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Qualitative discrimination and quantitative prediction of microplastics in ash based on near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133971. [PMID: 38471379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are recognized as a new environmental pollutant. Researchers have detected their presence in waste incineration ash. However, traditional testing methods take a very long testing period. There is a lack of research on detecting microplastics in waste incineration ash. In this paper, a portable near-infrared spectra (NIRS) spectrometer was used for qualitative discrimination and quantitative prediction of microplastics in ash. A total of 84 sets of simulated ash samples containing different types (PP, PS, PE, and PVC) and contents (2.4 wt% - 20 wt%) of microplastics were used in the model. The results show the qualitative discrimination model using support vector machines (SVM) method with multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) preprocessing could effectively identify the microplastic types in the ash with 100% detection accuracy. Furthermore, the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was effective in quantitatively predicting the content of microplastics in ash. The Rp2 of the PP, PS, PE, and PVC models are 0.95, 0.93, 0.89, and 0.95, respectively. The RPD of the PP, PS, PE, and PVC models are 3.97, 3.96, 2.89 and 5.02, respectively. This study shows that microplastics in ash can be detected rapidly and accurately using portable near-infrared spectrometers.
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Does High-Intensity Exercise Cause Acute Liver Injury in Patients with Fontan Circulation? A Prospective Pilot Study. Pediatr Cardiol 2023:10.1007/s00246-023-03193-y. [PMID: 37219588 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Fontan procedure results in chronic hepatic congestion and Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) characterized by progressive liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Exercise is recommended in this population, but may accelerate the progression of FALD from abrupt elevations in central venous pressure. The aim of this study was to assess if acute liver injury occurs after high-intensity exercise in patients with Fontan physiology. Ten patients were enrolled. Nine had normal systolic ventricular function and one had an ejection fraction < 40%. During cardiopulmonary exercise testing, patients had near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure oxygen saturation of multiple organs, including the liver, and underwent pre- and post-exercise testing with liver elastography, laboratory markers, and cytokines to assess liver injury. The hepatic and renal NIRS showed a statistically significant decrease in oxygenation during exercise, and the hepatic NIRS had the slowest recovery compared to renal, cerebral, and peripheral muscle NIRS. A clinically significant increase in shear wave velocity occurred after exercise testing only in the one patient with systolic dysfunction. There was a statistically significant, albeit trivial, increase in ALT and GGT after exercise. Fibrogenic cytokines traditionally associated with FALD did not increase significantly in our cohort; however, pro-inflammatory cytokines that predispose to fibrogenesis did significantly rise during exercise. Although patients with Fontan circulation demonstrated a significant reduction in hepatic tissue oxygenation based on NIRS saturations during exercise, there was no clinical evidence of acute increase in liver congestion or acute liver injury following high-intensity exercise.
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An integrated strategy of spectrum-effect relationship and near-infrared spectroscopy rapid evaluation based on back propagation neural network for quality control of Paeoniae Radix Alba. ANAL SCI 2023:10.1007/s44211-023-00334-4. [PMID: 37037970 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy in traditional Chinese medicine has still deficiencies in the selection of the measured indexes. Then Paeoniae Radix Alba is one of the famous "Eight Flavors of Zhejiang" herbs, however, it lacks the pharmacodynamic support, and cannot reflect the quality of Paeoniae Radix Alba accurately and reasonably. In this study, the spectrum-effect relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity of Paeoniae Radix Alba was established. Then based on the obtained bioactive component groups, the genetic algorithm, back propagation neural network, was combined with near-infrared spectroscopy to establish calibration models for the content of the bioactive components of Paeoniae Radix Alba. Finally, three bioactive components, paeoniflorin, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose, and benzoyl paeoniflorin, were successfully obtained. Their near-infrared spectroscopy content models were also established separately, and the validation sets results showed the coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.85), indicating that good calibration statistics were obtained for the prediction of key pharmacodynamic components. As a result, an integrated analytical method of spectrum-effect relationship combined with near-infrared spectroscopy and deep learning algorithm was first proposed to assess and control the quality of traditional Chinese medicine, which is the future development trend for the rapid inspection of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Optimization of near-infrared reflectance models in determining flavonoid composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) pods. Food Chem 2023; 418:135953. [PMID: 36940545 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Okra pods have been utilized as a functional food due to their rich active ingredient composition, especially the high content of flavonoid compounds. This study conducted near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) modeling optimization and external validation based on the flavonoid components of 219 pod samples. Spectral correlation analyses identified two types of spectral response patterns classified as quercetin-3-O-xylose (1-2) glucoside (QOXG) and total flavonoid content (TFC), consisting of six different spectral regions. Different modeling effects were observed for QOXG and TFC with various spectral region combination analyses, where the lower wave-number region contributed more to both flavonoids calibration models. The combination of standard normal variate / "1, 9, 3" / partial least squares was found to be the most effective for developing calibration models for both flavonoids. The resulting models had small root mean square errors of prediction for external validation and high determination coefficients, indicating their usefulness for rapid prediction of flavonoid composition in okra pods.
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Do Vascular and Extracellular Measurements Consistently Reflect Intracellular pO 2? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1438:185-190. [PMID: 37845459 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42003-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen measurements are routinely made either in the vasculature or in the extracellular fluid surrounding the cells of tissues. Yet, metabolic oxygen availability depends on the pO2 within the cells, as does the enhancing effect of oxygen on radiotherapy outcomes. This article reports quantitative modeling work examining the effect of cellular plasma membrane composition on tissue permeability, as a window into tissue oxygen gradients. Previous application of the model indicates that lipid-mediated diffusion pathways accelerate oxygen transfer from capillaries to intracellular compartments and that the extent of acceleration is modulated by membrane lipid and protein composition. Here, the effects of broken intercellular junctions and increased gap size between cells in the model are addressed. The conclusion is reached that the pO2 gradient will likely be consistent among similar, healthy tissues but may increase with increased interstitial fluid fraction and broken intercellular junctions. Therefore, tissue structural changes in tumors and other diseased or damaged tissues may lead to aberrations in permeability that confound interpretation of extracellular oxygen measurements.
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Eye Tracking Parameters Correlate with the Level of Cerebral Oxygen Saturation in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1395:151-156. [PMID: 36527630 PMCID: PMC10042481 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14190-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between oculomotor synergies and brain oxygen status at mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) using simultaneous comparison of eye-tracking (ET) parameters and cerebral oxygen saturation. MATERIAL AND METHODS This non-randomised single-centre prospective study included 77 patients with mTBI (mean age was 36.3 ± 4.8 years, 48 men, 29 women, median GCS 13.7 ± 0.7). Cerebral oximetry was used to detect oxygen saturation level (SctO2) in the frontal lobe pole (FLP) region. Eye movements were measured simultaneously using the EyeTracker. Calculated parameters were: vertical and horizontal angular eyeball velocity (AV); left vertical speed (LVS); right vertical speed (RVS); left horizontal speed (LHS); and right horizontal speed (RHS). The indices of vertical and horizontal eye version (version index, Vx) were calculated as the Pearson correlation coefficient between the corresponding AV of the right and left eyes. Significance was pre-set to p < 0.05. RESULTS SctO2 in the FLP varied from 62% to 79%. The average SctO2 values were 69.26 ± 6.96% over the left FLP and 70.25 ± 7.58% over the right FLP (p = 0.40). The total analysis of the eye-tracking data revealed the following values of gaze parameters: LVS - 0.327 ± 0.263 rad/sec; LHS - 0.201 ± 0.164 rad/sec; RVS - 0.361 ± 0.269 rad/sec; and RHS - 0.197 ± 0.124 rad/sec. The calculated vertical version index (VVx) was 0.80 ± 0.12. The calculated horizontal version index (HVx) was 0.82 ± 0.11. The VVx and HVx were correlated with SctO2 levels in the FLP (p = 0.038; r = 0.235; p = 0.048; r = 0.218, respectively p = 0.035; r = 0.241; p = 0.039; r = 0.235, respectively). CONCLUSIONS VVx and HVx correlate with the SctO2 level in the FLP (p < 0.01) in mTBI. No significant correlation was detected between the level of the SctO2 level and vertical and horizontal AV of the eyeballs. Eye tracking can help quantify the severity of ocular conjugation impairments after mTBI, as well as explore the contribution that cerebral oxygen status disorders make to this process.
