1
|
Ulanowski A, Ban N, Ozasa K, Rühm W, Semones E, Shavers M, Vaillant L. Time-integrated radiation risk metrics and interpopulation variability of survival. Z Med Phys 2024; 34:64-82. [PMID: 37669888 PMCID: PMC10919971 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Task Group 115 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection is focusing on mission-related exposures to space radiation and concomitant health risks for space crew members including, among others, risk of cancer development. Uncertainties in cumulative radiation risk estimates come from the stochastic nature of the considered health outcome (i.e., cancer), uncertainties of statistical inference and model parameters, unknown secular trends used for projections of population statistics and unknown variability of survival properties between individuals or population groups. The variability of survival is usually ignored when dealing with large groups, which can be assumed well represented by the statistical data for the contemporary general population, either in a specific country or world averaged. Space crew members differ in many aspects from individuals represented by the general population, including, for example, their lifestyle and health status, nutrition, medical care, training and education. The individuality of response to radiation and lifespan is explored in this modelling study. Task Group 115 is currently evaluating applicability and robustness of various risk metrics for quantification of radiation-attributed risks of cancer for space crew members. This paper demonstrates the impact of interpopulation variability of survival curves on values and uncertainty of the estimates of the time-integrated radiation risk of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ulanowski
- International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Laboratories, Friedensstrasse 1, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Nobuhiko Ban
- Nuclear Regulation Authority, 1-9-9 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8450, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ozasa
- Health Management Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Werner Rühm
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Edward Semones
- NASA Space Radiation Analysis Group, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Shavers
- KBR Human Health and Performance, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ludovic Vaillant
- Centre d'étude sur l'Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucléaire, 28 rue de la Redoute, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chauhan B, Dodamani S, Malik S, Almalki WH, Haque S, Sayyed RZ. Microbial approaches for pharmaceutical wastewater recycling and management for sustainable development: A multicomponent approach. Environ Res 2023; 237:116983. [PMID: 37640091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A microbial-driven approach for effluent treatment, recycling, and management of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) has been undertaken to mitigate the menace of water contamination. Bioremediation processes are mainly considered the first preference in pharmaceutical wastewater recycling and management. PPCPs are reported as one of the primary sources of emerging contaminants in various water matrices, which raises concern and requires efficient management. Their widespread utilization, persistently high level, and resistance to breaking down make them one of the potentially dangerous compounds causing harm to the ecosystem. Continually increasing PPCPs level PPCPs contaminants in water bodies raised concern for human health as they can produce potential risks with harmful and untoward impacts on our health. PPCPs are composed of multiple diverse compounds used by humans and animals, which include biopharmaceuticals, vitamins and nutritional supplements, antibiotics, counter-prescription drugs, cosmetics products, and unused pharmaceutical products. Personal care products are found to be bioaccumulative, reduce water quality and potentially impact ecological health. However, continual exposure to PPCPs in aquatic organisms, impacts their endocrine function disruption, gene toxicity, and antibiotic resistance. Decreased water quality may result in an outbreak of various water-borne diseases, which could have acute or long-term health complications and may result in an outbreak of various water-borne diseases, which could have acute or long-term effects on public and community health. Polluted water consumption by humans and animals produces serious health hazards and increased susceptibility to water-borne diseases such as carcinogenic organic or inorganic contaminants and infectious pathogens present in water bodies. Many water resource recovery facilities working on various conventional and advanced methods involve the utilization of microbes for filtration and advanced oxidation processes. Therefore, there is an immense need for bioremediation techniques facilitated by mixed cultures of bacteria, algae, and other microbes that can be used as an alternative approach for removing pharmaceutical content from effluent. This review highlights the various sources of PPCPs and their impacts on soil and water bodies, resulting in bioaccumulation. Different techniques are utilized to detect PPCPs, and various control strategies imply controlling, recycling, and managing waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bindiya Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, India.
| | - Suneel Dodamani
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Center, KAHER, Belagavi, 590010, India.
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834001, India.
