OmniVis rapid cholera detection device uses loop-mediated isothermal amplification and particle diffusometry detection methods integrated into a handheld hardware device that attaches to an iPhone 6 to identify and map contaminated water sources. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of the OmniVis device with targeted end users to advance the iterative prototyping process and ultimately design a device that easily integrates into users' workflow. METHODS Water quality workers were trained to use the device and subsequently completed an independent device trial and usability questionnaire. Pretraining and posttraining knowledge assessments were administered to ensure training quality did not confound trial and questionnaire. RESULTS Device trials identified common user errors and device malfunctions including incorrect test kit insertion and device powering issues. We did not observe meaningful differences in user errors or device malfunctions accumulated per participant across demographic groups. Over 25 trials, the mean time to complete a test was 47 minutes, a significant reduction compared with laboratory protocols, which take approximately 3 days. Overall, participants found the device easy to use and expressed confidence and comfort in using the device independently. CONCLUSIONS These results are used to advance the iterative prototyping process of the OmniVis rapid cholera detection device so it can achieve user uptake, workflow integration, and scale to ultimately impact cholera control and elimination strategies. We hope this methodology will promote robust usability evaluations of rapid pathogen detection technologies in device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Rager
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Wasif A Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabeena Ahmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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11
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Islam SS, Karim MR, Asaduzzaman AKM, Alam AHMK, Mahmud ZH, Kabir SR. Trichosanthes dioica seed lectin inhibits Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells growth in vivo in mice by inducing G 0 /G 1 cell cycle arrest. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13714. [PMID: 33817805 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthes dioica seed lectin (TDSL), having a molecular mass of 57 ± 2 kDa was purified in an alternative way. For the purification process, the galactose-sepharose-4B affinity column was used. The purified TDSL agglutinated human and mouse erythrocytes at the minimum concentration of 8 μg/ml. d-lactose and d-galactose were the most potent inhibitory sugars as observed. The purified lectin was a glycoprotein having 3.0% of a neutral sugar. The lectin exhibited maximum activity up to 60°C and pH range from 7.0 to 10.0 and stable up to 4.0 M urea as tested. The lectin demonstrated mild toxicity when administered against brine shrimp nauplii, and the LC50 value was calculated to be 84.0 µg/ml. Minimum agglutination of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells caused by the lectin was found at the protein concentration of 1.56 µg/ml. TDSL inhibited 7, 50.2%, and 60.3% of the EAC cells growth in vivo in mice when administered with 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg kg-1 day-1 (i.p.), respectively, for five consecutive days. After lectin treatment, red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin levels were increased significantly toward the normal compared with EAC cells-bearing control and normal mice. The tumor burden reduced to 29.5% and 67% after treatment with 1.5 and 3.0 mg kg-1 day-1 of the lectin. TDSL triggered the cell cycle arrest at the G0 /G1 phase, which was observed using flow cytometry. In conclusion, TDSL can be a candidate for the potent anticancer agents that exerts low toxicity toward brine shrimp nauplii. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A 57 ± 2 kDa lectin (designated TDSL) was purified from Trichosanthes dioica seeds using a galactose-sepharose-4B affinity column. The lectin demonstrated mild toxicity and agglutinated Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. The lectin inhibited 50.2% and 60.3% of the EAC cell growth in vivo in mice when administered with 1.5 and 3.0 mg kg-1 day-1 (i.p.), respectively, for five consecutive days. The lectin increased RBC and hemoglobin level toward the normal compared with lectin-treated EAC cells-bearing, EAC cells-bearing control and normal mice. The tumor burden reduced to 29.5% and 67% after treatment with 1.5 and 3.0 mg kg-1 day-1 lectin. TDSL triggered the cell cycle arrest at the G0 /G1 phase. The lectin can be a candidate for potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Shohidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Asaduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - A H M Khurshid Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, icddr,b,, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
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12
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Ali S, Hossain M, Azad AB, Siddique AB, Moniruzzaman M, Ahmed MA, Amin MB, Islam MS, Rahman MM, Mondal D, Mahmud ZH. Diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine fishes of Bangladesh. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2539-2551. [PMID: 33788359 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the occurrence, diversity, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from marine fishes in Bangladesh. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 80 marine fishes were obtained from the local markets and examined for the presence of V. parahaemolyticus. All the isolated V. parahaemolyticus were characterized for the presence of virulence markers, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) or thermostable direct hemolysin related hemolysin (TRH). Isolates were serotyped and further characterized by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) typing to analyse the genetic diversity. Moreover, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance patterns were also determined. About 63·75% (51/80) of the tested marine fishes were contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus. From the contaminated fishes, 71 representatives V. parahaemolyticus were isolated and none of them harboured tdh and trh virulence genes. Nine different O-groups and seven different K-types were found by serological analysis and the dominant serotype was O5:KUT. In ERIC-PCR analysis, eight clusters (A-H) were found and the most common pattern was A (46·5%). All of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 78·9% of isolates were resistant to streptomycin. The highest biofilm formation was found at 37°C compared to 25°C and 4°C. CONCLUSION Diverse V. parahaemolyticus are present in marine fishes in the local market of Bangladesh with antibiotic-resistant properties and biofilm formation capacity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The widespread prevalence of diverse V. parahaemolyticus in marine fishes is an issue of serious concern, and it entails careful monitoring to ascertain the safety of seafood consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ali
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Hossain
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A B Azad
- Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A B Siddique
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Moniruzzaman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A Ahmed
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M B Amin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M S Islam
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - D Mondal
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Z H Mahmud
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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13