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Comparing near-infrared spectroscopy-measured cerebral oxygen saturation and corresponding venous oxygen saturations in children with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Pediatr 2022; 11:1374-1388. [PMID: 36072542 PMCID: PMC9442204 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive approach that measures cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rScO2). In this study, we evaluated the evidence on the validity of NIRS and the interchangeability between NIRS and common invasive approaches by exploring the correlation and consistency and comparing the mean and standard deviation between the NIRS rScO2 and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) as well as central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) in the perioperative period of children with congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS We searched electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Embase) and screened the studies that met the inclusion criteria. We included cross-sectional studies of CHD pediatric patients in the perioperative period receiving both tests for NIRS rScO2 and SjvO2 or NIRS rScO2 and ScvO2. Methodological quality assessment and heterogeneity analyses were performed. We qualitatively summarized the results of Bland-Altman's analysis. Meta-regression, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were carried out to explore the causes of heterogeneity. RESULTS There was no significant difference in Cohen's d between rScO2 and ScvO2 or between rScO2 and SjvO2 (Cohen's d =0.06, 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.28; Cohen's d =0.03, 95% CI: -0.25 to 0.31, respectively) and notable heterogeneity existed (I2=76.0%, P<0.001; I2=73.6%, P<0.001, respectively). A positive linear correlation was present between rScO2 and ScvO2 or between rScO2 and SjvO2 (r=0.58, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.63; r=0.60, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.66, respectively) and the heterogeneity was not significant (I2=36.7%, P=0.065; I2=12.7%, P=0.328, respectively). In most studies, the 95% limits of agreements of Bland-Altman's analysis were large. No evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS The rScO2 measured by NIRS reflected the SjvO2 and ScvO2 monitored by invasive measurements in the perioperative period of children with CHD to some extent. However, wide limits of agreements between rScO2 and SjvO2 as well as ScvO2 indicated that NIRS and SjvO2 as well as ScvO2 are not interchangeable. Whether NIRS plays a prominent role in monitoring cerebral oxygen saturation in children with CHD needs further research.
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Phenomic selection in wheat breeding: identification and optimisation of factors influencing prediction accuracy and comparison to genomic selection. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:895-914. [PMID: 34988629 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-04005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenomic selection is a promising alternative or complement to genomic selection in wheat breeding. Models combining spectra from different environments maximise the predictive ability of grain yield and heading date of wheat breeding lines. Phenomic selection (PS) is a recent breeding approach similar to genomic selection (GS) except that genotyping is replaced by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. PS can potentially account for non-additive effects and has the major advantage of being low cost and high throughput. Factors influencing GS predictive abilities have been intensively studied, but little is known about PS. We tested and compared the abilities of PS and GS to predict grain yield and heading date from several datasets of bread wheat lines corresponding to the first or second years of trial evaluation from two breeding companies and one research institute in France. We evaluated several factors affecting PS predictive abilities including the possibility of combining spectra collected in different environments. A simple H-BLUP model predicted both traits with prediction ability from 0.26 to 0.62 and with an efficient computation time. Our results showed that the environments in which lines are grown had a crucial impact on predictive ability based on the spectra acquired and was specific to the trait considered. Models combining NIR spectra from different environments were the best PS models and were at least as accurate as GS in most of the datasets. Furthermore, a GH-BLUP model combining genotyping and NIR spectra was the best model of all (prediction ability from 0.31 to 0.73). We demonstrated also that as for GS, the size and the composition of the training set have a crucial impact on predictive ability. PS could therefore replace or complement GS for efficient wheat breeding programs.
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Residence time distribution as a traceability method for lot changes in a pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing system. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121313. [PMID: 34822965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Residence time distribution (RTD) models were developed to track raw material lots and investigate batch transitions in a continuous manufacturing system. Two raw materials with similar physical properties (granular metformin and lactose) were identified via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from a library of bulk material properties and used to simulate the switching of lots during production. In-line near-infrared (NIR) spectra were collected with the powder flowing through a chute in a continuous manufacturing system to monitor metformin and lactose concentration in step-change experiments with Partial Least Squares (PLS) models. RTD provided an understanding of raw material propagation through the continuous manufacturing system. Transition times between raw material changes were identified using the results of two multivariate approaches PLS and PCA. The methodology was implemented to discriminate the transition zone in a raw material change, contributing to design control strategies for acceptance and diverting mechanisms.
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Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Target Navigator for rTMS Modulation in Patients with Hemiplegia: A Randomized Control Study. Neurol Ther 2021; 11:103-121. [PMID: 34773596 PMCID: PMC8857363 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is efficacious for motor neuromodulation in stroke survivors, high interindividual variability for responsiveness remains a concern. Target probing on the skull using a proper brain-mapping technique may help overcome this challenge. This study assessed the feasibility of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a target navigator in rTMS treatment for motor facilitation in patients with stroke. Methods Fifty-one patients with stroke were enrolled in this randomized controlled study. The patients were assigned to three groups: fNIRS-guided rTMS treatment (fNIRS group, n = 20), motor evoked potential (MEP)-guided rTMS treatment (MEP group, n = 16), and sham (n = 15) group. Motor assessments, including Fugl–Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), and muscle strength, were conducted at baseline and after the 10-session rTMS treatment. Results The fNIRS-guided hotspot (fNIRS-HS) was obtained for each patient, even those for whom the MEP-guided hotspot was undetectable. Both intervention groups exhibited significant improvements in muscle strength, FMA, and WMFT scores (P < 0.001) compared with the sham group. The fNIRS group achieved significantly greater improvement in elbow function (P = 0.001) than the MEP group. Conclusion fNIRS can be a reliable tool for hotspot navigation for motor neuromodulation in patients with stroke. With high sensitivity to cortical oxygenation changes, this navigation system achieved a superior outcome to the traditional MEP-based method in patients with stroke. fNIRS-based systems may also facilitate the integration of machine learning, thus enabling precision medicine for neuromodulation. Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02006615. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-021-00300-0.
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Near Infrared and Frequency Modulated Spectroscopy as Non-Invasive Methods for Moisture Assessment of Freeze-Dried Biologics. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3395-3402. [PMID: 34118253 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) and frequency modulated spectroscopy (FMS) were employed, for non-invasive moisture determination of a lyophilized biologic drug product (DP). Development of NIR and FMS provides a rapid non-invasive means of residual moisture measurement, and would be beneficial compared with traditional time consuming, product destructive methods such as Karl Fischer (KF). A model therapeutic enzyme in a sucrose-based formulation was employed for proof of concept studies, and NIR and FMS methods were compared side by side for residual moisture analysis. Moisture models were created using lyophilized vials and comparisons were made between the methods using different moisture preparation approaches:1) direct water droplet addition to the vial headspace, 2) use of elevated temperature (80°C), and 3) using various levels of moisture in stoppers generated during the washing and drying procedures, then lyophilizing using the stoppers and placing the sealed vials on stability. The results for direct water addition gave an average percent error for residual moisture of 5.7% for NIR and 9.4% for FMS when compared to KF. The elevated temperature method resulted in an average percent error for residual moisture of 54% for NIR and 43% for FMS compared to KF. The stopper moisture stability study, for FMS, provided an average percent error for residual moisture of 31% compared to KF. The error was greater for the elevated temperature and stopper methods, due to the low moisture values, which resulted in greater error. At this lower range of moisture (<1%) both NIR and FMS were less accurate, but from 1 to 5% their accuracy increased, based on the models used in this study. NIR and FMS methods can be used to complement KF at these lower moisture levels and models could be further improved with additional data points. NIR and FMS methods have advantages and disadvantages for residual moisture analysis when compared to each other, but both provided an accurate measurement of drug product moisture (depending on the method used for moisture increase), they can be used as process analytical technology (PAT), and both can be used for fast non-invasive moisture determination.
