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Sharma S, Kumar V, Seth CA, Sourirajan A, El-Shazly M, Dev K. A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and in vitro propagation of an endemic medicinal orchid, Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:2621-2635. [PMID: 37950770 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo, also known as Himalayan Marsh Orchid or Salam Panja, belongs to the Orchidaceae family. It is found in sub-alpine to alpine regions at 2500-5000 m above sea level. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, phytochemistry, medicinal uses, toxicity, and conservation status of D. hatagirea and to find the research gaps to promote progress in studies of this orchid. Secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins, were reported from the aerial and underground parts of this medicinal orchid. Several phytocompounds, such as dactylorhins A, B, C, D, and E and dactylose A and B, were isolated from the dried roots of D. hatagirea. A wide range of in vitro and in vivo assays was used to assess the biological properties of D. hatagirea, such as antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, diuretic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, wound healing, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities. It was also reported to boost testosterone levels, improving sexual desire and arousal. Due to overexploitation and a restricted habitat range, this essential medicinal plant has reached the extinction stage; therefore, a conservation-friendly harvesting approach is needed for this medicinal herb. In vitro techniques such as micropropagation, synthetic seed generation, and hairy root technology can contribute to its conservation. This review provides comprehensive insights into the botanical features, traditional uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological importance, and toxicity evaluation of this medicinal orchid. This review also provides detailed information on the conservation status of D. hatagirea and strategies to overcome the exploitation of this orchid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
| | - Chandrika Attri Seth
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P, India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P, India
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P, India.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 4543, USA.
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Kaur A, Yadav VG, Pawar SV, Sembi JK. Insights to Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) and Secondary Metabolism in Orchids: An in silico Approach. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:413-435. [PMID: 37358673 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyses the first step of phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway which leads to the biosynthesis of a diverse group of secondary metabolites. Orchids serve as a rich source of metabolites and the availability of genome or transcriptome for selected orchid species provides an opportunity to analyse the PAL genes in orchids. In the present study, 21 PAL genes were characterized using bioinformatics tools in nine orchid species (Apostasia shenzhenica, Cypripedium formosanum, Dendrobium catenatum, Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Phalaenopsis bellina, Phalaenopsis equestris, Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana, Phalaenopsis modesta and Phalaenopsis schilleriana). Multiple sequence alignment confirmed the presence of PAL-specific conserved domains (N-terminal, MIO, core, shielding and C-terminal domain). All these proteins were predicted to be hydrophobic in nature and to have cytoplasmic localisation. Structural modelling depicted the presence of alpha helices, extended strands, beta turns and random coils in their structure. Ala-Ser-Gly triad known for substrate binding and catalysis of MIO-domain was found to be completely conserved in all the proteins. Phylogenetic study showed that the PALs of pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms clustered together in separate clades. Expression profiling showed tissue-specific expression for all the 21 PAL genes in the various reproductive and vegetative tissues which suggested their diverse role in growth and development. This study provides insights to the molecular characterization of PAL genes which may help in developing biotechnological strategies to enhance the synthesis of phenylpropanoids in orchids and other heterologous systems for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Vikramaditya G Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Sandip V Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jaspreet K Sembi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Chen XH, Ding LN, Zong XY, Xu H, Wang WB, Ding R, Qu B. The complete chloroplast genome sequences of four Liparis species (Orchidaceae) and phylogenetic implications. Gene 2023; 888:147760. [PMID: 37661026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Liparis Richard (Malaxideae, Epidendroideae) is a large and diverse genus of the family Orchidaceae, the taxonomy of which is complicated and controversial. In this study, we sequenced, assembled and analyzed four complete chloroplast genomes of Liparis species including L. kumokiri, L. makinoana, L. pauliana, and L. viridiflora, and evaluated their phylogenetic relationships with related species for the first time. These four chloroplast genomes (size range 153,095 to 158,239 bp) possess typical quadripartite structures that consist of a large single copy (LSC, 83,533-86,752 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 17,938-18,156 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26,421-26,933 bp). The genomes contain 133 genes, including 87 protein coding genes, 38 tRNAs and 8 rRNA genes. The genome arrangements, gene contents, gene order, long repeats and simple sequence repeats were similar with small differences observed among these four chloroplast genomes. Five highly variable regions including ycf1, ndhA, ndhF, trnQ and trnK were identified from the comparative analysis with other nine related Liparis species, which had the potential to be used as DNA markers for species identification and phylogenetic studies of Liparis species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome sequences strongly supported the polyphyly of Liparis and its further division into three branches. These results provided valuable information to illustrate the complicated taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution process of the Liparis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Li-Na Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hua Xu
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, PR China
| | - Wei-Bin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Rui Ding
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Bo Qu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China.
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Lipińska MM, Olędrzyńska N, Dudek M, Naczk AM, Łuszczek D, Szabó P, Speckmaier M, Szlachetko DL. Characters evolution of Encyclia (Laeliinae-Orchidaceae) reveals a complex pattern not phylogenetically determined: insights from macro- and micromorphology. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:661. [PMID: 38124025 PMCID: PMC10731901 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Encyclia is the second-largest genus in the neotropical subtribe Laeliinae (Orchidaceae) and has more than 150 species, which are characterized by fairly consistent flower morphology. Its taxonomy and species boundaries, however, seem to be still under debate. In the present study, we first examined the lip micromorphology of 61 species of Encyclia sensu stricto. We correlated our results with external flower morphology and phylogenetic analyses performed on a combined dataset that included both nuclear (ITS, Xdh, PhyC) and plastid markers (ycf1, rpl32, and trnL-trnF). Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that Encyclia sensu stricto species form a coherent, monophyletic group. However, it is difficult to determine the relationships between the different groups within one larger clade. The groups all form distinct lineages that evolved from a common ancestor. The UPGMA cluster analysis for the seven qualitative micromorphological features clearly divides the genus into two main groups, the larger of which is further subdivided into two subgroups. None of these, however, overlap with any of the phylogeographic units distinguished in previously published papers or in presented article. It is worth noting that the groups resulting from the UPGMA analysis cannot be defined by macromorphological features. The pattern of similarities between species, taking into account both macro- and micromorphological features, is eminently mosaic in nature, and only a multifaceted approach can explain this enigmatic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Lipińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80308, Poland
- Foundation Polish Orchid Association, Sopot, 81825, Poland
| | - Natalia Olędrzyńska
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80308, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudek
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80308, Poland
| | - Aleksandra M Naczk
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80308, Poland.
