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Kimera A, Atuyambe L, Mutyaba H, Nantongo C, Namagembe A, Nalumansi AM, Basenero A, Auma P, Mukiza N, Mutyoba J. Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis b vaccination uptake and completion among communities targeted for mass vaccination in gulu: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:866. [PMID: 38509496 PMCID: PMC10956285 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with several acute and long-term complications and vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention. A recent outbreak in Gulu, Uganda, one of the districts covered by a mass vaccination campaign, suggests low uptake of HBV vaccination. This study aims to determine the uptake and completion of HBV vaccination and associated factors among residents of Gulu, Uganda. METHODS A mixed methods cross-sectional study was conducted in Gulu, Northern Uganda, among 434 adult residents. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, perceptions, and knowledge of HBV vaccination. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used in STATA 14 software to obtain prevalence ratios for the association between the independent and dependent variables. For qualitative data, 9 key informant interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was done using Quirkos software. RESULTS Out of the 434 respondents, 41.9% had received at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine, 32.5% had received at least 2 doses, and only 20% had completed all 3 doses, with an overall completion rate of 47.8% for participants who had been initiated on the vaccine. Gender, residence, risk perception of Hepatitis B infection, perceived safety of the vaccine, and awareness of mass vaccination were associated with uptake of Hepatitis B vaccination. Residence, knowledge, and perception of being at risk of acquiring Hepatitis B were associated with completion. Qualitative results revealed that the levels of uptake and completion could have been affected by access to vaccination sites; inadequate knowledge about the disease; myths about the vaccine and inadequate community engagement. CONCLUSION Low Hepatitis B vaccine uptake and completion rates were observed in Gulu. To enhance vaccination coverage, future initiatives should prioritize awareness, education, and dispelling of vaccination myths. Additionally, increased government investment in training health workers can serve as a valuable strategy to improve information dissemination and awareness among the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kimera
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Lynn Atuyambe
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Huzaifa Mutyaba
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Claire Nantongo
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agnes Namagembe
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Joan Mutyoba
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Thorpe A, Fagerlin A, Drews FA, Shoemaker H, Brecha FS, Scherer LD. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake: an online three-wave survey study of US adults. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:304. [PMID: 38475702 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To effectively promote vaccine uptake, it is important to understand which people are most and least inclined to be vaccinated and why. In this study, we examined predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination. METHODS We conducted an online English-language survey study in December-2020, January-2021, and March-2021. A total of 930 US respondents completed all surveys. Multiple logistic regression models were run to test whether the early vaccine eligibility, demographic factors, and psychological factors predict getting at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccination in January-2021 and in March-2021. RESULTS The proportion of respondents who received ≥ 1-dose of a COVID-19 vaccine increased from 18% (January) to 67% (March). Older age predicted vaccine uptake in January (OR = 2.02[95%CI = 1.14-3.78], p < .001) and March (10.92[6.76-18.05], p < .001). In January, additional predictors were higher numeracy (1.48[1.20-1.86], p < .001), COVID-19 risk perceptions (1.35[1.03-1.78], p = .029), and believing it is important adults get the COVID-19 vaccine (1.66[1.05-2.66], p = .033). In March, additional predictors of uptake were believing it is important adults get the COVID-19 vaccine (1.63[1.15-2.34], p = .006), prior COVID-19 vaccine intentions (1.37[1.10-1.72], p = .006), and belief in science (0.84[0.72-0.99], p = .041). Concerns about side effects and the development process were the most common reasons for non-vaccination. Unvaccinated respondents with no interest in getting a COVID-19 vaccine were younger (0.27[0.09-0.77], p = .016), held negative views about COVID-19 vaccines for adults (0.15[0.08-0.26], p < .001), had lower trust in healthcare (0.59[0.36-0.95], p = .032), and preferred to watch and wait in clinically ambiguous medical situations (0.66[0.48-0.89], p = .007). CONCLUSIONS Evidence that attitudes and intentions towards COVID-19 vaccines were important predictors of uptake provides validation for studies using these measures and reinforces the need to develop strategies for addressing safety and development concerns which remain at the forefront of vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Thorpe
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Angela Fagerlin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Salt Lake City VA Informatics Decision- Enhancement and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS) Center for Innovation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Frank A Drews
- Salt Lake City VA Informatics Decision- Enhancement and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS) Center for Innovation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- University of Utah College of Social and Behavioral Science, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Holly Shoemaker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Salt Lake City VA Informatics Decision- Enhancement and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS) Center for Innovation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Federica S Brecha
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura D Scherer
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Denver VA Center of Innovation, Denver, CO, USA
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Puplampu P, Asare AA, Seneadza NAH, Ganu VJ. Exposure History, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Use, and Clinical Characteristics of Human Rabies Cases: A Twelve-Year Retrospective Review at a Tertiary Facility in Ghana. West Afr J Med 2024; 41:36-41. [PMID: 38412140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust monitoring and reporting systems for rabies are lacking thus increasing the risk of underreporting. Highlighting the rabies cases brings to bear the needed urgent attention for more efforts at preventing and controlling the disease. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients managed for clinical rabies at the largest referral facility in Ghana. METHODS A retrospective single-center hospital-based chart review and data extraction were conducted for persons managed for clinical rabies infection at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital from January 2008 to December 2019. Data analysis was done using STATA. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Fisher's exact test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to explore significant associations. RESULTS A total of 28 cases were recorded over the period of review. All of them died and most (68%) of them were males. Twenty-one percent of them were less than 15 years old. Their median age interquartile range (IQR) was 31 years (25.5 years) and the median incubation period for rabies (IQR) was 60 days (60 days). The source of rabies for cases was mainly dog bites. The vaccination status of all the animals could not be ascertained. Majority (80%) of the patients took neither anti-rabies vaccine nor immunoglobulin as post-exposure prophylaxis after the dog bite. The median time of admission before death (interquartile range) was 2 days (2 days). Majority (82%) of the cases were furious rabies. CONCLUSION Attention should be directed at mass vaccination of dogs as dog bites are common. Ensuring availability and access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is also critical in averting rabies-related deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Puplampu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana. /
- Department of Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - A A Asare
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - N A H Seneadza
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - V J Ganu
- Department of Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
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Tron A, Schlegel V, Pinot J, Bruel S, Ecollan M, Bel JL, Rossignol L, Gauchet A, Gagneux-Brunon A, Mueller J, Banaszuk AS, Thilly N, Gilberg S, Partouche H. Barriers and facilitators to the HPV vaccine: a multicenter qualitative study of French general practitioners. Arch Public Health 2024; 82:2. [PMID: 38178269 PMCID: PMC10768163 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In France, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage is low, with 30.7% of 17-year-old girls having received a complete HPV vaccination schedule in 2020. AIM To determine the perspective and behaviors of general practitioners (GPs) regarding HPV vaccination with their patients and if a reluctance is observed. DESIGN AND SETTING A qualitative study based on semi-directed individual interviews was conducted between December 2019 and December 2020. A representative sample of GPs with various profiles were included in 4 French regions. METHOD A purposive sampling was used and interviews were continued until data saturation was reached. The analysis was based on the grounded theory. RESULTS Twenty-six GPs aged 29-66 years were interviewed. The measures taken by the French health authorities (lowering the target age, reimbursing the vaccine, extending the target population to boys) were perceived as facilitators. The reported barriers were organizational, due to low attendance of adolescents, and relational, mainly due to parental vaccine hesitancy. Physicians had to deal with fears about the perceived risks and concerns about sexuality conveyed by HPV vaccination and linked to the socio-cultural characteristics of the families. Physicians developed strategies, including scientific knowledge mobilization, empowerment of families by promoting health through prevention, repetition of the vaccination proposals, personal experience and relationship. Different practices were identified according to three GP typologies: effective, convinced but unpersuasive, and reluctant physicians. CONCLUSION Based on these results, specific interventions, including communication techniques, especially for hesitant or unpersuasive physicians, are needed to enable GPs to become more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Tron
- Faculté de Santé, Département de médecine générale, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine - Site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France.