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research & Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia; Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - R Z Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal's S I Patil Arts, G B Patel Science and STKV Sangh Commerce College, Shahada, 425409, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Velickova Nikova E, Temkov M, Rocha JM. Occurrence of meso/micro/nano plastics and plastic additives in food from food packaging. Adv Food Nutr Res 2023; 103:41-99. [PMID: 36863841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the occurrence of plastic constituents in food due to the contact with different types of plastic packaging, films and coatings. The type of mechanisms occurring during the contamination of food by different packaging materials are described, as well as how the type of food and packaging may influences the extent of contamination. The main types of contaminants phenomena are considered and comprehensively discussed, along with the regulations in force for the use of plastic food packaging. In addition, the types of migration phenomena and factors that may influence such migration are comprehensively highlighted. Moreover, migration components related to the packaging polymers (monomers and oligomers) and the packaging additives are individually discussed in terms of chemical structure, adverse effects on foodstuffs, health, migration factors, as well as regulated residual values of such components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velickova Nikova
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - Mishela Temkov
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Milanović M, Đurić L, Milošević N, Milić N. Comprehensive insight into triclosan-from widespread occurrence to health outcomes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:25119-25140. [PMID: 34741734 PMCID: PMC8571676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to the variety of emerging environmental pollutant in everyday life. The special concern is paid to endocrine disrupting chemicals especially to triclosan which could interfere with normal hormonal functions. Triclosan could be found in numerous commercial products such as mouthwashes, toothpastes and disinfectants due to its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Considering the excessive use and disposal, wastewaters are recognized as the main source of triclosan in the aquatic environment. As a result of the incomplete removal, triclosan residues reach surface water and even groundwater. Triclosan has potential to accumulate in sediment and aquatic organisms. Therefore, the detectable concentrations of triclosan in various environmental and biological matrices emerged concerns about the potential toxicity. Triclosan impairs thyroid homeostasis and could be associated with neurodevelopment impairment, metabolic disorders, cardiotoxicity and the increased cancer risk. The growing resistance of the vast groups of bacteria, the evidenced toxicity on different aquatic organisms, its adverse health effects observed in vitro, in vivo as well as the available epidemiological studies suggest that further efforts to monitor triclosan toxicity at environmental levels are necessary. The safety precaution measures and full commitment to proper legislation in compliance with the environmental protection are needed in order to obtain triclosan good ecological status. This paper is an overview of the possible negative triclosan effects on human health. Sources of exposure to triclosan, methods and levels of detection in aquatic environment are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Milanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Larisa Đurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahman M, Khan N, Rahman A, Alam M, Khan A. Long-term effects of caesarean delivery on health and behavioural outcomes of the mother and child in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2022; 41:45. [PMID: 36195965 PMCID: PMC9531390 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-022-00326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medically unnecessary caesarean section (CS) is now an ongoing concern worldwide including in Bangladesh. This intensifies the occurrence of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. We investigated the associations of CS with some basic health and behavioural outcomes of the mothers and their children in Bangladesh. METHODS We conducted a community-based case-control study from May to August 2019. A total of 600 mother-child dyads were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 300 of them had CS, and 300 had vaginal delivery (VD) in their most recent live births. The exposure variable was the mode of delivery, classified as 1 if mothers had CS and 0 if mothers had VD. The outcome variables were a group of health and behavioural problems of the mothers and their children. Multivariate or multiple logistic regression model, separately for each health and behavioural outcome, was used to determine the effect of exposure variable on outcome variable after adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS The mean age and weight of mothers were 25.1 years and 53.1 kg, respectively. Likelihoods of headache, after delivery hip pain, problem of daily activities, and breastfeeding problem were reported higher among mothers who had CS in their most recent live birth than mothers who had VD. Similarly, children who were born through the CS operation were more likely to report breathing problem, frequent illness, lower food demand and lower hours of sleeping. CONCLUSION The use of CS increases the risks of health and behavioural problems of the mothers and their children. Policies and programs to avoid medically unnecessary CS and increase awareness over its adverse effects are important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nuruzzaman Khan
- Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Alam
- Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Verbeek J, Oftedal G, Feychting M, van Rongen E, Rosaria Scarfì M, Mann S, Wong R, van Deventer E. Prioritizing health outcomes when assessing the effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A survey among experts. Environ Int 2021; 146:106300. [PMID: 33395944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) (frequencies of 100 kHz to 300 GHz) has been steadily increasing. In addition to heat-related effects of RF EMF, other yet-unspecified biological effects, might exist which could possibly lead to health effects. Given the large number of health endpoints that have been studied, we wanted to prioritize those that would merit systematic reviews. We developed a survey listing of all health endpoints reported in the literature and we asked 300 RF EMF experts and researchers to prioritize these health effects for systematic review as critical, important or unimportant. We also asked the experts to provide the rationale for their prioritization. Of the 300 RF EMF experts queried, 164 (54%) responded. They rated cancer, heat-related effects, adverse birth outcomes, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, cognitive impairment, adverse pregnancy outcomes and oxidative stress as outcomes most critical regarding RF EMF exposure. For these outcomes, systematic reviews are needed. For heat-related outcomes, the experts based their ranking of the critical outcomes on what is known from human or animal studies, and for cancer and other outcomes, they based their rating also on public concern. To assess health risks of an exposure in a robust manner, it is important to prioritize the health outcomes that should be systematically reviewed. Here we have shown that it feasible to do so in an inclusive and transparent way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Verbeek
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cochrane Work Review Group, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Gunnhild Oftedal
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric van Rongen
- Health Council of the Netherlands, Den Haag, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- National Research Council, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Naples, Italy
| | - Simon Mann
- Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emilie van Deventer
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eggert T, Dorn H, Sauter C, Schmid G, Danker-Hopfe H. RF-EMF exposure effects on sleep - Age doesn't matter in men! Environ Res 2020; 191:110173. [PMID: 32931791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there are several human experimental studies on short-term effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on sleep, the role of effect modification by sex or age in this context has not yet been considered. In an earlier study, we observed sex differences in RF-EMF effects in elderly subjects. The present study investigated possible RF-EMF effect modifications by age in men. METHODS Data available for the present analysis come from three double-blind, randomized cross-over studies, in which effects of different RF-EMF exposure signals on sleep were investigated in young [sample 1: 25.3 (mean) ± 2.6 (SD) years; sample 2: 25.4 ± 2.6 years; n = 30, respectively] and older (69.1 ± 5.5 years; n = 30) healthy male volunteers. Studies comprised a screening/adaptation night followed by nine experimental nights at two-week intervals. RF-EMF exposure effect modifications by age were analysed for two different exposure signals (GSM900 at 2 W/kg, TETRA at 6 W/kg), each compared to a sham exposure. Polysomnography, during which the exposure signals were delivered by a head worn antenna, as well as sleep staging were performed according to the AASM standard. Four subjective and 30 objective sleep parameters were statistically analysed related to possible RF-EMF effects. RESULTS Comparisons of sleep parameters observed under sham exposure revealed highly pronounced physiological differences between young and elderly men. A consistent exposure effect in both age groups was found for a shorter latency to persistent sleep under TETRA exposure reflecting a sleep-promoting effect. Exposure effect modifications by age were observed for two of the four self-reported sleep parameters following GSM900 exposure and for arousals during REM sleep under TETRA exposure. CONCLUSIONS As effects of a short-term all-night RF-EMF exposure on sleep occurred only sporadically in young and elderly men, it seems that age doesn't matter in this respect. However, as long as there are no corresponding data from young healthy women that would allow a comparison with the data from elderly women, this assumption cannot be conclusively verified. Nevertheless, the present results are not indicative of any adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Eggert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Competence Centre for Sleep Medicine, at the Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Dorn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Competence Centre for Sleep Medicine, at the Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sauter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Competence Centre for Sleep Medicine, at the Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gernot Schmid
- Seibersdorf Laboratories, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Heidi Danker-Hopfe
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Competence Centre for Sleep Medicine, at the Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gea M, Toso A, Schilirò T. Estrogenic activity of biological samples as a biomarker. Sci Total Environ 2020; 740:140050. [PMID: 32927569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological assays can evaluate the cumulative effect of a mixture, considering synergistic/antagonistic interactions and effects of unknown/unconsidered compounds. Therefore, their application could increase in the next years also to analyse biological samples. The aim of this review is to discuss the methodological approach and the application of estrogenic activity assays in human biological samples. 