| | - Dorota Łuszczek
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80308, Poland
| | - Peter Szabó
- Individual Researcher, Vasvár, 9800, Hungary
| | - Manfred Speckmaier
- Botanischer Garten, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14/2, Raum G-10, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Dariusz L Szlachetko
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80308, Poland
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Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Antioxidant properties and L-asparaginase activities of endophytic fungi from Cymbidium orchids. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023:10.1007/s12223-023-01112-5. [PMID: 37995083 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
This study profiled the various endophytic fungi isolated from the orchid Cymbidium sp. and their L-asparaginase production and antioxidant potential. The L-asparaginase production was first screened through qualitative plate screening then quantified by the Nesslerization method. The antioxidant potential was quantified via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. A total of 30 endophytic fungi were isolated and all fungal isolates exhibited various degrees of radical scavenging activities (45.28% to 76.4%). Isolate Lasiodiplodia theobromae (C11) had the highest antioxidant capacity, represented by the lowest IC50 value (5.75 mg/mL) and highest ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity value (12.17 mg/g). Additionally, 16 isolates produced L-asparaginase (53.33%), which includes primarily species of Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium incarnatum, and Fusarium oxysporum. A new isolate has also been discovered from Cymbidium orchid, Buergenerula spartinae (C28), which showed the highest L-asparaginase activity (1.736 unit/mL). These findings supported the postulation that medicinal species of Orchidaceae such as Cymbidium sp. harbor endophytes that are producers of L-asparaginase and antioxidants with various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Characterization and identification of antimicrobial compounds from endophytic Fusarium incarnatum isolated from Cymbidium orchids. Int Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00442-1. [PMID: 37975992 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized and identified the antimicrobial compounds from an endophytic fungus (Fusarium incarnatum (C4)) isolated from the orchid, Cymbidium sp. Chromatographic techniques were employed to separate the bioactive compounds from the crude extracts of F. incarnatum (C4). Following bio-guided fractionation, two fractionated extracts (fractions 1 and 2) of F. incarnatum (C4) exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus cereus (MIC: 0.156 mg/mL) and Ganoderma boninense (MIC: 0.3125 mg/mL), respectively. The active fractions were discovered to comprise of a variety of bioactive compounds with pharmacological importance (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, peptides and fatty acids). Liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LCMS) analysis detected the presence of antibacterial (kanzonol N, rifaximin, linoleic acid (d4), cannabisativine, docosanedioic acid, and stearamide) and antifungal components (3-methyl-quinolin-2-ol, prothiocarb, kanzonol N, peganine, 5Z-tridecene, and tetronasin) in fractions 1 and 2, respectively, which may have contributed to the antimicrobial effects. Findings from this study highlighted the important potential of fungal endophytes from medicinal hosts as producers of antimicrobials and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Minasiewicz J, Zwolicki A, Figura T, Novotná A, Bocayuva MF, Jersáková J, Selosse MA. Stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is closely linked to trophic modes in orchids. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:422. [PMID: 37700257 PMCID: PMC10496321 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycorrhiza is a ubiquitous form of symbiosis based on the mutual, beneficial exchange of resources between roots of autotrophic (AT) plants and heterotrophic soil fungi throughout a complex network of fungal mycelium. Mycoheterotrophic (MH) and mixotrophic (MX) plants can parasitise this system, gaining all or some (respectively) required nutrients without known reciprocity to the fungus. We applied, for the first time, an ecological stoichiometry framework to test whether trophic mode of plants influences their elemental carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) composition and may provide clues about their biology and evolution within the framework of mycorrhizal network functioning. RESULTS We analysed C:N:P stoichiometry of 24 temperate orchid species and P concentration of 135 species from 45 plant families sampled throughout temperate and intertropical zones representing the three trophic modes (AT, MX and MH). Welch's one-way ANOVA and PERMANOVA were used to compare mean nutrient values and their proportions among trophic modes, phylogeny, and climate zones. Nutrient concentration and stoichiometry significantly differentiate trophic modes in orchids. Mean foliar C:N:P stoichiometry showed a gradual increase of N and P concentration and a decrease of C: nutrients ratio along the trophic gradient AT < MX < MH, with surprisingly high P requirements of MH orchids. Although P concentration in orchids showed the trophy-dependent pattern regardless of climatic zone, P concentration was not a universal indicator of trophic modes, as shown by ericaceous MH and MX plants. CONCLUSION The results imply that there are different evolutionary pathways of adaptation to mycoheterotrophic nutrient acquisition, and that the high nutrient requirements of MH orchids compared to MH plants from other families may represent a higher cost to the fungal partner and consequently lead to the high fungal specificity observed in MH orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Minasiewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Adrian Zwolicki
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lesní 322, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, CP 39, F-75005, France
| | - Alžběta Novotná
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Vídeňská, Praha, 1083, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Melissa F Bocayuva
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, CP 39, F-75005, France
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O’Neill KM, O’Neill RP, Delphia CM, Burkle LA, Runyon JB. Diversity and distribution of orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Euglossini) in Belize. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14928. [PMID: 36846459 PMCID: PMC9948752 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orchid bees are abundant and widespread in the Neotropics, where males are important pollinators of orchids they visit to collect fragrant chemicals later used to court females. Assemblages of orchid bees have been intensively surveyed in parts of Central America, but less so in Belize, where we studied them during the late-wet and early-dry seasons of 2015-2020. Methods Using bottle-traps baited with chemicals known to attract a variety of orchid bee species, we conducted surveys at sites varying in latitude, historical annual precipitation, elevation, and the presence of nearby agricultural activities. Each sample during each survey period consisted of the same number of traps and the same set of chemical baits, their positions randomized along transects. Results In 86 samples, we collected 24 species in four genera: Euglossa (16 species), Eulaema (3), Eufriesea (3), and Exaerete (2). During our most extensive sampling (December 2016-February 2017), species diversity was not correlated with latitude, precipitation, or elevation; species richness was correlated only with precipitation (positively). However, a canonical correspondence analysis indicated that species composition of assemblages varied across all three environmental gradients, with species like Eufriesea concava, Euglossa imperialis, and Euglossa viridissima most common in the drier north, and Euglossa ignita, Euglossa purpurea, and Eulaema meriana more so in the wetter southeast. Other species, such as Euglossa tridentata and Eulaema cingulata, were common throughout the area sampled. Mean species diversity was higher at sites with agricultural activities than at sites separated from agricultural areas. A Chao1 analysis suggests that other species should yet be found at our sites, a conclusion supported by records from adjacent countries, as well as the fact that we often added new species with repeated surveys of the same sites up through early 2020, and with the use of alternative baits. Additional species may be especially likely if sampling occurs outside of the months/seasons that we have sampled so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. O’Neill
