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Viaene AN. A role for immunohistochemical stains in perinatal brain autopsies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024; 83:345-356. [PMID: 38441171 PMCID: PMC11029462 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Identification of central nervous system injury is a critical part of perinatal autopsies; however, injury is not always easily identifiable due to autolysis and immaturity of the developing brain. Here, the role of immunohistochemical stains in the identification of perinatal brain injury was investigated. Blinded semiquantitative scoring of injury was performed on sections of frontal lobe from 76 cases (51 liveborn and 25 stillborn) using H&E, GFAP, Iba-1, and β-APP stains. Digital image analysis was used to quantify GFAP and Iba-1 staining. Commonly observed pathologies included diffuse white matter gliosis (DWMG) and white matter necrosis (WMN). DWMG scores were very similar on H&E and GFAP stains for liveborn subjects. For stillborn subjects, DWMG scores were significantly higher on GFAP stain than H&E. β-APP was needed for identification of WMN in 71.4% of stillborn subjects compared to 15.4% of liveborn subjects. Diffuse staining for Iba-1 within cortex and white matter was positively correlated with subject age. Staining quantification on digital image analysis was highly correlated to semiquantitative scoring. Overall, GFAP and β-APP stains were most helpful in identifying white matter injury not seen on H&E in stillborn subjects. Immunostains may therefore be warranted as an integral part of stillborn brain autopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Viaene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Desale SE, Chidambaram H, Chinnathambi S. α-Linolenic Acid Induces Microglial Activation and Extracellular Tau Internalization. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2754:471-481. [PMID: 38512683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3629-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the brain condition that occurs due to the hyper-activation of brain's immune cells and microglia, over the stimulation of extracellular aggregated proteins such as amyloid plaques and by extracellular Tau as well. The phenotypic changes of microglia from inflammatory to anti-inflammatory can be triggered by many factors, which also includes dietary fatty acids. The classes of omega-3 fatty acids are the majorly responsible in maintaining the anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia. The enhanced phagocytic ability of microglia might induce the clearance of extracellular aggregated proteins, such as amyloid beta and Tau. In this study, we emphasized on the effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on the activation of microglia and internalization of the extracellular Tau seed in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Hariharakrishnan Chidambaram
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Okeowo OM, Oke OO, David GO, Ijomone OM. Caffeine Administration Mitigates Chronic Stress-Induced Behavioral Deficits, Neurochemical Alterations, and Glial Disruptions in Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1663. [PMID: 38137111 PMCID: PMC10741929 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to stress has detrimental effects on health, and the consumption of caffeine, mostly contained in energy drinks, has become a widely adopted stress coping strategy. Currently, there is limited information regarding the effects of caffeine intake on chronic stress exposure. Thus, this study investigated the effects of caffeine administration on chronic stress-induced behavioral deficits, neurochemical alterations, and glial disruptions in experimental rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 6): non-stress control, stress control, and caffeine groups of doses 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg. The stress control and caffeine groups were subjected to an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol daily for 14 days. The rats were evaluated for phenotypic and neurobehavioral assessments. Thereafter, the rat brains were processed for biochemical and immunohistochemical assays. Caffeine administration was found to ameliorate behavioral dysfunctions in rats exposed to UCMS. The UCMS-induced changes in brain levels of monoamines, cholinesterases, and some oxidative stress biomarkers were reversed by caffeine. Caffeine administration also produced mild protective effects against UCMS-induced changes in GFAP and Iba-1 expression in stress-specific brain regions. These results showed that low and moderate doses of caffeine reversed most of the stress-induced changes, suggesting its ameliorative potential against chronic stress-induced alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oritoke M. Okeowo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria; (O.M.O.); (O.O.O.)
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Neurobiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo 351101, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju O. Oke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria; (O.M.O.); (O.O.O.)
| | - Gloria O. David
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria;
| | - Omamuyovwi M. Ijomone
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Neurobiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo 351101, Ondo State, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria;
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo 351101, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Chaaya R, Steele JR, Oliver BG, Chen H, Machaalani R. Effects of e-vapour and high-fat diet on the immunohistochemical staining of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, apoptosis, microglia and astrocytes in the adult male mouse hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102303. [PMID: 37343645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of e-cigarettes/e-vapour, and the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), are two popular lifestyle choices associated with alterations in the hippocampus. This study, using a mouse model, investigated the effects of exposure to e-vapour (± nicotine) and HFD (43% fat) consumption, on the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α3, α4, α7 and β2, apoptosis markers caspase-3 and TUNEL, microglial marker Iba-1, and astrocyte marker GFAP, in hippocampal subregions of dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammonis (CA) 1-3. The major findings included: (1) HFD alone had minimal effect with no consistent pattern or interaction between the markers, (2) E-vapour (± nicotine) predominantly affected the CA2 subregion, decreasing α7 and β2 nAChR subunits and Iba-1, (3) Nicotine e-vapour increased TUNEL across all subregions, and (4) HFD, in the presence of nicotine-free e-vapour, decreased caspase-3 and increased TUNEL across all regions, and decreased Iba-1 in the CA subregions, while HFD and nicotine-containing e-vapour, subregion specifically affected the α3, α4 and α7 nAChR subunits, with a protective effect against change in GFAP in the DG and Iba-1 in the CA1 and CA3. These findings highlight that e-vapour itself alters nAChRs, particularly in the CA2 subregion, associated with a decrease in neuroinflammatory response (Iba-1) across the whole hippocampus, and the addition of nicotine increases cell apoptosis across the whole hippocampus. HFD alone was not detrimental in our model, but in the presence of nicotine-free e-vapour, it differentially affected apoptosis, while the addition of nicotine increased nAChR subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chaaya
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joel R Steele
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Yashchyshyn Z, Kozyk M, Strubchevska K, Ziablitsev S. The effect of laser radiation on glial fibrillary acidic protein and allograft inflammatory factor-1 expression in severed and surgically repaired sciatic nerve. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2023; 15:115-124. [PMID: 37736502 PMCID: PMC10509562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of different spectrum laser radiations on the expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and allograft inflammatory factor-1 (Iba-1) in the sciatic nerve during regeneration. METHODS The experiment was performed on 60 lab Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. The left sciatic nerve was severed and subsequent end-to-end epineural suturing was performed 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes after neurotomy. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed by means of polyclonal anti-GFAP antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and anti-Iba-1 antibodies (Invitrogen, USA) 90 days after nerve repair. RESULTS The use of green and blue spectrum laser radiation significantly increased GFAP protein expression regardless of the time when surgical nerve repair was performed after injury. The expression of Iba-1 and tubulin after blue spectrum laser radiation with a wavelength of 470 nm was significantly higher than the control values by 5.1-11.0 times. An increase in the expression of Iba-1 and tubulin was noted when a green spectrum laser with a wavelength of 560 nm was utilized and nerve suturing was performed 10 and 20 minutes after nerve injury. The green spectrum laser with a wavelength of 520 nm had no significant effect on the expression of Iba-1 and tubulin. Morphologically, the highest proliferative reaction of glia was recorded when using a blue spectrum laser. CONCLUSIONS Laser radiation with blue (470 nm) and green (560 nm) spectra, promoted the activation of GFAP-positive Schwann cells and nerve regeneration. Activation of microglia is a necessary component of nerve regeneration and the content of Iba-1 represented the efficiency of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinovii Yashchyshyn
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National UniversityNo. 57 Shevchenka Street, Ivano-Frankivsk 76000, Ukraine
| | - Marko Kozyk
- Internal Medicine, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital3601 W 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
| | - Kateryna Strubchevska
- Internal Medicine, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital3601 W 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
| | - Sergiy Ziablitsev
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bogomolets National Medical UniversityTaras Shevchenko Boulevard 13, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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Rizwan MZ, Kerbus R, Kamstra K, Keerthisinghe P, Tups A. Dietary wheat gluten induces astro- and microgliosis in the hypothalamus of male mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13326. [PMID: 37534400 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Gluten, which is found in cereals such as wheat, rye and barley, makes up a major dietary component in most western nations, and has been shown to promote body mass gain and peripheral inflammation in mice. In the current study, we investigated the impact of gluten on central inflammation that is typically associated with diet-induced obesity. While we found no effect of gluten when added to a low-fat diet (LFD), male mice fed high fat diet (HFD) enriched with gluten increased body mass and adiposity compared with mice fed HFD without gluten. We furthermore found that gluten, when added to the LFD, increases circulating C-reactive protein levels. Gluten regardless of whether it was added to LFD or HFD led to a profound increase in the number of microglia and astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, as detected by immunohistochemistry for ionised calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively. In mice fed LFD, gluten mimicked the immunogenic effects of HFD exposure and when added to HFD led to a further increase in the number of immunoreactive cells. Taken together, our results confirm a moderate obesogenic effect of gluten when fed to mice exposed to HFD and for the first-time report gluten-induced astro- and microgliosis suggesting the development of hypothalamic injury in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Rizwan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Romy Kerbus
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kaj Kamstra
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pramuk Keerthisinghe
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Tups
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Babkina AS, Yadgarov MY, Lyubomudrov MA, Ostrova IV, Volkov AV, Kuzovlev AN, Grechko AV, Golubev AM. Morphologic Findings in the Cerebral Cortex in COVID-19: Association of Microglial Changes with Clinical and Demographic Variables. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051407. [PMID: 37239078 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous interest in COVID-19, there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neurological symptoms in COVID-19. Microglia have been hypothesized to be a potential mediator of the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. In most existing studies to date, morphological changes in internal organs, including the brain, are considered in isolation from clinical data and defined as a consequence of COVID-19. We performed histological immunohistochemical (IHC) studies of brain autopsy materials of 18 patients who had died from COVID-19. We evaluated the relationship of microglial changes with the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients. The results revealed neuronal alterations and circulatory disturbances. We found an inverse correlation between the integral density Iba-1 (microglia/macrophage-specific marker) IHC staining and the duration of the disease (R = -0.81, p = 0.001), which may indicate a reduced activity of microglia and do not exclude their damage in the long-term course of COVID-19. The integral density of Iba-1 IHC staining was not associated with other clinical and demographic factors. We observed a significantly higher number of microglial cells in close contact with neurons in female patients, which confirms gender differences in the course of the disease, indicating the need to study the disease from the standpoint of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S Babkina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ya Yadgarov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Maxim A Lyubomudrov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Irina V Ostrova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Alexey V Volkov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Artem N Kuzovlev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Arkady M Golubev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
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Taha M, Eldemerdash OM, Elshaffei IM, Yousef EM, Soliman AS, Senousy MA. Apigenin Attenuates Hippocampal Microglial Activation and Restores Cognitive Function in Methotrexate-Treated Rats: Targeting the miR-15a/ROCK-1/ERK1/2 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3770-3787. [PMID: 36943623 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Microglial activation underpins the methotrexate (MTX)-induced neurotoxicity; however, the precise mechanism remains unclear. This study appraised the potential impact of apigenin (Api), a neuroprotective flavonoid, in MTX-induced neurotoxicity in rats in terms of microglial activation through targeting the miR-15a/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 (ROCK-1)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Normal control (saline i.p. daily and i.v. on days 8 and 15); Api control (20 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 30 days; MTX-alone (75 mg/kg, i.v.) on days 8 and 15, then four i.p. injections of leucovorin (LCV): 6 mg/kg after 18 h, then three doses (3 mg/kg) every 8 h post-MTX; and Api co-treated (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) throughout the model for 30 days, with administration of MTX and LCV as in group 3. MTX administration elevated hippocampal ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba-1) immunostaining, indicating microglial activation. This was accompanied by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and enhanced apoptosis manifested by elevated hippocampal interleukin-1β, malondialdehyde, and caspase-3, and decreased reduced glutathione levels. Concurrently, abated miR-15a expression, overexpression of its target ROCK-1, diminished downstream ERK1/2 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and decreased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were observed. Api mitigated the MTX-induced neurotoxicity by reversing the biochemical, histopathological, and behavioral derangements tested by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Conclusively, Api lessens MTX-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and boosts cognitive function through inhibiting microglial activation via modulating the miR-15a/ROCK-1/ERK1/2/CREB/BDNF pathway. Graphical abstract showing the effects of methotrexate and apigenin co-treatment in MTX-induced neurotoxicity model. On the left, methotrexate (MTX) administration to rats resulted in hippocampal miR-15a downregulation, which triggered an enhanced expression of its target ROCK-1, consequently inhibiting the downstream ERK1/2/CREB/BDNF pathway, instigating a state of microglial activation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. On the other hand, apigenin (Api) co-treatment restored miR-15a, inhibited ROCK-1 expression, and activated the ERK1/2/CREB/BDNF pathway, leading to diminished hippocampal microglial activation, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, and restoration of the redox balance, along with improvement in memory and cognitive function of the MTX-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy st., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Omar Mohsen Eldemerdash