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A novel wireless optical technique for quantitative evaluation of cerebral perfusion pressure in a fluid percussion animal model of traumatic brain injury. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:2388-2396. [PMID: 34079709 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) calculated by mean arterial pressure (MAP) minus intracranial pressure (ICP) is related to blood flow into the brain and reflects cerebral ischemia and oxygenation indirectly. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can assess cerebral ischemia and hypoxia non-invasively and has been widely used in neuroscience. However, the correlation between CPP and NIRS, and its potential application in traumatic brain injury, has seldom been investigated. Methods We used a novel wireless NIRS system and commercial ICP and MAP devices to assess the trauma to rat brains using different impact intensity. The relationship between CPP and NIRS parameters with increasing impact strength were investigated. Results The results showed that changes in CPP (∆CPP), oxy-hemoglobin {∆[HbO2]}, total-hemoglobin {∆[HbT]}, and deoxy-hemoglobin were inversely proportional to the increase in impact intensity, and the correlations between ∆CPP, NIRS parameters {∆[HbO2], and ∆[HbT]} were significant. Conclusions The NIRS system can assess cerebral ischemia and oxygenation non-invasively and changes of HbO2 and HbT may be used as reference parameters to assess the level of CPP in an animal model of traumatic brain injury.
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Rapid and cost-effective nutrient content analysis of cotton leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11042. [PMID: 33763307 PMCID: PMC7956002 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with smartphone cloud-based chemometrics has increased the power of these devices to provide real-time in-situ crop nutrient analysis. This capability provides the opportunity to address nutrient deficiencies early to optimise yield. The agriculture sector currently relies on results delivered via laboratory analysis. This involves the collection and preparation of leaf or soil samples during the growing season that are time-consuming and costly. This delays farmers from addressing deficiencies by several weeks which impacts yield potential; hence, requires a faster solution. This study evaluated the feasibility of using NIRS in estimating different macro- and micronutrients in cotton leaf tissues, assessing the accuracy of a portable handheld NIR spectrometer (wavelength range of 1,350–2,500 nm). This study first evaluated the ability of NIRS to predict leaf nutrient levels using dried and ground cotton leaf samples. The results showed the high accuracy of NIRS in predicting essential macronutrients (0.76 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.98 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and most micronutrients (0.64 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.81 for Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, B, Cl and Na). The results showed that the handheld NIR spectrometer is a practical option to accurately measure leaf nutrient concentrations. This research then assessed the possibility of applying NIRS on fresh leaves for potential in-field applications. NIRS was more accurate in estimating cotton leaf nutrients when applied on dried and ground leaf samples. However, the application of NIRS on fresh leaves was still quite accurate. Using fresh leaves, the prediction accuracy was reduced by 19% for macronutrients and 11% for micronutrients, compared to dried and ground samples. This study provides further evidence on the efficacy of using NIRS for field estimations of cotton nutrients in combination with a nutrient decision support tool, with an accuracy of 87.3% for macronutrients and 86.6% for micronutrients. This application would allow farmers to manage nutrients proactively to avoid yield penalties or environmental impacts.
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Assessment of Cerebral Blood Oxygenation by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy before and after Resuscitation in a Rat Asphyxia Cardiac Arrest Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:311-315. [PMID: 33966235 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinical investigators have focused on the real-time evaluation of cerebral blood oxygenation (CBO) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A previous study showed that an abrupt increase of oxy-hemoglobin (Hb) level and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) was associated with the timing of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). However, it is not clear how TOI alters before and after CPR including a period of cardiac arrest (CA). Therefore, this study aimed to assess CBO with asphyxia CA and its association with CPR to ROSC in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. We attached NIRS (NIRO-200NX, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) from the nasion to the upper cervical spine in rats. A ten-minute asphyxia was given to induce CA. After CA, mechanical ventilation was restarted, and manual CPR was performed. We examined the mean arterial pressure (MAP), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and Oxy/Deoxy-Hb and TOI. Out of 14 rats, 11 obtained sustained ROSC. After the induction of asphyxia, a rapid drop of TOI was observed, followed by a subsequent increase of Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb, and TOI with CPR. Recent CPR guidelines suggest the use of ETCO2 during CPR since its abrupt increase is a reasonable indicator of ROSC. In this study, abrupt increases in MAP, ETCO2, and TOI were observed at the time of ROSC. TOI can be an alternative to ETCO2 for identifying ROSC after CA, and it also has the capability of monitoring CBO during and after CPR.
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Evaluation of the Quality of Chest Compression with Oxyhemoglobin Level by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in a Rat Asphyxia Cardiac Arrest Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:265-269. [PMID: 33966228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The real-time evaluation of chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is important to increase the chances of survival from a cardiac arrest (CA). In addition, cerebral oxygen level measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) plays an important role as an indicator of return of spontaneous circulation. Recently, we developed a new method to improve the quality of chest compression using a thoracic pump in conjunction with the classic cardiac pump in a rat asphyxia CA model. This study evaluated the quality of chest compression using NIRS in male Sprague-Dawley rats. NIRS was attached between the nasion and the upper cervical spine, and rats underwent 10 minute asphyxia CA. After CA, we alternately performed three different types of chest compression (cardiac, thoracic, and cardiac plus thoracic pumps) every 30 seconds for up to 4 and a half minutes. We measured the oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb), and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and compared these values between the groups. Oxy-Hb was significantly different among the groups (cardiac, thoracic, and cardiac plus thoracic, 1.5 ± 0.9, 4.4 ± 0.7, and 5.9 ± 2.1 μmol/L, p < 0.01, respectively), while Deoxy-Hb and TOI were not (Deoxy-HB -2.7 ± 1.2, -1.1 ± 3.2, and -1.6 ± 10.1 μmol/L; TOI, 1.8 ± 1.8, 5.5 ± 1.3, and 9.5 ± 8.0%, respectively). Oxy-Hb showed potential to evaluate the quality of chest compression in a rat asphyxia CA model.
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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Might Help Prevent Onset of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:63-67. [PMID: 33966196 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a rare but fatal perioperative complication after surgical correction of carotid stenosis. Despite numerous treatment options for preventing CHS, it does occur in some patients. We developed the outlet gate technique (OGT), in which the embolic balloon was deflated gradually in accordance with the ratio of oxygen saturation measured by a brain oximeter of the ipsilateral brain region to that in the contralateral region. Between June 2017 and May 2018, 39 patients with carotid stenosis underwent endovascular carotid revascularization procedures; of these, 20 underwent the procedure with the OGT. CBO was measured five times in those 20 patients: before the procedure, with the embolic protection device (EPD) on, with the EPD off, during the procedure, and after the procedure. Preventive treatment options were used more frequently in these patients, and although their surgical status seemed more complicated, perioperative complications were not increased. There were almost significant differences between CBO values except between those during and after the procedure with the OGT. This showed that the OGT allowed for stabilization of the CBO and thus has the potential to prevent CHS.
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Effect of Adrenaline on Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Measured by NIRS in a Rat Asphyxia Cardiac Arrest Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:277-281. [PMID: 33966230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline is an important pharmacologic treatment during cardiac arrest (CA) for resuscitation. Recent studies suggest that adrenaline increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) but does not contribute to improving neurological outcomes of CA. The mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. A bimodal increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) is observed after adrenaline injection in rodent CA models (Okuma et al. Intensive Care Med Exp 7(1), 2019). In this study, we focused on alteration of systemic arterial pressure in conjunction with the measurement of cerebral blood oxygenation (CBO) such as oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb), and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. We attached NIRS between the nasion and the upper cervical spine. Rats underwent 10 minute asphyxia to induce CA. Then, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was started, followed by a 20 μg/kg of bolus adrenaline injection at 30 seconds of CPR. This injection accelerated the first increase in MAP, and ROSC was observed with an abrupt increase in CBO. Interestingly, the second increase in MAP, once it exceeded a certain value, was accompanied by paradoxical decreases of Oxy-Hb and TOI while Deoxy-Hb increased. Based on this finding, we compared Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb, and TOI at the first MAP ≈ 100 mmHg and the second MAP ≈ 100 mmHg. The average of Oxy-Hb and TOI from the 13 animals significantly decreased at the second increase in MAP over 100 mmHg while Deoxy-Hb significantly increased. NIRS identified a decrease in Oxy-Hb after ROSC. These findings may be a clue in understanding the mechanism of how and why adrenaline alters the neurological outcomes of CA post resuscitation.