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Siddique AB, Moniruzzaman M, Ali S, Dewan MN, Islam MR, Islam MS, Amin MB, Mondal D, Parvez AK, Mahmud ZH. Characterization of Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated From Fish Aquaculture of the Southwest Coastal Area of Bangladesh. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635539. [PMID: 33763050 PMCID: PMC7982743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for significant economic losses in aquaculture and a threat to human health. Here, we explored the incidence, virulence potential, and diversity of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from aquaculture farms in Bangladesh. We examined a total of 216 water, sediment, Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia), Labeo rohita (rui), and Penaeus monodon (shrimp) samples from the aquaculture system where 60.2% (130/216) samples were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, we identified 323 V. parahaemolyticus strains from contaminated samples, 17 of which were found positive for trh, a virulence gene. Four isolates out of the 17 obtained were able to accumulate fluid in the rabbit ileal loop assay. The correlation between the contamination of V. parahaemolyticus and environmental factors was determined by Pearson correlation. The temperature and salinity were significantly correlated (positive) with the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus. Most of the pathogenic isolates (94.1%) were found resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin. O8: KUT was the predominant serotype of the potentially pathogenic isolates. ERIC-PCR reveals genetic variation and relatedness among the pathogenic isolates. Therefore, this region-specific study establishes the incidence of potential infection with V. parahaemolyticus from the consumption of tilapia, rui, and shrimp raised in farms in Satkhira, Bangladesh, and the basis for developing strategies to reduce the risk for diseases and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Baker Siddique
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Moniruzzaman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sobur Ali
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nayem Dewan
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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14
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Rousham EK, Asaduzzaman M, Mozmader TAU, Amin MB, Rahman M, Hossain MI, Islam MR, Mahmud ZH, Unicomb L, Islam MA. Human Colonization with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing E. coli in Relation to Animal and Environmental Exposures in Bangladesh: An Observational One Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:37001. [PMID: 33656920 PMCID: PMC7929562 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to intensively farmed livestock is a potential risk for transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) but few studies have assessed the relative role of animal vs. environmental sources of ARB in low-resource community settings. OBJECTIVES We conducted an observational study to compare ARB colonization and antibiotic-resistant gene prevalence and abundance in humans with high or low exposure to poultry in rural households, commercial poultry farms, and urban markets in Bangladesh. METHODS Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenem-resistant E. coli were quantified in feces from adults with high or low poultry exposure (n=100, respectively), poultry (n=200), drinking water (n=120), and wastewater (n=120) from 40 rural households, 40 poultry farms, and 40 urban markets. RESULTS ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) prevalence was 67.5% (95% CI: 61.0, 74.0) in samples from adults, 68.0% (95% CI: 61.5, 74.5) in samples from poultry, and 92.5% (95% CI: 87.7, 97.3) in wastewater samples. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli prevalence was high in market wastewaters [30% (95% CI: 15.0, 45.0)] but low in humans (1%) and poultry (1%). Human, poultry, and wastewater isolates shared common resistance genes: blaCTX-M-1, qnr, and blaTEM. Human colonization was not significantly associated with exposure to poultry or setting (rural, farm, or market). Ninety-five percent of commercial poultry farms routinely administered antibiotics. Susceptibility tests were significantly different in household vs. farm and market poultry isolates for four of seven antibiotic classes. In human isolates, there were no differences except aminoglycoside resistance (16.4% high vs. 4.4% low exposure, p=0.02). Urban market wastewaters and poultry samples had significantly higher concentrations of ESBL-EC (p<0.001) and blaCTX-M-1 (p<0.001) compared with samples from farms and rural households. DISCUSSION ESBL-EC colonization was high in humans but not significantly associated with exposure to poultry. Bidirectional transmission of antibiotic resistance is likely between humans, poultry, and the environment in these community settings, underlining the importance of One Health mitigation strategies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7670.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University, Norway
| | | | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahdia Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Rayhanul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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15
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Mahmud ZH, Kabir MH, Ali S, Moniruzzaman M, Imran KM, Nafiz TN, Islam MS, Hussain A, Hakim SAI, Worth M, Ahmed D, Johnston D, Ahmed N. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Drinking Water Samples From a Forcibly Displaced, Densely Populated Community Setting in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2020; 8:228. [PMID: 32626677 PMCID: PMC7314906 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Community-acquired infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli are rising worldwide, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, especially where poor sanitation and inadequate hygienic practices are very common. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characterization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and ESBL-producing E. coli in drinking water samples collected from Rohingya camps, Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 384 E. coli isolates were analyzed in this study, of which 203 were from household or point-of-use (POU) water samples, and 181 were from source water samples. The isolates were tested for virulence genes, ESBL-producing genes, antimicrobial susceptibility by VITEK 2 assay, plasmid profiling, and conjugal transfer of AMR genes. Results: Of the 384 E. coli isolates tested, 17% (66/384) were found to be ESBL producers. The abundance of ESBL-producers in source water contaminated with E. coli was observed to be 14% (27/181), whereas, 19% (39/203) ESBL producers was found in household POU water samples contaminated with E. coli. We detected 71% (47/66) ESBL-E. coli to be MDR. Among these 47 MDR isolates, 20 were resistant to three classes, and 27 were resistant to four different classes of antibiotics. Sixty-four percent (42/66) of the ESBL producing E. coli carried 1 to 7 plasmids ranging from 1 to 103 MDa. Only large plasmids with antibiotic resistance properties were found transferrable via conjugation. Moreover, around 7% (29/384) of E. coli isolates harbored at least one of 10 virulence factors belonging to different E. coli pathotypes. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the drinking water samples analyzed herein could serve as an important source for exposure and dissemination of MDR, ESBL-producing and pathogenic E. coli lineages, which therewith pose a health risk to the displaced Rohingya people residing in the densely populated camps of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mir Himayet Kabir
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sobur Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Moniruzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tanvir Noor Nafiz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arif Hussain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Martin Worth