75 research articles were analysed and divided according to whether they used these assays: i) to quantify the level of estrogens and/or as a biomarker of estrogenic status ii) as a biomarker of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). For the first purpose, some authors extracted biological samples while others tested them directly without any treatment. The study of these methodologies outlined that the methodology applied influenced the specificity of analysis. The estrogenic activity biomarker was used to analyse physiological variations of estrogens, pediatric diseases, hormone-dependent diseases and estrogen suppression/enhancement after pharmaceutical treatments. For the second purpose, some authors extracted samples while others tested them directly, some authors divided endogenous estrogens from xenoestrogens while others tested samples without separation. The analysis of these methodologies outlined some limitations related to the efficiency of extraction and the incorrect separation of some compounds. The studies which applied this EDC biomarker showed that it was correlated with some EDCs, it varied according to the exposure of the population and it allowed the identification of some relationships between EDC exposure and breast cancer, type 1 diabetes and adverse health effects on children. In conclusion, the estrogenic activity of biological samples can be a useful tool: to quantify low levels of 17β-estradiol, to assess the combined effect of endogenous estrogens and xenoestrogens, to estimate the estrogenic status providing considerable insight into physiological or pathological conditions, to evaluate EDC presence implementing the existing knowledge about EDC exposure and adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Anna Toso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chawla R, Filippini T, Loomba R, Cilloni S, Dhillon KS, Vinceti M. Exposure to a high selenium environment in Punjab, India: Biomarkers and health conditions. Sci Total Environ 2020; 719:134541. [PMID: 31862262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seleniferous areas have been identified and described in many parts of the world. Despite the interest in selenium as a trace element of considerable toxicologic and nutritional relevance, however, only a few studies have been carried out on human health effects of such high selenium environments. We collected blood, hair and nail samples from 680 adult volunteers (267 men and 413 women) living in seven villages located in the seleniferous area of Punjab, India. We measured selenium levels in these specimens. We also administered a questionnaire to collect information about diet and other lifestyle characteristics, to identify the sources of selenium exposure and to correlate it with a number of health conditions. Serum and hair selenium contents were highly correlated, while the association of these biomarkers with nail selenium content was weaker. Serum selenium showed limited association with consumption of locally produced foods, while pulses and vegetables, along with cereals and pulses, were associated to higher hair and nail selenium contents, respectively. Association of a number of adverse health endpoints with serum and hair selenium was stronger than for nail selenium contents. Such endpoints included higher prevalence of nausea and vomiting, bad breath, worm infestation, breathlessness exert and bad breath, chest pain, hair and nail abnormalities and loss, garlic odor, edema, spontaneous abortion, and overall selenosis. In contrast, we gathered no evidence of dermatitis or loss of appetite in residents most exposed to selenium. Overall, and despite some statistical imprecision in effect estimates, these results confirm the occurrence of adverse health effects in subjects exposed to high levels of environmental selenium. Nail selenium contents may be less adequate to reflect and monitor such overexposure, compared with blood and hair levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Chawla
- Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, India; Accuscript Consultancy, Ludhiana, India
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Rinchu Loomba
- Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Silvia Cilloni
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Both selenium (Se) deficiency and excess are found in natural locations throughout the world, though Se excess can also be caused by supplementation with Se. Both have been associated with adverse health effects that have often been characterized by a U-shaped relationship. Some health effects, such as increased mortality, are associated with both low and high Se status. Certain people and populations are better able to tolerate low or high Se intake than others; there are a number of possible explanations for this fact. Firstly, it may relate to the presence of polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that improve the ability to deal with a low or high Se intake. Secondly, high Se status, with apparent absence of toxicity and even beneficial effects, can be found in populations exposed to toxic elements that are known to interact with Se, forming complexes in some cases. Thirdly, beneficial and harmful effects of Se depend on Se dose and form (speciation); for instance, at a high dose, selenomethionine (SeMet) has toxic effects that are mediated by metabolism to selenols/selenolates that can redox-cycle, generate superoxide radicals and react with thiols/diselenides to produce selenyl sulphides/disulphides. Finally, it is possible that exposure to a high Se intake from birth or from a very young age may alter the composition of the gut microbiota in such a way that excess Se is more readily excreted, thus reducing its toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kostoff RN, Heroux P, Aschner M, Tsatsakis A. Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:35-40. [PMID: 31991167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article identifies adverse effects of non-ionizing non-visible radiation (hereafter called wireless radiation) reported in the premier biomedical literature. It emphasizes that most of the laboratory experiments conducted to date are not designed to identify the more severe adverse effects reflective of the real-life operating environment in which wireless radiation systems operate. Many experiments do not include pulsing and modulation of the carrier signal. The vast majority do not account for synergistic adverse effects of other toxic stimuli (such as chemical and biological) acting in concert with the wireless radiation. This article also presents evidence that the nascent 5G mobile networking technology will affect not only the skin and eyes, as commonly believed, but will have adverse systemic effects as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, United States.
