1
|
Xing Y, Liu C, Zheng C, Li H, Yin H. Evolution and function analysis of auxin response factors reveal the molecular basis of the developed root system of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:81. [PMID: 38302884 PMCID: PMC10835889 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a xerophytic shrub, forming developed root system dominated with lateral roots is one of the effective strategies for Zygophyllum xanthoxylum to adapt to desert habitat. However, the molecular mechanism of lateral root formation in Z. xanthoxylum is still unclear. Auxin response factors (ARFs) are a master family of transcription factors (TFs) in auxin-mediated biological processes including root growth and development. RESULTS Here, to determine the relationship between ARFs and root system formation in Z. xanthoxylum, a total of 30 potential ZxARF genes were first identified, and their classifications, evolutionary relationships, duplication events and conserved domains were characterized. 107 ARF protein sequences from alga to higher plant species including Z. xanthoxylum are split into A, B, and C 3 Clades, consisting with previous studies. The comparative analysis of ARFs between xerophytes and mesophytes showed that A-ARFs of xerophytes expanded considerably more than that of mesophytes. Furthermore, in this Clade, ZxARF5b and ZxARF8b have lost the important B3 DNA-binding domain partly and completely, suggesting both two proteins may be more functional in activating transcription by dimerization with AUX/IAA repressors. qRT-PCR results showed that all A-ZxARFs are high expressed in the roots of Z. xanthoxylum, and they were significantly induced by drought stress. Among these A-ZxARFs, the over-expression assay showed that ZxARF7c and ZxARF7d play positive roles in lateral root formation. CONCLUSION This study provided the first comprehensive overview of ZxARFs and highlighted the importance of A-ZxARFs in the lateral root development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santos Teixeira J, van den Berg T, ten Tusscher K. Complementary roles for auxin and auxin signalling revealed by reverse engineering lateral root stable prebranch site formation. Development 2022; 149:279332. [PMID: 36314783 PMCID: PMC9793420 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Priming is the process through which periodic elevations in auxin signalling prepattern future sites for lateral root formation, called prebranch sites. Thus far, the extent to which elevations in auxin concentration and/or auxin signalling are required for priming and prebranch site formation has remained a matter of debate. Recently, we discovered a reflux-and-growth mechanism for priming generating periodic elevations in auxin concentration that subsequently dissipate. Here, we reverse engineer a mechanism for prebranch site formation that translates these transient elevations into a persistent increase in auxin signalling, resolving the prior debate into a two-step process of auxin concentration-mediated initial signal and auxin signalling capacity-mediated memorization. A crucial aspect of the prebranch site formation mechanism is its activation in response to time-integrated rather than instantaneous auxin signalling. The proposed mechanism is demonstrated to be consistent with prebranch site auxin signalling dynamics, lateral inhibition, and symmetry-breaking mechanisms and perturbations in auxin homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Santos Teixeira
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Thea van den Berg
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands,Author for correspondence ()
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghate T, Soneji K, Barvkar V, Ramakrishnan P, Prusty D, Islam SR, Manna SK, Srivastava AK. Thiourea mediated ROS-metabolites reprogramming restores root system architecture under arsenic stress in rice. J Hazard Mater 2022; 435:129020. [PMID: 35650738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous carcinogenic metalloid that enters into human food chain, through rice consumption. To unravel the conundrum of oxidative vs. reductive stress, the differential root-system architecture (RSA) was studied under As (a ROS producer) and thiourea (TU; a ROS scavenger) alone treatments, which indicated 0.80- and 0.74-fold reduction in the number of lateral roots (NLR), respectively compared with those of control. In case of As+TU treatment, NLR was increased by 4.35-fold compared with those of As-stress, which coincided with partial restoration of redox-status and auxin transport towards the root-tip. The expression levels of 16 ROS related genes, including RBOHC, UPB-1 C, SHR1, PUCHI, were quantified which provided the molecular fingerprint, in accordance with endogenous ROS signature. LC-MS based untargeted and targeted metabolomics data revealed that As-induced oxidative stress was metabolically more challenging than TU alone-induced reductive stress. Cis/trans-ferruloyl putrescine and γ-glutamyl leucine were identified as novel As-responsive metabolites whose levels were decreased and increased, respectively under As+TU than As-treated roots. In addition, the overall amino acid accumulation was increased in As+TU than As-treated roots, indicating the improved nutritional availability. Thus, the study revealed dynamic interplay between "ROS-metabolites-RSA", to the broader context of TU-mediated amelioration of As-stress in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejashree Ghate
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; School of Biological sciencesUM-DAE Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari 400098, Mumbai
| | - Kanchan Soneji
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; Division of crop production, ICAR- Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, (M.P), India
| | - Vitthal Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Padma Ramakrishnan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Debasish Prusty
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sk Ramiz Islam
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Soumen Kanti Manna
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