| | - Vincent Schlegel
- Institut de recherche et de documentation en économie de la santé (IRDES), 117 bis rue Manin, Paris, 75019, France
| | - Juliette Pinot
- Faculté de Santé, Département de médecine générale, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine - Site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Sébastien Bruel
- Department of General Practice, Jacques Lisfranc Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne-Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, P2S UR4129, F-69008, France
- CIC-INSERM 1408, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marie Ecollan
- Faculté de Santé, Département de médecine générale, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine - Site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Josselin Le Bel
- Faculté de Santé, Département de médecine générale, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine - Site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Louise Rossignol
- Faculté de Santé, Département de médecine générale, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine - Site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Aurélie Gauchet
- Laboratory of Psychology, University Grenoble Alps, Grenoble, France
| | - Amandine Gagneux-Brunon
- CIC-INSERM 1408, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, Lyon, France
| | - Judith Mueller
- EHESP French School of Public Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Banaszuk
- Centre régional de Coordination des Dépistages des Cancers-Pays de la Loire, 5 rue des Basses Fouassières, Angers, 49000, France
| | - Nathalie Thilly
- Université de Lorraine, APEMAC, Nancy, F-54000, France
- Département Méthodologie, Promotion, Investigation, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Serge Gilberg
- Faculté de Santé, Département de médecine générale, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine - Site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Henri Partouche
- Faculté de Santé, Département de médecine générale, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine - Site Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014, France
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Seara-Morais GJ, Avelino-Silva TJ, Couto M, Avelino-Silva VI. The pervasive association between political ideology and COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Brazil: an ecologic study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1606. [PMID: 37612648 PMCID: PMC10464231 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the unequivocal benefits of vaccination, vaccine coverage has been falling in several countries in the past few years. Studies suggest that vaccine hesitancy is an increasingly significant phenomenon affecting adherence to vaccines. More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, political views have emerged as an additional influencing factor for vaccine hesitancy. METHODS In this ecologic study, we used information from publicly available databases to investigate the association between political ideology, depicted by the percentage of votes for the right-wing candidate Jair Bolsonaro in the presidential elections of 2018 and 2022, and COVID-19 vaccination in Brazilian municipalities. The primary endpoint was the COVID-19 vaccination index, calculated as the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered up to September 2022 divided by the number of inhabitants in each municipality. The analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression models adjusted for HDI, the percentage of male voters, the percentage of voters who were older than 50 years old, and the percentage of voters with a middle school education or less. In addition, we explored whether the effect of the percentage of Bolsonaro voters on the COVID-19 vaccination index was modified in different quartiles of HDI using an interaction term. RESULTS Five thousand five hundred sixty-three Brazilian municipalities were included in the analysis. For both the 2018 and 2022 elections, the percentage of votes for Jair Bolsonaro was significantly and inversely associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake after adjustment for the sociodemographic characteristics of the voters (change in mean vaccination index in 2018 for each 1% increase in Bolsonaro voters -0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.13 to -0.08, p < 0.001; change in mean vaccination index in 2022 for each 1% increase in Bolsonaro voters -0.09, 95% CI -0.11 to -0.07, p < 0.001). We also found a statistically significant interaction between the primary predictor of interest and HDI scores, with a more significantly detrimental effect of the right-wing political stance in municipalities in the lower HDI quartiles (interaction p < 0.001 for the first HDI quartile; p = 0.001 for the second HDI quartile). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that political ideologies have influenced COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazilian municipalities, affecting communities inequitably. The politicization of vaccines is a new challenge for vaccine programs. Strategies to face these challenges should include joint efforts from governments and civil society for a common public health goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Seara-Morais
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago J Avelino-Silva
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica Em Envelhecimento (LIM-66), Servico de Geriatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Atlantic Fellowship for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcia Couto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivian I Avelino-Silva
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Roy I, Chapungu L, Nyambiya I. Seasonality, mass vaccination and critical policy evaluation on global exit strategy of COVID-19 crisis. Phys Chem Earth (2002) 2023; 130:103388. [PMID: 36923070 PMCID: PMC9985521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2023.103388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong coordinated effort by vaccination groups all over the world to put an end to the current crisis of COVID-19. Now sufficient data are available to analyse and compare some results to explore the aftereffects of vaccination. Some influence variables on transmissions of the disease were discussed e.g., mass vaccination, lockdown and seasonality. Most studies covered here are up to the beginning of July 2022, while some analyses focused on the earlier period of mass vaccination. Well established, simple statistical techniques to evaluate results were presented those used open data sources of authoritative bodies. Some comparisons between vaccinated vs. unvaccinated were also discussed based on data from UK Government Health Security Agency (UHSA). In terms of mass vaccination, adverse reactions after vaccination received attention, as health and safety issues of the general public are of prime importance. Apart from direct side effects, the secondary effect of mass vaccination needs attention too. After the initiation of the vaccination programme, almost all countries experienced a sudden surge in transmission and most countries had to impose strict lockdown measures. Many countries, with a low prevalence of disease, suddenly showed a steep jump and some countries even followed a synchronized pattern between the rate of transmissions and the variation of vaccine doses. Time series analyses and bar diagram presentations were able to capture those features. In that context, fast mutation of the virus and new variants after mass vaccination and possible mechanisms/consequences were also attended. To understand the effect of seasonality, similarities between COVID-19 and the seasonal Flu are discussed for Europe and US to gain useful insight. Using time series analyses and spatial plots of regional temperature composites we showed, like Flu, seasonality played a dominant role in transmissions of COVID-19 in the Europe. Regulations of vaccine dose and policy implication were explored too. From 22nd December 2021, global vaccine doses were reduced substantially, which followed a dramatic reduction in cases and thereafter deaths with around one month's lag between each. As strong dependency on seasonality is noticed in certain countries and observing that regulation of vaccine doses has roles in modulating the transmission with certain lags, globally as well as regionally, our results have policy implications for the management of COVID. Debating, questioning and criticism are always the foundation of great science and the major pillars of its progress. Following that objective, it is an effort to explore pragmatically, supported by scientific analyses, areas relating to the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine and the exit strategy via the pathway of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Roy
- University College London (UCL), Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lazarus Chapungu
- Exxaro Chair in Climate and Sustainability Transitions, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Isaac Nyambiya
- Department of Physics, Geography & Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Off Great Zimbabwe Road Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
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Mattzela K, White CJ, Francis LA. Mobilizing the Community to Implement Mass Coronavirus Disease-2019 Vaccination Clinics: The Power of Free and Charitable Clinics. Nurs Clin North Am 2023; 58:11-23. [PMID: 36731956 PMCID: PMC9579184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A free and charitable clinic successfully designed and implemented mass COVID-19 vaccination clinics in a semirural area in Central Pennsylvania. A total of 172 clinics were offered, approximately 500 volunteers were mobilized, and approximately 45,000 vaccine doses were administered. Partnering with local schools, universities, and recreation centers to offer mass vaccination clinics made it possible to expand the clinic's reach beyond its own patients. Findings provide evidence for the capacity of small community clinics to respond to major public health emergencies, such as a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Mattzela
- Centre Volunteers in Medicine, State College, 2520 Green Tech Drive, Suite D, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Cheryl Jo White
- Centre Volunteers in Medicine, State College, 2520 Green Tech Drive, Suite D, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Lori A. Francis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Corresponding author
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Hansun S, Charles V, Gherman T. The role of the mass vaccination programme in combating the COVID-19 pandemic: An LSTM-based analysis of COVID-19 confirmed cases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14397. [PMID: 36911879 PMCID: PMC9993739 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 virus has impacted all facets of our lives. As a global response to this threat, vaccination programmes have been initiated and administered in numerous nations. The question remains, however, as to whether mass vaccination programmes result in a decrease in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. In this study, we aim to predict the future number of COVID-19 confirmed cases for the top ten countries with the highest number of vaccinations in the world. A well-known Deep Learning method for time series analysis, namely, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, is applied as the prediction method. Using three evaluation metrics, i.e., Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), we found that the model built by using LSTM networks could give a good prediction of the future number and trend of COVID-19 confirmed cases in the considered countries. Two different scenarios are employed, namely: 'All Time', which includes all historical data; and 'Before Vaccination', which excludes data collected after the mass vaccination programme began. The average MAPE scores for the 'All Time' and 'Before Vaccination' scenarios are 5.977% and 10.388%, respectively. Overall, the results show that the mass vaccination programme has a positive impact on decreasing and controlling the spread of the COVID-19 disease in those countries, as evidenced by decreasing future trends after the programme was implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Hansun
- Informatics Department, Universitas Multimedia Nusantara, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Vincent Charles
- CENTRUM Católica Graduate Business School, Lima, Peru.,Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Tatiana Gherman
- Faculty of Business and Law, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
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Sala F, D'Urso G, Giardini C. Discrete-event simulation study of a COVID-19 mass vaccination centre. Int J Med Inform 2023; 170:104940. [PMID: 36495700 PMCID: PMC9728082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of COVID-19 and the declaration of the pandemic status made by the World Health Organization (WHO) led to the establishment of mass vaccination campaigns. The challenges posed by the request to immunise the entire population necessitated the set-up of new vaccination sites, named Mass Vaccination Centres (MVCs), capable of handling large numbers of patients rapidly and safely. The present study focused on the evolution of MVC performances, in terms of the maximum number of vaccinated patients and primary resource utilisation ratio, while involving statistics belonging to the patient dimension. The research involved the creation of a digital model of the MVC, using the Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) software (FlexSim Healthcare), and consequent what-if analyses. The results were derived from the study of an existing facility, located within a sports centre in the province of Bergamo (Italy) and operating with an advanced MVC organisational model, in compliance with the national anti-SARS-CoV-2 legislation. The research provided additional evidence on innovative MVC organisational models, identifying an optimal MVC configuration. Besides, the obtained results remain relevant for countries where a significant portion of the population has not yet addressed the emergency, either for upcoming vaccination treatments. Furthermore, the methodology adopted in the present article proved to be a valuable resource in the analysis of the healthcare processes.
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Çetinkaya C, Erbaş M, Kabak M, Özceylan E. A mass vaccination site selection problem: An application of GIS and entropy-based MAUT approach. Socioecon Plann Sci 2023; 85:101376. [PMID: 35755637 PMCID: PMC9212444 DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2022.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was recognized in December 2019 and spread very severely throughout the world. In 2022 May, the total death numbers reached 6.28 million people worldwide. During the pandemic, some alternative vaccines were discovered in the middle of 2020. Today, many countries are struggling to supply vaccines and vaccinate their citizens. Besides the difficulties of vaccine supply, mass vaccination is a challenging but mandatory task for the countries. Within this context, determining the mass vaccination site is very important for recovering, thus a five-step approach is generated in this paper to solve this real-life problem. Firstly the mass vaccination site selection criteria are determined, and secondly, the spatial data are collected and mapped by using Geographical Information System (GIS) software. Then, the entropy weighting method (EWM) is used for determining the relative importance levels of criteria and fourthly, the multiple attribute utility theory (MAUT) approach is used for ranking the potential mass vaccination sites. Lastly, ranked alternative sites are analyzed using network analyst tool of GIS in terms of covered population. A case study is conducted in Gaziantep city which is the ninth most population and having above-average COVID-19 patients in Turkey. As a result, the fourth alternative (around the Şehitkamil Monument) is chosen as the best mass vaccination site for the city. It is believed that the outcomes of the paper could be used by city planners and decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Çetinkaya
- Department of Management Information Systems, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, 01200, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erbaş
- Jeo-Tek Geographic Information Technologies, 06654, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kabak
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Gazi University, 06570, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eren Özceylan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey
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11
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Roy I. Combating COVID-19 crisis and exploring heat-based simple solutions. Phys Chem Earth (2002) 2023; 129:103333. [PMID: 36466955 PMCID: PMC9708609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2022.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic affected whole of the world taking many lives and impacting the economy and mental health severely. Exit pathways via vaccination though ignited optimism initially but attenuated by the emergence of several new variants which are less sensitive to vaccines. Considering emergency situations, some urgent, simple heat-based solutions for the initial stages of the disease were also proposed at the beginning of pandemic and further elaborated here. Solutions were proposed based on science as follows: exploring results of statistical analyses on the global transmission of COVID-19; observed temperature-dependent behaviours of similar category viruses; temperature-based clinical trial experiments with similar category viruses; successful clinical trial experiments with heat-based intervention for COVID-19 patients; and finally, biological mechanism/response in human bodies to heat-based solution for COVID-19 from medical doctor's perspective. Solutions proposed are practically without side effects, can be even practised in own home and there is no vested interest involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Roy
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BS, UK
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12
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Cho BH, Athar HM, Bates LG, Yarnoff BO, Harris LQ, Washington ML, Jones-Jack NH, Pike JJ. Patient flow time data of COVID-19 vaccination clinics in 23 sites, United States, April and May 2021. Vaccine 2023; 41:750-755. [PMID: 36526502 PMCID: PMC9742208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public health department (PHD) led COVID-19 vaccination clinics can be a critical component of pandemic response as they facilitate high volume of vaccination. However, few patient-time analyses examining patient throughput at mass vaccination clinics with unique COVID-19 vaccination challenges have been published. METHODS During April and May of 2021, 521 patients in 23 COVID-19 vaccination sites counties of 6 states were followed to measure the time spent from entry to vaccination. The total time was summarized and tabulated by clinic characteristics. A multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between vaccination clinic settings and patient waiting times in the clinic. RESULTS The average time a patient spent in the clinic from entry to vaccination was 9 min 5 s (range: 02:00-23:39). Longer patient flow times were observed in clinics with higher numbers of doses administered, 6 or fewer vaccinators, walk-in patients accepted, dedicated services for people with disabilities, and drive-through clinics. The multivariate linear regression showed that longer patient waiting times were significantly associated with the number of vaccine doses administered, dedicated services for people with disabilities, the availability of more than one brand of vaccine, and rurality. CONCLUSIONS Given the standardized procedures outlined by immunization guidelines, reducing the wait time is critical in lowering the patient flow time by relieving the bottleneck effect in the clinic. Our study suggests enhancing the efficiency of PHD-led vaccination clinics by preparing vaccinators to provide vaccines with proper and timely support such as training or delivering necessary supplies and paperwork to the vaccinators. In addition, patient wait time can be spent answering questions about vaccination or reviewing educational materials on other public health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hyun Cho
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Heba M. Athar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laurel G. Bates
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Jamison J. Pike
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Valcárcel-Nazco C, Sanromá-Ramos E, García-Pérez L, Villanueva-Micó RJ, Burgos-Simón C, Mar J. [Cost-effectiveness of universal childhood vaccination against hepatitis A in Spain: a dynamic approach]. Gac Sanit 2023; 37:102292. [PMID: 36868175 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2023.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of infant universal vaccination against hepatitis A in Spain. METHOD Using a dynamic model and decision tree model, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to compare three vaccination strategies against hepatitis A: non-vaccination strategy versus universal childhood vaccination of hepatitis A with one or two doses. The perspective of the study was that of the National Health System (NHS) and a lifetime horizon was considered. Both costs and effects were discounted at 3% per year. Health outcomes were measured in terms of quality adjusted life years (QALY) and the cost-effectiveness measure used was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). In addition, deterministic sensitivity analysis by scenarios was performed. RESULTS In the particular case of Spain, with low endemicity for hepatitis A, the difference in health outcomes between vaccination strategies (with 1 or 2 doses) and non-vaccination are practically non-existent, terms of QALY. In addition, the ICER obtained is high, exceeding the limits of willingness to pay from Spain (€22,000-25,000/QALY). The deterministic sensitivity analysis showed that the results are sensitive to the variations of the key parameters, although in no case the vaccination strategies are cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS Universal infant vaccination strategy against hepatitis A would not be a cost-effective option from the NHS perspective in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valcárcel-Nazco
- Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España; Servicio de Evaluación del Servicio Canario de la Salud (SESCS), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España; Red Española de Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (RedETS), Madrid, España; Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Madrid, España; Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Madrid, España.