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Effect of Adrenaline on Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Measured by NIRS in a Rat Asphyxia Cardiac Arrest Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:39-43. [PMID: 33966192 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline is an important pharmacologic treatment during cardiac arrest (CA) for resuscitation. Recent studies suggest that adrenaline increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) but does not contribute to improving neurological outcomes of CA. The mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. A bimodal increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) is observed after adrenaline injection in rodent CA models [17]. In this study, we focused on alteration of systemic arterial pressure in conjunction with the measurement of cerebral blood oxygenation (CBO) such as oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb), and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. We attached NIRS between the nasion and the upper cervical spine. Rats underwent 10-minute asphyxia to induce CA. Then, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was started, followed by a 20 μg/kg of bolus adrenaline injection at 30 seconds of CPR. This injection accelerated the first increase in MAP, and ROSC was observed with an abrupt increase in CBO. Interestingly, the second increase in MAP, once it exceeded a certain value, was accompanied by paradoxical decreases of Oxy-Hb and TOI, while Deoxy-Hb increased. Based on this finding, we compared Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb, and TOI at the first MAP ≈ 100 mmHg and the second MAP ≈ 100 mmHg. The average of Oxy-Hb and TOI from the 13 animals significantly decreased at the second increase in MAP over 100 mmHg, while Deoxy-Hb significantly increased. NIRS identified a decrease in Oxy-Hb after ROSC. These findings may be a clue to understanding the mechanism of how and why adrenaline alters the neurological outcomes of CA post-resuscitation.
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Dynamic contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy using indocyanine green on moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective observational study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:2085-2097. [PMID: 33139989 PMCID: PMC7547258 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The care given to moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients may be hampered by the inability to tailor their treatments according to their neurological status. Contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with indocyanine green (ICG) could be a suitable neuromonitoring tool. METHODS Monitoring the effective attenuation coefficients (EAC), we compared the ICG kinetics between five TBI and five extracranial trauma patients, following a venous-injection of 5 mL of 1 mg/mL ICG, using two commercially available NIRS devices. RESULTS A significantly slower passage of the dye through the brain of the TBI group was observed in two parameters related to the first ICG inflow into the brain (P=0.04; P=0.01). This is likely related to the reduction of cerebral perfusion following TBI. Significant changes in ICG optical properties minutes after injection (P=0.04) were registered. The acquisition of valid optical data in a clinical environment was challenging. CONCLUSIONS Future research should analyze abnormalities in the ICG kinetic following brain trauma, test how these values can enhance care in TBI, and adapt the current optical devices to clinical settings. Also, studies on the pattern in changes of ICG optical properties after venous injection can improve the accuracy of the values detected.
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The Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) to Measure Cerebral Oxygen Saturation During Body Position Changes on Infants Less than One Year Old. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 55:155-164. [PMID: 32950823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the state of the literature for near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure cerebral oxygen saturation during body position changes on infants <1 year old. INTRODUCTION Although regional cerebral oxygen saturation is commonly used in critically ill populations, it is not usual practice to tailor care based on differences in the cerebral oxygen saturation during measurements in different body positions. We believe that alterations in cerebral oxygen saturation during position changes can also inform clinicians regarding brain health, such as the regulation of brain blood flow. INCLUSION CRITERIA We included studies in infants <1 year old; who had cerebral oxygen saturation measured in varying positions (e.g. supine versus side-lying). METHODS On March 30, 2019, we searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and Web of Science for studies written in English with no restriction on publication dates. We selected studies that involved infants <1 year old and measured cerebral oxygen saturation during varying body positions. RESULTS We found 24 primary studies on 694 infants. The authors investigated whether brain oxygen saturation was influenced by body position. A majority of the studies found a statistically significant difference between cerebral oxygen saturation in various body positions. CONCLUSIONS More research needs to be performed on variations in brain oxygen saturation during body position changes and the correlation with outcomes. Knowledge of brain oxygen saturation can provide clinicians an understanding of the infant's brain health. Healthcare providers may adapt care specifically to improve brain health with NIRS-based brain oxygen saturation monitoring.
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Quantitative Microscopy: Particle Size/Shape Characterization, Addressing Common Errors Using 'Analytics Continuum' Approach. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:833-849. [PMID: 32971124 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Particle size/shape characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is integral to successful product development. It is more of a correlative property than a decision-making measure. Though microscopy is the only technique that provides a direct measure of particle properties, it is neglected for reasons like non-repeatability and non-reproducibility which is often attributed to a) fundamental error, b) segregation error, c) human error, d) sample randomness, e) sample representativeness etc. Using the "Sucrose" as model sample, we propose "analytics continuum" approach that integrates optical microscope PSD measurements complimented by NIR spectroscopy-based trending analysis as a prescreening tool to demonstrate sample randomness and representativeness. Furthermore, plethora of statistical tests are utilized to infer population statistics. Subsequently, an attribute-based control chart and bootstrap-based confidence interval was developed to monitor product performance. A flowchart to serve as an elementary guideline is developed, which is then extended to handle more complex situations involving API crystallized from two different solvent systems. The results show that the developed methodology can be utilized as a quantitative procedure to assess the suitability of API/excipients from different batches or from alternate vendors and can significantly help in understanding the differences between material even on a minor scale.
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Cerebral and Renal Oxygenation in Infants Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement. J Surg Res 2020; 256:83-89. [PMID: 32683061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on cerebral and renal oxygenation and oxygen extraction, in a cohort of infants from the neonatal intensive care unit, undergoing laparoscopic gastrostomy. METHODS After institutional review board approval, between February 2018 and June 2019, infants 0-3 mo corrected age, undergoing laparoscopic gastrostomy tube placement, were included. Strict exclusion criteria created a homogeneous cohort. Cerebral and renal tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) by near-infrared spectroscopy, skin surface oxygen saturation (SpO2), by pulse oximetry, and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography were measured. Monitoring was divided into preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative time periods. Cerebral and renal fractional tissue oxygen extraction was calculated using arterial (SpO2) and tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2): (SpO2-rSO2SpO2)X100. Data were averaged into one-minute epochs and significant changes from baseline during the intraoperative and postoperative periods were detected using one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS This pilot study examined sixteen infants, born at a median gestational age of 34.2 wk (range: 23.0-40.6) with a median corrected age of 42.9 wk (range: 40.0-46.3) at operation. None had seizure activity or altered sleep-wake cycles. No statistically significant variations in cerebral and renal tissue oxygenation and extraction were observed. Pulse oximetry did demonstrate significant variation from baseline on analysis of variance, but post hoc analysis did not identify any one specific time point at which this difference was significant. CONCLUSIONS During a short infant laparoscopic procedure, no significant alteration in cerebral or renal oxygenation or oxygen extraction was observed. No seizure activity or changes in infant sleep-wake cycles occurred.
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Effects of nicotine on microvascular responsiveness after nicotine satiety versus overnight nicotine abstinence. Vasc Med 2020; 25:223-225. [PMID: 32202231 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x20906029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Baclofen is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, used mainly for the treatment of muscle spasticity. Baclofen overdose can result in severe respiratory depression, autonomic disturbances, seizures and coma. Here we report a 15-year-old girl who was found unresponsive, intubated and admitted to the PICU. On initial presentation, her Glasgow Coma Score was 3, with fixed dilated pupils. EEG revealed cerebral bioelectric activity and ground amplitudes significantly lower than normal. Supportive treatments were administered. On the 2nd PICU day, she regained consciousness and was able to follow commands. She was extubated and discharged on hospital day 3. Conclusively emergency physicians should consider baclofen overdose in children presenting with acute loss of consciousness, flaccidity, and hyporeflexia.
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Cerebral Autoregulation During Active Standing Test in Juvenile Patients with Instantaneous Orthostatic Hypotension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 31893397 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Instantaneous orthostatic hypotension (INOH) is one of the main types of orthostatic dysregulation in children and adolescents. In patients with INOH arterial pressure drops considerably after active standing and is slow to recover. We investigated changes in cerebral oxygenation in the bilateral prefrontal cortex during an active standing test in juvenile INOH patients to evaluate changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism. We enrolled 82 INOH patients (mean age 13.8 ± 2.2 years, 52 mild and 30 severe patients) at Nihon University Itabashi Hospital from October 2013 to April 2018. We measured cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and total hemoglobin levels in the bilateral prefrontal cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy during an active standing test. In severe INOH patients, cerebral oxygenation of the right prefrontal cortex remained constant when blood pressure dropped; however, de-oxy-Hb significantly increased. These findings confirm that there is asymmetrical autoregulation between the right and left prefrontal cortex.