López-Bucio J, Esparza-Reynoso S, Pelagio-Flores R. Nitrogen availability determines plant growth promotion and the induction of root branching by the probiotic fungus Trichoderma atroviride in Arabidopsis seedlings. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:380. [PMID: 35680712 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting fungi are integral components of the root microbiome that help the host resist biotic and abiotic stress while improving nutrient acquisition. Trichoderma atroviride is a common inhabitant of the rhizosphere, which establishes a perdurable symbiosis with plants through the emission of volatiles, diffusible compounds, and robust colonization. Currently, little is known on how the environment influences the Trichoderma-plant interaction. In this report, we assessed plant growth and root architectural reconfiguration of Arabidopsis seedlings grown in physical contact with T. atroviride under contrasting nitrate and ammonium availability. The shoot and root biomass accumulation and lateral root formation triggered by the fungus required high nitrogen supplements and involved nitrate reduction via AtNIA1 and NIA2. Ammonium supplementation did not restore biomass production boosted by T. atroviride in nia1nia2 double mutant, but instead fungal inoculation increased nitric oxide accumulation in Arabidopsis primary root tips depending upon nitrate supplements. N deprived seedlings were largely resistant to the effects of nitric oxide donor SNP triggering lateral root formation. T. atroviride enhanced expression of CHL1:GUS in root tips, particularly under high N supplements and required an intact CHL1 nitrate transporter to promote lateral root formation in Arabidopsis seedlings. These data imply that the developmental programs strengthened by Trichoderma and the underlying growth promotion in plants are dependent upon adequate nitrate nutrition and may involve nitric oxide as a second messenger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P., 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
| | - Saraí Esparza-Reynoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P., 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tzintzuntzan 173, Matamoros, C. P., 58240, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Waidmann S, Kleine-Vehn J. Staging of Emerged Lateral Roots in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2368:111-5. [PMID: 34647252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1677-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The root system in plants plays a fundamental role in water and nutrient uptake. Lateral roots emerge from the primary root (PR) and its directional organ growth allows the plant to strategically explore the surrounding area. Compared to the main root, lateral roots initially display a distinct gravitropic set point angle, which is established shortly after emergence. Here, we describe a unifying protocol for the morphological description and classification of emerged, young lateral roots.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu M, Chen H, Liu Q, Huang J, Semagn K, Liu D, Li Y, Yang B, He Y, Sui C, Hou D, Wei J. Analysis of unigenes involved in lateral root development in Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium. Planta 2021; 253:128. [PMID: 34037846 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We identified IAA13 negatively associated with lateral root number by comparing the differential expressed genes between Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium. Dried roots of the genus Bupleurum L. are used as a herbal medicine for diseases in Asia. Bupleurum chinense has a greater number of lateral roots than B. scorzonerifolium, but the genetic mechanisms for such differences are largely unknown. We (a) compared the transcriptome profiles of the two species and (b) identified a subset of candidate genes involved in auxin signal transduction and explored their functions in lateral root development. By isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) analyses of the whole plant, more unigenes were found in B. scorzonerifolium (118,868) than in B. chinense (93,485). Given the overarching role of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as one of the major regulators of lateral root development, we identified 539 unigenes associated with auxin signal transduction. Fourteen and 44 unigenes in the pathway were differentially expressed in B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, respectively, and 3 unigenes (LAX2, LAX4, and IAA13) were expressed in both species. The number of lateral root primordia increased after exogenous auxin application at 8 h and 12 h in B. scorzonerifolium and B. chinense, respectively. Since overexpression of IAA13 in Arabidopsis reduced the number of lateral roots, we hypothesized that IAA13 is involved in the reduction of the number of lateral roots in B. scorzonerifolium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ma Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Yibin Inspection and Testing Centre for Food and Medicine, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Kassa Semagn
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), M'bé Research Station, 01 B.P. 2551, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Biomass Energy, Neijiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Sichuan Province, 401 Huayuantan Road, Neijiang, 641000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Yilian He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun Sui
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dabin Hou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh AP, Pandey BK, Mehra P, Heitz T, Giri J. OsJAZ9 overexpression modulates jasmonic acid biosynthesis and potassium deficiency responses in rice. Plant Mol Biol 2020; 104:397-410. [PMID: 32803476 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced bioactive JA (JA-Ile) accumulation in OsJAZ9 overexpressing rice helps plants tolerate K deficiency. Potassium (K) represents up to 10% of the plant's total dry biomass, and its deficiency makes plants highly susceptible to both abiotic and biotic stresses. K shortage results in the inhibition of root and shoots growth, but the underlying mechanism of this response is unclear. Our RNA-Seq and qPCR analysis suggested leading roles for JA pathway genes under K deficiency in rice. Notably, K deficiency and JA application produced similar phenotypic and transcriptional responses. Here, we integrated molecular, physiological and morphological studies to analyze the role of OsJAZ9 in JA homeostasis and K deficiency responses. We raised OsJAZ9 over-expression, knockdown, transcriptional reporter, translational reporter and C-terminal deleted translational reporter lines in rice to establish the role of JA signaling in K ion homeostasis. JA profiling revealed significantly increased JA-Ile levels