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), KM 28 Cairo, Ismailia Road, Cairo, 44971, Egypt
| | - Ismail Mohamed Elshaffei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), KM 28 Cairo, Ismailia Road, Cairo, 44971, Egypt
| | - Einas Mohamed Yousef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Ayman S Soliman
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed Senousy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy st., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo, 11786, Egypt
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Shalaby AM, Alnasser SM, Ahmed Khairy D, Alabiad MA, Alorini M, Jaber FA, Tawfeek SE. The neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on the cerebral cortex changes induced by aluminium chloride in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: A histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 129:102248. [PMID: 36764334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common types of dementia among neurodegenerative disorders characterized by attention deficits and memory loss. Panax ginseng is a traditional Chinese herbal remedy that has been employed for millennia to manage dementia linked with aging and memory impairment. Ginsenoside Rb1 is one of Panax ginseng's most abundant components. The present work evaluated the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on the cerebral cortex of AlCl3-induced AD in adult male albino mice. Forty male mice were alienated arbitrarily into; control group, ginsenoside Rb1 group (70 mg/kg/day), AlCl3 group (50 mg/kg/day), and ginsenoside Rb1-AlCl3 group that received ginsenoside Rb1 one hour before AlCl3. Oxidative stress parameters, Amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau protein, and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity were measured. Cerebral cortex sections were evaluated histologically by light microscopic examination and immunohistochemistry. AlCl3-induced memory impairment, Aβ and phosphorylated tau protein accumulation, and AChE elevation. Moreover, histopathological alterations in the cerebral cortex were reported in the form of irregular shrunken neurons and the surrounding neuropil showed vacuolation. Some neurons appeared with darkly stained nuclei, others had faintly stained ones. The synaptophysin expression was significantly decreased, while the expression of cleaved caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) were significantly elevated. It's interesting to note that these changes were attenuated in mice pretreated with ginsenoside Rb1. Collected data indicated that ginsenoside Rb1 showed a potential neuroprotective effect against cerebral cortex changes caused by AlCl3 via suppression of Amyloid β and phosphorylated tau protein formation, oxidative stress correction, anti-apoptotic effect, and by minimizing gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Ahmed Khairy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alorini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A Jaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shereen Elsayed Tawfeek
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Maejima Y, Yokota S, Ono T, Yu Z, Yamachi M, Hidema S, Nollet KE, Nishimori K, Tomita H, Yaginuma H, Shimomura K. Identification of oxytocin expression in human and murine microglia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110600. [PMID: 35842075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin is a neuropeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus. In addition to its role in parturition and lactation, oxytocin mediates social behavior and pair bonding. The possibility of using oxytocin to modify behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, is of clinical interest. Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages with roles in neurogenesis, synapse pruning, and immunological mediation of brain homeostasis. Recently, oxytocin was found to attenuate microglial secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, but the source of this oxytocin was not established. This prompted us to investigate whether microglia themselves were the source. METHODS We examined oxytocin expression in human and murine brain tissue in both sexes using immunohistochemistry. Oxytocin mRNA expression and secretion were examined in isolated murine microglia from wild type and oxytocin-knockout mice. Also, secretion of oxytocin and cytokines was measured in cultured microglia (MG6) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS We identified oxytocin expression in microglia of human brain tissue, cultured microglia (MG6), and primary murine microglia. Furthermore, LPS stimulation increased oxytocin mRNA expression in primary murine microglia and MG6 cells, and oxytocin secretion as well. A positive correlation between oxytocin and IL-1β, IL-10 secretion emerged, respectively. CONCLUSION This may be the first demonstration of oxytocin expression in microglia. Functionally, oxytocin might regulate inflammatory cytokine release from microglia in a paracrine/autocrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maejima
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Department of Obesity and Inflammation Research, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Shoko Yokota
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ono
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Department of Obesity and Inflammation Research, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Zhiqian Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Megumi Yamachi
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shizu Hidema
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenneth E Nollet
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Department of Obesity and Inflammation Research, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yaginuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Department of Obesity and Inflammation Research, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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11
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Lawley KS, Rech RR, Perez Gomez AA, Hopkins L, Han G, Amstalden K, Welsh CJ, Young CR, Jones-Hall Y, Threadgill DW, Brinkmeyer-Langford CL. Viral Clearance and Neuroinflammation in Acute TMEV Infection Vary by Host Genetic Background. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36142395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of viruses cause neurological manifestations in their hosts. Infection by neurotropic viruses as well as the resulting immune response can irreversibly disrupt the complex structural and functional architecture of the brain, depending in part on host genetic background. The interaction between host genetic background, neurological response to viral infection, and subsequent clinical manifestations remains poorly understood. In the present study, we used the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse resource to better understand how differences in genetic background drive clinical signs and neuropathological manifestations of acute Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. For the first time, we characterized variations of TMEV viral tropism and load based on host genetic background, and correlated viral load with microglial/macrophage activation. For five CC strains (CC002, CC023, CC027, CC057, and CC078) infected with TMEV, we compared clinical signs, lesion distribution, microglial/macrophage response, expression, and distribution of TMEV mRNA, and identified genetic loci relevant to the early acute (4 days post-infection [dpi]) and late acute (14 dpi) timepoints. We examined brain pathology to determine possible causes of strain-specific differences in clinical signs, and found that fields CA1 and CA2 of the hippocampal formation were especially targeted by TMEV across all strains. Using Iba-1 immunolabeling, we identified and characterized strain- and timepoint-specific variation in microglial/macrophage reactivity in the hippocampal formation. Because viral clearance can influence disease outcome, we used RNA in situ hybridization to quantify viral load and TMEV mRNA distribution at both timepoints. TMEV mRNA expression was broadly distributed in the hippocampal formation at 4 dpi in all strains but varied between radiating and clustered distribution depending on the CC strain. We found a positive correlation between microglial/macrophage reactivity and TMEV mRNA expression at 4 dpi. At 14 dpi, we observed a dramatic reduction in TMEV mRNA expression, and localization to the medial portion of field CA1 and field CA2. To better understand how host genetic background can influence pathological outcomes, we identified quantitative trait loci associated with frequency of lesions in a particular brain region and with microglial/macrophage reactivity. These QTL were located near several loci of interest: lysosomal trafficking regulator (Lyst) and nidogen 1 (Nid1), and transmembrane protein 106 B (Tmem106b). Together, these results provide a novel understanding about the influences of genetic variation on the acute neuropathological and immunopathological environment and viral load, which collectively lead to variable disease outcomes. Our findings reveal possible avenues for future investigation which may lead to more effective intervention strategies and treatment regimens.
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Brishti A, Germundson-Hermanson DL, Smith NA, Kearney AE, Warda Y, Nagamoto-Combs K. Asymptomatic sensitization to a cow's milk protein induces sustained neuroinflammation and behavioral changes with chronic allergen exposure. Front Allergy 2022; 3:870628. [PMID: 36157272 PMCID: PMC9490182 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.870628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of food allergy have contributed to our understanding of various aspects of the disease, including susceptibilities, symptom spectra, cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches. Previously, we used a mouse model of non-anaphylactic cow's milk allergy (CMA) and investigated sex- and strain-dependent differences in immunological, neurological, and behavioral sequelae. We showed that male C57BL/6J mice sensitized to a bovine whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (BLG; Bos d 5), exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behavior upon acute allergen challenge. Systemic levels of BLG-specific immunoglobulins, cytokines and chemokines were also elevated in the sensitized mice. Furthermore, neuroinflammation and intestinal dysbiosis were evident as the possible causes of the altered behavior. To assess whether frequent allergen exposure influences CMA-associated pathologies over an extended period in this subclinical model, we placed BLG-sensitized mice on a whey protein (WP)-containing or whey-free control (CTL) diet for 3 months. As expected, allergen-specific IgE was significantly elevated in the plasma after completing the 5-week sensitization phase. However, the IgE levels declined in both diet groups after 3 months. In contrast, allergen-specific IgG1 stayed elevated in sensitized mice with the CTL diet, and the WP diet to a lesser extent. Interestingly, BLG-sensitized mice on the WP diet exhibited anxiety-like behavior and a trend toward spatial memory decline compared to the sham or the sensitized mice on the CTL diet. Moreover, increased immunoreactivities for GFAP and Iba1 and elevated levels of CXCL13 and CCL12, the chemokines involved in central leukocyte recruitment and other neurological diseases, were also observed in the brain. We demonstrated that sensitization to the whey protein, particularly with continuous allergen exposure, resulted in persistent neuroinflammation and associated behavioral changes despite lowered allergen-specific immunoglobulin levels. These results suggested that continuous consumption of the offending allergen may lead to adverse consequences in the brain even after desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrina Brishti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Danielle L. Germundson-Hermanson
- Clinical and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Smith
- Clinical and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Angela E. Kearney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Yassmine Warda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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13
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Liu P, Li X, Liu J, Zhang H, You Z, Zhang J. Cacna2d2 inhibits axonal regeneration following surgical decompression in a rat model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:42. [PMID: 35778700 PMCID: PMC9248146 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a clinically symptomatic condition due to spinal cord compression, leading to spinal cord dysfunction. Surgical decompression is the main treatment of CSM, but the mechanisms of axonal regeneration after surgical decompression are still fragmentary. Methods In a rat model of CSM, the cacna2d2 (α2δ2) expression levels in anterior horn of spinal cord were observed following compression and decompression by western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression levels of 5 hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and GAP43 were also analyzed by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, gabapentin intervention was performed for 4 weeks after decompression to analyze the changes of behaviors and anterior horn of spinal cords. Results Following decompression, the expression levels of α2δ2 in the anterior horn of spinal cord were decreased, but the expression levels of 5HT andGAP43 were increased. Compared with the vehicle treated rats, gabapentin treatment for 4 weeks ameliorated the behaviors of rats and improved the damaged anterior horn of spinal cord. Besides, inhibition of α2δ2 through gabapentin intervention enhanced the axonal regeneration in the anterior horn of damaged spinal cord. Conclusions Inhibition of α2δ2 could enhance axonal recovery in anterior horn of damaged spinal cord induced by CSM after surgical decompression, providing a potential method for promoting axon regeneration following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisheng Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 10087, Keji Avenue, Laishan District, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 10087, Keji Avenue, Laishan District, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Basic Department, Yantai Vocational College, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Hengjia Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 10087, Keji Avenue, Laishan District, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Zhitao You
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 10087, Keji Avenue, Laishan District, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 10087, Keji Avenue, Laishan District, 264000, Yantai, China.