| | - Esther Sanromá-Ramos
- Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España; Servicio de Evaluación del Servicio Canario de la Salud (SESCS), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España
| | - Lidia García-Pérez
- Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España; Servicio de Evaluación del Servicio Canario de la Salud (SESCS), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España; Red Española de Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (RedETS), Madrid, España; Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Madrid, España; Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Madrid, España
| | - Rafael Jacinto Villanueva-Micó
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Madrid, España; Instituto de Matemática Multidisciplinar, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - Clara Burgos-Simón
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Madrid, España; Instituto de Matemática Multidisciplinar, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - Javier Mar
- Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Madrid, España; Unidad de Investigación AP-OSIs Gipuzkoa, Organización Sanitaria Integrada Alto Deba, Gipuzkoa, España
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14
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Wang Q, Qu Z, Tu S, Chen X, Hou Z. The whole-of-society approach of mass COVID-19 vaccination in China: a qualitative study. Health Res Policy Syst 2022; 20:142. [PMID: 36585666 PMCID: PMC9802023 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-022-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries have an inefficient vaccination system, which hinders global exit from the COVID-19 pandemic. It is vital to summarize COVID-19 vaccination practices in countries with high vaccination coverage and provide implications for other countries. This study aimed to investigate China's COVID-19 vaccination system and to summarize its implementation experience from a health system perspective. METHODS We conducted key informant interviews in five representative cities of China in late 2021. Guided by the health systems framework proposed by WHO, we developed our interview guidelines which included seven building blocks-leadership and governance, health workforce, vaccination service delivery, vaccination mobilization and communication, financing, access to vaccines, and information systems. Semi-structured interviews and COVID-19 vaccination policy documents were collected and coded using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS A total of 61 participants (nine vaccination programme directors of the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention, four government staff and 48 vaccination service workers) were interviewed. We found that China adopted a whole-of-society approach with adequate government engagement and linked health and non-health sectors to promote COVID-19 vaccination. Key measures included the collaboration of multiple systems and departments from a governance perspective, allocating sufficient health workers and resources, large-scale vaccination mobilization and communication, expansion of vaccine financing channels, localized production and digital information systems. With the vaccination system strengthening, the two-doses vaccination coverage reached 89.5% for the total population but relatively lower coverage for older adults as of July 2022. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of a government-led whole-of-society approach to promote mass vaccination. The low vaccination coverage among older adults should be paid the greatest attention to. The experiences and lessons from China may serve as a reference for other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Tu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, City of New Haven, United States of America ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Economics, Yale University, City of New Haven, United States of America
| | - Zhiyuan Hou
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Roseline M, Luc C, Julien L, Olivier E, Etienne B, Pierrick B. COVID-19 mass vaccination - an illustration of the impact of syringe choice on the effectiveness of mass vaccination campaigns. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:804-806. [PMID: 35230221 PMCID: PMC8920360 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2048968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimise the operational implementation of mass vaccination policies, it is critical to consider not only the supply of vaccines as well as each element of the vaccination process. This study, which was conducted in a vaccination center clearly shows how the choice of a syringe reference used during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign influences the number of vaccine doses available. The results appear to be closely related to the type of vaccine used (COMIRNATY® and SPIKEVAX®). In this context, the choice of the right reference of syringe has major economic and organisational consequences on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazet Roseline
- Pharmacy Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Choisnard Luc
- University Grenoble Alpes DPM, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | | | - Epaulard Olivier
- Infectious Diseases Department, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Groupe de recherche en infectiologie clinique, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Brudieu Etienne
- Pharmacy Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Bedouch Pierrick
- Pharmacy Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes TIMC, Grenoble, France
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16
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Islam A, Hossen F, Rahman A, Sultana KF, Hasan MN, Haque A, Sosa-Hernández JE, Oyervides-Muñoz MA, Parra-Saldívar R, Ahmed T, Islam T, Dhama K, Sangkham S, Bahadur NM, Reza HM, Jakariya, Al Marzan A, Bhattacharya P, Sonne C, Ahmed F. An opinion on Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring (WBEM) with Clinical Diagnostic Test (CDT) for detecting high-prevalence areas of community COVID-19 Infections. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 2022; 31:100396. [PMID: 36320818 PMCID: PMC9612100 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring (WBEM) is an efficient surveillance tool during the COVID-19 pandemic as it meets all requirements of a complete monitoring system including early warning, tracking the current trend, prevalence of the disease, detection of genetic diversity as well asthe up-surging SARS-CoV-2 new variants with mutations from the wastewater samples. Subsequently, Clinical Diagnostic Test is widely acknowledged as the global gold standard method for disease monitoring, despite several drawbacks such as high diagnosis cost, reporting bias, and the difficulty of tracking asymptomatic patients (silent spreaders of the COVID-19 infection who manifest nosymptoms of the disease). In this current reviewand opinion-based study, we first propose a combined approach) for detecting COVID-19 infection in communities using wastewater and clinical sample testing, which may be feasible and effective as an emerging public health tool for the long-term nationwide surveillance system. The viral concentrations in wastewater samples can be used as indicatorsto monitor ongoing SARS-CoV-2 trends, predict asymptomatic carriers, and detect COVID-19 hotspot areas, while clinical sampleshelp in detecting mostlysymptomaticindividuals for isolating positive cases in communities and validate WBEM protocol for mass vaccination including booster doses for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
- Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh
| | - Foysal Hossen
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
| | - Arifur Rahman
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
| | - Khandokar Fahmida Sultana
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nayeem Hasan
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Joint Rohingya Response Program, Food for the Hungry, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqul Haque
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Tanvir Ahmed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarawut Sangkham
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, 56000, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Newaz Mohammed Bahadur
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and TechnologyUniversity, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mahmud Reza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Jakariya
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Marzan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research@KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Firoz Ahmed
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
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17
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Smith DG, Vanchiere JA, Raley M, Yurochko AD, Bhuiyan MAN, Murnane KS, Scott R, Kamil J, Rush-Kolodzey J, Whyte M, Densmore K, Van Diest M, Kevil C. COVID-19 drive-through mass vaccination in Northwest Louisiana. J La Public Health Assoc 2022; 2:30-41. [PMID: 36129424 PMCID: PMC9484209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Vaccinating susceptible populations quickly and safely is vital during a pandemic. Mass vaccination programs using a drive-through method have been shown to reach large numbers of people efficiently during vaccine campaigns. Methods We performed a quantitative, cross-sectional study analyzing data collected by the COVID-19 mass vaccination program conducted by Louisiana State University Health Shreveport (LSUSH). Results Between December 2020 and September 2021, the vaccination program administered 90,655 COVID-19 vaccines. Among those who received at least the first dose of the vaccine, there were 21,700 men and 28,269 women; 22,820 were ≥60 years of age; 28,031 identified as Caucasian, 19,249 as African American, 47,916 as non-Hispanic, and most of them reported that they had not tested positive for COVID-19 before vaccination. Discussion The LSUHS vaccination center served people from different regions within Louisiana as well as those from outside Louisiana. Vaccination is a crucial public health measure in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Our study showed that the mass vaccination program conducted by LSUHS had a considerable positive impact on communities in Northwest Louisiana. This drive-through method is an effective strategy with which to reach a significant number of people during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Gurgel Smith
- Department of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - John Anthony Vanchiere
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Michelle Raley
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Andrew David Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | | | - Kevin Sean Murnane
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Rona Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Jeremy Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Jill Rush-Kolodzey
- Department of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Martha Whyte
- Louisiana Office of Public Health, Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Kenneth Densmore
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Maarten Van Diest
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
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18
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Zhang C, Li Y, Cao J, Wen X. On the mass COVID-19 vaccination scheduling problem. Comput Oper Res 2022; 141:105704. [PMID: 35095172 PMCID: PMC8783438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cor.2022.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 dramatically impacts the global economy. Mass COVID-19 vaccination is widely regarded as the most promising way to fight against the pandemic and help return to normal. Many governments have authorized certain types of vaccines for mass vaccination by establishing appointment platforms. Mass vaccination poses a vital challenge to decision-makers responsible for scheduling a large number of appointments. This paper studies a vaccination site selection, appointment acceptance, appointment assignment, and scheduling problem for mass vaccination in response to COVID-19. An optimal solution to the problem determines the open vaccination sites, the set of accepted appointments, the assignment of accepted appointments to open vaccination sites, and the vaccination sequence at each site. The objective is to simultaneously minimize 1) the fixed cost for operating vaccination sites; 2) the traveling distance of vaccine recipients; 3) the appointment rejection cost; and 4) the vaccination tardiness cost. We formulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). Given the NP-hardness of the problem, we then develop an exact logic-based Benders decomposition (LBBD) method and a matheuristic method (MH) to solve practical-sized problem instances. We conduct numerical experiments on small- to large-sized instances to demonstrate the performance of the proposed model and solution methods. Computational results indicate that the proposed methods provide optimal solutions to small-sized instances and near-optimal solutions to large ones. In particular, the developed matheuristic can efficiently solve practical-sized instances with up to 500 appointments and 50 vaccination sites. We discuss managerial implications drawn from our results for the mass COVID-19 vaccination appointment scheduling, which help decision-makers make critical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Department of Equipment Support and Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, 100072 Beijing, China