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Ruth P. O’Neill
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Casey M. Delphia
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Laura A. Burkle
- Ecology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S.D.A., United States Forest Service, Bozeman, MT, United States
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Anderson JD, Gastelbondo M, Chambers AH. Diagnostic KASP markers differentiate Vanilla planifolia, V. odorata, V. pompona, and their hybrids using leaf or cured pod tissues. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:707-17. [PMID: 36370295 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vanilla is a globally important spice crop used in a variety of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. V. planifolia is the primary commercial species with V. x tahitensis also permissible for food use. Other aromatic species, including V. pompona, are used for food throughout Central and South America. Supply chain complexity hinders the vanilla bean industry and can lead to false claims of genetic and geographical origins to obtain higher prices. Beans of some species can be differentiated by experienced buyers, but hybrids and morphological differences caused by environmental variability or disease would best be resolved by diagnostic tests. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction is a widely used molecular marker that can genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms efficiently and inexpensively. Assays were designed to differentiate V. planifolia, V. x tahitensis, and V. pompona using publicly available vanilla genomics data. Ten KASP assays on chromosomes 1 through 7, the ITS region, and plastid-encoded rbcL gene successfully differentiated V. planifolia, V. odorata, and V. x tahitensis. Additional KASP assays on chromosomes 1 through 4, the ITS region, and rbcL gene successfully differentiated V. planifolia and V. pompona. Further, a method for extracting KASP-quality DNA from cured vanilla bean seeds was developed and successfully differentiated V. planifolia, V. odorata, V. x tahitensis, V. pompona, and their hybrids. CONCLUSION The methods and results from this study can be used to identify interspecific hybrids, ensure the authenticity of cured vanilla beans, and reduce abuse within the vanilla supply chain.
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Lipińska MM, Gołębiowski M, Szlachetko DL, Kowalkowska AK. Floral attractants in the black orchid Brasiliorchis schunkeana (Orchidaceae, Maxillariinae): clues for presumed sapromyophily and potential antimicrobial activity. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:575. [PMID: 36496375 PMCID: PMC9737770 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchids have evolved various strategies that aim to ensure their reproduction success. These may include the production of rewards for pollinators, or on the contrary, deception. Specific sets of features such as flower morphology, color, nectar, and odor presence (or lack thereof) are considered to determine suitability for pollination by different groups of animals. Stingless bees are thought to be the primary pollinators of the orchids of the Neotropical subtribe Maxillariinae. However, almost black flowered Brasiliorchis schunkeana at first glance presents floral adaptations that may suggest another pollination syndrome-sapromyophily. RESULTS A few traces of secretion were noticed on the glabrous lip callus and lip apex built by conical to villiform papillae (SEM analysis). Histochemical studies revealed huge amounts of lipids in the epidermis, subepidermis, and some parenchyma cells (SBB test) with various stages of lipids accumulation between cells. Further TEM analysis showed a heterogeneous (lipoid and phenolic) nature of secretion. The dense osmiophilic cytoplasm contained organelles (RER, free ribosomes, dictyosomes, plastids with plastoglobuli, nucleus) and vesicles migrating to plasmalemma. The vesicles, osmiophilic globules, and flocculent material were visible in periplasmic space. The central vacuole possessed osmiophilic phenolic content and flocculent material. GC-MS analysis revealed in floral extract the presence of 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (77.06%) and 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (16.65%). Both compounds are known for their biological activity. CONCLUSIONS The juxtaposition of results led us to the conclusion that the labellar tissue produces lipoid and phenolic material, which is responsible for the glossiness and rotten herring scent. This type of secretion could be classified as a phenolic resin. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of five semiochemicals that are known to be attractants for some Diptera, which together with the rest of the results constitutes a strong premise that representatives of this order could be potential pollinators of B. schunkeana. Field observations however are still needed to confirm this pollination syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Lipińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Foundation Polish Orchid Association, 81-825, Sopot, Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz L Szlachetko
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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11
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Kumar D, Rawat S. Modeling the effect of climate change on the distribution of threatened medicinal orchid Satyrium nepalense D. Don in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:72431-72444. [PMID: 35524848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is vital to understand the distribution area of a threatened plant species for its better conservation and management planning. Satyrium nepalense (family: Orchidaceae) is a threatened terrestrial orchid species with valuable medicinal and nutritional properties. The survival of S. nepalense in wild conditions has been challenged by increasing global surface temperature. Hence, understanding the impact of climate change on its potential distribution is crucial to conserve and restore this species. In present study, Maxent species distribution modeling algorithm was used to simulate the current distribution of S. nepalense in India and predict the possible range shift in projected future climate scenarios. A set of 19 bioclimatic variables from WorldClim database were used to predict the potential suitable habitats in current climatic condition and four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios by integrating five General Circulation Models (GCMs) for future distribution modeling of species for the years 2050 and 2070. Furthermore, change analysis was performed to identify the suitable habitat in current and future climate for delineating range expansion (gain), contraction (loss), and stable (no change) habitats of species. The Maxent model predicted that ~ 2.38% of the geographical area in India is presently climatically suitable for S. nepalense. The key bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of studied species were the mean temperature of warmest quarter, mean temperature of wettest quarter, precipitation of warmest quarter, and temperature seasonality. Under future climate change scenarios, the total suitable habitat of S. nepalense will increase slightly in the Himalayan region and likely to migrate towards northward, but in the Western Ghats region, the suitable areas will be lost severely. The net habitat loss under four RCP scenarios was estimated from 26 to 39% for the year 2050, which could further increase from 47 to 60% by the year 2070. The finding of the predictive Maxent modeling approach indicates that warming climates could significantly affect the potential habitats of S. nepalense and hence suitable conservation measures need to be taken to protect this threatened orchid species in wild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (NIHE), Sikkim Regional Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