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14
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Nakatani A, Kunimatsu R, Tsuka Y, Sakata S, Horie K, Gunji H, Ito S, Kado I, Putranti NAR, Terayama R, Tanimoto K. Effects of high-frequency near infrared laser irradiation on experimental tooth movement-induced pain in rats. Lasers Med Sci 2022. [PMID: 35695995 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Discomfort and dull pain are known side effects of orthodontic treatment. Pain is expected to be reduced by near-infrared (NIR) lasers; however, the mechanism underlying effects of short-pulse NIR lasers in the oral and maxillofacial area remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of high-frequency NIR diode laser irradiation on pain during experimental tooth movement (ETM) on 120 J. NIR laser with 910 nm wavelength, 45 W maximum output power, 300 mW average output power, and 200 ns pulse width (Lumix 2; (Lumix 2; Fisioline, Verduno CN, Italy) was used for the experiment. A nickel-titanium-closed coil was used to apply a 50-gf force between the maxillary left-side first molar and incisor in 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (280-300 g) to induce ETM. We measured facial-grooming frequency and vacuous chewing movement (VCM) period between laser-irradiation and ETM groups. We performed immunofluorescent histochemistry analysis to quantify levels of Iba-1, astrocytes, and c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (Vc). Compared with the ETM group, the laser irradiation group had significantly decreased facial-grooming frequency (P = 0.0036), VCM period (P = 0.043), Fos-IR (P = 0.0028), Iba-1 levels (P = 0.0069), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels (P = 0.0071). High-frequency NIR diode laser irradiation appears to have significant analgesic effects on ETM-induced pain, which involve inhibiting neuronal activity, microglia, and astrocytes, and it inhibits c-fos, Iba-1, and GFAP expression, reducing ETM-induced pain in rats. High-frequency NIR diode laser application could be applied to reduce pain during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Shalaby AM, Sharaf Eldin HEM, Abdelsameea AA, Abdelnour HM, Alabiad MA, Elkholy MR, Aboregela AM. Betahistine Attenuates Seizures, Neurodegeneration, Apoptosis, and Gliosis in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in a Mouse Model of Epilepsy: A Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study. Microsc Microanal 2022; 28:1-15. [PMID: 35686434 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent and chronic neurological disorder marked by recurring, uncontrollable seizures of the brain. Chronic or repeated seizures produce memory problems and induce damage to different brain regions. Histamine has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. Betahistine is a histamine analogue. The current research investigated the effects of convulsions on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult male albino mice and assessed the possible protective effect of betahistine. Four groups of 40 adult male mice were organized: control, betahistine (10 mg/kg/day), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (40 mg/kg/ on alternate days), and Betahistine-PTZ group received betahistine 1 h before PTZ. PTZ induced a substantial rise in glutamate level and a considerable decrease in histamine level. Structural changes in the cerebral cortex and cornu ammonis (CA1) of the hippocampus were detected in the pattern of neuron degeneration. Some neurons were shrunken with dark nuclei, and others had faintly stained ones. Focal accumulation of neuroglial cells and ballooned nerve cells of the cerebral cortex were also detected. Cleaved caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 showed substantial increases, while synaptophysin expression was significantly reduced. Interestingly, these changes were less prominent in mice pretreated with betahistine. In conclusion, betahistine had shown neuroprotective properties against brain damage induced by convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Heba E M Sharaf Eldin
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Hanim Magdy Abdelnour
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ramadan Elkholy
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Adel Mohamed Aboregela
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cheng X, Yu Z, Hu W, Chen J, Chen W, Wang L, Li X, Zhang W, Chen J, Zou X, Chen W, Wan Y. Voluntary exercise ameliorates neuropathic pain by suppressing calcitonin gene-related peptide and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 overexpression in the lumbar dorsal horns in response to injury to the cervical spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114105. [PMID: 35525308 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) is a frequent finding in patients diagnosed with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). To improve our understanding of the maladaptive changes taking place in the lumbar spinal cord that can lead to the development of NP and to find alternative options to treat this condition, we aimed to investigate the effects of voluntary exercise on NP after SCI and to elucidate its potential mechanisms. METHODS A rat model of post-SCI NP induced by compression of the posterior or lateral cervical spinal cord was used to evaluate the effects of voluntary exercise by measuring the bilateral withdrawal of the hind paws using the Von Frey filament and Hargreaves tests. The place escape/avoid paradigm was used to evaluate supraspinal pain processing and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were used to examine disturbances in proprioception. Locomotor function was evaluated using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring. Pathologic findings in hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate the morphological changes after SCI. The lesion size within the cervical spinal cord was evaluated by staining with Eriochrome cyanine R. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) in the lumbar dorsal horns. RESULTS All injured rats developed mechanical hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and thermal hyperalgesia in the contralateral hind paws at 1 week post-injury. Rats that underwent lateral compression injury developed NP in the ipsilateral hind paws 1 week later than rats with a posterior compression injury. Our findings revealed that voluntary exercise ameliorated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and significantly improved proprioception as measured by SEP, but had no impact on mechanical hypoalgesia or motor recovery and provided no significant neuroprotection after recovery from an acute SCI. SCI-induced NP was accompanied by increased expression of CGRP and Iba-1 in the lumbar dorsal horn. These responses were reduced in rats that underwent voluntary exercise. CONCLUSIONS Voluntary exercise ameliorates NP that develops in rats after compression injury. Increased expression of CGRP and Iba-1 in the lumbar dorsal horns of rats exhibiting symptoms of NP suggests that microglial activation might play a crucial role in its development. Collectively, voluntary exercise may be a promising therapeutic modality to treat NP that develops clinically in response to SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengran Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenjie Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiacheng Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 1001, Australia
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiewen Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Avalos MP, Guzman AS, Rigoni D, Gorostiza EA, Sanchez MA, Mongi-Bragato B, Garcia-Keller C, Perassi EM, Virgolini MB, Peralta Ramos JM, Iribarren P, Calfa GD, Bollati FA, Cancela LM. Minocycline prevents chronic restraint stress-induced vulnerability to developing cocaine self-administration and associated glutamatergic mechanisms: a potential role of microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:359-376. [PMID: 35065197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful experience-induced cocaine-related behaviors are associated with a significant impairment of glutamatergic mechanisms in the Nucleus Accumbens core (NAcore). The hallmarks of disrupted glutamate homeostasis following restraint stress are the enduring imbalance of glutamate efflux after a cocaine stimulus and increased basal concentrations of extracellular glutamate attributed to GLT-1 downregulation in the NAcore. Glutamate transmission is tightly linked to microglia functioning. However, the role of microglia in the biological basis of stress-induced addictive behaviors is still unknown. By using minocycline, a potent inhibitor of microglia activation with anti-inflammatory properties, we determined whether microglia could aid chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced glutamate homeostasis disruption in the NAcore, underpinning stress-induced cocaine self-administration. In this study, adult male rats were restrained for 2 h/day for seven days (day 1-7). From day 16 until completing the experimental protocol, animals received a vehicle or minocycline treatment (30 mg/Kg/12h i.p.). On day 21, animals were assigned to microscopic, biochemical, neurochemical or behavioral studies. We confirm that the CRS-induced facilitation of cocaine self-administration is associated with enduring GLT-1 downregulation, an increase of basal extracellular glutamate and postsynaptic structural plasticity in the NAcore. These alterations were strongly related to the CRS-induced reactive microglia and increased TNF-α mRNA and protein expression, since by administering minocycline, the impaired glutamate homeostasis and the facilitation of cocaine self-administration were prevented. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that minocycline suppresses the CRS-induced facilitation of cocaine self-administration and glutamate homeostasis disruption in the NAcore. A role of microglia is proposed for the development of glutamatergic mechanisms underpinning stress-induced vulnerability to cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Avalos
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Susana Guzman
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daiana Rigoni
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Axel Gorostiza
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marianela Adela Sanchez
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bethania Mongi-Bragato
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Garcia-Keller
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Marcelo Perassi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miriam Beatriz Virgolini
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier María Peralta Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Iribarren
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Diego Calfa
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Flavia Andrea Bollati
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Liliana Marina Cancela
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Belghali MY, Admou B, Brahimi M, Khouchani M, Ba-M'hamed S. Immune tumoral microenvironment in gliomas: focus on CD3 + T cells, Vδ1 + T cells, and microglia/macrophages. Immunol Res 2022. [PMID: 35006549 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are histologically defined as low-grade gliomas (LGG) and high-grade gliomas (HGG). The most common type of HGG is the glioblastoma (GBM). We aimed to determine the immunological characteristics of CD3 T-cells, Vδ1 T-cells, and microglia/macrophages infiltrating brain gliomas. We collected 24 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples issued from 19 cases of GBM and 5 cases of LGG. An immunohistochemical analysis was performed using anti-CD3, anti-Vδ1, and anti-iba-1 antibodies. Labelling indexes (LI) of CD3 and Vδ1 were evaluated quantitatively, and other CD3, Vδ1, and iba-1 staining characteristics were evaluated qualitatively. The median age of patients was 49 years in GBM and 52 years in LGG. The sex ratio was 1.4 and GBM predominated in males (p = 0.05). In GBM, the medians of CD3-LI and Vδ1-LI were 30 and 3.5 respectively. CD3-LI inversely correlated with survival in GBM cases (r = - 0.543; p = 0.016). CD3 staining intensity correlated with CD3-LI (p < 0.0001) and with the survival in GBM cases (p = 0.003). Compared to LGG, the CD3-LI, the intensity of intra-tumoral Vδ1 staining, and the amount of iba-1 were higher in GBM (p = 0.042; p = 0.014; and p = 0.001 respectively). The iba-1 organization was more amoeboid in older patients and more branched in younger patients (p = 0.028) and tended to be more amoeboid in cases with high iba-1 amount (p = 0.09). Our results suggest that a high level of CD3-LI and a strong intra-tumoral infiltration of Vδ1 T-cells as well as a high involvement of TAM can be considered potential markers of poor prognosis of GBM. However, this requires further studies on more balanced GBM-LGG sample, including an expanded panel of biomarkers.