| | - Yantong Li
- School of Maritime Economics and Management, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Junhai Cao
- Department of Equipment Support and Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, 100072 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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19
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Hugo HD, Michel J, Antón C, Alemán WR, Cueva C, Bort C, Andino F, Edaki O, Shrestha PS, Rodó L, Ishak A, Quinonez J, Maskey U, Ozair S, Choudhari J, Poudel S, Jaiswal V, Au Z, Siddiqui U, Pandav K, Chohan F, Cunha MH, Fioroni M, Franzese LA, Reaño J, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Usefulness of Electoral Models for COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution. Curr Trop Med Rep 2022; 9:61-71. [PMID: 35402142 PMCID: PMC8982305 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a remarkably accelerated development of vaccines worldwide. However, an effective distribution system is crucial for vaccination at a national level. Ecuador was one of the first Latin American countries to be most severely affected by the pandemic. It has been struggling to expand its vaccination drive and requires a strategy that provides an achievable vaccination rate and maintains its primary care services. This study aims to provide an efficient vaccination model to achieve herd immunity by utilizing the country’s existing infrastructure (the centralized electoral system) for mass vaccination. Recent Findings The national electoral data from 2017 and 2021 were used to create estimates for the proposed vaccination model. Two model variations, total personnel, needed, and the number of days needed to vaccinate 50%, 75%, and 100% of the population were considered. The numbers of vaccines needed, and vaccination sites were estimated based on the current number of registered voters and polling stations. The results from the proposed model show that 17,892,353 people can be vaccinated, at 40,093 polling stations, by 90,209 personnel if one vaccinator was available per polling station. Summary Based on this model, even a conservative estimate shows that 12.56 days are needed to achieve herd immunity, and 16.74 days are needed to vaccinate the entire population of Ecuador. Additionally, we propose that this vaccination model can be used as a blueprint for any country to address similar catastrophes in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40475-022-00251-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor D Hugo
- School of Jurisprudence, Social Sciences and Politics, University of Guayaquil, Cdla. Universitaria "Universidad de Guayaquil", Guayaquil, 090510 Ecuador
| | - Jack Michel
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Christian Antón
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Guayaquil, Cdla. Universitaria "Universidad de Guayaquil", Guayaquil, 090510 Ecuador
| | | | - Carlos Cueva
- Ecuadorian Pharmaceutical Distributor (DIFARE), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Francisco Andino
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Omoyeme Edaki
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Prakriti S Shrestha
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Laura Rodó
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Angela Ishak
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Jonathan Quinonez
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Upasana Maskey
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Saleha Ozair
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Jinal Choudhari
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Sujan Poudel
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Vikash Jaiswal
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Zachary Au
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Usman Siddiqui
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Krunal Pandav
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | - Farah Chohan
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, FL Miami, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de Las Américas, Belmonte, 660003 Pereira, Risaralda Colombia.,Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Universidad Franz Tamayo, Cochabamba, Bolivia
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20
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García-Cruces-Méndez JF, Corral-Gudino L, Del-Amo-Merino MP, Eiros-Bouza JM, Domínguez-Gil González M. SARS-CoV-2 antibody response eight months after vaccination with mRNA vaccines. Influence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 97:113-115. [PMID: 35012818 PMCID: PMC8730807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernando García-Cruces-Méndez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACYL), C/Dulzaina n 2, Valladolid 47012, Spain.
| | - Luis Corral-Gudino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACYL), Universidad de Valladolid, C/Dulzaina n 2, Valladolid 47012, Spain.
| | - María Piedad Del-Amo-Merino
- Occupational Risk Prevention Service, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACYL), C/Dulzaina n 2, Valladolid 47012, Spain.
| | - José María Eiros-Bouza
- Deparment of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACYL), Universidad de Valladolid, C/Dulzaina n 2, Valladolid 47012, Spain.
| | - Marta Domínguez-Gil González
- Deparment of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACYL), Universidad de Valladolid, C/Dulzaina n 2, Valladolid 47012, Spain.
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21
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Cuschieri S, Borg D, Agius S, Scherb H, Grech V. COVID-19 and vaccination induced changes in hospital activity in Malta, Q1 2020 to Q1 2021: a population-based study. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2022; 97:7. [PMID: 35133544 PMCID: PMC8825920 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-021-00101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has severely impacted global healthcare services. Malta has only one acute state hospital, Mater Dei Hospital (MDH), and at the time of writing is the most vaccinated country in Europe. Malta thus provides an ideal setting to assess the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare services at population level, including the impact of vaccination on hospital admissions. Methods Hospital data was obtained as anonymised totals from MDH’s Clinical Performance Unit and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19-related data was obtained from the Ministry of Health dashboard. Comparative assessments were performed to explore associations between the COVID-19 situation, vaccination, and hospital activity. Poisson regression was used to model the counts of monthly accident and emergency (A&E), outpatient clinics attendances and hospital admissions. Results A&E, hospital admissions, and outpatient clinics attendances declined (31.88%; 23.89%; 29.57%; p < 0.01 respectively) with onset of COVID-19 till April 2021 when compared to pre-COVID years (2017–2019). Admissions due to COVID-19 initially increased in parallel to the population’s COVID positivity. Vaccination rollout led to a decline in COVID-19 admissions. Conclusions The drastic drop in admissions and outpatient attendees was expected but not for A&E attendees as acutely ill patients should still have attended. This is of public health concern since delayed or deferred medical management increases population morbidity, mortality and increases the eventual burden on the healthcare system. Mass vaccination saw the return to normality with an increase in A&E burden. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42506-021-00101-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cuschieri
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, RM425 Biomedical Building, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
| | - David Borg
- Clinical Performance Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Steve Agius
- Administration, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Hagen Scherb
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Victor Grech
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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22
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Serrano-Coll H, Miller H, Guzmán C, Rivero R, Gastelbondo B, Miranda J, Galeano K, Montaña-Restrepo J, Mattar S. Effectiveness of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a region of the Colombian Amazon, was herd immunity achieved? Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2022; 8:2. [PMID: 35031076 PMCID: PMC8760104 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-021-00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently, more than 4.5 billion doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been applied worldwide. However, some developing countries are still a long way from achieving herd immunity through vaccination. In some territories, such as the Colombian Amazon, mass immunization strategies have been implemented with the CoronaVac® vaccine. Due to its proximity to Brazil, where one of the variants of interest of SARS-CoV-2 circulates. Objective To determine the effectiveness of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a population of the Colombian Amazon. Methods Between February 24, 2021, and August 10, 2021, a descriptive observational study was carried out in which a population of individuals over 18 years of age immunized with two doses of the CoronaVac® vaccine was evaluated. The study site was in the municipality of Mitú, Vaupés, in southeastern Colombia, a region located in the Amazon bordering Brazil. Results. 99% of the urban population of the Mitú municipality were vaccinated with CoronaVac®. To date, 5.7% of vaccinated individuals have become ill, and only 0.1% of these require hospitalization. One death was attributable to COVID-19 has been reported among vaccinated individuals, and the vaccine has shown 94.3% effectiveness against mild disease and 99.9% against severe infection. Conclusions The herd immunity achieved through mass vaccination in this population has made it possible to reduce the rate of complicated cases and mortality from COVID-19 in this region of the Colombian Amazon. Highlights CoronaVac® has shown 94.3% effectiveness against mild disease and 99.9% against severe infection in this indigenous population. CoronaVac® reduces the mortality rate from 2.2% in 2020 to 0.22% in 2021. The herd immunity was achieved through mass vaccination in this region of the Colombian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Serrano-Coll
- Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería, Colombia.,Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical-Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Camilo Guzmán
- Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Rivero
- Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería, Colombia
| | - Bertha Gastelbondo
- Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería, Colombia
| | - Jorge Miranda
- Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería, Colombia
| | - Ketty Galeano
- Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería, Colombia
| | | | - Salim Mattar
- Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería, Colombia.
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Abstract
Although preventable by vaccines, approximately 60′000 humans die due to canine transmitted rabies annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. The aim of this paper is to advocate for including animal health aspects into considerations of human health and human rights, and for equitable access to rabies vaccination for both animals and humans. An infringement of human - in particular of children’s - right to health will be illustrated with the case of rabies and poor dog management in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 270, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Tetteh JNA, Nguyen VK, Hernandez-Vargas EA. Network models to evaluate vaccine strategies towards herd immunity in COVID-19. J Theor Biol 2021; 531:110894. [PMID: 34508758 PMCID: PMC8426151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains a critical element in the eventual solution to the COVID-19 public health crisis. Many vaccines are already being mass produced and supplied in many countries. However, the COVID-19 vaccination programme will be the biggest in history. Reaching herd immunity will require an unprecedented mass immunisation campaign that will take several months and millions of dollars. Using different network models, COVID-19 pandemic dynamics of different countries can be recapitulated such as in Italy. Stochastic computational simulations highlight that peak epidemic sizes in a population strongly depend on the network structure. Assuming a vaccine efficacy of at least 80% in a mass vaccination program, at least 70% of a given population should be vaccinated to obtain herd immunity, independently of the network structure. If the vaccine efficacy reports lower levels of efficacy in practice, then the coverage of vaccination would be needed to be even higher. Simulations suggest that the "Ring of Vaccination" strategy, vaccinating susceptible contact and contact of contacts, would prevent new waves of COVID -19 meanwhile a high percent of the population is vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine N A Tetteh
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institut für Mathematik, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Esteban A Hernandez-Vargas
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico.