| | - Sandeep Rawat
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (NIHE), Sikkim Regional Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
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12
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Gutiérrez-Rodríguez BE, Vásquez-Cruz M, Sosa V. Phylogenetic endemism of the orchids of Megamexico reveals complementary areas for conservation. Plant Divers 2022; 44:351-359. [PMID: 35967260 PMCID: PMC9363653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orchid diversity provides a unique opportunity to further our understanding of biotic and abiotic factors linked to patterns of richness, endemism, and phylogenetic endemism in many regions. However, orchid diversity is consistently threatened by illegal trade and habitat transformation. Here, we identified areas critical for orchid conservation in the biogeographic province of Megamexico. For this purpose, we evaluated orchid endemism, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic endemism within Megamexico and characterized orchid life forms. Our results indicate that the majority of the regions with the highest estimates of endemism and phylogenetic endemism are in southern Mexico and northern Central America, mostly located on the Pacific side of Megamexico. Among the most important orchid lineages, several belong to epiphytic lineages such as Pleurothallidinae, Laeliinae and Oncidiinae. We also found that species from diverse and distantly related lineages converge in montane forests where suitable substrates for epiphytes abound. Furthermore, the southernmost areas of phylogenetic diversity and endemism of Megamexico are in unprotected areas. Thus, we conclude that the most critical areas for orchid conservation in Megamexico are located in southern Mexico and northern Central America. We recommend that these areas should be given priority by the Mexican system of natural protected areas as complementary conservation areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn Vásquez-Cruz
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para La Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Irapuato, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km. 9.6, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Victoria Sosa
- Instituto de Ecología AC, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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13
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Jakubska-Busse A, Czeluśniak I, Kobyłka MJ, Hojniak M. Why does an obligate autogamous orchid produce insect attractants in nectar? - a case study on Epipactis albensis (Orchidaceae). BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:196. [PMID: 35418038 PMCID: PMC9006510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flowers of some species of orchids produce nectar as a reward for pollination, the process of transferring pollen from flower to flower. Epipactis albensis is an obligatory autogamous species, does not require the presence of insects for pollination, nevertheless, it has not lost the ability to produce nectar, the chemical composition of which we examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for identification of potential insect attractants. RESULTS During five years of field research, we did not observe any true pollinating insects visiting the flowers of this species, only accidental insects as ants and aphids. As a result of our studies, we find that this self-pollinating orchid produces in nectar inter alia aliphatic saturated and unsaturated aldehydes such as nonanal (pelargonal) and 2-pentenal as well as aromatic ones (i.e., syringaldehyde, hyacinthin). The nectar is low in alkenes, which may explain the absence of pollinating insects. Moreover, vanillin and eugenol derivatives, well-known as important scent compounds were also identified, but the list of chemical compounds is much poorer compared with a closely related species, insect-pollinating E. helleborine. CONCLUSION Autogamy is a reproductive mechanism employed by many flowering plants, including the orchid genus Epipactis, as an adaptation to growing in habitats where pollinating insects are rarely observed due to the lack of nectar-producing plants they feed on. The production of numerous chemical attractants by self-pollinated E. albensis confirms the evolutionary secondary process, i.e., transition from ancestral insect-pollinating species to obligatory autogamous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakubska-Busse
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Michał J Kobyłka
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, 50-353, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Hojniak
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, 50-353, Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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Perdue RT. Who Needs the Dark Web? Exploring the Trade in Critically Endangered Plants on eBay. Am J Crim Justice 2021; 46:1006-1017. [PMID: 34815639 PMCID: PMC8603651 DOI: 10.1007/s12103-021-09658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stemming the illegal trade of endangered species is a critical and very difficult challenge for conservationists and law enforcement. Much effort is given to stopping the trade of "charismatic megafauna" such as tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses. Endangered plant species, however, receive far less attention and fewer resources, resulting in devastating consequences. Plant species continue to go extinct due to illegal harvesting and selling, while just one order of plants, Orchidales, makes up more than 70% of all threatened wildlife species. This study examines the role the Internet plays in critically endangered plant transactions. Rather than focusing on the dark web for these sales, I search the e-commerce site eBay to better understand the extent to which these trades take place in plain sight. Of the 193 critically endangered plant species examined, 56 were for sale in some form on eBay during the study period. These results indicate a high degree of trading in these species, but do not necessarily indicate criminality. The complexity of the international legal frameworks regulating these transactions makes it difficult to ascertain their legality, but certain indicators point to at least a subset of these sales being unlawful. E-commerce sites like eBay must take more proactive measures to regulate sales and protect these species on the brink, for it is clear the surface web is playing an understudied and important role in fostering these cybercrimes. In sum, the dark web is unnecessary when the surface web is convenient, widely available, and scarcely policed.