in OsJAZ9 OE lines under K deficiency. Furthermore, we established that OsJAZ9 overexpression and knockdown result in K deficiency tolerance and sensitivity, respectively, by modulating various K transporters and root system architecture. Our data provide evidence on the crucial roles of OsJAZ9 for improving K deficiency tolerance in rice by altering JA levels and JA responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Pal Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Bipin K Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Poonam Mehra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Thierry Heitz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP) du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jitender Giri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spiegelman Z, Broshi O, Shahar A, Omer S, Hak H, Wolf S. Long-distance regulation of shoot gravitropism by Cyclophilin 1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Planta 2020; 252:50. [PMID: 32939624 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phloem-mobile protein SlCyp1 traffics to distant parts of the shoot to regulate its gravitropic response. In addition, SlCyp1 targets specific cells in the root to promote lateral root development. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cyclophilin 1 (SlCyp1) gene encodes a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase required for auxin response, lateral root development and gravitropic growth. The SlCyp1 protein is a phloem-mobile signal that moves from shoot to root to regulate lateral root development (Spiegelman et al., Plant J 83:853-863, 2015; J Exp Bot 68:953-964, 2017a). Here, we explored the mechanism of SlCyp1 movement by fusing it to the fluorescent protein mCherry. We found that, once trafficked to the root, SlCyp1 is unloaded from the phloem to the surrounding tissues, including the pericycle and lateral root primordia. Interestingly, SlCyp1 not only moves to the root system, but also to distant parts of the shoot. Grafting of the SlCyp1 mutant diageotropica (dgt) scions on VFN8 control rootstocks resulted in recovery of dgt shoot gravitropism, which was associated with the restoration of auxin-response capacity. Application of the cyclophilin inhibitor cyclosporine A suppressed gravitropic recovery, indicating that SlCyp1 must be active in the target tissue to affect the gravitropic response. These results provide new insights on the mechanism of SlCyp1 transport and functioning as a long-distance signal regulating shoot gravitropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Or Broshi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Shahar
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sumita Omer
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagit Hak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuo HY, Kang FC, Wang YY. Glucosinolate Transporter1 involves in salt-induced jasmonate signaling and alleviates the repression of lateral root growth by salt in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci 2020; 297:110487. [PMID: 32563451 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress has negative impact on plant development and growth. Jasmonic acid (JA), a phytohormone, has been shown to involve in salt-induced inhibition of primary root growth. The Arabidopsis Glucosinolate transporter1 (GTR1/NPF2.10) is characterized as a JA-Ile, a bioactive form of JA, transporter. However, whether GTR1 participates in salt responses is not clear. In this study, we confirmed that GTR1 is induced by both JA and salinity. Salt-induced JA signaling is affected in gtr1 mutant. The JA responsive genes, JAZ1, JAZ5, MYC2, LOX3, are down-regulated in gtr1 mutant. Phenotypic analyses showed that the salinity-induced lateral root growth inhibition is enhanced in gtr1 mutant, suggesting that GTR1 plays a positive role in lateral root development under salt stress. Interestingly, the expression of a Na+ transporter, HKT1, is upregulated in gtr1. Since HKT1 is a negative regulator for lateral root development under salt stress, we proposed that GTR1 alleviates the repression of lateral root development by salt stress by mediating JA signaling and repressing HKT1 expression. This study demonstrates that GTR1 is the molecular link between salt stress, JA signaling, and lateral root development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Kuo
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Kang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu S, Zhang M, Yang Y, Xuan W, Zou Z, Arkorful E, Chen Y, Ma Q, Jeyaraj A, Chen X, Li X. A novel insight into nitrogen and auxin signaling in lateral root formation in tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:232. [PMID: 32448156 PMCID: PMC7247184 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. In tea, lateral roots (LRs) are the main organ responsible for the absorption of moisture and mineral nutrients from the soil. Lateral roots formation and development are regulated by the nitrogen and auxin signaling pathways. In order to understand the role of auxin and nitrogen signaling in LRs formation and development, transcriptome analysis was employed to investigate the differentially expressed genes involved in lateral roots of tea plants treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), low and high concentrations of nitrogen. RESULTS A total of 296 common differentially expressed genes were identified and annotated to four signaling pathways, including nitrogen metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism and transcription factors. RNA-sequencing results revealed that majority of differentially expressed genes play important roles in nitrogen metabolism and hormonal signal transduction. Low nitrogen condition induced the biosynthesis of auxin and accumulation of transcripts, thereby, regulating lateral roots formation. Furthermore, metabolism of cytokinin and ethylene biosynthesis were also involved in lateral roots development. Transcription factors like MYB genes also contributed to lateral roots formation of tea plants through secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) results showed that the auxin concentration increased with the decreased nitrogen level in lateral roots. Thus, tea plant lateral roots formation could be induced by low nitrogen concentration via auxin biosynthesis and accumulation. CONCLUSION This study provided insights into the mechanisms associated with nitrogen and auxin signaling pathways in LRs formation and provides information on the efficient utilization of nitrogen in tea plant at the genetic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunkai Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Arkorful