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25
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Ribera-Cano A, Dupont M, Houzé-Cerfon CH, Houzé-Cerfon V, Hart A, Hertelendy AJ, Ciottone G, Bounes V. Evaluation of a prototype decontamination mobile unit (UMDEO) for COVID-19 vaccination: A cross-sectional survey in France. Vaccine 2021; 39:7441-7445. [PMID: 34782160 PMCID: PMC8563340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY In the context of the worldwide vaccination campaign against COVID-19, France has been deploying multiple sites for mass vaccination. This study aimed to assess the perceived usefulness of a prototype decontamination mobile unit (UMDEO) for COVID-19 vaccination among both the patient and healthcare providers perspectives. METHODS This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Toulouse over two days. UMDEO is a fully comprehensive, versatile solution that was deployed as a 5-row vaccination unit. A written questionnaire was distributed from March 6th-7th, 2021 among all patients presenting for vaccination at the mobile center, as well as the team participating in the vaccination campaign. RESULTS Among the vaccinated patients (n = 1659), 1409 participants (84.9%) filled out the survey, as well as 68 out of 85 (80%) within the UMDEO team. The maximum patient rate was 98 people per hour. The majority of participants and caregivers (1307 [93.2%] and 67 [98.5%] respectively) agreed that the mobile unit increased access to vaccination. A total of 91.3% patients (n = 1281) and 95.6% caregivers (n = 65) believed that it would speed up the overall vaccination campaign. CONCLUSION The majority of the vaccinated population and of the team participating in the survey were satisfied with the usefulness of UMDEO as a vaccination center. Toulouse is currently the only city to have used such a structure for vaccination, but it could be used as a basis for planning other mobile units to increase vaccination access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ribera-Cano
- SAMU 31, Disaster Medicine Unit, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Maud Dupont
- Emergency Department, Toulouse UniversiCty Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Charles-Henri Houzé-Cerfon
- Toulouse Institute of Simulation Healthcare (Institut Toulousain de Simulation en Santé, ItSimS), University Hospital Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Emergency Department, Toulouse UniversiCty Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Alexander Hart
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Attila J Hertelendy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Gregory Ciottone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Vincent Bounes
- SAMU 31, Disaster Medicine Unit, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France
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26
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Hosangadi D, Martin EK, Watson M, Bruns R, Connell N. Supporting use of thermostable vaccines during public health emergencies: Considerations and recommendations for the future. Vaccine 2021; 39:6972-4. [PMID: 34763948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Colaneri M, De Filippo M, Licari A, Marseglia A, Maiocchi L, Ricciardi A, Corsico A, Marseglia G, Mondelli MU, Bruno R. COVID vaccination and asthma exacerbation: might there be a link? Int J Infect Dis 2021; 112:243-246. [PMID: 34547487 PMCID: PMC8450144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is ongoing debate regarding the role of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in asthma exacerbation, and its long-term impact on the lung function of individuals with asthma. In contrast, the potential impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination on asthma is entirely unexplored. CASE STUDY This study examined a challenging case of severe asthma exacerbation in a 28-year-old female following two doses of the mRNA-based vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) at IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia, Italy. The patient, a fourth-year resident at the hospital, was vaccinated in early 2021. She was an occasional smoker with a 10-year history of asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis. She tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 on several molecular swabs and serology tests. RESULTS After receiving the second dose of vaccine, the patient started to experience worsening of respiratory symptoms. Following several episodes and a severe asthma attack, the patient required treatment with mepolizumab, a biologic drug (interleukin-5) antagonist monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSION This single case study is insufficient to draw conclusions about the association between asthma exacerbation and the COVID-19 vaccine. While the cause-effect link between vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and worsening of asthmatic disease might only be suggested at present, this case is a valuable prompt for further investigation. This is particularly true from the perspective of mass vaccination of adolescents and children currently underway across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colaneri
- Infectious Diseases I Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria De Filippo
- Paediatric Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amelia Licari
- Paediatric Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Marseglia
- Paediatric Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Maiocchi
- Infectious Diseases I Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ricciardi
- Infectious Diseases I Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Corsico
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Chest Medicine Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Marseglia
- Paediatric Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Umberto Mondelli
- Infectious Diseases I Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Divisions of Infectious Diseases II and Immunology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- Infectious Diseases I Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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28
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Wood RM, Murch BJ, Moss SJ, Tyler JMB, Thompson AL, Vasilakis C. Operational research for the safe and effective design of COVID-19 mass vaccination centres. Vaccine 2021; 39:3537-3540. [PMID: 34045103 PMCID: PMC8120437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Wood
- Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire Clinical Commissioning Group, UK National Health Service, Bristol, UK; Centre for Healthcare Improvement and Innovation, School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Ben J Murch
- Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire Clinical Commissioning Group, UK National Health Service, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon J Moss
- Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire Clinical Commissioning Group, UK National Health Service, Bristol, UK
| | - Joshua M B Tyler
- Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire Clinical Commissioning Group, UK National Health Service, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander L Thompson
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christos Vasilakis
- Centre for Healthcare Improvement and Innovation, School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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29
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of current COVID-19 vaccines available within the UK, including their mode of action, storage and handling. It outlines the recommendations on priority groups for vaccination and provides insight into the training recommendations for vaccinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gordon
- Vaccinator Trainer, Volunteer Vaccinator and Senior Lecturer (Adult Nursing), Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Debbie Porteous
- Volunteer Vaccinator, East Durham Primary Care Network and Head of Department and Professor of Nursing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - John Unsworth
- Volunteer Vaccinator, East Durham Primary Care Network and Professor of Nursing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne
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30
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Stolle LB, Nalamasu R, Pergolizzi JV Jr, Varrassi G, Magnusson P, LeQuang J, Breve F; NEMA Research Group. Fact vs Fallacy: The Anti-Vaccine Discussion Reloaded. Adv Ther 2020; 37:4481-90. [PMID: 32965654 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
In the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-vaccine sentiments have been on the rise, with a recent seminal study on the development of anti-vaccine views in social media even making its way into Nature Communications. Yet, with the current scientific consensus being in overwhelming agreement over the safety and efficacy of vaccines, many scientists lose their grasp on the fears, concerns, and arguments that the opposition may hold. This paper discusses and evaluates vaccine-hesitant individuals on a socioeconomic, historical, and philosophical landscape. It also provides an analysis of common argumentative patterns and the psychological impact that these arguments may have on undecided individuals. The discussion also explores why anti-vaccine sentiments are on the rise, and how members of the scientific and medical community require a more structured approach to communicating key arguments. This is particularly important if vaccination rates and herd immunity are to be sustained. No longer is it sufficient to win arguments based on a factual and scientific basis, but rather scientists and medical practitioners have to focus on conveying confidence and reassurance on both an informative and emotional level to those with doubts and fears.
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31
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Stein-Zamir C, Israeli A, Grotto I. Immunization registry as a digital assessment tool during outbreaks. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:166-168. [PMID: 32919075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Stein-Zamir
- Israeli National Immunization Registry, Israel; Jerusalem District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Israel; Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Avi Israeli
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Office of the Chief Scientist, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itamar Grotto
- Office of the Deputy General Director, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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32
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Garcia-Morante B, Noguera M, Klocke S, Sommer K, Bridger P. Duration of immunity against heterologous porcine parvovirus 1 challenge in gilts immunized with a novel subunit vaccine based on the viral protein 2. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:184. [PMID: 32517691 PMCID: PMC7285602 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is widespread in commercial pig farms worldwide and has a significant impact to the swine industry. Long-lasting immunity achieved by means of vaccination is the main tool to prevent PPV1 infection and its associated clinical signs. Here we evaluated the duration of immunity (DOI) conferred by a novel subunit vaccine based on the viral protein (VP) 2 of PPV1, named ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX. The DOI was assessed at 6 months post-vaccination following the standard vaccination scheme (phase I) or after re-vaccination (phase II) with a single injection administered 24 weeks after the basic vaccination scheme. A total of 46, five to six-month-old gilts, free of PPV1 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), were randomly assigned to 6 groups (three in each phase): the negative control groups were inoculated with sodium chloride (NaCl), the vaccinated groups were immunized with the PPV1 subunit vaccine and the strict controls were neither treated nor challenged. Subsequently, the negative control and vaccinated groups from each phase were challenged with a heterologous PPV1 strain. Infection of fetuses was the primary outcome parameter for efficacy, though other supportive parameters were PPV1 viremia and serological status of the gilts and the condition of their fetuses (i.e. normal, autolytic, or mummified). RESULTS All gilts vaccinated against PPV1 tested seropositive at challenge and viremia after challenge was detectable only in the non-vaccinated animals. In this regard, fetuses positive to PPV1 by PCR were only found in litters from non-vaccinated sows. CONCLUSIONS These results point out that the immunity developed by the PPV1 subunit vaccine is effective in terms of preventing viremia, transplacental infection of fetuses and fetal death caused by PPV1 infection. ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX was demonstrated to protect fetuses against heterologous PPV1 challenge with a DOI of 6 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Noguera
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Klocke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sommer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philip Bridger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straβe 173, 55216, Ingelheim, Germany
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33