| | - Paul Heroux
- Toxicology and Health Effects of Electromagnetism, McGill University, Canada
| | - Michael Aschner
- Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Center of Toxicology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Analytical, Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carriero G, Neri L, Famulari D, Di Lonardo S, Piscitelli D, Manco A, Esposito A, Chirico A, Facini O, Finardi S, Tinarelli G, Prandi R, Zaldei A, Vagnoli C, Toscano P, Magliulo V, Ciccioli P, Baraldi R. Composition and emission of VOC from biogas produced by illegally managed waste landfills in Giugliano (Campania, Italy) and potential impact on the local population. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:377-386. [PMID: 29864655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) of the biogas produced by seven landfills of Giugliano (Naples, Campania, Italy) was determined and VOC emission rates assessed to verify if these compounds represent a potential threat to the population living nearby. VOC composition in the biogas could not be predicted, as heterogeneous waste was dumped from the late 1980s to the early 2000s and then underwent biological degradation. No data are available on the amount and composition of VOC in the biogas before the landfills closure as no operational biogas collection system was present. In this study, VOC composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), after collecting samples from collection pipes and from soil fractures in cover soil or capping. Individual VOC were quantified and data compared with those collected at two landfills in Latium, when they were still in operation. Relevant differences were observed, mainly due to waste aging, but no specific VOC revealing toxic waste dumping was found, although the concurrent presence of certain compounds suggested that dumping of industrial wastes might have occurred. The average VOC emission was assessed and a dispersion model was run to find out if the emitted plume could affect the health of population. The results suggested that fugitive emissions did not represent a serious danger, since the concentrations simulated at the neighboring cities were below the threshold limits for acute and chronic diseases. However, VOC plume could cause annoyance at night when the steady state conditions of the atmosphere enhance pollutants accumulation in the lower layers. In addition, some of the emitted VOC, such as alkylbenzenes and monoterpenes, can contribute to tropospheric ozone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Carriero
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luisa Neri
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Famulari
- CNR-ISAFOM, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy.
| | - Sara Di Lonardo
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Daniela Piscitelli
- CNR-ISAFOM, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy.
| | - Antonio Manco
- CNR-ISAFOM, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy
| | - Andrea Esposito
- CNR-ISAFOM, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy.