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Kremer B, Coburn M, Weinandy A, Nolte K, Clusmann H, Veldeman M, Höllig A. Argon treatment after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: evaluation of microglial activation and neuronal survival as a subanalysis of a randomized controlled animal trial. Med Gas Res 2021; 10:103-109. [PMID: 33004706 PMCID: PMC8086619 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.296039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereinafter, we evaluate argon's neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) examining various localizations (hippocampal and cortical regions) with respect to neuronal damage and microglial activation 6, 24 and 72 hours after SAH. One hour after SAH (endovascular perforation rat model) or sham surgery, a mixture of gas containing 50% argon (argon group) or 50% nitrogen (control group) was applied for 1 hour. At 6 hours after SAH, argon reduced neuronal damage in the hippocampal regions in the argon group compared to the control group (P < 0.034). Hippocampal microglial activation did not differ between the treatment groups over time. The basal cortical regions did not show a different lesion pattern, but microglial activation was significantly reduced in the argon group 72 hours after SAH (P = 0.034 vs. control group). Whereas callosal microglial activation was significantly reduced at 24 hours in the argon-treated group (P = 0.018). Argon treatment ameliorated only early hippocampal neuronal damage after SAH. Inhibition of microglial activation was seen in some areas later on. Thus, argon may influence the microglial inflammatory response and neuronal survival after SAH; however, due to low sample sizes the interpretation of our results is limited. The study protocol was approved by the Government Agency for Animal Use and Protection (Protocol number: TVA 10416G1; initially approved by the "Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz NRW," Recklinghausen, Germany, on April 28, 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kremer
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anaesthesiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Weinandy
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kay Nolte
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Clusmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Veldeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Höllig
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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20
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Zhang L, Jiang X, Zhang J, Gao H, Yang L, Li D, Zhang Q, Wang B, Cui L, Wang X. (-)-Syringaresinol suppressed LPS-induced microglia activation via downregulation of NF-κB p65 signaling and interaction with ERβ. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107986. [PMID: 34303280 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Albiziae Cortex (AC) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with sedative-hypnotic effects and neuroprotective ability. However, the bioactive components of AC responsible for the neuro-protective actitivity remain unknown. Here, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of (-)-syringaresinol (SYR) extracted from AC in microglia cells and wild-type mice. As a result, (-)-SYR significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of interleukin - 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β), cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nitric oxide (NO) in BV2 microglia cells. (-)-SYR also significantly reduced M1 marker CD40 expression and increased M2 marker CD206 expression. Moreover, we found that (-)-SYR inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation by suppressing the translocation of NF-κB p65 into the nucleus in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, estrogen receptor β (ERβ) was found to be implied in the anti-inflammatory activity of (-)-SYR in BV2 microglia. In vivo experiments revealed that administration of (-)-SYR in mice significantly reduced microglia/astrocytes activation and mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators. Taken together, our data indicated that (-)-SYR exerted the anti-neuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activation and modulation of microglia polarization, and via interaction with ERβ. The anti-neuroinflammatory activity of (-)-SYR may provide a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of brain diseases associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China.
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Jinlu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Hejun Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Dihua Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Botao Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lihua Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Ximo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China.
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Mahmoud YK, Ali AA, Abdelrazek HMA, Aldayel TS, Abdel-Daim MM, El-Menyawy MAI. Neurotoxic Effect of Fipronil in Male Wistar Rats: Ameliorative Effect of L-Arginine and L-Carnitine. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10070682. [PMID: 34356537 PMCID: PMC8301478 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insecticides are widely used in agricultural and household environments. They induce wide range of deleterious effects. Fipronil is one of the most widely used phenylpyrazoles insecticides. The neurotoxic effect of such insecticide was tested in the present study with special emphasis on cognitive deficit as well as testing the possible ameliorative impacts of L-arginine and L-carnitine. The study proposed fipronil-induced cognitive deficit as a reflection to oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, L-arginine and L-carnitine exerted ameliorative influence on fipronil induced oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation. Therefore, L-arginine and L-carnitine can be considered as prospective candidates for mitigation of pesticide induced neurotoxicity especially in people with high-risk exposure to pesticide. Abstract The ameliorative effect of L-arginine (LA) and L-carnitine (LC) against fipronil (FPN)-induced neurotoxicity was explored. In this case, 36 adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups: group I received distilled water, group II received 500 mg/kg LA, group III received 100 mg/kg LC, group IV received 4.85 mg/kg FPN, group V received 4.85 mg/kg FPN and 500 mg/kg LA and group VI received 4.85 mg/kg FPN and 100 mg/kg LC for 6 weeks. Cognitive performance was assessed using Barnes maze (BM). Serum corticosterone, brain total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and dopamine were measured. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of ionized calcium-binding adaptor (Iba-1), doublecortin (DCX) and serotonin (S-2A) receptors were performed. Fipronil induced noticeable deterioration in spatial learning and memory performance. In addition, FPN significantly (p < 0.05) diminished brain antioxidant defense system and dopamine coincide with elevated serum corticosterone level. Histopathological examination revealed degenerative and necrotic changes. Furthermore, Iba-1 and DCX were significantly expressed in cortex and hippocampus whereas S-2A receptors were significantly lowered in FPN group. However, administration of LA or LC alleviated FPN-induced deteriorations. In conclusion, LA and LC could be prospective candidates for mitigation of FPN-induced neurotoxicity via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuropotentiating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina K. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Ali
- Hygiene, Zoonosis and Animal Behavior Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Heba M. A. Abdelrazek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2-012-23399477; Fax: +2-064-3207052
| | - Tahany Saleh Aldayel
- Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Physical Sport Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Salazar JJ, de Hoz R, Marco EM, Martín-Sánchez B, Flores-Salguero E, Salobrar-García E, López-Cuenca I, Barrios-Sabador V, Avilés-Trigueros M, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Vidal-Sanz M, Triviño A, Ramírez JM, López-Gallardo M, Ramírez AI. Retinal Molecular Changes Are Associated with Neuroinflammation and Loss of RGCs in an Experimental Model of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2066. [PMID: 33669765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling mediated by cytokines and chemokines is involved in glaucoma-associated neuroinflammation and in the damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Using multiplexed immunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques in a glaucoma mouse model at different time points after ocular hypertension (OHT), we analyzed (i) the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, BDNF, VEGF, and fractalkine; and (ii) the number of Brn3a+ RGCs. In OHT eyes, there was an upregulation of (i) IFN-γ at days 3, 5, and 15; (ii) IL-4 at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and IL-10 at days 3 and 5 (coinciding with downregulation of IL1-β at days 1, 5, and 7); (iii) IL-6 at days 1, 3, and 5; (iv) fractalkine and VEGF at day 1; and (v) BDNF at days 1, 3, 7, and 15. In contralateral eyes, there were (i) an upregulation of IL-1β at days 1 and 3 and a downregulation at day 7, coinciding with the downregulation of IL4 at days 3 and 5 and the upregulation at day 7; (ii) an upregulation of IL-6 at days 1, 5, and 7 and a downregulation at 15 days; (iii) an upregulation of IL-10 at days 3 and 7; and (iv) an upregulation of IL-17 at day 15. In OHT eyes, there was a reduction in the Brn3a+ RGCs number at days 3, 5, 7, and 15. OHT changes cytokine levels in both OHT and contralateral eyes at different time points after OHT induction, confirming the immune system involvement in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Shi FJ, Xie H, Zhang CY, Qin HF, Zeng XW, Lou H, Zhang L, Xu GT, Zhang JF, Xu GX. Is Iba-1 protein expression a sensitive marker for microglia activation in experimental diabetic retinopathy? Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:200-208. [PMID: 33614447 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes of Iba-1 and other potential markers for microglia activation in experimental diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered diabetes via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The retinas were harvested at 1 to 24wk after diabetes onset. Hypoxia-treated mouse microglial cell line (BV2 cells) was employed as the in vitro model to mimic diabetic condition. The expressions of Iba-1, CD11b, ICAM-1 as well as the inflammatory factors were examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunofluorescence both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Compared with age-matched normal control, the number of microglia (Iba-1 positive immunostaining) in diabetic rat retinas was increased from 1 to 24wk of diabetes, which was most obvious at 12wk of diabetes. Iba-1 protein expression detected by Western blot was increased slightly in diabetic rat retinas compared with that in age-matched normal control; however, there was statistically significant between two groups only at 2wk after diabetes onset. The mRNA expression of Iba-1 was decreased significantly at 2 and 4wk of diabetic rat retinas, and remained unchanged at 8 and 12wk of diabetes. In BV2 cells, there was no significant change for the Iba-1 protein expression between normoxia and hypoxia groups; however, its mRNA level was decreased significantly under hypoxia. To further characterize microglial activation, F4/80, CD11b and inflammatory factors were detected both in vivo and in vitro. Compared with normal control, the expressions of F4/80 and CD11b as well as the inflammatory factors, such as ICAM-1, iNOS, COX2, IL-1β and IL-6, were increased significantly both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Iba-1 protein expression might not be a sensitive marker to evaluate the activation of microglia in experimental DR. However, Iba-1 immunostaining, in combination with other markers like CD11b and ICAM-1, could be well reflect the activation of microglia. Thus, it is of great importance to explore other potential marker to evaluate the activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Jun Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhou Laser Hospital, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai Xie
- Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao-Yang Zhang
- Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hai-Feng Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin-Wei Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhou Laser Hospital, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing-Fa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Guo-Xu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China
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Ohene-Nyako M, Persons AL, Napier TC. Hippocampal blood-brain barrier of methamphetamine self-administering HIV-1 transgenic rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:416-429. [PMID: 32725911 PMCID: PMC9949894 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection reduces plasma viral load and prolongs life. However, the brain is a viral reservoir, and pathologies such as cognitive decline and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption persist. Methamphetamine abuse is prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Methamphetamine and HIV toxic proteins can disrupt the BBB, but it is unclear if there exists a common pathway by which HIV proteins and methamphetamine induce BBB damage. Also unknown are the BBB effects imposed by chronic exposure to HIV proteins in the comorbid context of chronic methamphetamine abuse. To evaluate these scenarios, we trained HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg rats to self-administer methamphetamine using a 21-day paradigm that produced an equivalency dose range at the low end of the amounts self-titrated by humans. Markers of BBB integrity were measured for the hippocampus, a brain region involved in cognitive function. Outcomes revealed that tight junction proteins, claudin-5 and occludin, were reduced in Tg rats independent of methamphetamine, and this co-occurred with increased levels of lipopolysaccharide, albumin (indicating barrier breakdown) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9; indicating barrier matrix disruption); reductions in GFAP (indicating astrocytic dysfunction); and microglial activation (indicating inflammation). Evaluations of markers for two signaling pathways that regulate MMP-9 transcription, NF-κB and ERK/∆FosB revealed an overall genotype effect for NF-κB. Methamphetamine did not alter measurements from Tg rats, but in non-Tg rats, methamphetamine reduced occludin and GFAP, and increased MMP-9 and NF-κB. Study outcomes suggest that BBB dysregulation resulting from chronic exposure to HIV-1 proteins or methamphetamine both involve NF-κB/MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda L. Persons
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. Celeste Napier
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hao-Ran Y, Li-Na L, Fei GE, Jing Y, Qin-Lei C, Wei-Ting LU, Fei Q. [Effect of Xiaoyao San on OVX combined with CUS anxiety and depression model rats based on hippocampal microglia M1 polarization]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2020; 45:4964-4970. [PMID: 33350270 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200603.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the anti-anxiety and anti-depression effect and mechanism of Xiaoyao San on rats with ovariectomy(OVX) combined with chronic unpredictable stress(CUS) model. The model of perimenopausal depression was established by OVX and CUS; the level of anxiety and depression was evaluated by open field test; the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) mRNA in rat hippocampus were detected by Real-time qPCR; double staining immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in microglia of rat dentate gyrus(DG); Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Iba-1 and iNOS of microglia in DG region of rat hippocampus. The results showed that in the model group, the number of horizontal movement, the number of vertical movement and central residence time were significantly reduced, and the grooming time was significantly prolonged(P<0.05 or P<0.01); the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in hippocampus increased significantly(P<0.05); the number of positive cells with co-expression of Iba-1/iNOS of microglia cells in DG region of hippocampus increased; the expression levels of Iba-1 and iNOS protein in hippocampus were significantly increased(P<0.01), suggesting that microglia in DG region of hippocampus was activated and polarized toward M1 type in rats with stress. The high dose group of Xiaoyao San significantly increased the number of horizontal movement, vertical movement and central residence time of model rats(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and significantly down-regulated the levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6(P<0.05). Meanwhile, it reversed the activation and quantity change of microglia in hippocampus. Although the Xiaoyao San low dose group had no significant effect on the behavioral indicators in the open field test and the levels of IL-1β and IL-6, they all showed a trend of improvement. Low dose Xiaoyao San significantly decreased iNOS protein level(P<0.05), and high dose Xiaoyao San significantly down-regulated the protein expression of Iba-1 and iNOS in hippocampus microglia(P<0.05 or P<0.01). In conclusion, Xiaoyao San can improve anxiety and depression-like behavior in OVX combined with CUS model rats, and its mechanism is related to its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting M1 polarization of hippocampal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hao-Ran