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Using a multimodal near-infrared spectroscopy and MRI to quantify gray matter metabolic rate for oxygen: A hypothermia validation study. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116315. [PMID: 31669409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive quantitative imaging of cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) in small animal models is crucial to understand the role of oxidative metabolism in healthy and diseased brains. In this study, we developed a multimodal method combining near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and MRI to non-invasively study oxygen delivery and consumption in the cortex of mouse and rat models. The term CASNIRS is proposed to the technique that measures CMRO2 with ASL and NIRS. To determine the reliability of this method, CMRO2 values were compared with reported values measured with other techniques. Also, the sensitivity of the CASNIRS technique to detect changes in CMRO2 in the cortex of the animals was assessed by applying a reduction in core temperature, which is known to reduce CMRO2. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CMRO2 were measured in five mice and five rats at a core temperature of 37 °C followed by another measurement at 33 °C. CMRO2 was 7.8 ± 1.8 and 3.7 ± 0.9 (ml/100 g/min, mean ± SD) in mice and rats respectively. These values are in good agreement with reported values measured by 15O PET, 17O NMR, and BOLD fMRI. In hypothermia, we detected a significant decrease of 37% and 32% in CMRO2 in the cortex of mice and rats, respectively. Q10 was calculated to be 3.2 in mice and 2.7 in rats. In this study we showed that it is possible to assess absolute values of metabolic correlates such as CMRO2, CBF and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) noninvasively in living brain of mice and rats by combining NIRS with MRI. This will open new possibilities for studying brain metabolism in patients as well as the many mouse/rat models of brain disorders.
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Age-related differences in frontal lobe function in children with ADHD. Brain Dev 2019; 41:577-586. [PMID: 30952459 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural correlates of executive function disorders are thought to be predominantly localized within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, no study to date has investigated changes in this system across different age groups in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thus, this study aimed to explore changes in PFC function in children with ADHD. METHODS Study participants included typically developing (TD) children (n = 140) and children with ADHD (n = 67) of primary school age. Behavioral executive functions and their neural basis were evaluated between the TD children and children with ADHD and also across different age periods (younger and older children). To examine executive function, inhibitory control was assessed using the reverse Stroop task, and PFC near-infrared spectroscopic measurements were used to investigate the neural mechanisms involved. RESULTS Both ADHD symptoms and the ability to inhibit color interference improved with age. Compared to TD children, children with ADHD demonstrated decreased activation of the right and middle PFC across all age groups. Interestingly, the left PFC appeared to play a compensatory role. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD exhibited changes in PFC function that varied with age. Longitudinal studies are required to assess the potential of using PFC function as an early biomarker of ADHD.
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24-Hour Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring of Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients Undergoing Thrombolysis or Thrombectomy: A Pilot Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:2337-2342. [PMID: 31182266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monitoring of acute ischaemic stroke patients during thrombolysis or thrombectomy is based mostly on frequent physical examinations, since no objective measurement of cerebrovascular haemodynamics is available in routine clinical practice. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a bed-side, noninvasive assessment tool that could help monitor these patients and potentially guide therapeutic interventions. Our goal in this pilot study was to investigate whether NIRS is a suitable method to monitor leptomeningeal collateral circulation via changes in cortical oxygen saturation in the first 24 hours of acute ischaemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS Our study included 5 patients with acute anterior circulation infarcts. All patients received thrombolytic therapy and 1 had thrombectomy. 24-hour continuous NIRS monitoring was performed on all participants. RESULTS We aimed to give a detailed description of each NIRS recording and explain how the observed findings could correlate with changes in anterior watershed territory collateral circulation and clinical outcome. CONCLUSION Our pilot study supports the use of NIRS monitoring in acute ischaemic stroke. We believe that this technique could provide real-time information on the dynamic changes of leptomeningeal collateral circulation and help monitor the effects of thrombolysis and thrombectomy.
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Two-site regional oxygen saturation and capnography monitoring during resuscitation after cardiac arrest in a swine pediatric ventricular fibrillatory arrest model. J Clin Monit Comput 2019; 34:63-70. [PMID: 30820870 PMCID: PMC7223879 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-019-00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the use of two-site regional oxygen saturations (rSO2) and end tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) to assess the effectiveness of resuscitation and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Eight mechanically ventilated juvenile swine underwent 28 ventricular fibrillatory arrests with open cardiac massage. Cardiac massage was administered to achieve target pulmonary blood flow (PBF) as a percentage of pre-cardiac arrest baseline. Non-invasive data, including, EtCO2, cerebral rSO2 (C-rSO2) and renal rSO2 (R-rSO2) were collected continuously. Our data demonstrate the ability to measure both rSO2 and EtCO2 during CPR and after ROSC. During resuscitation EtCO2 had a strong correlation with goal CO with r = 0.83 (p < 0.001) 95% CI [0.67–0.92]. Both C-rSO2 and R-rSO2 had moderate and statistically significant correlation with CO with r = 0.52 (p = 0.003) 95% CI (0.19–0.74) and 0.50 (p = 0.004) 95% CI [0.16–0.73]. The AUCs for sudden increase of EtCO2, C-rSO2, and R-rSO2 at ROSC were 0.86 [95% CI, 0.77–0.94], 0.87 [95% CI, 0.8–0.94], and 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96–1.00] respectively. Measurement of continuous EtCO2 and rSO2 may be used during CPR to ensure effective chest compressions. Moreover, both rSO2 and EtCO2 may be used to detect ROSC in a swine pediatric ventricular fibrillatory arrest model.
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Severity-dependent and -independent brain regions of major depressive disorder: A long-term longitudinal near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:249-254. [PMID: 30248636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term longitudinal studies are necessary to establish neuroimaging indicators which contribute to the detection of severity changes over time in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS One hundred sixty-five patients with MDD underwent clinical assessments and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) examination at the initial evaluation (T0). After 1.5 years, 45 patients who visited for the follow-up evaluation (T1.5) were included in the analysis. The authors conducted analyses using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) scores and mean oxy-hemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]) changes during a cognitive task in NIRS at T0 (T0_HAMD, T0_[oxy-Hb]) and at T1.5 (T1.5_HAMD, T1.5_[oxy-Hb]), and their intra-individual longitudinal changes (ΔHAMD = T1.5_HAMD - T0_HAMD, Δ[oxy-Hb] = T1.5_[oxy-Hb] - T0_[oxy-Hb]). RESULTS For severity-dependent regions, the Δ[oxy-Hb] in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was negatively correlated with the ΔHAMD. For severity-independent regions, the intra-class correlation coefficients between T0_ and T1.5_[oxy-Hb] were moderate in the bilateral middle frontal gyri (MFG). LIMITATIONS The percentage of patients included in the follow-up examination was relatively small. CONCLUSIONS Brain activation in the right IFG and the bilateral MFG as measured by NIRS may differentially indicate clinical severity and trait-related abnormalities in MDD.
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Key Words
- Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder
- Biological marker
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CH, channel
- DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning
- HAMD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
- ICCs, intra-class correlation coefficients
- IFG, inferior frontal gyrus
- IQ, Intelligence Quotient
- JART, Japanese Adult Reading Test
- Long-term longitudinal study
- MFG, middle frontal gyrus
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- Major depressive disorder (MDD)
- Mood disorder
- NIRS, near-infrared spectroscopy
- Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
- VFT, verbal fluency test
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Abstract
While cardiorespiratory monitoring is standard for newborns in the NICU, monitoring of brain hemodynamics and oxygenation is usually sporadic and targeted to newborns with suspected or confirmed neurologic disorders. This is unfortunate, since critically ill newborns, both preterm and term-born, are at high risk of brain injury and would benefit from improved techniques for continuous monitoring of brain hemodynamics and oxygenation, in addition to monitoring of systemic hemodynamics and oxygenation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and, to a lesser extent, Doppler ultrasound are techniques that have been used in research and increasingly for clinical purposes to measure and monitor brain hemodynamics and oxygenation in newborns. NIRS monitoring can be useful for detection of diverse pathologic conditions that occur frequently in very preterm newborns and in selected populations of term newborns at risk for brain injury related to disturbances of systemic hemodynamics. This chapter reviews the current state of the art with regard to brain-monitoring techniques and the research directed at this important area, and it concludes with suggestions for the use of currently available tools to manage newborns at high risk of neurologic injury from disturbances in brain hemodynamics and oxygenation.