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingping Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Anburaj Jeyaraj
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The root system and its architecture enormously contribute to plant survival and adaptation to the environment. Depending on the intrinsic genetic information and the surrounding rhizosphere, plants develop a highly plastic root system, which is a critical determinant for survival. Plant root system, which includes primary root (PR), lateral roots (LR) and adventitious roots (AR), is shaped by tightly controlled developmental programs. Phytohormones are the main signaling components that orchestrate and coordinate the genetic information and the external stimuli to shape the root system patterning or rhizotaxis. Besides their role in plant stress responses and defense against herbivory and pathogen attacks, jasmonic acid and its derivatives, including the receptor-active conjugate jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), emerge as potential regulators of rhizotaxis. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss the recent progress achieved during the recent years to understand the JA-mediated genetic and molecular networks guiding PR, LR, and AR initiation. We highlight the role of JAs as critical integrators in shaping rhizotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Lakehal
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Development and growth of plant organs is determined by a myriad of molecular processes that occur in each individual cell. As a direct consequence of these processes, cells alter in size and shape. They therefore serve as excellent parameters to thoroughly understand gene function. However, conventional single-plane analyses fail to accurately capture cell metrics. Here, we present a comprehensive illustrated guide that demonstrates how SCRI Renaissance 2200 staining of Arabidopsis thaliana embryos and roots can be combined with the open-source application MorphoGraphX to quantify cell parameters in 3D. We compare this staining method with other common staining techniques and provide examples of embryo and root tissue segmentation. With our novel approach, subtle single-cell phenotypes can be identified in their native context, providing new possibilities to dissect gene networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merijn Kerstens
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soeren Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Development and growth of plant organs is determined by a myriad of molecular processes that occur in each individual cell. As a direct consequence of these processes, cells alter in size and shape. They therefore serve as excellent parameters to thoroughly understand gene function. However, conventional single-plane analyses fail to accurately capture cell metrics. Here, we present a comprehensive illustrated guide that demonstrates how SCRI Renaissance 2200 staining of Arabidopsis thaliana embryos and roots can be combined with the open-source application MorphoGraphX to quantify cell parameters in 3D. We compare this staining method with other common staining techniques and provide examples of embryo and root tissue segmentation. With our novel approach, subtle single-cell phenotypes can be identified in their native context, providing new possibilities to dissect gene networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merijn Kerstens
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soeren Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The root system and its architecture enormously contribute to plant survival and adaptation to the environment. Depending on the intrinsic genetic information and the surrounding rhizosphere, plants develop a highly plastic root system, which is a critical determinant for survival. Plant root system, which includes primary root (PR), lateral roots (LR) and adventitious roots (AR), is shaped by tightly controlled developmental programs. Phytohormones are the main signaling components that orchestrate and coordinate the genetic information and the external stimuli to shape the root system patterning or rhizotaxis. Besides their role in plant stress responses and defense against herbivory and pathogen attacks, jasmonic acid and its derivatives, including the receptor-active conjugate jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), emerge as potential regulators of rhizotaxis. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss the recent progress achieved during the recent years to understand the JA-mediated genetic and molecular networks guiding PR, LR, and AR initiation. We highlight the role of JAs as critical integrators in shaping rhizotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Lakehal
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. .,Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Srivastava S, Pathare VS, Sounderajan S, Suprasanna P. Nitrogen supply influences arsenic accumulation and stress responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. J Hazard Mater 2019; 367:599-606. [PMID: 30641430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of nitrogen supply (low nitrogen: LN and high nitrogen: HN) on As stress (25 μM) responses of rice seedlings were monitored for 7 d. The mean length of primary, adventitious and lateral roots and number of adventitious and lateral roots were significantly improved in LN+As, while further reduced in HN+As, as compared to As alone treatment at 7 d. The LN+As treatment resulted in significant decline in As (848 μg g-1 DW) than that in As alone treatment (1434 μg g-1 DW) in roots but no significant effect was seen in shoot. In contrast, HN+As treatment showed significant increase in shoot As (6.86 μg g-1 DW) as compared to As alone treatment (3.43 μg g-1 DW). The level of nitrate was increased in roots but declined in shoots in As alone treatment. Surprisingly, no improvement in nitrate level was seen in HN+As as compared to that in As alone treatment in both root and shoot. The expression analysis of nitrate transporters (NRT2;1, NRT2;3a, NRT2;4) showed significant differences in expression patterns in As, LN+As and HN+As treatments. In conclusion, nitrogen supply had profound influences on responses of rice plants to As.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P., India.