- the First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Liu Li-Na
- the First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210046, China Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210029, China
| | - G E Fei
- Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Haian 226600, China
| | - Yan Jing
- the First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Chen Qin-Lei
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210029, China
| | - L U Wei-Ting
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qiao Fei
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210029, China
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Ramírez AI, Fernández-Albarral JA, Hoz RD, López-Cuenca I, Salobrar-García E, Rojas P, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Avilés-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M, Triviño A, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Microglial changes in the early aging stage in a healthy retina and an experimental glaucoma model. Prog Brain Res 2020; 256:125-149. [PMID: 32958210 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease that begins at the onset of aging. In this disease, there is an involvement of the immune system and therefore of the microglia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the microglial activation using a mouse model of ocular hypertension (OHT) at the onset of aging. For this purpose, we used both naive and ocular hypertensives of 15-month-old mice (early stage of aging). In the latter, we analyzed the OHT eyes and the eyes contralateral to them to compare them with their aged controls. In the eyes of aged naive, aged OHT and aged contralateral eyes, microglial changes were observed compared to the young mice, including: (i) aged naive vs young naive: An increased soma size and vertical processes; (ii) aged OHT eyes vs young OHT eyes: A decrease in the area of the retina occupied by Iba-1 cells and in vertical processes; and (iii) aged contralateral vs young contralateral: A decrease in the soma size and arbor area and an increase in the number of microglia in the outer segment layer. Aged OHT eyes and the eyes contralateral to them showed an up-regulation of the CD68 expression in the branched microglia and a down-regulation in the MHCII and P2RY12 expression with respect to the eyes of young OHT mice. Conclusion: in the early phase of aging, morphological microglial changes along with changes in the expression of MHCII, CD68 and P2RY12, in both naive and OHT mice. These changes appear in aged OHT eyes and the eyes contralateral to them eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Fernández-Albarral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto Oftálmico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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Kim JE, Park H, Lee JE, Kang TC. CDDO-Me Inhibits Microglial Activation and Monocyte Infiltration by Abrogating NFκB- and p38 MAPK-Mediated Signaling Pathways Following Status Epilepticus. Cells 2020; 9:E1123. [PMID: 32370011 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity), microglial activation, and monocyte infiltration result in the inflammatory responses in the brain that is involved in the epileptogenesis. Therefore, the regulation of microglia/monocyte-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the therapeutic strategies for avoidance of secondary brain injury induced by SE. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me; RTA 402) is an activator of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates intracellular redox homeostasis. In addition, CDDO-Me has anti-inflammatory properties that suppress microglial proliferation and its activation, although the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. In the present study, CDDO-Me ameliorated monocyte infiltration without vasogenic edema formation in the frontoparietal cortex (FPC) following SE, accompanied by abrogating monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, CDDO-Me inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NFκB)-S276 phosphorylation and microglial transformation, independent of Nrf2 expression. Similar to CDDO-Me, SN50 (an NFκB inhibitor) mitigated monocyte infiltration by reducing MCP-1 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in the FPC following SE. Therefore, these findings suggest, for the first time, that CDDO-Me may attenuate microglia/monocyte-mediated neuroinflammation via modulating NFκB- and p38 MAPK-MCP-1 signaling pathways following SE.
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Ullah F, Liang H, Niedermayer G, Münch G, Gyengesi E. Evaluation of Phytosomal Curcumin as an Anti-inflammatory Agent for Chronic Glial Activation in the GFAP-IL6 Mouse Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:170. [PMID: 32226360 PMCID: PMC7081170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic glial activation is characterized by an increased number of activated microglia and astroglia; these secrete free radicals and cytotoxic cytokines, subsequently causing neuronal damage. This study investigated the hypothesis that a soy-lecithin based phytosomal curcumin formulation can decrease glial activation in the brains of GFAP-IL6 mice, a model of chronic glial activation, which exhibits gliosis in various regions of the brain. Three doses of Meriva curcumin (MC) (874, 436, and 218 PPM) were fed to 3-month-old GFAP-IL6 and wild-type (WT) mice for 4 weeks. As markers of glial activation, the total numbers of Iba-1+ and TSPO+ microglia and macrophages, and GFAP+ astrocytes, were determined in the cerebellum and hippocampus by immunohistochemistry and unbiased stereology. Furthermore, the morphology of the glial cells was assessed by confocal microscopy and Sholl analysis. Administration of phytosomal curcumin led to a dose-dependent reduction in neuroinflammatory markers. Phytosomal curcumin (874 PPM) decreased the number of microglia by 26.2% in the hippocampus and by 48% in the cerebellum of the GFAP-IL6 mice compared with the GFAP-IL6 mice on normal food. Additionally, GFAP+ astrocyte numbers in the hippocampus of the GFAP-IL6 mice were decreased by 42%. The GFAP-IL6 mice exhibited a different microglial morphology to the WT mice, showing an increased soma size and perimeter. This difference was significantly reduced by the 874 PPM phytosomal curcumin dose. Our findings demonstrate that phytosomal curcumin is able to attenuate the inflammatory pathology, and potentially reverse the detrimental effects of chronic glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Garry Niedermayer
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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Zhou Y, Wu X, Ye L, Bai Y, Zhang H, Xuan Z, Feng Y, Zhang P, Chen Y, Yan Y, Zhu B, Cui W. Edaravone at high concentrations attenuates cognitive dysfunctions induced by abdominal surgery under general anesthesia in aged mice. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:373-383. [PMID: 31916204 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common neurological disease affecting the elderly patients after surgery. Unfortunately, no effective treatment for this disease has been discovered. Edaravone, a clinical-used free radical scavenger, at 3 mg/kg has been reported to prevent neuroinflammation induced by the combination of surgery and lipopolysaccharide in adult rodents. However, we found that edaravone at such low concentration could not inhibit POCD in aged mice. Instead, edaravone at 33.2 mg/kg significantly prevented recognition and spatial cognitive dysfunctions in 14 month aged mice after abdominal surgery under general anesthesia with isoflurane. Furthermore, edaravone significantly prevented the increase of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced by abdominal surgery in aged mice. Edaravone could also decrease glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) positive areas in the hippocampal regions of surgery mice, suggesting that edaravone might inhibit surgery-induced over-activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, edaravone substantially increased the expression of PSD-95 and pSer9-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (pSer9-GSK3β) as demonstrated by Western blotting assay. Furthermore, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is decreased in the mice in edaravone group. All these results suggested that edaravone at high concentrations could inhibit surgery-induced cognitive impairments in aged animals, possibly via the attenuation of neuroinflammation, the increase of synaptic proteins, and the elevation of cholinergic transmission, providing a further support that edaravone might be developed as a treatment of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Luying Ye
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhenquan Xuan
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yushan Yan
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wei Cui
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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García-Magro N, Martin YB, Palomino-Antolin A, Egea J, Negredo P, Avendaño C. Multiple Morphometric Assessment of Microglial Cells in Deafferented Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus. Front Neuroanat 2020; 13:103. [PMID: 32038181 PMCID: PMC6987390 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia (MG) are the first cells to react to the abnormal incoming signals that follow an injury of sensory nerves and play a critical role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, a common sequel of nerve injuries. Here we present population data on cell number, soma size, and length of processes of MG in the caudal division of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5C) in control mice and at the peak of microgliosis (7 days) following unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve (IoN). The study is performed combining several bias- and assumption-free imaging and stereological approaches with different immunolabeling procedures, with the objective of tackling some hard problems that often hinder proper execution of MG morphometric studies. Our approach may easily be applied to low-density MG populations, but also works, with limited biases, in territories where MG cell bodies and processes form dense meshworks. In controls, and contralaterally to the deafferented side, MG cell body size and shape and branching pattern matched well the descriptions of “resting” or “surveillant” MG described elsewhere, with only moderate intersubject variability. On the superficial laminae of the deafferented side, however, MG displayed on average larger somata and remarkable diversity in shape. The number of cells and the length of MG processes per mm3 increased 5 and 2.5 times, respectively, indicating a net 50% decrease in the mean length of processes per cell. By using specific immunolabeling and cell sorting of vascular macrophages, we found only a negligible fraction of these cells in Sp5C, with no differences between controls and deafferented animals, suggesting that blood-borne monocytes play at most a very limited role in the microgliosis occurring following sensory nerve deafferentation. In sum, here we present reliable morphometric data on MG in control and deafferented trigeminal nuclei using efficient methods that we propose may equally be applied to any morphometric population analysis of these cells under different physiological or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Magro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Ph.D. Programme in Neuroscience, Doctoral School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina B Martin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Palomino-Antolin
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Negredo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Ferle V, Repouskou A, Aspiotis G, Raftogianni A, Chrousos G, Stylianopoulou F, Stamatakis A. Synergistic effects of early life mild adversity and chronic social defeat on rat brain microglia and cytokines. Physiol Behav 2019; 215:112791. [PMID: 31870943 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress affects the development and function of the brain and when followed by adversities in adulthood, the negative effects of stress are enhanced. Microglia has been proposed as a potential mediator of this phenomenon. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effects of mild early life stress, the consequences of a stressor in adulthood as well as their interaction on microglial and cytokine (PPARγ, IL-1β and TNFα) levels in the brain of adult male rats. As an early life stress we used a model of maternal neglect, in which the dam is present but non-accessible to the pup for 15 min during postnatal days 10-13; as a stressor in adulthood we exposed animals to chronic social defeat (CSD) for 3 weeks. We determined in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala, the number of Iba-1+ microglial cells, the number of PPARγ+ cells as well as the relative expression of PPARγ, IL-1β and TNFα mRNA by qPCR. Following exposure to CSD, the number of Iba-1+ cells was increased in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of adult animals exposed to mild early life stress, while in the absence of CSD no such difference was observed. Moreover, following CSD PPARγ levels were increased in the hippocampus of adult males exposed as neonates to "maternal neglect". Our findings support the notion that early life stress, even a mild one, primes microglia and enhances its reactivity to a second stressful event, later in life, in accord with the "two-hit" hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Ferle
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Repouskou
- Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - George Aspiotis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Raftogianni
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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32
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Jiang X, Yang L, Zhang Q, Wang B, Cui L, Wang X. Hydroxytyrosol Inhibits LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses via Suppression of TLR-4-Mediated NF-κB P65 Activation and ERK Signaling Pathway. Neuroscience 2019; 426:189-200. [PMID: 31866556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the mechanism underlying the progression of neurodegeneration and infectious neuropathology. Growing evidence suggest that hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydroxyphenil-ethanol, HT), one of the main polyphenols presented in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), has shown potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the potential anti-neuroinflammation activity and underlying mechanism of HT remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of HT on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in both in vitro and in vivo models and the associated molecular mechanism. Our results revealed that HT significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in BV2 microglia and primary microglia cells. Phenotypic analysis showed that HT significantly reduced M1 marker CD86 expression and increased M2 marker CD206 expression. In addition, HT significantly decreased the levels of phospho-NF-κB p65 and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, HT suppressed the LPS-induced Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in BV2 microglia. In vivo administration of HT following LPS injection significantly reduced some proinflammatory mediator levels and microglia/astrocyte activation in the brain. Together, these results suggest that HT suppressed the LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses via modulation of microglia M1/M2 polarization and downregulation of TLR-4 mediated NF-κB activation and ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China.