- WASH Division, UNICEF Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Niyaz Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Huda TMN, Schmidt WP, Pickering AJ, Unicomb L, Mahmud ZH, Luby SP, Biran A. Effect of Neighborhood Sanitation Coverage on Fecal Contamination of the Household Environment in Rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:717-726. [PMID: 30675846 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens can be transmitted within the household and the surrounding neighborhood. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of neighborhood-level sanitation coverage on contamination of the household environment with levels of fecal indicator bacteria in rural Bangladesh. We conducted spot-check observations of sanitation facilities in neighboring households (NHs) within a 20-m radius of target households with children aged 6-24 months. Sanitation facilities were defined as improved (a private pit latrine with a slab or better) or unimproved. Fecal coliforms (FCs) on children's hands and sentinel toy balls were measured and used as indicators of household-level fecal contamination. We visited 1,784 NHs surrounding 428 target households. On average, sentinel toy balls had 2.11(standard deviation [SD] = 1.37) log10 colony-forming units (CFUs) of FCs/toy ball and children's hands had 2.23 (SD = 1.15) log10 CFU of FCs/two hands. Access to 100% private improved sanitation coverage in the neighborhood was associated with a small and statistically insignificant difference in contamination of sentinel toy balls (difference in means = -0.13 log10 CFU/toy ball; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.64, 0.39; P = 0.63) and children's hands (difference in means = -0.11 log10 CFU/two hands; 95% CI: -0.53, 0.32; P = 0.62). Improved sanitation coverage in the neighborhood had limited measurable effect on FCs in the target household environment. Other factors such as access to improved sanitation in the household, absence of cow dung, presence of appropriate water drainage, and optimal handwashing practice may be more important in reducing FCs in the household environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Md Nurul Huda
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Biran
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Imran KM, Hakim SAI, Worth M, Ahmed A, Hossan S, Haider M, Islam MR, Hossain F, Johnston D, Ahmed N. Occurrence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms in drinking water at source and household point-of-use in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:52. [PMID: 31695751 PMCID: PMC6824040 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safe water is essential for life but unsafe for human consumption if it is contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. An acceptable quality of water supply (adequate, safe and accessible) must be ensured to all human beings for a healthy life. Methods We collected and analyzed a total of 12,650 drinking water samples, for the presence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms, from a large habitation of the displaced Rohingya population comprising of about 1.16 million people living within 4 km2. Results We found that 28% (n = 893) water samples derived from tubewells were contaminated with faecal coliforms and 10.5% (n = 333) were contaminated with E. coli; also, 73.96% (n = 4644) samples from stored household sources (at point of use—POU) were found contaminated with faecal coliforms while 34.7% (n = 2179) were contaminated with E. coli. It was observed that a higher percentage of POU samples fall in the highest risk category than that of their corresponding sources. Conclusions From our findings, it appears that secondary contamination could be a function of very high population density and could possibly occur during collection, transportation, and storage of water due to lack of knowledge of personal and domestic hygiene. Hence, awareness campaign is necessary, and the contaminated sources should be replaced. Further, the POU water should be treated by a suitable method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh.,3Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Khan Mohammad Imran
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | | | - Martin Worth
- WASH Division, UNICEF Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alvee Ahmed
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Shanewaz Hossan
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Maliha Haider
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Ferdous Hossain
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | | | - Niyaz Ahmed
- 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
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Mahmud ZH, Shirazi FF, Hossainey MRH, Islam MI, Ahmed MA, Nafiz TN, Imran KM, Sultana J, Islam MS, Islam MA, Islam MS. Presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from human pit sludge. J Infect Dev Ctries 2019; 13:195-203. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.10768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In Bangladesh, human sludge from dry pit latrines is commonly applied directly to agricultural lands as manure. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and plasmid contents of E. coli strains isolated from sludge samples.
Methodology: E. coli were isolated from human feces from closed pit latrines and identified by culture method. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by Standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Pathogenic genes and antibiotic resistance genes of ESBL producing isolates were determined by PCR assay.
Results: Of the 34 samples tested, 76.5% contained E. coli. Of 72 E. coli isolates, 76.4% were resistant to at least one of the 12 antibiotics tested and 47.2% isolates were resistant to three or four classes of antibiotics. Around 18% isolates were extended spectrum β- lactamase producing and of them 6 were positive for blaTEM specific gene, 4 for blaCTX-M gene, 1 for blaOXA gene and 2 for both blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes. Moreover, among 72 isolates, 4.2% carried virulence genes of enterotoxigenic E. coli; two isolates were positive for st and one was positive for both st and lt genes. In addition, 59.7% of the isolates contained plasmids (range 1.4 to 140 MDa) of which 19.5% isolates contained a single plasmid and 40.2% contained multiple plasmids.
Conclusions: The presence of pathogenic, drug resistant E. coli in human sludge necessitates a regular surveillance before using as a biofertilizer.
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Barnes AN, Anderson JD, Mumma J, Mahmud ZH, Cumming O. The association between domestic animal presence and ownership and household drinking water contamination among peri-urban communities of Kisumu, Kenya. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197587. [PMID: 29874284 PMCID: PMC5991394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Household drinking water can be contaminated by diarrheagenic enteropathogens at numerous points between the source and actual consumption. Interventions to prevent this contamination have focused on preventing exposure to human waste through interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). In many cases though, the infectious agent may be of zoonotic rather than human origin suggesting that unsafely managed animal waste may contribute to the contamination of household drinking water and the associated diarrheal disease burden. METHODS A cross-sectional household survey of 800 households was conducted across three informal peri-urban neighborhoods of Kisumu, Kenya, collecting stored drinking water samples, administering a household survey including water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and behaviors, and recording domestic animal presence and ownership. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association of traditional WASH factors and domestic animal presence and ownership on microbial contamination of household drinking water. RESULTS The majority of households sampled had fecally contaminated drinking water (67%), defined by the presence of any colony forming units of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci. After adjustment for potential confounders, including socio-economic status and water and sanitation access, both household animal ownership (aOR 1.31; CI 1.00-1.73, p = 0.05) and the presence of animal waste in the household compound (aOR 1.38; CI 1.01, 1.89, p = 0.04) were found to be significantly associated with household drinking water contamination. None of the conventional WASH variables were found to be significantly associated with household drinking water contamination in the study population. CONCLUSIONS Water, sanitation, and hygiene strategies to reduce diarrheal disease should consider the promotion of safe animal contact alongside more traditional interventions focusing on the management of human waste. Future research on fecal contamination of unsafe household drinking water should utilize host-specific markers to determine whether the source is human or animal to prepare targeted public health messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Barnes