| | - V S Pathare
- School of Biological Sciences, Post Office Box 646340, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Suvarna Sounderajan
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Suprasanna
- Plant Stress Physiology and Biotechnology Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Karmakar K, Nath U, Nataraja KN, Chakravortty D. Root mediated uptake of Salmonella is different from phyto-pathogen and associated with the colonization of edible organs. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:344. [PMID: 30537948 PMCID: PMC6290541 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-harvest contamination of fruits and vegetables by Salmonella in fields is one of the causes of food-borne outbreaks. Natural openings like stomata, hydathodes and fruit cracks are known to serve as entry points. While there are reports indicating that Salmonella colonize and enter root through lateral root emerging area, further investigations regarding how the accessibility of Salmonella to lateral root is different from phyto-pathogenic bacteria, the efficacy of lateral root to facilitate entry have remained unexplored. In this study we attempted to investigate the lateral root mediated entry of Salmonella, and to bridge this gap in knowledge. RESULTS Unlike phytopathogens, Salmonella cannot utilize cellulose as the sole carbon source. This negates the fact of active entry by degrading plant cellulose and pectin. Endophytic Salmonella colonization showed a high correlation with number of lateral roots. When given equal opportunity to colonize the plants with high or low lateral roots, Salmonella internalization was found higher in the plants with more lateral roots. However, the epiphytic colonization in both these plants remained unaltered. To understand the ecological significance, we induced lateral root production by increasing soil salinity which made the plants susceptible to Salmonella invasion and the plants showed higher Salmonella burden in the aerial organs. CONCLUSION Salmonella, being unable to degrade plant cell wall material relies heavily on natural openings. Therefore, its invasion is highly dependent on the number of lateral roots which provides an entry point because of the epidermis remodeling. Thus, when number of lateral root was enhanced by increasing the soil salinity, plants became susceptible to Salmonella invasion in roots and its transmission to aerial organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapudeep Karmakar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Karaba N. Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singh B, Khurana P, Khurana JP, Singh P. Gene encoding vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein from Triticum aestivum (TaVAP) confers tolerance to drought stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:411-428. [PMID: 29116579 PMCID: PMC5904086 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, high and low temperature, and submergence are major factors that limit the crop productivity. Hence, identification of genes associated with stress response in crops is a prerequisite for improving their tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. In an earlier study, we had identified a drought-inducible gene, vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein (TaVAP), in developing grains of wheat. In this study, we demonstrate that TaVAP is able to complement yeast and Arabidopsis mutants, which are impaired in their respective orthologs, signifying functional conservation. Constitutive expression of TaVAP in Arabidopsis imparted tolerance to water stress conditions without any apparent yield penalty. Enhanced tolerance to water stress was associated with maintenance of higher relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant activities. Compared to wild type, the TaVAP-overexpressing plants showed enhanced lateral root proliferation that was attributed to higher endogenous levels of IAA. These studies are the first to demonstrate that TaVAP plays a critical role in growth and development in plants, and is a potential candidate for improving the abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brinderjit Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ayala-Rodríguez JÁ, Barrera-Ortiz S, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J. Folic acid orchestrates root development linking cell elongation with auxin response and acts independently of the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Sci 2017; 264:168-178. [PMID: 28969797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid is a precursor of tetrahydrofolate (vitamin B9), which is an essential cofactor in most organisms, acting as a carrier for one-carbon units in enzymatic reactions. In this work, we employed pharmacological, genetic and confocal imaging strategies to unravel the signaling mechanism by which folic acid modulates root growth and development. Folic acid supplementation inhibits primary root elongation and induces lateral root formation in a concentration-dependent manner. An analysis of the expression of cell cycle genes pCycD6;1:GFP and CycB1:uidA, and cell expansion Exp7:uidA showed that folic acid promotes cell division but prevented cell elongation, and this correlated with altered expression of auxin-responsive DR5:GFP gene, and PIN1:PIN1:GFP, PIN3:PIN3:GFP, and PIN7:PIN7:GFP auxin transporters at the columella and vasculature of primary roots, whereas mutants defective in auxin signaling (tir1/afb1/afb2 [receptors], slr1 [repressor] and arf7/arf19 [transcription factors]) were less sensitive to folic acid induced primary root shortening and lateral root proliferation. Comparison of growth of WT and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) antisense lines indicates that folic acid acts by an alternative mechanism to this central regulator. Thus, folic acid modulation of root architecture involves auxin and acts independently of the TOR kinase to influence basic cellular programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ángel Ayala-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Salvador Barrera-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sala K, Malarz K, Barlow PW, Kurczyńska EU. Distribution of some pectic and arabinogalactan protein epitopes during Solanum lycopersicum (L.) adventitious root development. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:25. [PMID: 28122511 PMCID: PMC5267361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adventitious roots (AR) of plants share the same function as primary and lateral roots (LR), although their development is mainly an adaptive reaction to stress conditions. Regeneration of grafted plants is often accompanied by AR formation thus making the grafting technique a good model for studying AR initiation and development and their means of emergence. Pectins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) are helpful markers of particular cellular events, such as programmed cell death (PCD), elongation, proliferation or other differentiation events that accompany AR development. However, little is known about the distribution of pectins and AGPs during AR ontogeny, either in the primordium or stem tissues from which AR arise or their correspondence with these events during LR formation. RESULTS AR were developed from different stem tissues such as parenchyma, xylem rays and the cambium, depending on the stem age and treatment (grafting versus cutting) of the parental tissue. Immunochemical analysis of the presence of pectic (LM8, LM19, LM20) and AGP (JIM8, JIM13, JIM16) epitopes in AR and AR-associated tissues showed differential, tissue-specific distributions of these epitopes. Two pectic epitopes (LM19, LM20) were developmentally regulated and the occurrence of the LM8 xylogalacturonan epitope in the root cap of the AR differed from other species described so far. AGP epitopes were abundantly present in the cytoplasmic compartments (mainly the tonoplast) and were correlated with the degree of cell vacuolisation. JIM8 and JIM13 epitopes were detected in the more advanced stages of primordium development, whereas the JIM16 epitope was present from the earliest division events of the initial AR cells. The comparison between AR and LR showed quantitative (AGP,) and qualitative (pectins) differences. CONCLUSION The chemical compositions of adventitious and lateral root cells show differences that correlate with the different origins of these cells. In AR, developmental changes in the distribution of pectins and AGP suggest the turnover of wall compounds. Our data extend the knowledge about the distribution of pectin and AGP during non-embryogenic root development in a species that is important from an agronomic point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sala
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellońska St, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna St, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Peter W. Barlow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Ewa U. Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellońska St, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vejchasarn P, Lynch JP, Brown KM. Genetic Variability in Phosphorus Responses of Rice Root Phenotypes. Rice (N Y) 2016; 9:29. [PMID: 27294384 PMCID: PMC4905936 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low phosphorus availability is a major factor limiting rice productivity. Since root traits determine phosphorus acquisition efficiency, they are logical selection targets for breeding rice with higher productivity in low phosphorus soils. Before using these traits for breeding, it is necessary to identify genetic variation and to assess the plasticity of each trait in response to the environment. In this study, we measured phenotypic variation and effect of phosphorus deficiency on root architectural, morphological and anatomical traits in 15 rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes. Rice plants were grown with diffusion-limited phosphorus using solid-phase buffered phosphorus to mimic realistic phosphorus availability conditions. RESULTS Shoot dry weight, tiller number, plant height, number of nodal roots and shoot phosphorus content were reduced under low phosphorus availability. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced large lateral root density and small and large lateral root length in all genotypes, though the degree of plasticity and relative allocation of root length between the two root classes varied among genotypes. Root hair length and density increased in all genotypes in response to low phosphorus. Nodal root cross-sectional area was significantly less under low phosphorus availability, and reduced cortical area was disproportionately responsible for this decline. Phosphorus deficiency caused a 20 % increase in the percent cortical area converted to aerenchyma. Total stele area and meta-xylem vessel area responses to low phosphorus differed significantly among genotypes. Phosphorus treatment did not significantly affect theoretical water conductance overall, but increased or reduced it in a few genotypes. All genotypes had restricted water conductance at the base of the nodal root compared to other positions along the root axis. CONCLUSIONS There was substantial genetic variation for all root traits investigated. Low phosphorus availability significantly affected most traits, often to an extent that varied with the genotype. With the exception of stele and meta-xylem vessel area, root responses to low phosphorus were in the same direction for all genotypes tested. Therefore, phenotypic evaluations conducted with adequate fertility should be useful for genetic mapping studies and identifying potential sources of trait variation, but these should be confirmed in low-phosphorus environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phanchita Vejchasarn
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Present address: Ubonratchathani Rice Research Center, Ubon Ratchathani, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu Q, Pagès L, Wu J. Relationships between root diameter, root length and root branching along lateral roots in adult, field-grown maize. Ann Bot 2016; 117:379-90. [PMID: 26744490 PMCID: PMC4765541 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Root diameter, especially apical diameter, plays an important role in root development and function. The variation in diameter between roots, and along roots, affects root structure and thus the root system's overall foraging performance. However, the effect of diameter variation on root elongation, branching and topological connections has not been examined systematically in a population of high-order roots, nor along the roots, especially for mature plants grown in the field. METHODS A method combining both excavation and analysis was applied to extract and quantify root architectural traits of adult, field-grown maize plants. The relationships between root diameter and other root architectural characteristics are analysed for two maize cultivars. KEY RESULTS The basal diameter of the lateral roots (orders 1-3) was highly variable. Basal diameter was partly determined by the diameter of the