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Method Development of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Approaches for Nondestructive and Rapid Estimation of Total Protein in Brown Rice Flour. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1892:109-135. [PMID: 30397803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8914-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rice varietal development and improvement programs are constantly seeking means to shorten the breeding cycle in order to deliver new, consumer-acceptable rice varieties to farmers and to consumers. Advances in molecular biology technologies have enabled breeders to use high-throughput genotyping to screen breeding lines. However, current phenotyping technologies, particularly for rice cooking and eating properties, have yet to match the efficiency of genotyping methodologies. A high-throughput and cost-effective phenotyping suite is essential because without phenotype, the value of genotypic information cannot be maximized. In this book chapter, we explore the application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a high-throughput and nondestructive approach in characterizing rice grains, primarily describing method development and validation, instrument calibration, upgrading, and maintenance. We then focus on estimating protein content (PC) in brown rice as a case study because (1) PC is an attribute that contributes to the cooking behavior and the eating properties of cooked rice; and (2) proteins contain chemical bonds that can easily be detected by NIRS.
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Critical bounds on noise and SNR for robust estimation of real-time brain activity from functional near infra-red spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2018; 176:321-353. [PMID: 29698730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The robust characterization of real-time brain activity carries potential for many applications. However, the contamination of measured signals by various instrumental, environmental, and physiological sources of noise introduces a substantial amount of signal variance and, consequently, challenges real-time estimation of contributions from underlying neuronal sources. Functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging imaging modality whose real-time potential is yet to be fully explored. The objectives of the current study are to (i) validate a time-dependent linear model of hemodynamic responses in fNIRS, and (ii) test the robustness of this approach against measurement noise (instrumental and physiological) and mis-specification of the hemodynamic response basis functions (amplitude, latency, and duration). We propose a linear hemodynamic model with time-varying parameters, which are estimated (adapted and tracked) using a dynamic recursive least square algorithm. Owing to the linear nature of the activation model, the problem of achieving robust convergence to an accurate estimation of the model parameters is recast as a problem of parameter error stability around the origin. We show that robust convergence of the proposed method is guaranteed in the presence of an acceptable degree of model misspecification and we derive an upper bound on noise under which reliable parameters can still be inferred. We also derived a lower bound on signal-to-noise-ratio over which the reliable parameters can still be inferred from a channel/voxel. Whilst here applied to fNIRS, the proposed methodology is applicable to other hemodynamic-based imaging technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging.
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Quantifying fast optical signal and event-related potential relationships during a visual oddball task. Neuroimage 2018; 178:119-128. [PMID: 29777826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) have previously been used to confirm the existence of the fast optical signal (FOS) but validation methods have mainly been limited to exploring the temporal correspondence of FOS peaks to those of ERPs. The purpose of this study was to systematically quantify the relationship between FOS and ERP responses to a visual oddball task in both time and frequency domains. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) sensors were co-located over the prefrontal cortex while participants performed a visual oddball task. Fifteen participants completed 2 data collection sessions each, where they were instructed to keep a mental count of oddball images. The oddball condition produced a positive ERP at 200 ms followed by a negativity 300-500 ms after image onset in the frontal electrodes. In contrast to previous FOS studies, a FOS response was identified only in DC intensity signals and not in phase delay signals. A decrease in DC intensity was found 150-250 ms after oddball image onset with a 400-trial average in 10 of 15 participants. The latency of the positive 200 ms ERP and the FOS DC intensity decrease were significantly correlated for only 6 (out of 15) participants due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the FOS response. Coherence values between the FOS and ERP oddball responses were found to be significant in the 3-5 Hz frequency band for 10 participants. A significant Granger causal influence of the ERP on the FOS oddball response was uncovered in the 2-6 Hz frequency band for 7 participants. Collectively, our findings suggest that, for a majority of participants, the ERP and the DC intensity signal of the FOS are spectrally coherent, specifically in narrow frequency bands previously associated with event-related oscillations in the prefrontal cortex. However, these electro-optical relationships were only found in a subset of participants. Further research on enhancing the quality of the event-related FOS signal is required before it can be practically exploited in applications such as brain-computer interfacing.
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Hypofunction of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression during verbal fluency task: A multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Affect Disord 2018; 231:83-90. [PMID: 29455100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous functional neuroimaging studies of depression have demonstrated frontotemporal dysfunction, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while patients perform working memory and language comprehension tasks. Recent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) studies have shown frontotemporal hypofunction in depression by verbal fluency task, but the regions of impairment affecting respective depressive symptoms still remain unclear. We investigated frontotemporal function during word production task in depression with multi-channel NIRS. Further, we aimed to clarify whether any depressive symptoms affect frontotemporal dysfunction. METHODS One hundred seventy-seven major depressive patients and 50 healthy control volunteers participated in this study. Their cerebral activations were compared during verbal fluency task. RESULTS Although performance was not significantly different, hypoactivation in the bilateral frontotemporal regions was significantly observed in depressed patients, compared with controls. Left lateral frontotemporal activation was significantly reduced in the group with mandatory symptom, which is depressed mood, or loss of interest or pleasure, compared with the group that still has residual depressive symptoms in spite MDD having been remitted. LIMITATION the MDD group had significantly higher age and education level than the controls. Conclusions Our findings indicate hypofunction of the bilateral frontotemporal regions in depression during verbal fluency task. Further, hypofunction of these regions in the left hemisphere by this task could reflect whether the subjects recovered from depressed mood, or loss of interest or pleasure.
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Meditation and the brain - Neuronal correlates of mindfulness as assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 271:24-33. [PMID: 28689600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation as a therapeutic intervention has been shown to have positive effects on psychological problems such as depression, pain or anxiety disorders. In this study, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to detect differences in hemodynamic responses of meditation experts (14 participants) and a control group (16 participants) in a resting and a mindfulness condition. In both conditions, the sound of a meditation bowl was used to find group differences in the auditory system and adjacent cortical areas. Different lateralization patterns of the brain were found in expert meditators while being in a resting state (amplified left hemisphere) or being in mindfulness state (amplified right hemisphere). Compared to the control group, meditation experts had a more widespread pattern of activation in the auditory cortex, while resting. In the mindfulness condition, the control group showed a decrease of activation in higher auditory areas (BA 1, 6 and 40), whereas the meditation experts had a significant increase in those areas. In addition, meditation expert had highly activated brain areas (BA 39, 40, 44 and 45) beyond the meditative task itself, indicating possible long-term changes in the brain and their positive effects on empathy, meta cognitive skills and health.
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Performance of regional oxygen saturation monitoring by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in pediatric inter-hospital transports with special reference to air ambulance transports: a methodological study. J Clin Monit Comput 2017; 32:841-847. [PMID: 29282591 PMCID: PMC6132574 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-017-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) monitoring with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during pediatric inter-hospital transports and to optimize processing of the electronically stored data. Cerebral (rSO2-C) and abdominal (rSO2-A) NIRS sensors were used during transport in air ambulance and connecting ground ambulance. Data were electronically stored by the monitor during transport, extracted and analyzed off-line after the transport. After removal of all zero and floor effect values, the Savitzky-Golay algorithm of data smoothing was applied on the NIRS-signal. The second order of smoothing polynomial was used and the optimal number of neighboring points for the smoothing procedure was evaluated. NIRS-data from 38 pediatric patients was examined. Reliability, defined as measurements without values of 0 or 15%, was acceptable during transport (> 90% of all measurements). There were, however, individual patients with < 90% reliable measurements during transport, while no patient was found to have < 90% reliable measurements in hospital. Satisfactory noise reduction of the signal, without distortion of the underlying information, was achieved when 20-50 neighbors ("window-size") were used. The use of NIRS for measuring rSO2 in clinical studies during pediatric transport in ground and air-ambulance is feasible but hampered by unreliable values and signal interference. By applying the Savitzky-Golay algorithm, the signal-to-noise ratio was improved and enabled better post-hoc signal evaluation.