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Bonwitt J, Bonaparte S, Blanton J, Gibson AD, Hoque M, Kennedy E, Islam K, Siddiqi UR, Wallace RM, Azam S. Oral bait preferences and feasibility of oral rabies vaccination in Bangladeshi dogs. Vaccine 2020; 38:5021-5026. [PMID: 32513512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) can increase rabies vaccination coverage among dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination (i.e., inaccessible dogs). Because bait uptake can differ according to the bait attractant used and dog characteristics, we evaluated proportion of bait uptake and time to bait uptake using three bait formulations. We looked for associations between bait uptake and dog characteristics (temperament, age, and body condition) and assessed the efficiency of using these bait formulations, as measured by number of dogs vaccinated per hour. A total of 356 baits were offered to free roaming dogs in urban and peri-urban districts of Bangladesh. Fish baits were ignored by 86% (n = 122; 95% CI: 79-91%) of dogs, whereas 60% (n = 45; 95% CI: 49-70%) consumed egg baits and 89% (n = 124; 95% CI: 83-93%) consumed intestine baits. Among the consumed baits, dogs fully consumed 56% (n = 10; 95% CI: 34-75%) of fish baits, 84% (n = 38; 95% CI: 71-92%) of egg baits, and 98% (n = 122; 95% CI: 94-100%) of intestine baits. Among inaccessible dogs, no associations were found between bait uptake and dog characteristics in either bivariate or multivariate analyses. Bait consumption averaged 2 dogs per hour for fish baits, 10 dogs per hour for egg baits, and 18 dogs per hour for intestine baits. The absence of association between bait type preference and individual dog characteristics simplifies the process of choosing attractants for oral rabies vaccines. While intestine attractants achieved highest uptake, egg baits may prove a suitable compromise when considering biological and operational constraints. The efficiency of ORV was demonstrated when compared to parenteral vaccination of free-roaming dogs previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bonwitt
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Bonaparte
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse Blanton
- Divison of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, UK; The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mahbub Hoque
- TEPHINET, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Erin Kennedy
- Global Immunisation Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Zoonotic Disease Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Ruman Siddiqi
- Zoonotic Disease Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shakif Azam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Marron O, Thomas G, Burdon Bailey JL, Mayer D, Grossman PO, Lohr F, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Chikungwa P, Chulu J, Handel IG, de C Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Factors associated with mobile phone ownership and potential use for rabies vaccination campaigns in southern Malawi. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:62. [PMID: 32503667 PMCID: PMC7275584 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease, which causes an estimated 59 000 human deaths globally every year. The vast majority of human rabies cases are attributable to bites from infected domestic dogs and consequently control of rabies in the dog population through mass vaccination campaigns is considered the most effective method of eliminating the disease. Achieving the WHO target of 70% vaccination coverage has proven challenging in low-resource settings such as Sub Saharan Africa, and lack of public awareness about rabies vaccination campaigns is a major barrier to their success. In this study we surveyed communities in three districts in Southern Malawi to assess the extent of and socio-economic factors associated with mobile phone ownership and explore the attitudes of communities towards the use of short message service (SMS) to inform them of upcoming rabies vaccination clinics. METHODS This study was carried out between 1 October-3 December 2018 during the post-vaccination assessment of the annual dog rabies campaign in Blantyre, Zomba and Chiradzulu districts, Malawi. 1882 questionnaires were administered to households in 90 vaccination zones. The surveys gathered data on mobile phone ownership and use, and barriers to mobile phone access. A multivariable regression model was used to understand factors related to mobile phone ownership. RESULTS Most survey respondents owned or had use of a mobile phone, however there was evidence of an inequality of access, with higher education level, living in Blantyre district and being male positively associated with mobile phone ownership. The principal barrier to mobile phone ownership was the cost of the phone itself. Basic feature phones were most common and few owned smartphones. SMS was commonly used and the main reason for not using SMS was illiteracy. Attitudes to receiving SMS reminders about future rabies vaccination campaigns were positive. CONCLUSIONS The study showed a majority of those surveyed have the use of a mobile phone and most mobile phone owners indicated they would like to receive SMS messages about future rabies vaccination campaigns. This study provides insight into the feasibility of distributing information about rabies vaccination campaigns using mobile phones in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Marron
- Veterinary surgeon, Apt 35, The Barley House, Cork St, Dublin, 8 Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Chikungwa
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Julius Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Barend M. de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Hosangadi D, Warmbrod KL, Martin EK, Adalja A, Cicero A, Inglesby T, Watson C, Watson M, Connell N. Enabling emergency mass vaccination: Innovations in manufacturing and administration during a pandemic. Vaccine 2020; 38:4167-9. [PMID: 32381478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Coulborn RM, Nackers F, Bachy C, Porten K, Vochten H, Ndele E, Van Herp M, Bibala-Faray E, Cohuet S, Panunzi I. Field challenges to measles elimination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Vaccine 2020; 38:2800-2807. [PMID: 32111528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During a measles epidemic, the Ministry of Public Health (MOH) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo conducted supplementary immunization activities (2016-SIA) from August 28-September 3, 2016 throughout Maniema Province. From October 29-November 4, 2016, Médecins Sans Frontières and the MOH conducted a reactive measles vaccination campaign (2016-RVC) targeting children six months to 14 years old in seven health areas with heavy ongoing transmission despite inclusion in the 2016-SIA, and a post-vaccination survey. We report the measles vaccine coverage (VC) and effectiveness (VE) of the 2016-SIA and VC of the 2016-RVC. METHODS A cross-sectional VC cluster survey stratified by semi-urban/rural health area and age was conducted. A retrospective cohort analysis of measles reported by the parent/guardian allowed calculation of the cumulative measles incidence according to vaccination status after the 2016-SIA for an estimation of crude and adjusted VE. RESULTS In November 2016, 1145 children (6-59 months old) in the semi-urban and 1158 in the rural areas were surveyed. Post-2016-SIA VC (documentation/declaration) was 81.6% (95%CI: 76.5-85.7) in the semi-urban and 91.0% (95%CI: 84.9-94.7) in the rural areas. The reported measles incidence in October among children less than 5 years old was 5.0% for 2016-SIA-vaccinated and 11.2% for 2016-SIA-non-vaccinated in the semi-urban area, and 0.7% for 2016-SIA-vaccinated and 4.0% for 2016-SIA-non-vaccinated in the rural area. Post-2016-SIA VE (adjusted for age, sex) was 53.9% (95%CI: 2.9-78.8) in the semi-urban and 78.7% (95%CI: 0-97.1) in the rural areas. Post 2016-RVC VC (documentation/declaration) was 99.1% (95%CI: 98.2-99.6) in the semi-urban and 98.8% (95%CI: 96.5-99.6) in the rural areas. CONCLUSIONS Although our VE estimates could be underestimated due to misclassification of measles status, the VC and VE point estimates of the 2016-SIA in the semi-urban area appear suboptimal, and in combination, could not limit the epidemic. Further research is needed on vaccination strategies adapted to urban contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Bachy
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - H Vochten
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - E Ndele
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - M Van Herp
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Bibala-Faray
- Ministry of Public Health, Maniema, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - I Panunzi
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
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Torrents D, Miranda J, Pedrazuela R, Gauger PC, Ramirez A, Linhares DCL. Implementation of PRRSV status classification system in swine breeding herds from a large integrated group in Spain. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:26. [PMID: 31890251 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic swine disease causing significant productive and economic losses. Knowledge of PRRS epidemiology is crucial to develop control strategies against this disease. In that regard, classifying farms according to PRRS virus (PRRSV) shedding and exposure, and understanding key drivers of change in status over time, provides great applied knowledge for developing disease control programs. In most European countries, PRRSV monitoring is performed most frequently at the individual farm level although criteria selected for monitoring varies among different regions and farms. The aim of this study was to implement a systematic monitoring program for PRRSV in Spanish sow farms. Breeding herds were classified according to a standardized PRRSV infection status using sampling programs and terminology currently adopted in the United States (US), which allowed an evaluation of PRRSV epidemiology in a large integrated Spanish group during a one-year study period (February 2017–March 2018). Results Fifteen farms achieved a stable PRRSV status after the first 4 consecutive samplings and 20 farms were classified as unstable. One of the farms maintained a stable status throughout the duration of the whole monitoring period. Among the 20 farms classified as unstable at the beginning of the monitoring protocol, 9 farms (45%) never reached the stable status and 11 farms (55%) reached stable status afterwards during the monitoring study period. From PRRSV PCR positive pools, there were 47 different PRRSV nucleotide sequences from 24 different farms. More than one PRRSV sequence was obtained from 15 farms. In the farms with more than one sequence detected, we observed recirculation of the same PRRSV field strain in 7 farms and introduction of a different PRRSV strain in 5 farms and both events in 3 farms. Conclusions Systematic monitoring for PRRSV in breeding herds established a basis of knowledge of PRRSV epidemiology at the farm level and provided key data to classify farms according to PRRSV exposure and shedding status. These data allow further evaluation of the impact of the PRRSV farm status on production and economic performance in breeding herds and additional investigation of factors related to PRRSV epidemiology.
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Ruiz-Montero R, Epstein D, Guzmán Herrador B, Espín Balbino J. [Economic evaluation of the introduction of 4CMenB (Bexsero®) in the national vaccine schedule in Spain]. Gac Sanit 2019; 34:318-325. [PMID: 31776044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bexsero® (4CMenB), meningococcal B vaccine, was licensed in Europe in 2013. In Spain, despite MenB being the most frequent cause of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), Bexsero® is recommended and financed for patients at increased risk of IMD but is not financed by the NHS in the routine vaccination schedule. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the cost-utility, epidemiological impact, and total costs of the introduction of 4CMenB into the vaccination schedule to help inform vaccine policy in Spain. METHOD We adapted a cost-utility analysis, a probabilistic decision-tree, to Spain. A cohort of new-born infants in 2015 was modelled with two dosages, using two different strategies: routine vaccination schedule with 4CMenB and non-vaccination. Costs were measured from a payer perspective and benefits were calculated in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). A Monte Carlo analysis and 32 scenarios were performed to assess the robustness and the uncertainty of our results. RESULTS With the 3+1 dosage, routine vaccination prevented 54% of cases and deaths and an incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) of 351.389 €/QALY (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 265,193-538,428) was estimated. The 2+1 dosage prevented 50% of cases and deaths, with an ICUR of 278.556 €/QALY (95%CI: 210,285-430,122). CONCLUSIONS Given the current incidence of invasive meningococcal disease in Spain and the information available from 4CMenB, our model shows that routine vaccination is not cost-effective at the current price. Only with a vaccine price of 1.45 € for the 3+1 schedule or 3.37 € for the 2+1 schedule could it be recommended based on efficiency criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ruiz-Montero
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Interniveles de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (Imibic), Córdoba, España; Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España.