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John D. Anderson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jane Mumma
- Great Lakes University Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Huda TMN, Schmidt WP, Pickering AJ, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Rahman MS, Luby SP, Biran A. A Cross Sectional Study of the Association between Sanitation Type and Fecal Contamination of the Household Environment in Rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:967-976. [PMID: 29436345 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross sectional study to assess 1) the association between access to basic sanitation and fecal contamination of sentinel toy balls and 2) if other sanitation factors such as shared use and cleanliness are associated with fecal contamination of sentinel toy balls. We assessed sanitation facilities in 454 households with a child aged 6-24 months in rural Bangladesh. We defined "basic" sanitation as access to improved sanitation facilities (pit latrine with a slab or better) not shared with other households. In each household, an identical toy ball was given to the target child. After 24 hours, the balls were rinsed to enumerate fecal coliforms as an indicator of household fecal contamination. Households with basic sanitation had lower fecal coliform contamination than households with no access to basic sanitation (adjusted difference in means: -0.31 log10 colony forming units [CFU]/toy ball; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.61, -0.01). Shared sanitation facilities of otherwise improved type were more likely to have visible feces on the latrine slab compared with private facilities. Among households with access to improved sanitation, households with no visible feces on the latrine slab had less toy ball contamination than households with visible feces on the latrine slab (adjusted difference in means: -0.38 log10 CFU/toy ball; 95% CI: -0.77, 0.02). Access to basic sanitation may prevent fecal contamination of the household environment. An Improved sanitation facility used by an individual household may be better in preventing household fecal contamination compared with improved facilities shared with other households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Md Nurul Huda
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sirajul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sajjadur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Adam Biran
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Ravenscroft P, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Hossain AKMZ, Zahid A, Saha GC, Zulfiquar Ali AHM, Islam K, Cairncross S, Clemens JD, Islam MS. The public health significance of latrines discharging to groundwater used for drinking. Water Res 2017; 124:192-201. [PMID: 28756221 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Faecal contamination of groundwater from pit latrines is widely perceived as a major threat to the safety of drinking water for several billion people in rural and peri-urban areas worldwide. On the floodplains of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta in Bangladesh, we constructed latrines and monitored piezometer nests monthly for two years. We detected faecal coliforms (FC) in 3.3-23.3% of samples at four sites. We differentiate a near-field, characterised by high concentrations and frequent, persistent and contiguous contamination in all directions, and a far-field characterised by rare, impersistent, discontinuous low-level detections in variable directions. Far-field FC concentrations at four sites exceeded 0 and 10 cfu/100 ml in 2.4-9.6% and 0.2-2.3% of sampling events respectively. The lesser contamination of in-situ groundwater compared to water at the point-of-collection from domestic wells, which itself is less contaminated than at the point-of-consumption, demonstrates the importance of recontamination in the well-pump system. We present a conceptual model comprising four sub-pathways: the latrine-aquifer interface (near-field); groundwater flowing from latrine to well (far-field); the well-pump system; and post-collection handling and storage. Applying a hypothetical dose-response model suggests that 1-2% of the diarrhoeal disease burden from drinking water is derived from the aquifer, 29% from the well-pump system, and 70% from post-collection handling. The important implications are (i) that leakage from pit latrines is a minor contributor to faecal contamination of drinking water in alluvial-deltaic terrains; (ii) fears of increased groundwater pollution should not constrain expanding latrine coverage, and (iii) that more attention should be given to reducing contamination around the well-head.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Z H Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Shafiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Z Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - A Zahid
- Bangladesh Water Development Board, Green Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - G C Saha
- Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Shimultoly Road, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - A H M Zulfiquar Ali
- Department of Soil, Water & Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Khairul Islam
- WaterAid Bangladesh, House 97/B, Road No 25, Block A, Banani, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - S Cairncross
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - J D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Sirajul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
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22
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Sultana M, Mou TJ, Sanyal SK, Diba F, Mahmud ZH, Parvez AK, Hossain MA. Investigation of Arsenotrophic Microbiome in Arsenic-Affected Bangladesh Groundwater. Ground Water 2017; 55:736-746. [PMID: 28418618 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenotrophic bacteria contribute to the nutrient cycling in arsenic (As) affected groundwater. This study employed a culture-independent and -dependent investigation of arsenotrophic microbiomes in As affected groundwater samples collected from Madhabpur, Sonatengra, and Union Porishod in Singair Upazila, Manikganj, Bangladesh. Total As contents, detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) of the samples, were 47 µg/L (Madhabpur, SNGW-1), 53 µg/L (Sonatengra, SNGW-2), and 12 µg/L (Union porishod, SNGW-3), whereas the control well (SNGW-4; depths >150 m) showed As content of 6 µg/L. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the amplified 16S rRNA gene from As-affected groundwater samples revealed the dominance of aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas within heterogeneous bacterial populations. DGGE of heterotrophic enrichments supplemented with arsenite [As (III)] for 4 weeks showed the dominance of Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Aquabacterium, whereas the dominant genera in that of autotrophic enrichments were Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas. Cultured bacteria retrieved from both autotrophic and heterotrophic enrichments were distinguished into nine genotypes belonging to Chryseobacterium, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Janibacter, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus. They exhibited varying range of As(III) tolerance from 4 to 27 mM. As(III) transformation potential was confirmed within the isolates with oxidation rate as high as 0.143 mM/h for Pseudomonas sp. Sn 28. The arsenotrophic microbiome specifies their potential role in groundwater As-cycling and their genetic information provide the scientific basis for As-bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taslin Jahan Mou
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Santonu Kumar Sanyal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- Currently at Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Diba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Anowar Khasru Parvez