bearing segment. Basal diameter defined a potential root length, but the lengths of most roots fell far short of this. This was explained partly by differences in the pattern of diameter change along roots. Diameter tended to decrease along most roots, with the steepness of the gradient of decrease depending on basal diameter. The longest roots were those that maintained (or sometimes increased) their diameters during elongation. The branching density (cm(-1)) of laterals was also determined by the diameter of the bearing segment. However, the location of this bearing segment along the mother root was also involved - intermediate positions were associated with higher densities of laterals. CONCLUSIONS The method used here allows us to obtain very detailed records of the geometry and topology of a complex root system. Basal diameter and the pattern of diameter change along a root were associated with its final length. These relationships are especially useful in simulations of root elongation and branching in source-sink models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Loïc Pagès
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France and
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Funaki A, Waki T, Noguchi A, Kawai Y, Yamashita S, Takahashi S, Nakayama T. Identification of a Highly Specific Isoflavone 7-O-glucosyltransferase in the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Plant Cell Physiol 2015; 56:1512-20. [PMID: 26019269 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavone conjugates [7-O-β-D-glucosides and 7-O-(6″-malonyl-β-D-glucosides) of daidzein and genistein] accumulate in soybean roots and serve as the stored precursors of isoflavones (aglycons), which play very important roles in the rhizobia-mediated nodulation of this plant. Thus far, the isoflavone 7-O-glucosyltransferase (GmIF7GT or GmUGT1) has been biochemically characterized and is believed to be involved in isoflavone conjugate biosynthesis. The soybean genome encodes many other glycosyltransferase homologs (GmUGTs) that are related to GmUGT1; however, their catalytic properties, substrate specificities, and role(s) in isoflavone conjugation are unknown. In this study, nine different GmUGT1-related GmUGT cDNAs were isolated; six of these cDNAs belonged to two distinct phylogenetic subgroups (A and B), and these six were functionally characterized. The results showed that GmUGT4, a representative of subgroup A, encoded a UGT that was highly specific for isoflavones showing kcat and kcat/Km values for daidzein of 5.89 ± 0.65 s(-1) and 2.91 × 10(5) s(-1)M(-1), respectively. Moreover, GmUGT4 was expressed in the roots (mainly in lateral roots) of the 7-day-old seedlings and seeds, both of which contained abundant amounts of isoflavone conjugates. By contrast, GmUGT1 and GmUGT7, which were subgroup B members, encoded enzymes with broad glucosyl-acceptor specificities and were mainly expressed in the aerial portions (cotyledons and hypocotyls) of the seedlings. In the present study, we proposed that the role of isoflavone glucosylation in a soybean plant is assigned to different GmUGT members in an organ/tissue-dependent manner. We also established the functional importance of GmUGT4 in the biosynthesis of isoflavone conjugates in lateral roots that make a major contribution to overall N2 fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayuta Funaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akio Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan Present address: Division of Novel Foods and Immunochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mulekar JJ, Huq E. Arabidopsis casein kinase 2 α4 subunit regulates various developmental pathways in a functionally overlapping manner. Plant Sci 2015; 236:295-303. [PMID: 26025542 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is an essential and well-conserved Ser/Thr kinase that regulates proteins in a posttranslational manner. CK2 has been shown to affect a large number of developmental processes across eukaryotes. It is a tetrameric protein composed of a dimer of alpha (catalytic) and beta (regulatory) subunit each. In our previous study we showed that three of the four CK2 α subunits in Arabidopsis act in a functionally redundant manner to regulate various developmental pathways. In this study we constructed two independent CK2 α4 RNAi lines in the CK2 alpha triple mutant background. Through functional characterization of these RNAi lines we show that the fourth α subunit in Arabidopsis also functions redundantly in regulating ABA response, lateral root formation and flowering time. CK2 α4-GFP localizes to the chloroplast in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings, consistent with the presence of a chloroplast localization signal at the amino-terminus of CK2 α4 subunit. Taken together, our results suggest a functionally overlapping role for the CK2 α4 subunit in regulating various developmental processes in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jidnyasa Jayant Mulekar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Enamul Huq
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rodriguez-Villalon A, Gujas B, van Wijk R, Munnik T, Hardtke CS. Primary root protophloem differentiation requires balanced phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels and systemically affects root branching. Development 2015; 142:1437-46. [PMID: 25813544 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protophloem is a specialized vascular tissue in growing plant organs, such as root meristems. In Arabidopsis mutants with impaired primary root protophloem differentiation, brevis radix (brx) and octopus (ops), meristematic activity and consequently overall root growth are strongly reduced. Second site mutation in the protophloem-specific presumed phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase cotyledon vascular pattern 2 (CVP2), but not in its homolog CVP2-like 1 (CVL1), partially rescues brx defects. Consistent with this finding, CVP2 hyperactivity in a wild-type background recreates a brx phenotype. Paradoxically, however, while cvp2 or cvl1 single mutants display no apparent root defects, the root phenotype of cvp2 cvl1 double mutants is similar to brx or ops, although, as expected, cvp2 cvl1 seedlings contain more phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Thus, tightly balanced phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels appear essential for proper protophloem differentiation. Genetically, OPS acts downstream of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels, as cvp2 mutation cannot rescue ops defects, whereas increased OPS dose rescues cvp2 cvl1 defects. Finally, all three mutants display higher density and accelerated emergence of lateral roots, which correlates with increased auxin response in the root differentiation zone. This phenotype is also created by application of peptides that suppress protophloem differentiation, clavata3/embryo surrounding region 26 (CLE26) and CLE45. Thus, local changes in the primary root protophloem systemically shape overall root system architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ji H, Liu L, Li K, Xie Q, Wang Z, Zhao X, Li X. PEG-mediated osmotic stress induces premature differentiation of the root apical meristem and outgrowth of lateral roots in wheat. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:4863-72. [PMID: 24935621 PMCID: PMC4144773 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Water stress is one of the major environmental stresses causing growth retardation and yield loss of plants. In the past decades, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant protection, and stomatal movement have been extensively studied, but much less attention has been paid to the study of root system reprogramming to maximize water absorption and survival under water stress. Here, it is shown that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-simulated mild and moderate osmotic stress induced premature differentiation of the root apical meristem (RAM). It is demonstrated that RAM premature differentiation is a conserved adaptive mechanism that is widely adopted by various plants to cope with osmotic stress simulated by PEG 8000, and the occurrence of RAM premature differentiation is directly related to stress tolerance of plants. It is shown that the osmotic stress-induced premature differentiation caused growth cessation of primary roots allowing outgrowth of lateral roots. This work has uncovered a key mechanism for controlling the plastic development of the root system by which plants are capable of survival, growth, or reproduction under water stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Ling Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Kexue Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Qingen Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Xuhua Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Xia Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim MH, Kim Y, Kim JW, Lee HS, Lee WS, Kim SK, Wang ZY, Kim SH. Identification of Arabidopsis BAK1-associating receptor-like kinase 1 (BARK1) and characterization of its gene expression and brassinosteroid-regulated root phenotypes. Plant Cell Physiol 2013; 54:1620-34. [PMID: 23921992 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) activate the BRI1 and BAK1/SERK3 membrane receptor complex, which leads to a wide range of changes in gene expression, plant growth and development. As an initial step to elucidate additional roles of BAK1, we cloned a BAK1-binding protein, BAK1-Associating Receptor-Like Kinase 1 (BARK1), and characterized its gene expression and root phenotypes. BARK1 is a putative membrane LRR-RLK (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase) protein that specifically binds to BAK1 and its homologs. Careful examination of BARK1 expression using transgenic plants expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter under the control of the native BARK1 promoter (BARK1p::GFP) revealed that this gene is ubiquitously expressed in most plant tissues, and shows especially strong expression in the xylem vasculature of primary and lateral roots as well as in mature pollen. Interestingly, the expression of the BARK1 gene was increased in the BR biosynthetic loss-of-function mutant, det2, and a loss-of-function mutant of BR signaling, bak1-3. In contrast, this gene was down-regulated in the bzr1-1D plant, which is a BR signal gain-of-function mutant. BARK1-overexpressing transgenic plants clearly enhanced primary root growth in a dose-dependent manner, and their roots were hypersensitive to BR-induced root growth inhibition. In addition, both the number and density of lateral roots were dramatically increased in the BARK1 transgenic plants in a dose-dependent manner. Together with observations that ARF (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR) genes are up-regulated in the BARK1 overexpressor, we suggest that the BARK1 overexpressor phenotype with more lateral roots is partly due to the increased expression of ARF genes in this genetic background. In conclusion, BAK1-interacting BARK1 protein may be involved in BR-mediated plant growth and development such as in lateral roots via auxin regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-710, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
von Mende N. Adventitious shoot formation induced by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla. Plant Cell Rep 2000; 19:497-499. [PMID: 30754889 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Observations were made on the infection process of the temperate sedentary root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, into roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh cv. Landsberg erecta in monoxenic culture . After invasion, the infective second-stage juveniles follow a similar migratory path as has been observed in other Meloidogyne species, moving toward and turning within the root tip, to invade the vascular system and initiate the permanent feeding sites. About a week after invasion, there was extensive production of roots at the feeding site and, about 1 week later, the formation of adventitious shoots was observed at about 4.5% of all galls formed. In comparison, very little root production and no shoot formation was found on feeding sites of M. incognita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N von Mende
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK e-mail: Fax: +44-1582-760981, , , , , , GB
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kinloch RA, Allen MW. Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and M. javanica Infecting Tomato. J Nematol 1972; 4:7-16. [PMID: 19319239 PMCID: PMC2619919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A soil temperature of 20 C was equally suitable for the invasion and development of M. hapla and M. javanica. However, M. javanica predominated in a mixed species infection at this temperature. Predominance increased with increasing mixed-species inoculum levels. Invasion by M. hapla was more density-dependent than M. javanica. M. hapla produced a greater incidence of terminal galls and lateral roots.
Collapse
|