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Kolanowska M, Michalska E, Konowalik K. The impact of global warming on the niches and pollinator availability of sexually deceptive orchid with a single pollen vector. Sci Total Environ 2021; 795:148850. [PMID: 34246141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae are among the most endangered plants in the world. Considering the sensitive nature of pollinator-plant relationship the most vulnerable are species which are dependent on a single pollen vector. In this paper the future distribution of suitable niches of Australian sexually deceptive orchid Leporella fimbriata and its pollinator (Myrmecia urens) was estimated using three machine learning algorithms. While the potential range of fringed hare orchid depending on modelling method will be larger or slightly reduced than currently observed, the ant will face significant loss of suitable niches. As a result of global warming the overlap of orchid and its only pollen vector will most probably decrease. The unavailability of pollen vector will lead to decreased reproductive success and as a result it will be a great threat for L. fimbriata existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolanowska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Bělidla 4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ewa Michalska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamil Konowalik
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Kolanowska M, Kras M, Nowak S, Szlachetko DL. Synopsis of Habenaria s.l. (Orchidaceae) in New Guinea and adjacent islands. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12011. [PMID: 34603848 PMCID: PMC8436964 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A taxonomic synopsis of the orchid genus Habenaria in New Guinea and adjacent islands is presented. We confirmed the occurrence of 27 Habenaria species in study area. Sixteen of these are endemic and were not so far found outside New Guinea. Morphological characteristics and illustrations of floral segments of taxa are presented. One new species of Habenaria is described. Four neotypes are selected. An updated key to species groups and species occurring in the study area is provided. The importance of diagnostic floral characters in Habenaria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolanowska
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Kras
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sławomir Nowak
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz L Szlachetko
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Kanchan M, Ramkumar TR, Himani, Sembi JK. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of the Phospholipase C (PLC) gene family in three orchids of economic importance. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:124. [PMID: 34420115 PMCID: PMC8380223 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Phospholipases hydrolyze glycerophospholipids and generate diverse lipid-derived molecules with secondary messenger activity. Out of these, phospholipase C (PLC) specifically cleaves the phospholipids at ester linkages and yields diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphorylated head groups. PLCs are classified further as phosphatidylinositol-specific PLCs (PI-PLCs) and non-specific PLCs with biased specificity for phosphatidylcholine (NPC/PC-PLC). Results In the present report, we identified and characterized PLC genes in the genomes of three orchids, Phalaenopsis equestris (seven PePLCs), Dendrobium catenatum (eight DcPLCs), and Apostasia shenzhenica (seven AsPLCs). Multiple sequence alignment analysis confirmed the presence of conserved X and Y catalytic domains, calcium/lipid-binding domain (C2 domain) at the C terminal region, and EF-hand at the N-terminal region in PI-PLC proteins and esterase domain in PC-PLC. Systematic phylogenetic analysis established the relationship of the PLC protein sequences and clustered them into two groups (PI-PLC and PC-PLC) along with those of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Gene architecture studies showed the presence of nine exons in all PI-PLC genes while the number varied from one to five in PC-PLCs. RNA-seq-based spatio-temporal expression profile for PLC genes was generated, which showed that PePC-PLC1, PePC-PLC2A, DcPC-PLC1A, DcPC-PLC1B, DcPC-PLC2, DcPC-PLC1B, and AsPC-PLC1 had significant expression in all reproductive and vegetative tissues. The expression profile is matched to their upstream cis-regulatory promoter elements, which indicates that PLC genes have a role in various growth and development processes and during stress responses. Conclusions The present study unwrapped the opportunity for functional characterization of selected PLC genes in planta for plant improvement. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-021-00217-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Kanchan
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Thakku R Ramkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Himani
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jaspreet K Sembi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Yu Z, Zhang G, Teixeira da Silva JA, Zhao C, Duan J. The methyl jasmonate-responsive transcription factor DobHLH4 promotes DoTPS10, which is involved in linalool biosynthesis in Dendrobium officinale during floral development. Plant Sci 2021; 309:110952. [PMID: 34134848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Linalool is an aromatic monoterpene produced in the Chinese medicinal plant Dendrobium officinale, but little information is available on the regulation of linalool biosynthesis. Here, a novel basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, DobHLH4 from D. officinale, was identified and functionally characterized. The expression profile of DobHLH4 was positively correlated with that of DoTPS10 (R2 = 0.985, p < 0.01), which encodes linalool synthase that is responsible for linalool production, during floral development. DobHLH4 was highly expressed in petals, and was significantly induced by methyl jasmonate. Analysis of subcellular localization showed that DobHLH4 was located in the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays indicated that DobHLH4 bound directly to the DoTPS10 promoter harboring the G-box element, and up-regulated DoTPS10 expression. A yeast two-hybrid screen confirmed that DobHLH4 physically interacted with DoJAZ1, suggesting that DobHLH4 might function in the jasmonic acid-mediated accumulation of linalool. Furthermore, transient overexpression of DobHLH4 in D. officinale petals significantly increased linalool production by triggering linalool biosynthetic pathway genes, especially DoTPS10. We suggest a hypothetical model that depicts how jasmonic acid signaling may regulate DoTPS10 by interacting with DobHLH4 and DoJAZ1. In doing so, the formation of linalool is controlled. Our results indicate that DobHLH4 is a positive regulator of linalool biosynthesis and may be a promising target for in vitro-based metabolic engineering to produce linalool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | | | - Conghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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19