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Boehm AB, Wang D, Ercumen A, Shea M, Harris AR, Shanks OC, Kelty C, Ahmed A, Mahmud ZH, Arnold BF, Chase C, Kullmann C, Colford JM, Luby SP, Pickering AJ. Occurrence of Host-Associated Fecal Markers on Child Hands, Household Soil, and Drinking Water in Rural Bangladeshi Households. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2016; 3:393-398. [PMID: 32607385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated whether provision and promotion of improved sanitation hardware (toilets and child feces management tools) reduced rotavirus and human fecal contamination of drinking water, child hands, and soil among rural Bangladeshi compounds enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We also measured host-associated genetic markers of ruminant and avian feces. We found evidence of widespread ruminant and avian fecal contamination in the compound environment; non-human fecal marker occurrence scaled with animal ownership. Strategies for controlling non- human fecal waste should be considered when designing interventions to reduce exposure to fecal contamination in low-income settings. Detection of a human- associated fecal marker and rotavirus was rare and unchanged by provision and promotion of improved sanitation to intervention compounds. The sanitation intervention reduced ruminant fecal contamination in drinking water and general (non-host specific) fecal contamination in soil but overall had limited effects on reducing fecal contamination in the household environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Meghan Shea
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Angela R Harris
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Orin C Shanks
- Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Catherine Kelty
- Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Alvee Ahmed
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Claire Chase
- The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20433, United States
| | | | - John M Colford
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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24
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Islam MS, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Saha GC, Zahid A, Ali AZ, Hassan MQ, Islam K, Jahan H, Hossain Y, Hasan MM, Cairncross S, Carter R, Luby SP, Cravioto A, Endtz HP, Faruque SM, Clemens JD. Safe distances between groundwater-based water wells and pit latrines at different hydrogeological conditions in the Ganges Atrai floodplains of Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2016; 35:26. [PMID: 27542826 PMCID: PMC5025979 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Groundwater drawn from shallow tubewells in Bangladesh is often polluted by nearby pit latrines, which are commonly used toilets in rural and sub-urban areas of the country. METHODS To determine the minimum safe distance of a tubewell from a pit latrine in different hydrogeological conditions of Bangladesh, 20 monitoring wells were installed at three study sites (Manda, Mohanpur and Bagmara) with the vertical and horizontal distances ranging from 18-47 to 2-15 m, respectively. Water samples were collected three times in three seasons and tested for faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) as indicators of contamination. Soil samples were analysed for texture, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity following standard procedures. Sediment samples were collected to prepare lithological logs. RESULTS When the shallow aquifers at one of the three sites (Mohanpur) were overlained by 18-23-m-thick aquitards, the groundwater of the monitoring wells was found contaminated with a lateral and vertical distances of 2 and 31 m, respectively. However, where the aquitard was only 9 m thick, contamination was found up to lateral and vertical distances of 4.5 and 40.5 m, respectively. The soil textures of all the sites were mainly composed of loam and sandy loam. The hydraulic conductivities in the first aquifer at Manda, Mohanpur and Bagmara were 5.2-7.3, 8.2 and 1.4-15.7 m/h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the safe distance from the tubewell to the pit latrine varied from site to site depending on the horizontal and vertical distances of the tubewell as well as hydrogeological conditions of a particular area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sirajul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, GPO Box-128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Shafiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Anwar Zahid
- Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Section, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Directorate of Groundwater Hydrology, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Ahm Zulfiquar Ali
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Qumrul Hassan
- Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Section, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Khairul Islam
- WaterAid Bangladesh, Banani, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Hasin Jahan
- WaterAid Bangladesh, Banani, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Yakub Hossain
- Village Education Resource Center, Savar, Dhaka, 1340, Bangladesh
| | - M Masud Hasan
- Village Education Resource Center, Savar, Dhaka, 1340, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Stephen P Luby
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Hubert Ph Endtz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shah M Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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Kabir SR, Rahman MM, Amin R, Karim MR, Mahmud ZH, Hossain MT. Solanum tuberosum lectin inhibits Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells growth by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8437-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mahmud ZH, Kumar Das P. Time-Temperature Model for Bacterial and Parasitic Annihilation from Cow Dung and Human Faecal Sludge: A Forthcoming Bio-Fertilizer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kabir SR, Nabi MM, Nurujjaman M, Reza MA, Alam AHMK, Zaman RU, Khalid-Bin-Ferdaus KM, Amin R, Khan MMH, Hossain MA, Uddin MS, Mahmud ZH. Momordica charantia Seed Lectin: Toxicity, Bacterial Agglutination and Antitumor Properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2616-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vujcic J, Ram PK, Hussain F, Unicomb L, Gope PS, Abedin J, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Luby SP. Toys and toilets: cross-sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practices. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:528-36. [PMID: 24645919 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate household faecal contamination using children's toys among 100 rural Bangladeshi households categorised as 'cleaner' (toilet that reliably separates faeces from the environment and no human faeces in/around living space) or 'less clean' (no toilet or toilet that does not reliably separate faeces from the environment and human faeces in/around living space). METHODS We distributed toy balls to each household and rinsed each study toy and a toy already owned by the household in 200 ml of Ringer's solution. We enumerated faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci from each rinse using membrane filtration methods. RESULTS Study toys from 39 cleaner households had lower mean faecal coliform contamination than toys from 61 less clean households (2.4 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/200 ml vs. 3.2 log10 CFU/200 ml, P = 0.03). However, wealth measures explained a portion of this relationship. Repeat measures were moderately variable [coefficient of variation (CV) = 6.5 between two toys in the household at the same time, CV = 37.6 between toys in the household at two different times 3-4 days apart]. Too few households owned a non-porous toy to compare groups without risk of bias. CONCLUSION In rural Bangladesh, improved sanitation facilities and practices were associated with less environmental contamination. Whether this association is independent of household wealth and whether the difference in contamination improves child health merit further study. The variation found was typical for measures of environmental contamination, and requires large sample sizes to ascertain differences between groups with statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vujcic