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High-dose antidepressants affect near-infrared spectroscopy signals: A retrospective study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 14:648-655. [PMID: 28348956 PMCID: PMC5357702 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have highlighted the clinical usefulness of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in psychiatry. However, the potential effects of psychotropics on NIRS signals remain unknown. METHODS We conducted a systematic chart review of 40 depressed patients who underwent NIRS scans during a verbal fluency task to clarify the relationships between psychotropic dosage and NIRS signals. The dosage of psychotropic medications was calculated using defined daily dose (DDD). We investigated the associations between the DDD of psychotropic medications and oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in single channel levels. LIMITATIONS Retrospective study design and small sample size are the main limitations. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis revealed that one channel in the right temporoparietal region had a significant association with antidepressant DDD controlling for age, sex, depression severity, and the DDD of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. Moreover, high doses of antidepressants had significant effects on NIRS signals compared with low doses, in group comparisons. CONCLUSIONS The dose-dependent impact of antidepressants on NIRS signals should be taken into account when interpreting NIRS data.
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Key Words
- Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical, (ATC)
- Antidepressant
- Bipolar disorder
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM)
- Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 item, (HRSD-17)
- International Classification of Diseases, (ICD)
- Major depressive disorder (MDD)
- Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, (MADRS)
- Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
- Schizophrenia
- World Health Organization, (WHO)
- defined daily dose, (DDD)
- magnetic resonance imaging, (MRI)
- major depressive disorder, (MDD)
- near-infrared spectroscopy, (NIRS)
- oxy-hemoglobin, (oxy-Hb)
- positron emission tomography, (PET)
- regional cerebral blood volume, (rCBV)
- verbal fluency task, (VFT)
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Genetic variants in oxytocin receptor and arginine-vasopressin receptor 1A are associated with the neural correlates of maternal and paternal affection towards their child. Horm Behav 2017; 87:47-56. [PMID: 27743766 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence in animal studies, particularly in vole species (Microtus), that oxytocin (OT) receptor and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) receptor 1a is critical for the regulation of maternal and paternal behavior, respectively. Human studies have gained insight into the relationship between both hormone receptor gene variants and behavior, but not between the variants and the underlying brain activity. To study this, we investigated the association between neural activation of the anterior prefrontal cortex (APFC) in mothers and fathers in response to their child smiling video stimuli to induce the positive affect related to attachment with their child, and genetic variants of OT receptor (OXTR) and AVP receptor 1A (AVPR1A). Overall, 43 mothers and 41 fathers participated, and each parent's child smiling was video recorded. Participants were then genotyped and underwent near-infrared spectroscopy to measure neural activation of the APFC while observing their own child smiling compared with an unfamiliar child. We found that the right inferior APFC was activated in response to child video stimuli in mothers and differential hemispheric activation of the inferior APFC in OXTR rs2254298-G/G mothers compared with -A carrier mothers, but not in fathers. Furthermore, we found a difference in the left inferior APFC activation between AVPR1A RS3-non-334 and -334 carrier fathers, but not mothers. Our results indicate a sex-dependent association between the genetic variants and the inferior APFC activations of maternal and paternal positive affect, analogous to the results reported in voles.
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Adult-like processing of time-compressed speech by newborns: A NIRS study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 25:176-184. [PMID: 27852514 PMCID: PMC6987815 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns’ perception of time-compressed speech is similar to that of adults. Newborns adapt to moderately compressed speech, but not to highly compressed speech. Adaptation to time-compressed speech happens at an auditory level. Adaptation to time-compressed speech involves the left temporoparietal regions.
Humans can adapt to a wide range of variations in the speech signal, maintaining an invariant representation of the linguistic information it contains. Among them, adaptation to rapid or time-compressed speech has been well studied in adults, but the developmental origin of this capacity remains unknown. Does this ability depend on experience with speech (if yes, as heard in utero or as heard postnatally), with sounds in general or is it experience-independent? Using near-infrared spectroscopy, we show that the newborn brain can discriminate between three different compression rates: normal, i.e. 100% of the original duration, moderately compressed, i.e. 60% of original duration and highly compressed, i.e. 30% of original duration. Even more interestingly, responses to normal and moderately compressed speech are similar, showing a canonical hemodynamic response in the left temporoparietal, right frontal and right temporal cortex, while responses to highly compressed speech are inverted, showing a decrease in oxyhemoglobin concentration. These results mirror those found in adults, who readily adapt to moderately compressed, but not to highly compressed speech, showing that adaptation to time-compressed speech requires little or no experience with speech, and happens at an auditory, and not at a more abstract linguistic level.
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A passenger reduces sleepy driver's activation in the right prefrontal cortex: A laboratory study using near-infrared spectroscopy. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 95:358-361. [PMID: 26860429 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine how a passenger affects the sleepiness effect (awake vs. sleepy) on an individual's prefrontal activation during a simulated driving-game task using a wireless portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device. Participants drove from start to goal along default routes either solely (no-passenger group) or with a friend sitting beside him/her as a passenger (with-passenger group). Sleepiness level was assessed by a five-item scale questionnaire. In the no-passenger group, there were no performance and activation differences between the sleepy and awake participants. In the with-passenger group, by contrast, the sleepy participants showed more errors and lower activations in their right prefrontal cortex than the awake participants. These results suggest that a passenger has little effect on awake participants, but may weaken the sleepy participants' vigilance and/or their cognitive abilities of action control. Practically, the present study demonstrates that NIRS may provide us a new possibility to monitor and examine the driver's mental states in the brain.
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Daily ingestion of catechin-rich beverage increases brown adipose tissue density and decreases extramyocellular lipids in healthy young women. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1363. [PMID: 27588256 PMCID: PMC4990527 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to the regulation of non-shivering thermogenesis and adiposity. Increasing BAT has recently attracted much attention as a countermeasure to obesity. Animal studies have shown that prolonged catechin treatment increases uncoupling protein 1, a thermogenic protein in BAT. On the other hand, supportable evidence in human is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether BAT increases after catechin ingestion in humans. Methods Twenty-two healthy young women were given either a catechin-rich (540 mg/day; catechin) or placebo beverage every day for 12 weeks in a double-blind design. BAT density was measured using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS), visceral fat area were measured using magnetic resonance imaging, extramyocellular lipids (EMCL) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and body fat mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Results BAT density was significantly increased (18.8 %), and EMCL was decreased (17.4 %) after the 12-week ingestion. There was a significant negative correlation between the changes in BAT density and those in EMCL (r = −0.66, P < 0.05). There were no notable changes in other parameters. Conclusions In conclusion, prolonged ingestion of a catechin-rich beverage increases the BAT density in parallel with a decrease in EMCL.
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Detection of resting state functional connectivity using partial correlation analysis: A study using multi-distance and whole-head probe near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2016; 142:590-601. [PMID: 27521742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a functional neuroimaging modality that enables easy-to-use and noninvasive measurement of changes in blood oxygenation levels. We developed a clinically-applicable method for estimating resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) with NIRS using a partial correlation analysis to reduce the influence of extraneural components. Using a multi-distance probe arrangement NIRS, we measured resting state brain activity for 8min in 17 healthy participants. Independent component analysis was used to extract shallow and deep signals from the original NIRS data. Pearson's correlation calculated from original signals was significantly higher than that calculated from deep signals, while partial correlation calculated from original signals was comparable to that calculated from deep (cerebral-tissue) signals alone. To further test the validity of our method, we also measured 8min of resting state brain activity using a whole-head NIRS arrangement consisting of 17 cortical regions in 80 healthy participants. Significant RSFC between neighboring, interhemispheric homologous, and some distant ipsilateral brain region pairs was revealed. Additionally, females exhibited higher RSFC between interhemispheric occipital region-pairs, in addition to higher connectivity between some ipsilateral pairs in the left hemisphere, when compared to males. The combined results of the two component experiments indicate that partial correlation analysis is effective in reducing the influence of extracerebral signals, and that NIRS is able to detect well-described resting state networks and sex-related differences in RSFC.