| | - David Epstein
- Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
| | - Bernardo Guzmán Herrador
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Interniveles de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (Imibic), Córdoba, España; Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
| | - Jaime Espín Balbino
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs Granada), Granada, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España
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Garcia-Morante B, Noguera M, Klocke S, Sommer K, Kaiser T, Haist V, Schmidt H, Bridger P. A novel subunit vaccine based on the viral protein 2 of porcine parvovirus: safety profile in bred pigs at different stages of the reproduction cycle and in offspring. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02593. [PMID: 31840113 PMCID: PMC6893071 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) viral protein (VP) 2 is the primary antigen responsible for inducing specific protective immunity, so it is a desirable target for development of recombinant subunit vaccines to prevent PPV1 disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate repeated doses of a novel VP2-based PPV1 subunit vaccine, namely ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX, for safety in bred pigs and in offspring under experimental settings. Therefore, the investigation of safety at all breeding stages was evaluated in four independent studies involving: pre-breeding gilts (study A), breeding-age gilts and boars (study B), early and late gestating sows and offspring (study C) and lactating sows and offspring (study D). In all four studies, animals were free from PPV1 based on serology and PCR prior to inclusion. All studies comprised one or two vaccinated groups that received the PPV1 subunit vaccine and a negative control group. Thus, safety was established due to the lack of significant differences between the vaccinated groups and the corresponding unvaccinated (negative control) groups. Gilts, sows and boars were evaluated for local and systemic reactions after vaccination as well as for reproductive performance. The survival rate and average daily weight gain (ADWG) from birth to weaning in offspring was evaluated in studies C and D. Additionally, serology was determined in studies A, C and D. The vaccine was shown to be safe with no relevant significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups in any experiment. Therefore, repeated doses of ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX were safe in target animals at different stages of the reproductive cycle and in offspring, placing this vaccine as a suitable candidate for mass vaccination programs in breeding herds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Noguera
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary, Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Klocke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary, Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sommer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary, Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Troy Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., 2621 North Belt Highway, 64506, St. Joseph, MO, USA
| | - Verena Haist
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary, Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Schmidt
- BioMedVet Research GmbH, Südkampen 31, 29664, Walsrode, Germany
| | - Philip Bridger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary, Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Villena R, Valenzuela MT, Bastías M, Santolaya ME. Meningococcal invasive disease by serogroup W and use of ACWY conjugate vaccines as control strategy in Chile. Vaccine 2019; 37:6915-6921. [PMID: 31585728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serogroup causing invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) can change abruptly, as it occurred in Chile when serogroup predominance switched from MenB to MenW in 2012. As a response, a national vaccination strategy was implemented since 2012 using tetravalent meningococcal-conjugate vaccines (MCV-ACWY) in children 9 months through 4 years of age. The aim of this study was to describe IMD cases by MenW in Chile 2009-2016, and to analyse its trend after the introduction of MCV-ACWY. METHODS Descriptive study of IMD cases in Chile, period 2009-2016. Cumulative incidence and mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants, and case fatality rate (CRF) were used for descriptive analysis. Linear regression was used for post-intervention trend analysis. RESULTS In 2012, MenW, mainly ST-11 cc, became predominant. MenW incidence rose from 0.01/100,000 inhabitants in 2009 to a maximum of 0.6/100,000 in 2015. Infants and adults 80 years of age and older were mostly affected, with an incidence peak of 9.7/100,000 and 1.6/100,000, respectively, in 2015. In the group of children from 1 to 4 years of age MenW incidence declined from 1.3/100,000 in 2012 to 0.1/100,000 in 2016, a 92.3% reduction after vaccination implementation. In the same period and age-cohort, CFR decreased from 23% to 0%. High mortality rates concentrated in infants and adults 80 years of age and over. CONCLUSION MenW became predominant in Chile since 2012. IMD cases increased steadily from 2009 to 2016, with higher incidence, CFR and mortality concentrating in infants and people 80 years of age and older. MCV-ACWY provided direct protection against MenW, reducing its incidence after mass meningococcal vaccine implementation. Indirect effects of vaccination are not yet observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Villena
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de niños Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Chile.
| | - M T Valenzuela
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
| | | | - M E Santolaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de niños Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Chile
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Evans MJ, Burdon Bailey JL, Lohr FE, Opira W, Migadde M, Gibson AD, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMD, Mellanby RJ, Gamble L, Mazeri S. Implementation of high coverage mass rabies vaccination in rural Uganda using predominantly static point methodology. Vet J 2019; 249:60-6. [PMID: 31239167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful eradication programmes in many regions, rabies remains responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually, and no country in Africa is rabies-free. Dogs are the principal reservoir of the virus in Africa and the World Health Organisation recommends that at least 70% of the dog population be vaccinated in order to break the transmission cycle. Most attempts at mass rabies vaccinations in Africa have failed to vaccinate high numbers of dogs at a high coverage. Successful studies have often used a door-to-door (DTD) approach, which is logistically challenging and expensive compared to a static point (SP) approach. Mission Rabies has successfully implemented a combined SP and DTD method in cities in India and Malawi. This campaign used a combined methodology in rural Uganda, starting with a SP campaign, followed by a DTD campaign, and then subsequent transect surveys to assess vaccination coverage. This was facilitated by the use of a smartphone application which recorded all vaccinations and survey responses along with their Global Positioning System location. A total of 4172 dogs were vaccinated in 7 days, attaining an estimated 88.4% coverage. This campaign is of particular note as 95.9% of the vaccinations were performed at SPs. The human-to-dog ratio was 4.9 with a mean dogs per house of 1.2. Most dogs were owned (93.7%). This demonstrates that high-number, high-coverage vaccination is achievable in rural Uganda and provides data that may refine future campaign approaches.
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Selemane I. Epidemiological monitoring of the last outbreak of yellow fever in Brazil - An outlook from Portugal. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 28:46-51. [PMID: 30583006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow Fever (YF) is a high fatality rate disease (30-50%) caused by Flavivirus, present in some African and South American countries. In order to determine the magnitude and epidemiological distribution of YF cases, vaccination coverage and most affected regions in Brazil, a descriptive epidemiological study monitoring the last outbreak was undertaken in Portugal. METHOD The Brazilian database "Portal da Saude" was used to collect data on cases of YF. We used Microsoft Excel on a weekly basis to update the suspected, confirmed and mortality cases as well as the case fatality rate and epizootics in non-human primates. RESULTS Case Fatality Rate was 33.6%. A total and 82% of confirmed cases were males. The outbreak predominantly affected two south-eastern states, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, both with a very low vaccination coverage. CONCLUSIONS The last outbreak of YF was by far the largest observed over the last few decades! Until the emergence of this outbreak, Espírito Santo, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro were states of low risk for YF and the vaccine not previously recommended. The World Health Organization's "Global Strategy to Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemic" (EYE) should be on the way, to prevent YF outbreaks in Brazil and other countries in Africa and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Selemane
- Unidade Local de Saúde do Litoral Alentejano (ULSLA), Portugal.
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Colvard MD, Vesper BJ, Kaste LM, Hirst JL, Peters DE, James J, Villalobos R, Wipfler EJ. The Evolving Role of Dental Responders on Interprofessional Emergency Response Teams. Dent Clin North Am 2018; 60:907-20. [PMID: 27671961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Disaster and pandemic response events require an interprofessional team of health care responders to organize and work together in high-pressure, time-critical situations. Civilian oral health care professionals have traditionally been limited to forensic identification of human remains. However, after the bombing of the Twin Towers in New York, federal agencies realized that dentists can play significant roles in disaster and immunization response, especially on interprofessional responder teams. Several states have begun to incorporate dentists into the first responder community. This article discusses the roles of dental responders and highlights legislative advancements and advocacy efforts supporting the dental responder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Colvard
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Medicine Responder Training Office, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street (MC 838), Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Vesper
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Medicine Responder Training Office, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street (MC 838), Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA
| | - Linda M Kaste
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street (MC 850), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeremy L Hirst
- DuPage County Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 418 North County Farm Road, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA
| | - David E Peters
- UIC Police Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, 943 West Maxwell Street, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - James James
- Society for Disaster Medicine & Public Health, 11300 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Rodrigo Villalobos
- Dental School, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica (ULATINA), San Jose, Montes de Oca, San Pedro, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - E John Wipfler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; Emergency Department, OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, 530 Northeast Glen Oak Avenue, Peoria, IL 61637, USA; Peoria County Sheriff's Office, 301 North Maxwell Road, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Lee VY, Booy R, Skinner R, Edwards KM. The effect of exercise on vaccine-related pain, anxiety and fear during HPV vaccinations in adolescents. Vaccine 2018; 36:3254-3259. [PMID: 29709446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With increased school-based vaccinations for improved coverage rates and practicality, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently endorsed research to identify possible interventions to reduce vaccine-related pain in mass clinical and school-based settings. In particular, the lack of research in adolescents indicate a particular need in this population. Acute exercise has analgesic effects and has been used as a behavioural adjuvant to vaccination. Here, we examine the effect of exercise on vaccine-related pain, anxiety and fear in adolescents, during a school-based program for HPV vaccinations. METHODS 116 students (Female: 61, Male: 55) aged 11-13 years were randomly allocated to either an Exercise (n = 60) or Control (n = 56) group. All participants completed demographic and Trait-anxiety questionnaires prior to receiving the vaccine according to usual care. The Exercise group also performed upper body exercise for 15 min prior to receiving the vaccine. Immediately after the vaccine administration, all participants reported on pain, anxiety and fear at the time of receiving the vaccine. RESULTS Female adolescents in the Exercise group reported significantly less pain (3.64; 95% CI, 2.98-4.30) than Controls (4.58; 95% CI, 3.96-5.19; p = 0.04). Further, females reported greater pain and anxiety than males in the Control group but not the Exercise group. CONCLUSION This study supports the use of exercise prior to vaccine administration, especially in female adolescents who are particularly vulnerable to negative experiences during vaccination procedures. Furthermore, the ease of application, as well as the benefit of exercise, provides support for the use of simple exercise prior to vaccination in mass vaccination settings. Clinical trial registry: ANZCTR, ACTRN12614001185651.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Y Lee
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences & Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia.