- State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, NY, USA
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Jahid IK, Hasan MM, Abdul Matin M, Mahmud ZH, Neogi SB, Uddin MH, Islam MS. Role of polyphosphate kinase gene (ppk) for survival of Vibrio cholerae O1 in surface water of Bangladesh. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 16:1531-7. [PMID: 24511696 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1531.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate provides a substitute for ATP and energy source when phosphorus is a limiting resource in nature. The present study focuses on the role ofpolyphosphate for the survival of Vibrio cholerae in the aquatic habitats as an autochthonous bacterium. The survival advantages of polyphosphate of V. cholerae O1 having (wild type) and lacking (mutant) polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene in surface water and with Anabaena variabilis were compared by cultural, Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) and polymerase chain reaction methods in natural water microcosms. The microcosm's water was prepared by filtering and physicochemical parameters were also investigated by standard methods. The results revealed that both fresh and saline water, the wild type strain enhanced survival in cultural conditioned than ppk mutant strain. However, Fluorescent Antibody Direct Viable Counts (FADVC) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results noted both strains have the equal survival strategy in viable but nonculturable state (VNC). In conclusion, it could be hypothesized that the polyphosphate inclusion body might keep cultivable and survivable at low phosphate natural environment of the aquatic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Kabir Jahid
- Department of Microbiology, Jessore Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahmud Hasan
- National Institute of Biotechnology (NIB), Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdul Matin
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sucharit Basu Neogi
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hafiz Uddin
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sirajul Islam
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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Kabir SR, Nabi MM, Haque A, Rokon Uz Zaman, Mahmud ZH, Reza MA. Pea lectin inhibits growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in vivo in mice. Phytomedicine 2013; 20:1288-96. [PMID: 23867650 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) lectin is known to have interesting pharmacological activities and of great interest on biomedical research. In the current research pea lectin was purified followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE column and affinity chromatography on glucose-sepharose column. The lectin shown 11.7-84% inhibitory effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells at the concentration range of 8-120 μg/ml in RPMI 1640 medium as determined by MTT assay. Pea lectin was also shown 63% and 44% growth inhibition against EAC cells in vivo in mice when administered 2.8 mg/kg/day and 1.4 mg/kg/day (i.p.) respectively for five consequent days. When Pea lectin injected into the EAC bearing mice for 10 days its significantly increased the hemoglobin and RBC with the decreased of WBC levels toward the normal. Apoptotic cell morphological change of the treated EAC cells of mice was determined by fluorescence and optical microscope. Interestingly, cell growth inhibition of the lectin was significantly reduced in the presence of caspase inhibitors. Treatment with the lectin caused the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase of EAC cells which was determined by flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-related genes, Bcl-2, Bcl-X and Bax was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Intensive increase of Bax gene expression and totally despaired of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X gene expression were observed in the cells treated with Pea lectin for five consecutive days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
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Haque F, Kundu SK, Islam MS, Hasan SMM, Khatun A, Gope PS, Mahmud ZH, Alamgir ASM, Islam MS, Rahman M, Luby SP. Outbreak of mass sociogenic illness in a school feeding program in northwest Bangladesh, 2010. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80420. [PMID: 24244685 PMCID: PMC3828262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, an acute illness outbreak was reported in school students eating high-energy biscuits supplied by the school feeding programme in northwest Bangladesh. We investigated this outbreak to describe the illness in terms of person, place and time, develop the timeline of events, and determine the cause and community perceptions regarding the outbreak. METHODS We defined case-patients as students from affected schools reporting any two symptoms including abdominal pain, heartburn, bitter taste, and headache after eating biscuits on the day of illness. We conducted in-depth interviews and group discussions with students, teachers, parents and community members to explore symptoms, exposures, and community perceptions. We conducted a questionnaire survey among case-patients to determine the symptoms and ascertain food items eaten 12 hours before illness onset, and microbiological and environmental investigations. RESULTS Among 142 students seeking hospital care, 44 students from four schools qualified as case-patients. Of these, we surveyed 30 who had a mean age of 9 years; 70% (21/30) were females. Predominant symptoms included abdominal pain (93%), heartburn (90%), and bitter taste (57%). All students recovered within a few hours. No pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, Shigella or Salmonella spp. were isolated from collected stool samples. We found no rancid biscuits in schools and storage sites. The female index case perceived the unusually darker packet label as a "devil's deed" that made the biscuits poisonous. Many students, parents and community members reported concerns about rumors of students dying from biscuit poisoning. CONCLUSIONS Rapid onset, followed by rapid recovery of symptoms; female preponderance; inconsistent physical, microbiological and environmental findings suggested mass sociogenic illness rather than a foodborne or toxic cause. Rumours of student deaths heightening community anxiety apparently propagated this outbreak. Sharing investigation results and reassuring students and parents through health communication campaigns could limit similar future outbreaks and help retain beneficiaries' trust on nutrition supplementation initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Haque
- Centre for Communicable Diseases (CCD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Subodh Kumar Kundu
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Centre for Communicable Diseases (CCD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Asma Khatun
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - A. S. M. Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Sirajul Islam
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Centre for Communicable Diseases (CCD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Disease Detection Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Islam MS, Rahman MZ, Khan SI, Mahmud ZH, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Sack RB, Sack DA. Organization of the CTX Prophage in Environmental Isolates ofVibrio mimicus. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:779-84. [PMID: 16113506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the CTX prophage in environmental strains of Vibrio mimicus was investigated. Sixteen hundred non-sucrose fermenting vibrios were examined for ctx gene by hybridization. Out of 1,600 isolates, 6 V. mimicus isolates contained ctxA gene. The organization of CTX prophage was determined by RFLP using ctxA probe. The CTX prophage integrated at a single site in V. mimicus genome which was present as a single copy flanked by at least a single RS element. Ribotype pattern revealed that a particular clone of V. mimicus acquired the CTXPhi in the aquatic environment. This study demonstrated that V. mimicus could act as a reservoir of CTXPhi in the aquatic environment.