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Jakubska-Busse A, Janowicz MW, Ochnio L, Jackowska-Zduniak B, Ashbourn JMA. Mechanical Properties of Long Leaves: Experiment and Theory. Acta Biotheor 2021; 69:151-172. [PMID: 33128651 PMCID: PMC8119282 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-020-09397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The static properties of leaves with parallel venation from terrestrial orchids of the genus Epipactis were modelled as coupled elastic rods using the geometrically exact Cosserat theory and the resulting boundary-value problem was solved numerically using a method from Shampine, Muir and Xu. The response of the leaf structure to the applied force was obtained from preliminary measurements. These measurements allowed the Young’s modulus of the Epipactis leaves to be determined. The appearance of wrinkles and undulation characteristics for some leaves has been attributed to the small torsional stiffness of the leaf edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jakubska-Busse
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - M W Janowicz
- Faculty of Applications of Informatics and Mathematics, Department of Applied Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - L Ochnio
- Faculty of Applications of Informatics and Mathematics, Department of Econometrics and Statistics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Jackowska-Zduniak
- Faculty of Applications of Informatics and Mathematics, Department of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J M A Ashbourn
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
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20
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Kolomeitseva GL, Babosha AV, Ryabchenko AS, Tsavkelova EA. Megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and embryogenesis in Dendrobium nobile (Orchidaceae). Protoplasma 2021; 258:301-317. [PMID: 33070242 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The orchid reproductive strategy, including the formation of numerous tiny seeds, is achieved by the elimination of some stages in the early plant embryogenesis. In this study, we documented in detail the formation of the maternal tissues (the nucellus and integuments), the structures of female gametophyte (megaspores, chalazal nuclei, synergids, polar nuclei), and embryonic structures in Dendrobium nobile. The ovary is unilocular, and the ovule primordia are formed in the placenta before the pollination. The ovule is medionucellate: the two-cell postament and two rows of nucellar cells persist until the death of the inner integument. A monosporic eight-nucleated embryo sac is developed. After the fertilization, the most common central cell nucleus consisted of two joined but not fused polar nuclei. The embryogenesis of D. nobile is similar to the Caryophyllad-type, and it is characterized by the formation of all embryo cells from the apical cell (ca) of a two-celled proembryo. The only exception is that there is no formation of the radicle and/or cotyledons. The basal cell (cb) does not divide during the embryogenesis, gradually transforming into the uninuclear suspensor. Then the suspensor goes through three main stages: it starts with an unbranched cell within the embryo sac, followed by a branched stage growing into the integuments, and it ends with the cell death. The stage-specific development of the female gametophyte and embryo of D. nobile is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina L Kolomeitseva
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, Russia, 127276
| | - Alexander V Babosha
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, Russia, 127276
| | - Andrey S Ryabchenko
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, Russia, 127276
| | - Elena A Tsavkelova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin's Hills, Moscow, Russia, 119234.
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21
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Kaur J, Phillips C, Sharma J. Host population size is linked to orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities in roots and soil, which are shaped by microenvironment. Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:17-30. [PMID: 33113039 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) is essential to all members of the Orchidaceae, yet we know little about whether or how OMF abundances in substrates shape orchid populations. While root-associated OMF diversity is catalogued frequently, technological constraints have impeded the assessments of OMF communities in substrates until recently, thereby limiting the ability to link OMF communities in a habitat to population responses. Furthermore, there is some evidence that edaphic and microclimatic conditions impact OMF in soil, yet we lack an understanding of the coupled influences of abiotic environment and OMF structure on orchid population dynamics. To discover the linkages between abiotic environment, OMF community structure, and population size, we characterized the microclimatic conditions, soil physicochemistry, and OMF communities hosted by roots and soil across large and small populations of a terrestrial orchid endemic to California Floristic Province in North America. By using high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 region of nrDNA amplified from root and soil DNAs, we determined that both roots and soil of larger populations, which were high in phosphorus but low in zinc, organic matter, and silt, were dominated by Tulasnellaceae OTUs. In comparison, roots and soil from smaller populations of the orchid hosted higher relative abundances of the Ceratobasidiaceae. In this multiyear, range-wide study that simultaneously measured habitat environmental conditions, and soil and root OMF communities, our results suggest that soil chemistry is clearly linked to soil and root OMF communities, which then likely alter and shape orchid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Caleb Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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22