| | - Jinlu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Botao Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lihua Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Ximo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China.
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Abstract
Childhood maltreatment and neglect lead to a wide range of mental disorders highlighted by hormone and immune alterations in neglected children. This social-health challenge has led to the creation of early stress models such as maternal separation (MS) in rodents. We performed a MS model (4 h per day, 21 days; n = 16 MS and n = 16 control), and then measured three parameters in adult male rat brains, in order to look for long-term effects of early life stress. We used immunocytochemistry to mark glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells, which indicates changes in astroglia, and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cells, which inform about reactive microglia. In order to study mRNA levels of some immune mediators, interleukin determination (interleukin-6, IL-6; tumor necrosis factor, TNFα) mRNAs were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) in discrete brain regions. Measurements of numbers of GFAP-positive cells, and expression of Iba-1, IL-6 and TNFα mRNAs were performed in prefrontal cortex (PFC): cingulate cortex (CG), prelimbic cortex (PL) and infralimbic cortex (IL), striatal areas (dorsal striatum, STD; and nucleus accumbens, ACC), and dorsal hippocampus (HC: CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG)). We found that MS produces a dramatic and sustained decrease in the astroglial population in all the areas measured (from -25% in CA1 to -85.7% in ACC), whereas increased numbers of microglia were found, in more restricted regions: STD (72.6%), ACC (31%) and CA3 (33.3%) areas. Regarding mRNA measurements, we found increased IL-6 mRNA expression in HC (104.2%), and after MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Banqueri
- a Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
- b Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA)
| | - Marta Méndez
- a Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
- b Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA)
| | - Eneritz Gómez-Lázaro
- c Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Basque Country University , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Jorge L Arias
- a Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
- b Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA)
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, López-Villarín N, Salobrar-García E, López-Cuenca I, Licastro E, Inarejos-García AM, Almodóvar P, Pinazo-Durán MD, Ramírez JM, Salazar JJ. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Hydrophilic Saffron Extract in a Model of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4110. [PMID: 31443568 PMCID: PMC6747458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). An increase in the intraocular pressure is the principal risk factor for such loss, but controlling this pressure does not always prevent glaucomatous damage. Activation of immune cells resident in the retina (microglia) may contribute to RGC death. Thus, a substance with anti-inflammatory activity may protect against RGC degeneration. This study investigated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of a hydrophilic saffron extract standardized to 3% crocin content in a mouse model of unilateral, laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). Treatment with saffron extract decreased microglion numbers and morphological signs of their activation, including soma size and process retraction, both in OHT and in contralateral eyes. Saffron extract treatment also partially reversed OHT-induced down-regulation of P2RY12. In addition, the extract prevented retinal ganglion cell death in OHT eyes. Oral administration of saffron extract was able to decrease the neuroinflammation associated with increased intraocular pressure, preventing retinal ganglion cell death. Our findings indicate that saffron extract may exert a protective effect in glaucomatous pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea López-Villarín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Licastro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paula Almodóvar
- Pharmactive Biotech Products, SL. Parque Científico de Madrid, Faraday 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria D Pinazo-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolia, Universidad de Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
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Kim JE, Park H, Choi SH, Kong MJ, Kang TC. Roscovitine Attenuates Microglia Activation and Monocyte Infiltration via p38 MAPK Inhibition in the Rat Frontoparietal Cortex Following Status Epilepticus. Cells 2019; 8:E746. [PMID: 31331032 PMCID: PMC6678318 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, microglia are unique immune cells resident in the brain that is isolated from the systemic immune system by brain-blood barrier. Following status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity), microglia are rapidly activated and blood-derived monocytes that infiltrate the brain; therefore, the regulations of microglia activation and monocyte infiltration are one of the primary therapeutic strategies for inhibition of undesirable consequences from SE. Roscovitine, a potent (but not selective) cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) inhibitor, has been found to exert anti-inflammatory and microglia-inhibiting actions in several in vivo models, although the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. In the present study, roscovitine attenuated SE-induces monocyte infiltration without vasogenic edema formation in the frontoparietal cortex (FPC), accompanied by reducing expressions of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) in resident microglia, while it did not affect microglia transformation to amoeboid form. Furthermore, roscovitine ameliorated the up-regulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation, but not nuclear factor-κB-S276 phosphorylation. Similar to roscovitine, SB202190, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, mitigated monocyte infiltration and microglial expressions of MCP-1 and LAMP1 in the FPC following SE. Therefore, these findings suggest for the first time that roscovitine may inhibit SE-induced neuroinflammation via regulating p38 MAPK-mediated microglial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Seo-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
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Machaalani R, Thawley M, Huang J, Chen H. Effects of prenatal cigarette smoke exposure on BDNF, PACAP, microglia and gliosis expression in the young male mouse brainstem. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:40-46. [PMID: 31121239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy into infancy affects brain growth and development in both short and long term (into adulthood). Using a mouse model of pre- into post- natal cigarette smoke exposure (SE), we aimed to determine the effects on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB, neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor PAC1, and astrocyte (GFAP) and microglia (Iba-1) immunohistochemical expression, in seven nuclei of the medulla and the facial (FAC) nucleus of the pons. Male pups of dams exposed to two cigarettes (nicotine <1.2 mg, CO <15 mg) twice daily for six weeks prior to mating, during gestation and lactation (n = 5; SE), were compared to pups exposed to air under the same condition (n = 5; SHAM) at postnatal day 20. Expression changes were only evident for BDNF, TrkB and PAC1 and included decreased BDNF in the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), increased TrkB in XII but decreased TrkB in the FAC, and increased PAC1 in 4 nuclei of the medulla including the NTS. These results suggest that the effect of SE on the brainstem are region and marker selective, affecting regions of respiratory control (XII and NTS), and restricted to the BDNF system and PAC1, with no effect on activation states of astrocytes or microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Machaalani
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School (Central), Medical Foundation Building, K25, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Melisande Thawley
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School (Central), Medical Foundation Building, K25, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Huang
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School (Central), Medical Foundation Building, K25, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Lee D, Pearson T, Proctor JL, Rosenthal RE, Fiskum G. Oximetry-Guided normoxic resuscitation following canine cardiac arrest reduces cerebellar Purkinje neuronal damage. Resuscitation 2019; 140:23-28. [PMID: 31063840 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies indicate that maintaining physiologic O2 levels (normoxia) immediately after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) from cardiac arrest (CA) results in less hippocampal neuronal death compared to animals ventilated with 100% O2. This study tested the hypothesis that beneficial effects of avoiding hyperoxia following CA are apparent in the cerebellum and therefore not limited to one brain region. METHODS Adult beagles were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Ventricular fibrillation CA was induced by electrical myocardial stimulation and cessation of ventilation. Ten min later, dogs were ventilated with 100% O2 and resuscitated using 3 min of open chest CPR followed by defibrillation. Dogs were ventilated for 1 h with either 100% O2 or with O2 titrated rapidly to maintain hemoglobin O2 saturation at 94-96%. FiO2 was adjusted in both groups between one and 24 h post-arrest to maintain normoxic PaO2 of 80-120 mm Hg. Following 24 h critical care, dogs were euthanized and cerebellum analyzed for histochemical measures of neuronal damage and inflammation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Hyperoxic resuscitation increased the number of injured Purkinje cells by 278% and the number of activated microglia/macrophages by 18% compared to normoxic resuscitation. These results indicate that normoxic resuscitation promotes favorable histopathologic outcomes in the cerebellum (in addition to hippocampus) following CA/ROSC. These findings emphasize the importance of avoiding unnecessary hyperoxia following CA/ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), United States
| | - Timothy Pearson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), United States
| | - Julie L Proctor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), United States
| | - Robert E Rosenthal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Program in Trauma, Section of Hyperbaric Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, United States
| | - Gary Fiskum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), United States.