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Islam MS, Mahmud ZH, Gope PS, Zaman RU, Hossain Z, Islam MS, Mondal D, Sharker MAY, Islam K, Jahan H, Bhuiya A, Endtz HP, Cravioto A, Curtis V, Touré O, Cairncross S. Hygiene intervention reduces contamination of weaning food in Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 18:250-8. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sirajul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Partha Sarathi Gope
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Rokon Uz Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Zakir Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Abbas Bhuiya
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Hubert P. Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Erasmus MC; University Medical Centre; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Mohakhali; Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Valerie Curtis
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London; UK
| | - Ousmane Touré
- Agence Nationale de la Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments; Ministère de la Santé; Bamako; Mali
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Islam MA, Sakakibara H, Karim MR, Sekine M, Mahmud ZH. Bacteriological assessment of drinking water supply options in coastal areas of Bangladesh. J Water Health 2011; 9:415-428. [PMID: 21942205 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2011.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of alternative drinking water supply options in southwest coastal areas of Bangladesh. A total of 90 water samples were collected during both dry and wet seasons from household based rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSS), community based rain water harvesting systems (CRWHSs), pond-sand filters (PSFs) and ponds. The samples were evaluated for faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Heterotrophic Plate Count, as well as Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Physico-chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, and color) were also examined. In addition, sanitary inspections were conducted to identify faecal contamination sources. All options showed varying degrees of indicator bacterial contamination. The median E. coli concentrations measured for RWHSs, CRWHSS, PSFS, and ponds were 16, 7, 11, and 488 cfu/100 ml during the wet season, respectively. Vibrio cholerae 01/0139, Salmonella and Shigella spp. were not found in any samples. However, Vibrio cholerae Non-01/Non-0139 and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from 74.4% and 91.1% of the water samples collected during the wet season. A maximum pH of 10.4 was found in CRWHSS. Estimation of the disease burden for all options in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) showed an increased disease burden during the wet season. According to sanitary inspections, poor maintenance and unprotected ponds were responsible for rainwater and PSF water contamination, respectively. The findings of the present study suggest that alternative drinking water supply options available in southwest coastal Bangladesh pose a substantial risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Atikul Islam
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
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Islam MS, Mahmud ZH, Uddin MH, Islam K, Yunus M, Islam MS, Nair GB, Endtz HP, Sack DA. Purification of household water using a novel mixture reduces diarrhoeal disease in Matlab, Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 105:341-5. [PMID: 21536313 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bangladesh, one of the main causes of waterborne diseases is related to the use of contaminated surface water. This pilot study was conducted to determine the acceptability and effectiveness of a recently developed surface water purifying mixture to prevent diarrhoeal diseases in a rural community in Bangladesh. The mixture, using a combination of alum potash, bleaching powder and lime, is added to 15 l of surface water and mixed; the water becomes suitable for drinking after 30 min. A total of 420 households from 15 villages were provided with the mixture and were taught how to use it. Episodes of diarrhoeal disease from study families were determined from hospital records of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) in Matlab and were compared with diarrhoea episodes among 1613 control families who were not provided with the mixture. A total of 83 diarrhoeal patients were treated at Matlab Hospital from 1613 control families, but only one patient was treated for diarrhoea from among the intervention families. Among the intervention families, 73 families decided to shift from using tube well water to surface water using the mixture. The mixture could be used as a cheaper, easier and simpler point-of-use water treatment strategy in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), G.P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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Huong BTM, Mahmud ZH, Neogi SB, Kassu A, Nhien NV, Mohammad A, Yamato M, Ota F, Lam NT, Dao HTA, Khan NC. Toxigenicity and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Vietnamese ready-to-eat foods. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Islam MS, Sharker MAY, Rheman S, Hossain S, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Uddin AMK, Yunus M, Osman MS, Ernst R, Rector I, Larson CP, Luby SP, Endtz HP, Cravioto A. Effects of local climate variability on transmission dynamics of cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:1165-70. [PMID: 19477477 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is considered as a model for climate-related infectious diseases. In Bangladesh, cholera epidemics occur during summer and winter seasons, but it is not known how climate variability influences the seasonality of cholera. Therefore, the variability pattern of cholera events was studied in relation to the variation in local climate variables in Matlab, Bangladesh. Classification and regression tree (CART) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to study the dependency and variability pattern of monthly total cholera cases. An average temperature <23.25 degrees C corresponded to the lowest average cholera occurrence (23 cases/month). At a temperature of >or=23.25 degrees C and sunshine <4.13h/day, the cholera occurrence was 39 cases/month. With increased sunshine (>or=4.13h/day) and temperature (23.25-28.66 degrees C), the second highest cholera occurrence (44 cases/month) was observed. When the sunshine was >or=4.13h/day and the temperature was >28.66 degrees C, the highest cholera occurrence (54 cases/month) was observed. These results demonstrate that in summer and winter seasons in Bangladesh, temperature and sunshine hours compensate each other for higher cholera incidence. The synergistic effect of temperature and sunshine hours provided the highest number of cholera cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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Mahmud ZH, Neogi SB, Kassu A, Mai Huong BT, Jahid IK, Islam MS, Ota F. Occurrence, seasonality and genetic diversity of Vibrio vulnificus in coastal seaweeds and water along the Kii Channel, Japan. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 64:209-18. [PMID: 18355295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous toxigenic bacterium found in a coastal environment but little is known about its occurrence and seasonality among seaweeds, which are widely consumed as seafood in Japan. Therefore, we have observed the bacterium's abundance in seawater and seaweed samples from three areas of the Kii Channel, Japan, during June 2003 to May 2004. A total of 192 samples were collected: 24 from each source in summer, autumn, winter and spring. The samples were selectively cultivated following the most probable number (MPN) technique. Vibrio vulnificus population ranged from 0 to 10(3) MPN 100 mL(-1) seawater or 10 g seaweeds; higher counts were observed during summer. The optimum temperature, salinity and pH for the bacterium were 20-24 degrees C, 24-28 p.p.t. and 7.95-8.15, respectively. However, seaweeds always contained higher V. vulnificus than seawater. Among 280 V. vulnificus strains, detected by species-specific colony hybridization and PCR, 78, 74, 11 and 16 were from seaweeds and 46, 42, 2 and 11 were from seawater during summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively. Ribotyping of 160 selected strains revealed a higher genotypic diversity (18 patterns) among strains from seaweeds than from seawater (10 patterns). Seaweeds can thus act as a potential habitat for V. vulnificus and are more unsafe for consumption during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Mahmud ZH, Neogi SB, Kassu A, Wada T, Islam MS, Nair GB, Ota F. Seaweeds as a reservoir for diverse Vibrio parahaemolyticus populations in Japan. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 118:92-6. [PMID: 17629976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus has recently been associated with foods prepared with seaweeds, but little is known about the bacterium's abundance and diversity among seaweeds in coastal environment. Therefore, we determined its phenotypic and genotypic diversity in relation to its seasonal abundance in seawater and seaweed samples from three areas of Kii Channel, Japan during June 2003 to May 2004. Isolates were obtained by selective enrichment of samples and detection of V. parahaemolyticus by colony hybridization with a species-specific probe. A total of 128 isolates comprising 16 from each source in each season were characterized by serotyping and ribotyping. V. parahaemolyticus was more abundant in seaweeds (3,762 isolates) than in water samples (2,238 isolates). Twenty and 17 serotypes were found among the selected seaweed and seawater isolates, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed 19, 11, 7 and 9 ribotypes during summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively. Seaweeds supported a diverse V. parahaemolyticus population throughout the year and thus seaweeds are a reservoir for the organism. However, V. parahaemolyticus occurrence had positive correlation with water temperature and its abundance in seaweeds was at least 50 times higher during summer than in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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Kassu A, Yabutani T, Mahmud ZH, Mohammad A, Nguyen N, Huong BTM, Hailemariam G, Diro E, Ayele B, Wondmikun Y, Motonaka J, Ota F. Alterations in serum levels of trace elements in tuberculosis and HIV infections. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:580-6. [PMID: 16340948 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate serum concentrations of trace elements in tuberculosis (TB) patients with or with out human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection before and after anti-TB chemotherapy. SUBJECTS A total of 155 TB patients, 74 of which were coinfected with HIV, and 31 healthy controls from Gondar, Ethiopia. METHODS Serum levels of copper, zinc, selenium and iron were determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer from all subjects at baseline and from 44 TB patients (22 with HIV coinfection) at the end of an intensive phase of anti-TB chemotherapy. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the concentrations of iron, zinc and selenium were significantly lower (P<0.05) while that of copper and copper/zinc ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the serum of TB patients. TB patients with HIV coinfection had significantly lower serum zinc and selenium concentrations and significantly higher copper/zinc ratio compared to that in TB patients without HIV coinfection (P<0.05). The serum concentration of zinc had significantly increased at the end of intensive phase of anti-TB chemotherapy in patients without HIV coinfection (P<0.05). An increase in serum selenium level was observed in TB patients with or without HIV coinfection after therapy. On the contrary, serum copper concentration and copper/zinc ratio declined significantly after anti-TB chemotherapy irrespective of HIV serostatus (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that TB patients have altered profile of trace elements in their sera. This warrants the need for further investigations so that strategies for trace elements supplementation can be planned in addition to their potential as diagnostic parameters in monitoring responses to anti-TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kassu
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Systems of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Health Biosciences Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Hayat Mahmud Z, Kassu A, Mohammad A, Yamato M, Bhuiyan NA, Balakrish Nair G, Ota F. Isolation and molecular characterization of toxigenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the Kii Channel, Japan. Microbiol Res 2006; 161:25-37. [PMID: 16338587 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted on the ecology of potentially pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in three coastal areas of Kii Channel, Tokushima, Japan. Seawater and seaweed samples were collected seasonally between June 2003 and May 2004. Total and toxigenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated using most probable number culture and colony blot hybridization. Toxigenic strains were serotyped and further characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and ribotyping. Six thousand strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated and 18 were found positive for tdh. V. parahaemolyticus were detected in all samples during summer and autumn, and from some samples during winter and spring. Among the toxigenic strains seven serotypes, five ribotypes and RAPD patterns were observed. Seven strains belonged to O3:K6 clone with identical ribotypes and RAPD patterns to that of a pandemic reference strain. The presence of toxigenic V. parahaemolyticus with pandemic potential might indicate a human health risk due to consumption of marine food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Systems of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Health Biosciences Research, The University of Tokushima, 18-15, 3-chome, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Ota F, Ota M, Mahmud ZH, Mohammad A, Yamato M, Kassu A, Kato Y, Tomotake H, Batoni G, Campa M. Serological Diversity Demonstrable by a Set of Monoclonal Antibodies to Eight Serotypes of the Mutans Streptococci. Caries Res 2005; 40:6-14. [PMID: 16352874 DOI: 10.1159/000088899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of monoclonal antibodies were prepared by the conventional cell fusion of myeloma cells (SP2/0-Ag14) with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunised with whole cells of a strain of mutans streptococci. Their specificities were examined against 35 reference strains of mutans streptococci, 34 reference strains of other oral streptococci and 8 reference strains of other microorganisms often inhabiting the oral cavity. Specificity was examined by enzyme immunoassay using whole cells. A total of 52 strains, consisting of 19 strains isolated in Japan, 19 strains isolated in Italy and 14 strains isolated in England, were characterised by conventional physiological and biochemical tests and then serotyped by the use of 8 monoclonal antibodies with different specificities. They were also confirmed by guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their nucleic acid and DNA-DNA hybridisation test. The results indicated that all monoclonal antibodies are useful for identification of 8 serotypes of the mutans streptococci responsible for dental caries. They also suggest the existence of more serological varieties among mutans species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ota
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima-shi, Japan.
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Islam MS, Talukder KA, Khan NH, Mahmud ZH, Rahman MZ, Nair GB, Siddique AKM, Yunus M, Sack DA, Sack RB, Huq A, Colwell RR. Variation of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in the aquatic environment of Bangladesh and its correlation with the clinical strains. Microbiol Immunol 2005; 48:773-7. [PMID: 15502411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 in the aquatic environment of Bangladesh is not known. A total of 18 environmental and 18 clinical strains of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 were isolated simultaneously from four different geographical areas and tested for variation by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method. Environmental strains showed diversified profiles and one of the profiles was common to some environmental strains and most clinical strains. It appears that one clone has an advantage over others to cause disease. These findings suggest that the study of the molecular ecology of V. cholerae O1 in relation to its environmental reservoir is important in identifying virulent strains that cause disease.
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Ali A, Mahmud ZH, Morris JG, Sozhamannan S, Johnson JA. Sequence analysis of TnphoA insertion sites in Vibrio cholerae mutants defective in rugose polysaccharide production. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6857-64. [PMID: 11083805 PMCID: PMC97790 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.12.6857-6864.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae can switch from a smooth to a wrinkled or rugose colony phenotype characterized by the secretion of a polysaccharide that enables the bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions. In order to understand the genetic basis of rugosity, we isolated TnphoA-induced stable, smooth mutants of two O1 El Tor rugose strains and mapped the insertion sites in several of the mutants using a modified Y-adapter PCR technique. One of the TnphoA insertions was mapped to the first gene of the vps region that was previously shown to encode the rugose polysaccharide biosynthesis cluster. Three insertions were mapped to a previously unknown hlyA-like gene, also in the vps region. Five other insertions were found in loci unlinked to the vps region: (i) in the epsD gene (encodes the "secretin" of the extracellular protein secretion apparatus), (ii) in a hydG-like gene (encodes a sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activator similar to HydG involved in labile hydrogenase production in Escherichia coli, (iii) in a gene encoding malic acid transport protein upstream of a gene similar to yeiE of E. coli (encodes a protein with similarities to LysR-type transcriptional activators), (iv) in dxr (encodes 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase), and (v) in the intergenic region of lpd and odp (encode enzymes involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex formation). These data suggest the involvement of a complex regulatory network in rugose polysaccharide production and highlight the general utility of the Y-adapter PCR technique described here for rapid mapping of transposon insertion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ali
- Departments of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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