| | - Adriano Chirico
- CNR-ISAFOM, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Facini
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro Zaldei
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Carolina Vagnoli
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Piero Toscano
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- CNR-ISAFOM, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- CNR-IMC, Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, via Salaria 0015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Rita Baraldi
- CNR-IBIMET, Istituto di Biometeorologia, via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alehashem M, Baniasadi S. Important exposure controls for protection against antineoplastic agents: Highlights for oncology health care workers. Work 2018; 59:165-172. [PMID: 29439374 DOI: 10.3233/wor-172656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A great number of antineoplastic drugs (ANPDs) are used globally in cancer treatment. Due to their adverse health effects, occupational exposure to ANPDs is considered a potential health risk to health care workers. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to evaluate safe-handling practices of ANPDs, exposure controls, and adverse health implications for health care providers exposed to ANDPs. METHODS Prevention measures, including engineering, administrative, and work practice controls, as well as personal protective equipment (PPE), were recorded daily through a questionnaire for six weeks. Acute adverse health effects experienced by health care workers were also documented. RESULTS The implemented exposure controls for preparation, administration, cleaning, and waste disposal were not in accordance with the safe handling guidelines. Central nervous system disorders (26.33%) were the most frequent acute adverse effects reported by health care workers. A significant correlation was found between the number of experienced adverse effects and handling characteristics, including the number of preparations (r = 0.38, p < 0.05), dose, and the number of prepared drugs (r = 0.46, p < 0.01 and 0.39, p < 0.05), and working hours in different locations of oncology setting for six weeks (preparation room: r = 0.38, P < 0.05, treatment room: r = 0.46, P < 0.01, patient room: r = 0.63, P < 0.01, and station: r = 0.68, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Due to inadequate control measures, oncology health care workers were in danger of exposure to ANPDs and experienced acute adverse health effects. Implementation of appropriate exposure controls is required to prevent occupational exposure to ANPDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alehashem
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Baniasadi
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jordakieva G, Grabovac I, Valic E, Schmidt KE, Graff A, Schuster A, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Oberhuber C, Scheiner O, Goll A, Godnic-Cvar J. Occupational exposure to ultrafine particles in police officers: no evidence for adverse respiratory effects. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018; 13:5. [PMID: 29434649 PMCID: PMC5797339 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation exposure to fine and ultrafine particles (UFPs) has been associated with respiratory diseases. However, little is known on the quality, threshold levels and concentration of these particles causing adverse health effects. Methods The impact of occupational exposure to submicrometer and UFPs was assessed in 30 healthy police shooting instructors by clinical investigation, self-assessment questionnaire, sputum and spirometry and compared to a control group. General laboratory chemistry parameters, circulating cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in serum were measured. UFP exposure was recorded by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. Results Concentrations of submicrometer sized airborne particles (< 700 nm) measured between 3.34 × 105/cm3 and 7.58 × 105/cm3 at shooting sites, with highest concentrations found in the UFP range (< 100 nm). The size of the monodispersed particles ranged from 54.74 ± 16.25 nm to 98.19 ± 22.83 nm. Short term exposure (4 h) to high levels of UFPs caused an increase of IFN-γ in exposed subjects (p = 0.022). 24 h after exposure a significant decrease of IgG, albumin fibrinogen and factor VII was found. Neither directly after 4 h of high levels UFPs exposure nor 24 h after exposure subjective complaints or objective measurements indicating adverse respiratory effects in exposed subjects were found. Conclusions No consistent indications for adverse respiratory or inflammatory effects directly following exposure and 24 h after exposure to high levels of UFPs in our study group were detected. However we showed the assessment of short-term exposure effects at a genuine occupational setting, which might is relevant when a risk assessment of high level occupational exposures to UFPs is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jordakieva
- 1University Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - I Grabovac
- 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Valic
- 3Austrian Worker's Compensation Board (AUVA), HUB, Adalbert-Stifter-Straße 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - K E Schmidt
- 4University Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Graff
- Austrian Dust-Silicosis Control Center (ÖSBS), Einödmayergasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - A Schuster
- Austrian Dust-Silicosis Control Center (ÖSBS), Einödmayergasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - K Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- 6Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Oberhuber
- 6Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - O Scheiner
- 6Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Goll
- 7Section of Medical Statistics, Core Unit for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Godnic-Cvar