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Blaszczyk L, Maître M, Lesté-Lasserre T, Clark S, Cota D, Oliet SHR, Fénelon VS. Sequential alteration of microglia and astrocytes in the rat thalamus following spinal nerve ligation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:349. [PMID: 30572902 PMCID: PMC6302506 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal reactive astrocytes and microglia are known to participate to the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, whether reactive astrocytes and microglia in thalamic nuclei that process sensory-discriminative aspects of pain play a role in pain behavior remains poorly investigated. Therefore, the present study evaluated whether the presence of reactive glia (hypertrophy, increased number and upregulation of glial markers) in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL) correlates with pain symptoms, 14 and 28 days after unilateral L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. Methods Mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia (von Frey filament stimulation) as well as ambulatory pain (dynamic weight bearing apparatus) were assessed. Levels of nine glial transcripts were determined by quantitative real-time PCR on laser microdissected thalamic nuclei, and levels of proteins were assessed by Western blot. We also studied by immunohistofluorescence the expression of glial markers that label processes (GFAP for astrocytes and iba-1 for microglia) and cell body (S100β for astrocytes and iba-1 for microglia) and quantified the immunostained surface and the number of astrocytes and microglia (conventional counts and optical dissector method of stereological counting). Results Differential, time-dependent responses were observed concerning microglia and astrocytes. Specifically, at day 14, iba-1 immunostained area and number of iba-1 immunopositive cells were decreased in the VPL of SNL as compared to naïve rats. By contrast, at day 28, GFAP-immunostained area was increased in the VPL of SNL as compared to naïve rats while number of GFAP/S100β immunopositive cells remained unchanged. Using quantitative real-time PCR of laser microdissected VPL, we found a sequential increase in mRNA expression of cathepsin S (day 14), fractalkine (day 28), and fractalkine receptor (day 14), three well-known markers of microglial reactivity. Using Western blot, we confirmed an increase in protein expression of fractalkine receptor at day 14. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a sequential alteration of microglia and astrocytes in the thalamus of animals with lesioned peripheral nerves. Furthermore, our data report unprecedented concomitant molecular signs of microglial activation and morphological signs of microglial decline in the thalamus of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Blaszczyk
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Maître
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Lesté-Lasserre
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie S Fénelon
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France. .,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France.
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Grygorowicz T, Strużyńska L. Early P2X7R-dependent activation of microglia during the asymptomatic phase of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:129-137. [PMID: 30209761 PMCID: PMC6470107 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation accompanies many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), and is strongly dependent on the purinergic P2X7 receptor. The nature of the inflammatory response in MS is studied for decades indicating, that proinflammatory microgliosis is involved in advanced stages of MS and is associated with active tissue damage and neurological dysfunctions. Evidence on the role of microgliosis in initial stages of the disease is scarce. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the time course of microglial activation in rat brain subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) which is the animal model of MS. We show that activation of microglia occurs in brains of immunized rats at a very early stage of EAE, well before the development of neurological symptoms of the disease. Enhanced immunoreactivity of microglia/macrophage-specific protein Iba-1, together with morphological features of microgliosis, was identified beginning at day 4 post immunization. Concomitantly, microglial expression of P2X7R was also examined. Moreover, our results reveal that administration of Brilliant Blue G, an antagonist of P2X7R, delays the onset of the disease and partially inhibits development of neurological symptoms in EAE rats. Blockage of P2X7R significantly reduces activation of microglia as confirmed by decreased Iba-1 immunoreactivity and suppresses neuroinflammation in EAE rat brains, as indicated by decreased protein levels of investigated proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Our results indicate that microglia are involved in inducing neuroinflammation at a very early stage of MS/EAE via a P2X7R-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grygorowicz
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Strużyńska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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40
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Mizuguchi K, Horiike T, Matsumoto N, Ichikawa Y, Shinmyo Y, Kawasaki H. Distribution and Morphological Features of Microglia in the Developing Cerebral Cortex of Gyrencephalic Mammals. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1075-85. [PMID: 29616442 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have been attracting much attention because of their fundamental importance in both the mature brain and the developing brain. Though important roles of microglia in the developing cerebral cortex of mice have been uncovered, their distribution and roles in the developing cerebral cortex in gyrencephalic higher mammals have remained elusive. Here we examined the distribution and morphology of microglia in the developing cerebral cortex of gyrencephalic carnivore ferrets. We found that a number of microglia were accumulated in the germinal zones (GZs), especially in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ), which is a GZ found in higher mammals. Furthermore, we uncovered that microglia extended their processes tangentially along inner fiber layer (IFL)-like fibers in the developing ferret cortex. The OSVZ and the IFL are the prominent features of the cerebral cortex of higher mammals. Our findings indicate that microglia may play important roles in the OSVZ and the IFL in the developing cerebral cortex of higher mammals.
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Łupina M, Tarnowski M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Talarek S, Listos P, Kotlińska J, Gutowska I, Listos J. SB-334867 (an Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist) Effects on Morphine-Induced Sensitization in Mice-a View on Receptor Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8473-8485. [PMID: 29557083 PMCID: PMC6153720 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused upon the role of SB-334867, an orexin-1 receptor antagonist, in the acquisition of morphine-induced sensitization to locomotor activity in mice. Behavioral sensitization is an enhanced systemic reaction to the same dose of an addictive substance, which assumingly increases both the desire for the drug and the risk of relapse to addiction. Morphine-induced sensitization in mice was achieved by sporadic doses (five injections every 3 days) of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), while a challenge dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) was injected 7 days later. In order to assess the impact of orexin system blockade on the acquisition of sensitization, SB-334867 was administered before each morphine injection, except the morphine challenge dose. The locomotor activity test was performed on each day of morphine administration. Brain structures (striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex) were collected after behavioral tests for molecular experiments in which mRNA expression of orexin, dopamine, and adenosine receptors was explored by the qRT-PCR technique. Additionally, the mRNA expression of markers, such as GFAP and Iba-1, was also analyzed by the same technique. SB-334867 inhibited the acquisition of morphine-induced sensitization to locomotor activity of mice. Significant alterations were observed in mRNA expression of orexin, dopamine, and adenosine receptors and in the expression of GFAP and Iba-1, showing a broad range of interactions in the mesolimbic system among orexin, dopamine, adenosine, and glial cells during behavioral sensitization. Summing up, the orexin system may be an effective measure to inhibit morphine-induced behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Łupina
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Listos
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 30 Av, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kotlińska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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de Hoz R, Ramírez AI, González-Martín R, Ajoy D, Rojas B, Salobrar-Garcia E, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Avilés-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M, Triviño A, Ramírez JM, Salazar JJ. Bilateral early activation of retinal microglial cells in a mouse model of unilateral laser-induced experimental ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:12-29. [PMID: 29526796 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Retinal microglial reactivation associated with ganglion cell loss could reportedly contribute to the glaucoma progression. Recently we have described signs of microglia activation both in contralateral and ocular hypertension (OHT) eyes involving all retinal layers 15 days after OHT laser induction in mice. However, no works available have analyzed the microglial activation at earliest time points after OHT induction (24 h) in this experimental model. Thus, we seek to describe and quantify signs of microglia activation and differences depending on the retinal layer, 24 h after unilateral laser-induced OHT. Two groups of adult Swiss mice were used: age-matched control (naïve) and lasered. In the lasered animals, OHT eyes as well as contralateral eyes were analyzed. Retinal whole-mounts were immunostained with antibodies against Iba-1 and MHC-II. We quantified the number of microglial cells in the photoreceptor layer (OS), outer plexiform layer (OPL), and inner plexiform layer (IPL); the number of microglial vertical processes connecting the OPL and OS; the area of the retina occupied by Iba-1+ cells (Iba1-RA) in the nerve fiber layer-ganglion cell layer (NFL-GCL), the total arbor area of microglial cells in the OPL and IPL and; Iba-1+ cell body area in the OPL, IPL and NFL-GCL. In contralateral and OHT eyes the morphological features of Iba-1+ cell activation were: migration, enlargement of the cell body, higher degree of branching and reorientation of the processes, radial disposition of the soma and processes toward adjacent microglial plexuses, and presence of amoeboid cells acting as macrophages. These signs were more pronounced in OHT eyes. Most of Iba-1+ cells did not express MHC-II; rather, only dendritic and rounded cells expressed it. In comparison with naïve eyes, in OHT eyes and contralateral eyes no significant differences were found in the microglial cell number; but there was a significant increase in Iba1-RA. The total arbor area of microglial cells was significantly decreased in: i) OHT eyes with respect contralateral eyes and naïve-eyes in IPL; ii) OHT eyes with respect to naïve eyes in OPL. The number of microglial vertical processes connecting the OPL and OS were significantly increased in contralateral eyes compared with naïve-eyes and OHT eyes. In OPL, IPL and NFL-GCL, the cell body area of Iba-1+ cells was significantly greater in OHT eyes than in naïve and contralateral eyes, and greater in contralateral eyes than in naïve eyes. A non-proliferative microglial reactivation was detected both in contralateral eyes and in OHT eyes in an early time after unilateral laser-induced OHT (24 h). This fast microglial activation, which involves the contralateral eye, could be mediated by the immune system.
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Contis-Montes de Oca A, Domínguez-Salazar E, Salinas-Jazmín N, Pérez-Tapia SM, Pavon L, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Gómez-González B. The yin/yang of inflammatory status: Blood-brain barrier regulation during sleep. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:154-166. [PMID: 29154957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss induces a low-grade inflammatory status characterized by a subtle but sustained increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, which are key regulators of blood-brain barrier function. To investigate the influence of inflammatory status on blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by sleep restriction we performed an experiment using two strains of mice with different immunological backgrounds, C57BL/6 mice that have a predominant pro-inflammatory response and BALB/c mice that have a predominant anti-inflammatory response. Mice were sleep-restricted during 10 days using the flowerpot technique during 20 h per day with 4 h of daily sleep opportunity. The systemic inflammatory status, blood-brain barrier permeability, and the hippocampal expression of neuroinflammatory markers were characterized at the 10th day. Serum levels of TNF and IFN-γ increased in sleep-restricted C57BL/6 but not in BALB/c mice; no changes in other cytokines were found. Sleep restriction increased blood-brain barrier permeability in C57BL/6 strain but not in BALB/c. The hippocampus of sleep-restricted C57BL/6 mice exhibited an increase in the expression of the neuroinflammatory markers Iba-1, A2A adenosine receptor, and MMP-9; meanwhile in sleep-restricted BALB/c mice the expression of this markers was lesser than the control group. These data suggest that cytokines may be playing a key role in modulating blood-brain barrier function during sleep restriction, and probably the effects are related to Iba-1, MMP-9 and A2A adenosine receptor overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Becerril-Villanueva
- Dept. Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, "Ramón de la Fuente", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - E Domínguez-Salazar
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - N Salinas-Jazmín
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S M Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Dept. Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Pavon
- Dept. Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, "Ramón de la Fuente", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Iulita MF, Vallerand D, Beauvillier M, Haupert N, A Ulysse C, Gagné A, Vernoux N, Duchemin S, Boily M, Tremblay MÈ, Girouard H. Differential effect of angiotensin II and blood pressure on hippocampal inflammation in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:62. [PMID: 29490666 PMCID: PMC6389185 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin II (Ang II), a peptide hormone involved in the development of hypertension, causes systemic and cerebral inflammation, affecting brain regions important for blood pressure control. The cause-and-effect relationship between hypertension and inflammation is two-way, but the role of blood pressure in the induction of cerebral inflammation is less clear. The vulnerability of specific brain regions, particularly those important for memory, is also of interest. Methods We used molecular biology approaches, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy to examine the interdependence between the hypertensive and pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II. We examined the effect of blood pressure by administering a subpressive (200 ng/kg/min) or a pressive Ang II dose (1000 or 1900 ng/kg/min) with and without hydralazine (150 mg/L) for 1 week and used phenylephrine to increase blood pressure independently of the renin-angiotensin system. Results Ang II increased ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) levels (marker of microgliosis) in the whole brain and in the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner. Pressive Ang II induced specific changes in microglial morphology, indicating differences in functional phenotype. An increase in hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was seen in mice receiving pressive Ang II, while no induction of cerebral gliosis was observed after 7 days of subpressive Ang II infusion. Although phenylephrine led to increased astrogliosis, it did not affect Iba-1 expression. Pressive Ang II stimulated TNF-α production in the hippocampus, and daily treatment with hydralazine prevented this increase. Hydralazine also reduced GFAP and Iba-1 levels. With longer perfusion (14 days), subpressive Ang II led to some but not all the inflammatory changes detected with the pressive doses, mainly an increase in CD68 and Iba-1 but not of GFAP or TNF-α. Conclusions Blood pressure and Ang II differentially contribute to hippocampal inflammation in mice. Control of blood pressure and Ang II levels should prevent or reduce brain inflammation and therefore brain dysfunctions associated with hypertension. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1090-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Iulita
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, 2960 Chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, 2960 Chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Diane Vallerand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mélissa Beauvillier
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Haupert
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Corinne A Ulysse
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Audrey Gagné
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sonia Duchemin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Michaël Boily
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, 2960 Chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, 545 Queen Mary Rd, Montréal, Québec, H3W 1W6, Canada.