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Leal BSS, Brandão MM, Palma-Silva C, Pinheiro F. Differential gene expression reveals mechanisms related to habitat divergence between hybridizing orchids from the Neotropical coastal plains. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:554. [PMID: 33302865 PMCID: PMC7731501 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Closely related hybridizing species are ideal systems for identifying genomic regions underlying adaptive divergence. Although gene expression plays a central role in determining ecologically-based phenotypic differences, few studies have inferred the role of gene expression for adaptive divergence in Neotropical systems. In this study, we conduct genome-wide expression analysis alongside soil elemental analysis in sympatric and allopatric populations of Epidendrum fulgens and E. puniceoluteum (Orchidaceae), which occur in contrasting adjacent habitats in the Neotropical coastal plains. RESULTS These species were highly differentiated by their gene expression profiles, as determined by 18-21% of transcripts. Gene ontology (GO) terms associated with reproductive processes were enriched according to comparisons between species in both allopatric and sympatric populations. Species showed differential expression in genes linked to salt and waterlogging tolerance according to comparisons between species in sympatry, and biological processes related to environmental stimulus appeared as representative among those transcripts associated with edaphic characteristics in each sympatric zone. Hybrids, in their turn, were well differentiated from E. fulgens, but exhibited a similar gene expression profile to flooding-tolerant E. puniceolutem. When compared with parental species, hybrids showed no transcripts with additive pattern of expression and increased expression for almost all transgressive transcripts. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on general mechanisms promoting ecological differentiation and assortative mating, and suggests candidate genes, such as those encoding catalase and calcium-dependent protein kinase, underling adaptation to harsh edaphic conditions in the Neotropical coastal plains. Moreover, it demonstrates that differential gene expression plays a central role in determining ecologically-based phenotypic differences among co-occurring species and their hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Mendes Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Palma-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Fabio Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Hsu CC, Chen SY, Lai PH, Hsiao YY, Tsai WC, Liu ZJ, Chung MC, Panaud O, Chen HH. Identification of high-copy number long terminal repeat retrotransposons and their expansion in Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:807. [PMID: 33213366 PMCID: PMC7678294 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transposable elements (TEs) are fragments of DNA that can insert into new chromosomal locations. They represent a great proportion of eukaryotic genomes. The identification and characterization of TEs facilitates understanding the transpositional activity of TEs with their effects on the orchid genome structure. RESULTS We combined the draft whole-genome sequences of Phalaenopsis equestris with BAC end sequences, Roche 454, and Illumina/Solexa, and identified long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in these genome sequences by using LTRfinder and classified by using Gepard software. Among the 10 families Gypsy-like retrotransposons, three families Gypsy1, Gypsy2, and Gypsy3, contained the most copies among these predicted elements. In addition, six high-copy retrotransposons were identified according to their reads in the sequenced raw data. The 12-kb Orchid-rt1 contains 18,000 copies representing 220 Mbp of the P. equestris genome. Southern blot and slot blot assays showed that these four retrotransposons Gypsy1, Gypsy2, Gypsy3, and Orchid-rt1 contained high copies in the large-genome-size/large-chromosome species P. violacea and P. bellina. Both Orchid-rt1 and Gypsy1 displayed various ratios of copy number for the LTR sequences versus coding sequences among four Phalaenopsis species, including P. violacea and P. bellina and small-genome-size/small-chromosome P. equestris and P. ahprodite subsp. formosana, which suggests that Orchid-rt1 and Gypsy1 have been through various mutations and homologous recombination events. FISH results showed amplification of Orchid-rt1 in the euchromatin regions among the four Phalaenopsis species. The expression levels of Peq018599 encoding copper transporter 1 is highly upregulated with the insertion of Orchid-rt1, while it is down regulated for Peq009948 and Peq014239 encoding for a 26S proteasome non-ATP regulatory subunit 4 homolog and auxin-responsive factor AUX/IAA-related. In addition, insertion of Orchid-rt1 in these three genes are all in their intron regions. CONCLUSION Orchid-rt1 and Gypsy1-3 have amplified within Phalaenopsis orchids concomitant with the expanded genome sizes, and Orchid-rt1 and Gypsy1 may have gone through various mutations and homologous recombination events. Insertion of Orchid-rt1 is in the introns and affects gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yun Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Han Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Olivier Panaud
- Institute of Plant Genome and Development, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Ngugi G, Le Péchon T, Martos F, Pailler T, Bellstedt DU, Bytebier B. Phylogenetic relationships amongst the African genera of subtribe Orchidinae s.l. (Orchidaceae; Orchideae): Implications for subtribal and generic delimitations. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 153:106946. [PMID: 32860974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within the Orchideae sensu Pridgeon et al, remain one of the biggest unresolved issues in our understanding of the taxonomy of the orchids. Members of the Orchideae are numerous and widespread in Africa but remain poorly represented in phylogenetic research. In this study we included a broad sampling of African taxa for which we sequenced three plastid (rbcl, matK and trnL + trnL-F) and two nuclear regions (ITS and 18S). We used 368 sequences representing 278 species and 49 genera to infer relationships using the Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood method. Our results show strong support for three clades, two of which almost entirely match the historical circumscription of Orchidinae and Habenariinae, and the third, Bartholininae, sister to the former two, includes the genera Holothrix and Bartholina. Stenoglottis should be assigned to Orchidinae and not to Habenariinae. Several genera such as Habenaria, Cynorkis and Benthamia are shown to be para- or polyphyletic: Bonatea, Centrostigma, Platycoryne and Roeperocharis are all embedded in Habenaria; Physoceras, Arnottia and part of Benthamia are embedded in Cynorkis. We propose a subdivision of Orchideae sensu lato into nine subtribes, but refrain from making generic re-arrangements until more extensive or more in-depth studies have been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ngugi
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Timothée Le Péchon
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium; Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Rue A. Lavalée, 1, 1080 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Florent Martos
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Pailler
- Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, UMR C53, Université de La Réunion, Avenue René Cassin, 97715 Saint Denis Cedex, Reunion.