- 1University Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Godoi RHM, Gonçalves SJ, Sayama C, Polezer G, Reis Neto JM, Alföldy B, Van Grieken R, Riedi CA, Yamamoto CI, Godoi AFL, Bencs L. Health implications of atmospheric aerosols from asbestos-bearing road pavements traditionally used in Southern Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:25180-25190. [PMID: 27680005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serpentine and amphibole asbestos occur naturally in certain geologic settings worldwide, most commonly in association with ultramafic rocks, along associated faults. Ultramafic rocks have been used in Piên County, Southern Brazil for decades for the purpose of road paving in rural and urban areas, but without the awareness of their adverse environmental and health impact. The aim of this study was the chemical characterization of aerosols re-suspended in two rural roads of Piên, paved with ultramafic rocks and to estimate the pulmonary deposition of asbestos aerosols. Bulk aerosol samples were analyzed by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis, in order to characterize elemental composition and crystallinity. Single-particle compositions of aerosols were analyzed by computer-controlled electron-probe microanalysis, indicating the presence of a few percentages of serpentine and amphibole. Given the chemical composition and size distribution of aerosol particles, the deposition efficiency of chrysotile, a sub-group of serpentine, in two principal segments of the human respiratory system was estimated using a lung deposition model. As an important finding, almost half of the inhaled particles were calculated to be deposited in the respiratory system. Asbestos depositions were significant (∼25 %) in the lower airways, even though the selected breathing conditions (rest situation, nose breathing) implied the lowest rate of respiratory deposition. Considering the fraction of inhalable suspended chrysotile near local roads, and the long-term exposure of humans to these aerosols, chrysotile may represent a hazard, regarding more frequent development of lung cancer in the population of the exposed region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H M Godoi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sérgio J Gonçalves
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Célia Sayama
- Department of Geology, Federal University of Paraná/ UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José M Reis Neto
- Department of Geology, Federal University of Paraná/ UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bálint Alföldy
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - René Van Grieken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Riedi
- Pediatric Allergy Division, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana F L Godoi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - László Bencs
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, Budapest, 1525, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hall W. Alcohol and cannabis: Comparing their adverse health effects and regulatory regimes. Int J Drug Policy 2016; 42:57-62. [PMID: 27908654 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The claim that the adverse health effects of cannabis are much less serious than those of alcohol has been central to the case for cannabis legalisation. Regulators in US states that have legalised cannabis have adopted regulatory models based on alcohol. This paper critically examines the claim about adverse health effects and the wisdom of regulating cannabis like alcohol. First, it compares what we know about the adverse health effects of alcohol and cannabis. Second, it discusses the uncertainties about the long term health effects of sustained daily cannabis use. Third, it speculates about how the adverse health effects of cannabis may change after legalisation. Fourth, it questions the assumption that alcohol provides the best regulatory model for a legal cannabis market. Fifth, it outlines the major challenges in regulating cannabis under the liberal alcohol-like regulatory regimes now being introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hall
- National Addiction Centre, Kings College London and Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jha RK, Shah DK, Basnet S, Paudel KR, Sah P, Sah AK, Adhikari K. Facebook use and its effects on the life of health science students in a private medical college of Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:378. [PMID: 27485717 PMCID: PMC4970301 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facebook, a popular social networking site, has been used by people of different ages and professions for various purposes. Its use in the field of medical education is increasing dramatically. At the same time, the pros and cons of facebook use among the health science students has attracted the attention of educators. The data regarding its use and the effect on the life of Nepalese health science students has not yet been documented. Therefore, this study is carried out to evaluate the effect of facebook use on social interactions, behaviour, academics, and the health of students in a medical college of Nepal. RESULTS A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among medical, dental, nursing and allied health science students using self-administered questionnaire. The study showed that 98.2 % of participants were facebook users. Among 452 respondents, 224 and 228 were male and female respectively, with a mean age of 20.2 ± 1.2 years. The main reason for using facebook was to remain in contact with family and friend (32 %), while its use for the academic purpose was only 5 %. However, 80.8 % of students acknowledged ease in acquiring academic materials from others, through facebook. One-fourth of the students acknowledged that they are using facebook late at night on a regular basis, while surprisingly 4.2 % of the students admitted accessing facebook during the classroom lectures. Almost two-third of the users, further admitted that facebook has had a negative impact on their studies. Burning eyes (21 %), disturbed sleep (19 %), and headache (16 %) were the most common adverse health effects reported by the facebook users. Many students (71.4 %) tried and most of them (68.7 %) succeeded, in reducing time spent on facebook, to allow for increased time devoted to their studies. CONCLUSION The widespread use of facebook among the health science students, was found to have both positive and negative effects on their academics, social life, and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
| | - Dev Kumar Shah
- Department of Physiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Sangharshila Basnet
- School of Pharmacy, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Keshab Raj Paudel