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Han JW, Choi J, Kim YS, Kim J, Brinkmann R, Lyu J, Park TK. Comparison of the neuroinflammatory responses to selective retina therapy and continuous-wave laser photocoagulation in mouse eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:341-353. [PMID: 29322247 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated microglia and inflammatory cell responses after selective retina therapy (SRT) with microsecond-pulsed laser in comparison to continuous-wave laser photocoagulation (cwPC). METHODS Healthy C57BL/6 J mice were treated with either a train of short pulses (SRT; 527-nm, Q-switched, 1.7-μs pulse) or a conventional thermal continuous-wave (532-nm, 100-ms pulse duration) laser. The mice were sacrificed and their eyes were enucleated 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after both laser treatments. Pattern of cell death on retinal section was evaluated by TUNEL assay, and the distribution of activated inflammatory cells and glial cells were observed under immunohistochemistry. Consecutive changes for the expression of cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β were also examined using immunohistochemistry, and compared among each period after quantification by Western blotting. RESULTS The numbers of TUNEL-positive cells in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer did not differ in SRT and cwPC lesions, but TUNEL-positive cells in neural retinas were significantly less on SRT. Vague glial cell activation was observed in SRT-treated lesions. The population of inflammatory cells was also significantly decreased after SRT, and the cells were located in the RPE layer and subretinal space. Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and TNF-α, showed significantly lower levels after SRT; conversely, the level of TGF-β was similar to the cwPC-treated lesion. CONCLUSIONS SRT resulted in selective RPE damage without collateral thermal injury to the neural retina, and apparently produced negligible glial activation. In addition, SRT showed a markedly less inflammatory response than cwPC, which may have important therapeutic implications for several macular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Juhye Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 320-832, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Ralf Brinkmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck and Medizinisches Laserzentrum Lübeck GmbH, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jungmook Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 320-832, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, South Korea. .,Laboratory for Translational Research on Retinal Macular Degeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, South Korea. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, #170 Jomaruro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 420-767, South Korea.
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León-Espinosa G, Regalado-Reyes M, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. Changes in neocortical and hippocampal microglial cells during hibernation. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1881-95. [PMID: 29260372 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation proceeds alongside a wide range of complex brain adaptive changes that appear to protect the brain from extreme hypoxia and hypothermia. Using immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, quantitative analysis methods and intracellular injections, we have characterized microglia morphological changes that occur in the neocortex and hippocampus of the Syrian hamster during hibernation. In euthermic hamsters, microglial cells showed the typical ramified/resting morphology with multiple long, thin and highly-branched processes homogeneously immunostained for Iba-1. However, during torpor, microglial cell process numbers increase significantly accompanied by a shortening of the Iba-1 immunoreactive processes, which show a fragmented appearance. Adaptative changes of microglial cells during torpor coursed with no expression of microglial cell activation markers. We discuss the possibility that these morphological changes may contribute to neuronal damage prevention during hibernation.
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Meneses CS, Müller HY, Herzberg DE, Uberti B, Bustamante HA, Werner MP. Immunofluorescence characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn microglia and astrocytes in horses. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3965. [PMID: 29085760 PMCID: PMC5661433 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of glial cells in pain modulation has recently gathered attention. The objective of this study was to determine healthy spinal microglia and astrocyte morphology and disposition in equine spinal cord dorsal horns using Iba-1 and GFAP/Cx-43 immunofluorescence labeling, respectively. Five adult horses without visible wounds or gait alterations were selected. Spinal cord segments were obtained post-mortem for immunohistochemical and immunocolocalization assays. Immunodetection of spinal cord dorsal horn astrocytes was done using a polyclonal goat antibody raised against Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and a polyclonal rabbit antibody against Connexin 43 (Cx-43). For immunodetection of spinal cord dorsal horn microglia, a polyclonal rabbit antibody against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminus of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) was used. Epifluorescence and confocal images were obtained for the morphological and organizational analysis. Evaluation of shape, area, cell diameter, cell process length and thickness was performed on dorsal horn microglia and astrocyte. Morphologically, an amoeboid spherical shape with a mean cell area of 92.4 + 34 µm2 (in lamina I, II and III) was found in horse microglial cells, located primarily in laminae I, II and III. Astrocyte primary stem branches (and cellular bodies to a much lesser extent) are mainly detected using GFAP. Thus, double GFAP/Cx-43 immunolabeling was needed in order to accurately characterize the morphology, dimension and cell density of astrocytes in horses. Horse and rodent astrocytes seem to have similar dimensions and localization. Horse astrocyte cells have an average diameter of 56 + 14 µm, with a main process length of 28 + 8 µm, and thickness of 1.4 + 0.3 µm, mainly situated in laminae I, II and III. Additionally, a close association between end-point astrocyte processes and microglial cell bodies was found. These results are the first characterization of cell morphology and organizational aspects of horse spinal glia. Iba-1 and GFAP/Cx-43 can successfully immune-label microglia and astrocytes respectively in horse spinal cords, and thus reveal cell morphology and corresponding distribution within the dorsal horn laminae of healthy horses. The conventional hyper-ramified shape that is normally visible in resting microglial cells was not found in horses. Instead, horse microglial cells had an amoeboid spherical shape. Horse protoplasmic astroglia is significantly smaller and structurally less complex than human astrocytes, with fewer main GFAP processes. Instead, horse astrocytes tend to be similar to those found in rodent’s model, with small somas and large cell processes. Microglia and astrocytes were found in the more superficial regions of the dorsal horn, similarly to that previously observed in humans and rodents. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuron-glia interaction in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heine Yacob Müller
- Veterinary Sciences Graduate School, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Benjamín Uberti
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Lee KY, Kang JY, Yun JI, Chung JY, Hwang IK, Won MH, Choi JH. Age-related change of Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the adult and aged gerbil spinal cord. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:135-142. [PMID: 28713617 PMCID: PMC5509897 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined change of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) in the adult and aged gerbil spinal cords. Significant change of morphological feature and neuronal cell loss were not observed in both adult and aged spinal cords of gerbil after NeuN immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluoresce staining. Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia broadly distributed in the spinal cord. Most of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia showed ramified forms in the adult gerbil cervical and lumbar spinal cords. However, morphological changes of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were observed in the cervical and lumbar regions of the aged gerbil spinal cord. These microglia were showed a hypertrophied body with shortened swollen processes which was characteristic of activated microglia. In addition, Iba-1 protein level significantly higher in aged cervical and lumbar spinal cords than those in the adult gerbil. The present study showed an increase of activated forms of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia and its protein level without marked changes in morphological features and neuronal loss in the aged spinal cord compared to those in the adult gerbil spinal cord. This result suggests that the increase of Iba-1 expression in the aged spinal cord may be closely associated with age-related changes in aged gerbil spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung Im Yun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin Young Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Park T, Chen H, Kevala K, Lee JW, Kim HY. N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:284. [PMID: 27809877 PMCID: PMC5096293 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain inflammation has been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progression of neurodegeneration and characterized by glial cell activation accompanied by production of inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines. Growing evidence also suggests that metabolites derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects; however, the possible role of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide), an endogenous neurogenic and synaptogenic metabolite of DHA, in inflammation, is largely unknown. (The term “synaptamide” instead of “DHEA” was used for N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine since DHEA is a widely used and accepted term for the steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone.) In the present study, we tested this possibility using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model both in vitro and in vivo. Methods For in vitro studies, we used P3 primary rat microglia and immortalized murine microglia cells (BV2) to assess synaptamide effects on LPS-induced cytokine/chemokine/iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate in vivo effects, mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with LPS followed by synaptamide, and expression of proinflammatory mediators was measured by qPCR and western blot analysis. Activation of microglia and astrocyte in the brain was examined by Iba-1 and GFAP immunostaining. Results Synaptamide significantly reduced LPS-induced production of TNF-α and NO in cultured microglia cells. Synaptamide increased intracellular cAMP levels, phosphorylation of PKA, and phosphorylation of CREB but suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Conversely, adenylyl cyclase or PKA inhibitors abolished the synaptamide effect on p65 translocation as well as TNF-α and iNOS expression. Administration of synaptamide following LPS injection (i.p.) significantly reduced neuroinflammatory responses, such as microglia activation and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, and iNOS in the brain. Conclusions DHA-derived synaptamide is a potent suppressor of neuroinflammation in an LPS-induced model, by enhancing cAMP/PKA signaling and inhibiting NF-κB activation. The anti-inflammatory capability of synaptamide may provide a new therapeutic avenue to ameliorate the inflammation-associated neurodegenerative conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0751-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeop Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Huazhen Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. .,National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rm. 3N-07, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9410, USA.
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Soch A, Bradburn S, Sominsky L, De Luca SN, Murgatroyd C, Spencer SJ. Effects of exercise on adolescent and adult hypothalamic and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1435-1446. [PMID: 27438996 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of significant brain plasticity that can be affected by environmental factors, including the degree of physical activity. Here we hypothesized that adolescent rats would be more sensitive to the beneficial metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of voluntary exercise than adult rats, whose more mature brains have less capacity for plasticity. We tested this by giving adolescent and adult Wistar rats four weeks' voluntary access to running wheels. At the end of this period we assessed metabolic effects, including weight and circulating leptin and ghrelin, as well as performance in a novel object recognition test of memory and central changes in neuronal proliferation, survival, synaptic density, and inflammatory markers in hippocampus. We found exercise reduced fat mass and circulating leptin levels in both adults and adolescents but suppressed total weight gain and lean mass in adults only. Exercise stimulated neuronal proliferation in the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus in both adults and adolescents without altering the number of mature neurons during this time frame. Exercise also increased dentate microglial numbers in adolescents alone and microglial numbers in this region were inversely correlated with performance in the novel object recognition test. Together these data suggest that adolescent hippocampal microglia are more sensitive to the effects of exercise than those of adults, but this leads to no apparent improvement in recognition memory. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alita Soch
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Steven Bradburn
- Centre for Healthcare Science Research, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Simone N De Luca
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Christopher Murgatroyd
- Centre for Healthcare Science Research, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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