| | - R Booy
- The University of Sydney, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Skinner
- University of Sydney, Dept of Paediatrics & Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia
| | - K M Edwards
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences & Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia
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Anyiam F, Lechenne M, Mindekem R, Oussigéré A, Naissengar S, Alfaroukh IO, Mbilo C, Moto DD, Coleman PG, Probst-Hensch N, Zinsstag J. Cost-estimate and proposal for a development impact bond for canine rabies elimination by mass vaccination in Chad. Acta Trop 2017; 175:112-120. [PMID: 27889225 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Close to 69,000 humans die of rabies each year, most of them in Africa and Asia. Clinical rabies can be prevented by post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). However, PEP is commonly not available or not affordable in developing countries. Another strategy besides treating exposed humans is the vaccination of vector species. In developing countries, the main vector is the domestic dog, that, once infected, is a serious threat to humans. After a successful mass vaccination of 70% of the dogs in N'Djaména, we report here a cost-estimate for a national rabies elimination campaign for Chad. In a cross-sectional survey in four rural zones, we established the canine : human ratio at the household level. Based on human census data and the prevailing socio-cultural composition of rural zones of Chad, the total canine population was estimated at 1,205,361 dogs (95% Confidence interval 1,128,008-1,736,774 dogs). Cost data were collected from government sources and the recent canine mass vaccination campaign in N'Djaména. A Monte Carlo simulation was used for the simulation of the average cost and its variability, using probability distributions for dog numbers and cost items. Assuming the vaccination of 100 dogs on average per vaccination post and a duration of one year, the total cost for the vaccination of the national Chadian canine population is estimated at 2,716,359 Euros (95% CI 2,417,353-3,035,081) for one vaccination round. A development impact bond (DIB) organizational structure and cash flow scenario were then developed for the elimination of canine rabies in Chad. Cumulative discounted cost of 28.3 million Euros over ten years would be shared between the government of Chad, private investors and institutional donors as outcome funders. In this way, the risk of the investment could be shared and the necessary investment could be made available upfront - a key element for the elimination of canine rabies in Chad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Anyiam
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monique Lechenne
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolande Mindekem
- Centre de Support en Santé International, Boîte Postale 972, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Assandi Oussigéré
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Developpement, Boîte Postale 473, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Service Naissengar
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Developpement, Boîte Postale 473, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Idriss Oumar Alfaroukh
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Developpement, Boîte Postale 473, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Celine Mbilo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul G Coleman
- H2O Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford OX1 2AY, UK
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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Voorman A, Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Alfonso V, Mukadi P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Wemakoy EO, Bwaka A, Weldon W, Gerber S, Rimoin AW. Polio immunity and the impact of mass immunization campaigns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Vaccine 2017; 35:5693-5699. [PMID: 28882442 PMCID: PMC5628608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to prevent outbreaks from wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus, maintenance of population immunity in non-endemic countries is critical. METHODS We estimated population seroprevalence using dried blood spots collected from 4893 children 6-59months olds in the 2013-2014 Demographic and Health Survey in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). RESULTS Population immunity was 81%, 90%, and 70% for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Among 6-59-month-old children, 78% reported at least one dose of polio in routine immunization, while only 15% had three doses documented on vaccination cards. All children in the study had been eligible for at least two trivalent oral polio vaccine campaigns at the time of enrollment; additional immunization campaigns seroconverted 5.0%, 14%, and 5.5% of non-immune children per-campaign for types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, averaged over relevant campaigns for each serotype. CONCLUSIONS Overall polio immunity was high at the time of the study, though pockets of low immunity cannot be ruled out. The DRC still relies on supplementary immunization campaigns, and this report stresses the importance of the quality and coverage of those campaigns over their quantity, as well as the importance of routine immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend Voorman
- The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle 98109, USA
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Reena H Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Vivian Alfonso
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Mukadi
- National Institute for Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Ado Bwaka
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, McKing Consulting, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - William Weldon
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30329, USA
| | - Sue Gerber
- The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle 98109, USA
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
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Blomberg K, Carlsson AA, Hagberg L, Jonsson Ö, Leissner L, Eriksson MH. Quality of life and trust among young people with narcolepsy and their families, after the Pandemrix® vaccination: protocol for a case-control study. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:183. [PMID: 28835221 PMCID: PMC5569459 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extensive vaccination programme against swine flu resulted in an increased incidence of narcolepsy among children and adolescents. There is a need to explore if these young persons’ experiences have affected their trust in healthcare, their willingness to participate in future prevention programmes, and their contacts with the healthcare system. The overall aim is to identify factors important for the life-situation of children and adolescents with narcolepsy and their families, and factors that correlate with trust in healthcare. Methods/design Data will be collected via questionnaires from all available children with narcolepsy following the vaccination and their families, as well as a control group of children with diabetes and their families. Longitudinal descriptive interviews will also be conducted with a selection of 20–25 children and their families. Techniques from media research will be used for Internet-based data collection and analysis of information relating to narcolepsy from social media. Discussion This project will use the situation of young persons with narcolepsy after the swine flu vaccination as a case to build a model that can be used in situations where trust in healthcare is essential. This model will be based on findings from the included studies on how trust is influenced by support, quality of life, burden of disease, impact on family, and use of social media. The model developed in this project will be beneficial in future situations where trust in healthcare is essential, such as new pandemic outbreaks but also for “everyday” adherence to health advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Blomberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, S-70182, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Anderzén Carlsson
- Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Lars Hagberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, S-70182, Örebro, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Östen Jonsson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Department of Paediatrics, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lena Leissner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Department of Neurology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats H Eriksson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, S-70182, Örebro, Sweden
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Vilca LM, Verma A, Buckeridge D, Campins M. A population-based analysis of predictors of influenza vaccination uptake in pregnant women: The effect of gestational and calendar time. Prev Med 2017; 99:111-7. [PMID: 28216380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women are vaccinated against influenza less frequently than other high-risk groups. To design effective vaccination strategies, we must understand how decisions regarding vaccination may vary by trimester and over vaccination campaigns. We used a Cox model indexed by calendar time to estimate the effect of gestational trimester and other factors on vaccination uptake in a large cohort of pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain) during 2008-09 to 2012-13 influenza vaccination campaigns. We analyzed 247,316 pregnancies. Vaccination coverage was 3.7%, 5.2%, 4.8%, 5.6% and 4.6% from 2008-09 to 2012-13 seasonal vaccination campaigns and 8.3% for the 2009 pandemic vaccination campaign. Pregnant women previously vaccinated had higher uptake than women not previously vaccinated and the hazard ratios (HRs) comparing these 2 groups decreased from 10, the first day of seasonal campaigns, to 1.3 the last day. During the pandemic campaign, HRs decreased over the course of the campaign from 8.6 to 1.9. Women in second and third trimester had higher uptake than women in first trimester, with HR=2.8 and 2.3, respectively, at the start of seasonal campaigns. Influenza vaccination coverage among this cohort of pregnant women was alarmingly low. Our analysis reveals that gestational and calendar time have distinct and interacting effects on vaccination uptake; women in their second trimester and third trimester and previously vaccinated were more prone to be vaccinated, but this effect wanes as the influenza season progresses.
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Berton P, Normand V, Martineau GP, Bouchet F, Lebret A, Waret-Szkuta A. Evaluation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome stabilization protocols in 23 French Farrow-to-finish farms located in a high-density swine area. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:11. [PMID: 28546868 PMCID: PMC5440989 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is responsible for reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory problems in pigs, and has a major economic impact. Controlling PRRSV is therefore a priority for the swine industry. Stabilization of a herd, defined as the production of PRRSV-negative pigs at weaning from seropositive sows, is a common method of control, and different protocols have been described in the literature to achieve this stabilization. Context and purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate wether the combination of mass vaccination of sows and their piglets with a Genotype I modified live virus (MLV) vaccine, with temporal closure to the introduction of replacement animals and unidirectional pig and human flow can result in the production of PRRSV-negative pigs at weaning. The study took place in French farrow-to-finish farms located in a high-density swine area where the disease concerns over 60% of farms and only closely related strains of genotype I have been reported. Twenty-three 100-to-700 sow farrow-to-finish farms were selected prospectively between 2005 and 2014, regardless of their biosecurity level. Those farms adopted a stabilization protocol characterized by the following standardized measures: vaccination of sows, gilts, and piglets with the Genotype I MLV vaccine PORCILIS®PRRS, temporary herd closure, and strict internal biosecurity measures. Monitoring of herd status was then performed using a combination of 3 diagnostic tools: Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Open reading frame (ORF) 5 and ORF7 sequencing. The status of finishing units (either active or inactive, meaning PRRSV-positive or PRRSV-negative, respectively) was not considered in this study. Results and conclusions At the end of the monitoring period, considering the results of all the analyses, clinical signs, and epidemiology, 19 farms were considered stable and 1 remained unstable. In 3 farms it was commonly agreed to extend the number of vaccinated batches of piglets, which enabled them to be considered stable at the end of a second round of monitoring. The combination of vaccination of sows and their piglets with a Genotype I MLV vaccine, together with the closure of the farm and a unidirectional pig and human flow, seems to be effective for farrow–to-finish farms even in high-density swine area, even with French PRRSV strains closely related to one another. This research is the first European study examining such a large number of farms, and increased confidence in the results stems from the added value of using the ORF7 and ORF5 sequencing tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Berton
- Porc. Spective, Chene Vert Conseil Veterinary Group, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc. Spective, Chene Vert Conseil Veterinary Group, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc. Spective, Chene Vert Conseil Veterinary Group, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Arnaud Lebret
- Porc. Spective, Chene Vert Conseil Veterinary Group, Noyal-Pontivy, France
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Perman S, Turner S, Ramsay AIG, Baim-Lance A, Utley M, Fulop NJ. School-based vaccination programmes: a systematic review of the evidence on organisation and delivery in high income countries. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:252. [PMID: 28288597 PMCID: PMC5348876 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many countries have recently expanded their childhood immunisation programmes. Schools are an increasingly attractive setting for delivery of these new immunisations because of their ability to reach large numbers of children in a short period of time. However, there are organisational challenges to delivery of large-scale vaccination programmes in schools. Understanding the facilitators and barriers is important for improving the delivery of future school-based vaccination programmes. Methods We undertook a systematic review of evidence on school-based vaccination programmes in order to understand the influence of organisational factors on the delivery of programmes. Our eligibility criteria were studies that (1) focused on childhood or adolescent vaccination programmes delivered in schools; (2) considered organisational factors that influenced the preparation or delivery of programmes; (3) were conducted in a developed or high-income country; and (4) had been peer reviewed. We searched for articles published in English between 2000 and 2015 using MEDLINE and HMIC electronic databases. Additional studies were identified by searching the Cochrane Library and bibliographies. We extracted data from the studies, assessed quality and the risk of bias, and categorised findings using a thematic framework of eight organisational factors. Results We found that most of the recent published literature is from the United States and is concerned with the delivery of pandemic or seasonal flu vaccination programmes at a regional (state) or local level. We found that the literature is largely descriptive and not informed by the use of theory. Despite this, we identified common factors that influence the implementation of programmes. These factors included programme leadership and governance, organisational models and institutional relationships, workforce capacity and roles particularly concerning the school nurse, communication with parents and students, including methods for obtaining consent, and clinic organisation and delivery. Conclusions This is the first time that information has been brought together on the organisational factors influencing the delivery of vaccination programmes in school-based settings. An understanding of these factors, underpinned by robust theory-informed research, may help policy-makers and managers design and deliver better programmes. We identified several gaps in the research literature to propose a future research agenda, informed by theories of implementation and organisational change. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4168-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Perman
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.,Present address: Redbridge Clinical Commissioning Group, Becketts House, 2-14 Ilford Hill, Ilford, IG1 2QX, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Angus I G Ramsay
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Abigail Baim-Lance
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Martin Utley
- Clinical Operational Research Unit, UCL, 4 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BT, UK
| | - Naomi J Fulop
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
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