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Phoolgen Sah
- School of Pharmacy, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Ajit Kumar Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Kishor Adhikari
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hua M, Talbot P. Potential health effects of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review of case reports. Prev Med Rep 2016; 4:169-78. [PMID: 27413679 PMCID: PMC4929082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The health risks associated with electronic cigarettes (ECs) are largely unknown. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate published case reports that deal with health effects attributed to EC use. An Internet search was conducted to identify case reports dealing with the effects of EC use on health. Twenty-six case reports representing 27 individuals (one study contained reports for two individuals) were published between April 2012 and January 2016, and these were grouped into categories of effect according to their health outcomes. Of the 27 individuals, 25 had negative effects subsequent to use or exposure to ECs and their refill fluids, while two reported improvement in chronic immune and gastrointestinal conditions. Three categories of negative health effects were identified: systemic effects, nicotine poisoning, and mechanical injury. Thirteen cases reported EC effects on different systems including: respiratory (6), gastrointestinal or developing intestine of an infant (3), cardiovascular (2), neurological (1), and immune (1). Twelve cases involved nicotine poisoning resulting from accidental (N = 3), misuse/abuse (N = 1), or suicidal/intentional ingestion (N = 8); four of these involved children and three resulted in adult fatalities. Two cases reported mechanical injury caused by an EC battery explosion. Most case reports show that the health of children and adults can be negatively affected by EC products and that if death does not occur, negative effects can be reversed. Data further indicate that EC use can cause negative health effects in previously healthy individuals and exacerbate pre-existing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- My Hua
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceUniversity of California, RiversideCA92521United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cabral M, Toure A, Garçon G, Diop C, Bouhsina S, Dewaele D, Cazier F, Courcot D, Tall-Dia A, Shirali P, Diouf A, Fall M, Verdin A. Effects of environmental cadmium and lead exposure on adults neighboring a discharge: Evidences of adverse health effects. Environ Pollut 2015. [PMID: 26196314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine Pb and Cd concentrations in humans and to assess the effect of co-exposure to these metals on biomarkers of oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Blood and urine levels of Pb and Cd, oxidative stress and urinary renal biomarkers were measured in 77 subjects neighboring a discharge and 52 in the control site. Exposed subjects showed significantly higher levels of lead and cadmium in blood and urine than the controls. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species induced by these metals in exposed subjects conducted to a decrease in antioxidant defense system (GPx, Selenium, GSH) and an increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA). Moreover, changes in markers of nephrotoxicity (high urinary concentrations of total protein, RBP and CC16, as well as GSTα and LDH increased activities) suggested the occurrence of discrete and early signs of impaired renal function for the discharge neighboring population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Cabral
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aminata Toure
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France; Département de Toxicologie, Santé publique et Environnement, EA 4483, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, France
| | - Cheikh Diop
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Saâd Bouhsina
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 1, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 1, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Anta Tall-Dia
- Institut de Santé et Développement, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Amadou Diouf
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Fall
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Energy drink consumption represents a global public health problem, especially among adolescents and young adults. The consumption of energy drinks has seen a substantial increase during the past few decades, especially in the Western and Asian countries. Although manufacturers of energy drinks claim that these beverages are beneficial in that they can boost energy, physical performance, and improve cognitive performance, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support these claims. The known and unknown pharmacology of the constituents of energy drinks, supplemented with reports of toxicity, raise concern for the potentially severe adverse events linked with energy drink use. Limited numbers of reviews have been published on this important subject..The aim of this review was to identify the major ingredients in energy drinks and to delineate the adverse effects related to their consumption. Methods: Electronic databases of PubMed, Clinical Key, and Google and Cochrane library were extensively searched for energy drink articles. More than hundred articles were reviewed, scrutinized and critically appraised and the most relevant forty articles were used Conclusion: Energy drinks & its ingredients are potentially dangerous to many aspects of health. Measures should be taken to improve awareness among adolescents and their parents regarding the potential hazards of energy drinks. Furthermore, the sale of energy drinks on college and university campuses and to adolescents below 16 years should be prohibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Khamis Ibrahim
- Nahla Khamis Ibrahim, MBBCh, MPH, Dr.PH, DHPE.Professor of Epidemiology & Public Health, Family & Community Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Professor of Epidemiology at the High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Rahila Iftikhar
- Rahila Iftikhar, FCPS, MRCGP. Assistant Professor, Family & Community Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|