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Altered frontal pole development affects self-generated spatial working memory in ADHD. Brain Dev 2016; 38:471-80. [PMID: 26709204 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial working memory (SWM) dysfunction is a feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies suggested that behavioral performance in self-generated SWM improves through development in children with and without ADHD. Nevertheless, developmental changes in the neural underpinnings of self-generated SWM are unknown. METHOD Using near-infrared spectroscopy, hemodynamic activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured in 30 children with ADHD (9.5 ± 1.6 years-old) and 35 TD children (9.0 ± 1.6 years-old) while they performed a self-generated SWM task. We then investigated correlations between age and behavioral performance, and between age and hemodynamic activity in the PFC for each group. RESULTS Both groups showed a negative correlation with age and number of errors [ADHD: r(28)=-0.37, p=0.040; TD: r(33)=-0.59, p<0.001], indicating that self-generated SWM improves through development. The TD group showed a positive correlation between age and oxygenated hemoglobin in the frontal pole [10ch: r(33)=0.41, p=0.013; 11ch; r(33)=0.44, p=0.008] and bilateral lateral PFC [4ch: r(33)=0.34, p=0.049; 13ch; r(33)=0.54, p=0.001], while no significant correlation was found in the ADHD group. Furthermore, regression slopes for the frontal pole significantly differed between the TD and ADHD groups [10ch: t(61)=2.35, p=0.021; 11ch: t(61)=2.05, p=0.044]. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD showed abnormalities in functional maturation of the frontal pole, which plays a role in manipulating and maintaining information associated with self-generated behavior.
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The association between cognitive deficits and prefrontal hemodynamic responses during performance of working memory task in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 172:114-22. [PMID: 26830318 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits are resistant to treatment and thus pose a lifelong burden. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) provides reliable and valid assessments across cognitive domains. However, because the prefrontal functional abnormalities specifically associated with the level of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia have not been examined, we explored this relationship. Patients with schizophrenia (N=87) and matched healthy controls (N=50) participated in the study. Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), we measured the hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal and superior temporal cortical surface areas during a working memory task. Correlation analyses revealed a relationship between the hemodynamics and the BACS composite and domain scores. Hemodynamic responses of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left frontopolar cortex (FPC) in the higher-level-of-cognitive-function schizophrenia group were weaker than the responses of the controls but similar to those of the lower-level-of-cognitive-function schizophrenia group. However, hemodynamic responses in the right DLPFC, bilateral ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), and right temporal regions decreased with increasing cognitive deficits. In addition, the hemodynamic response correlated positively with the level of cognitive function (BACS composite scores) in the right DLPFC, bilateral VLPFC, right FPC, and bilateral temporal regions in schizophrenia. The correlation was driven by all BACS domains. Our results suggest that the linked functional deficits in the right DLPFC, bilateral VLPFC, right FPC, and bilateral temporal regions may be related to BACS-measured cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and show that linking the neurocognitive deficits and brain abnormalities can increase our understanding of schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Growth restriction and gender influence cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2016; 101:F156-61. [PMID: 26311070 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of fetal growth restriction and gender on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates during the first 3 days of life. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, The Netherlands. PATIENTS 68 (41 males) small for gestational age (SGA) (birth weight <10th percentile) and 136 (82 males) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (birth weight 20th-80th percentile) neonates, matched for gender, gestational age, ventilatory and blood pressure support. METHODS Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy throughout the first 72 h of life were compared between SGA and AGA neonates. The effect of gender was also explored within these comparisons. RESULTS SGA neonates demonstrated higher rScO2 (71% SEM 0.2 vs 68% SEM 0.2) and lower cFTOE (0.25 SEM 0.002 vs 0.29 SEM 0.002) than AGA neonates. There was an independent effect of gender on rScO2 and cFTOE, resulting in the finding that SGA males displayed highest rScO2 and lowest cFTOE (73% SEM 0.3 respectively 0.24 SEM 0.003). AGA males and SGA females showed comparable rScO2 (69% SEM 0.2 vs 69% SEM 0.4) and cFTOE (0.28 SEM 0.002 vs 0.28 SEM 0.004). AGA females showed lowest rScO2 and highest cFTOE (66% SEM 0.2 respectively 0.30 SEM 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Growth restriction and gender influence cerebral oxygenation and oxygen extraction in preterm neonates throughout the first 3 days of life.
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Development of Portable, Wireless and Smartphone Controllable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 923:385-392. [PMID: 27526167 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-38810-6_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed portable near-infrared tissue oxygenation monitoring systems, called the "PocketNIRS Duo" and the "PocketNIRS HM", which features wireless data communication and a sampling rate of up to 60 data readings per second. The systems can be controlled by smartphone or personal computer. We demonstrate the efficacy of the systems for monitoring changes in brain and arm muscle hemodynamics and oxygenation in breath-holding and cuff-occlusion tests, respectively.Our systems should prove to be useful as an oxygenation monitor not only in research but also in healthcare applications.
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Abstract
The right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is involved in intention understanding during interpersonal interactions. To examine how prior experience of cooperation and competition affects one's right IFG activation in the subsequent interaction, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) we simultaneously measured paired participants' bilateral IFG activations during a turn-taking game. Participant pairs were assigned to either one of two roles: a Builder taking the initial move to copy a target disk-pattern on monitor and the Partner taking the second move to aid in (cooperation) or to obstruct (competition) the Builder. The experiment consisted of two sessions. One participant (B-P) played as a Builder (B-) in session 1 and changed the role to the Partner (-P) in session 2, and vice versa for the paired participant (P-B). NIRS data in competition demonstrated that the Builder (B-) being obstructed in session 1 showed higher right IFG activation when (s)he took a role of obstructor (-P) in session 2 (the obstructed effect), whereas "the cooperated effect" was not revealed in cooperation. These results suggest that prior experience of being obstructed may facilitate understanding of the Builder and/or the obstructor's tactical move, thereby increasing his/her right IFG activation when one is meant to obstruct in subsequent competitions.
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Role of the right inferior frontal gyrus in turn-based cooperation and competition: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Cogn 2015; 99:17-23. [PMID: 26189111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal interaction can be classified into two types: concurrent and turn-based interaction, requiring synchronized body-movement and complementary behaviors across persons, respectively. To examine the neural mechanism of turn-based interaction, we simultaneously measured paired participants activations in their bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in a turn-taking game using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Pairs of participants were assigned to either one of two roles (game builder and the partner) in the game. The builder's task was to make a copy of a target disk-pattern by placing disks on a monitor, while the partner's task was to aid the builder in his/her goal (cooperation condition) or to obstruct it (competition condition). The builder always took the initial move and the partner followed. The NIRS data demonstrated an interaction of role (builder vs. partner) by task-type (cooperation vs. competition) in the right IFG. The builder in the cooperation condition showed higher activation than the cooperator, but the same builder in the competition condition showed lower activation than in the cooperation condition. The activations in the competitor-builder pairs showed positive correlation between their right IFG, but the activations in the cooperator-builder pairs did not. These results suggest that the builder's activation in the right IFG is reduced/increased in the context of interacting with a cooperative/competitive partner. Also, the competitor may actively trace the builder's disk manipulation, leading to deeper mind-set synchronization in the competition condition, while the cooperator may passively follow the builder's move, leading to shallower mind-set synchronization in the cooperation condition.
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Dysfunction of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex underlying social anxiety disorder: A multi-channel NIRS study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 8:455-61. [PMID: 26106570 PMCID: PMC4474365 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by strong fear and anxiety during social interactions. Although ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activity in response to emotional stimuli is related to pathological anxiety, little is known about the relationship between VLPFC activity and social anxiety. This study aimed to investigate whether VLPFC activity was involved in SAD and whether VLPFC activity was related to the level of social anxiety. Twenty-four drug-naïve patients with SAD and 35 healthy controls underwent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) scanning while performing a verbal fluency task (VFT). Results indicated that, compared to the healthy controls, the SAD patients exhibited smaller changes of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations in the VLPFC during the VFT. Furthermore, the right VLPFC activation was negatively correlated with social avoidance. In contrast to the latter, the healthy controls exhibited a positive correlation between changes of oxy-Hb concentrations in the bilateral VLPFC and social fear. Our findings provide evidence for VLPFC dysfunction in SAD, and indicate that the VLPFC dysfunction may contribute to the difference between normal and abnormal social anxiety. We investigated ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activity induced by the performance of the verbal fluency task. Smaller changes of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations in bilateral VLPFC in SAD patients Negative correlation between changes of oxy-Hb concentrations in right VLPFC and social avoidance in SAD patients Positive correlation between changes of oxy-Hb concentrations in bilateral VLPFC and social fear in healthy subjects
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