| | - Dirk U Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Benny Bytebier
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Liang CY, Rengasamy KP, Huang LM, Hsu CC, Jeng MF, Chen WH, Chen HH. Assessment of violet-blue color formation in Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:212. [PMID: 32397954 PMCID: PMC7218627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phalaenopsis represents an important cash crop worldwide. Abundant flower colors observed in Phalaenopsis orchids range from red-purple, purple, purple-violet, violet, and violet-blue. However, violet-blue orchids are less bred than are those of other colors. Anthocyanin, vacuolar pH and metal ions are three major factors influencing flower color. This study aimed to identify the factors causing the violet-blue color in Phalaenopsis flowers and to analyze whether delphinidin accumulation and blue pigmentation formation can be achieved by transient overexpression of heterologous F3'5'H in Phalaenopsis. RESULTS Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was highly accumulated in Phalaenopsis flowers with red-purple, purple, purple-violet, and violet to violet-blue color, but no true-blue color and no delphinidin was detected. Concomitantly, the expression of PeF3'H (Phalaenopsis equestrsis) was high, but that of PhF3'5'H (Phalaenopsis hybrid) was low or absent in various-colored Phalaenopsis flowers. Transient overexpression of DgF3'5'H (Delphinium grandiflorum) and PeMYB2 in a white Phalaenopsis cultivar resulted a 53.6% delphinidin accumulation and a novel blue color formation. In contrast, transient overexpression of both PhF3'5'H and PeMYB2 did not lead to delphinidin accumulation. Sequence analysis showed that the substrate recognition site 6 (SRS6) of PhF3'5'H was consistently different from DgF3'5'Hs at positions 5, 8 and 10. Prediction of molecular docking of the substrates showed a contrary binding direction of aromatic rings (B-ring) with the SRS6 domain of DgF3'5'H and PhF3'5'H. In addition, the pH values of violet-blue and purple Phalaenopsis flowers ranged from 5.33 to 5.54 and 4.77 to 5.04, respectively. Furthermore, the molar ratio of metal ions (including Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+) to anthocyanin in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis was 190-, 49-, and 51-fold higher, respectively, than those in purple-color Phalaenopsis. CONCLUSION Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was detected in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis and was concomitant with a high pH value and high molar ratio of Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+ to anthocyanin content. Enhanced expression of delphinidin is needed to produce true-blue Phalaenopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yu Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fen Jeng
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- , Nantou City, Taiwan.
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Joshi PR, Paudel MR, Chand MB, Pradhan S, Pant KK, Joshi GP, Bohara M, Wagner SH, Pant B, Pant B. Cytotoxic effect of selected wild orchids on two different human cancer cell lines. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03991. [PMID: 32455176 PMCID: PMC7235618 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of the orchid species are used in the traditional medicines for the treatment of several diseases. They are the sources of polysaccharides, phenanthrenes, bibenzyl derivatives, revesteral, stilbenoids and polyphenol compounds. This study explored the cytotoxic activity of seven wild orchid species and identification of medicinally active compounds. The extracts of orchid species were screened for cytotoxic effect on the human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human glioblastoma cells (U251) using an MTT assay. The medicinally active compounds of high cytotoxic extracts were identified by GC-MS resulting in many stilbenoids and phenolic derivatives. The extract of Dendrobium transparens (DTs) and Vanda cristata (VCw) showed high cytotoxic effect towards the HeLa and U251 cell lines (IC50 of DTs: 382.14 μg/ml and 75.84 μg/ml respectively and IC50 of VCw: 317.23 μg/ml and 163.66 μg/ml respectively). This study concludes that they could be used as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusp Raj Joshi
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Annapurna Research Center, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mukti Ram Paudel
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Shreeti Pradhan
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krishna Kumar Pant
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Giri Prasad Joshi
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manoj Bohara
- Annapurna Research Center, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Basant Pant
- Annapurna Research Center, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya Pant
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Cardile V, Avola R, Graziano ACE, Russo A. Moscatilin, a bibenzyl derivative from the orchid Dendrobium loddigesii, induces apoptosis in melanoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109075. [PMID: 32229109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of orchids in herbal medicine has a very long history. Dendrobium species are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites such as phenanthrens, bibenzyls, fluorenones and sesquiterpenes, and alkaloids and are responsible for their wide variety of medicinal properties. For decades, bibenzyls, which are the main bioactive components derived from Dendrobium species, have been subjected to extensive investigation as likely candidates for cancer treatment. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of moscatilin, a bibenzyl derivative from the orchid Dendrobium loddigesii on human melanoma cells. In A375 cells compound moscatilin showed a clear dose-response relationship in the range of 6.25-50 μM concentrations. In addition, we demonstrated an apoptotic response after treatment of cancer cells with this bibenzyl compound at 6.25 and 12.5 μM concentrations that probably involves PTEN activity, inhibition of Hsp70 expression and reactive oxygen species production. Alternatively, the inhibition of the caspase cascade at higher concentrations, 25 and 50 μM, correlated with additional reactive oxygen species increase, probably switched the mode of moscatilin-induced cell death from apoptosis to necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana C E Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Russo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Szlachetko DL, Kolanowska M. Towards a taxonomic revision of the genus Cyrtochilum (Orchidaceae) in Northwestern South America (Northern Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8566. [PMID: 32095370 PMCID: PMC7025714 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is a presentation of taxonomic diversity of the orchid genus Cyrtochilum in Northwestern South America. The morphological characteristics of over 90 species occurring in northern Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela are presented together with illustrations of their floral segments. Information about the distribution of each taxon is provided. Ten morphologically consistent groups have been delineated to facilitate identification of Cyrtochilum representatives in the studied area. Keys for determination of species within each group are provided. Seven new species of Cyrtochilum are described and one new combination is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz L Szlachetko
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Kolanowska
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
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De Agostini A, Caltagirone C, Caredda A, Cicatelli A, Cogoni A, Farci D, Guarino F, Garau A, Labra M, Lussu M, Piano D, Sanna C, Tommasi N, Vacca A, Cortis P. Heavy metal tolerance of orchid populations growing on abandoned mine tailings: A case study in Sardinia Island (Italy). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 189:110018. [PMID: 31812823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how environmental pollutants influence plant occurrence, growth, and development is key for effective management plans and potential bioremediation. Rare plants, such as orchids, may occur in modified habitats and on soils containing heavy metals, yet their ecological and physiological responses to heavy metals is poorly understood. We investigated the influence of heavy metal pollution on orchid growth rates and interactions with soil fungal mutualists by comparing a large population of the orchid Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz subsp. tremolsii (Pau) E. Klein that grows on mine tailings in south-west Sardinia (Italy) with a population that grows on non-contaminated soils in central Sardinia. Soils of the contaminated site had high levels of heavy metals and low organic matter and nutritive elements content. We performed a morphological analysis on twenty individuals that have been subjected to measurement of bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals. Fungi associated with the roots of plants from the contaminated and uncontaminated site were grown and identified by DNA barcoding approach. Plants from the contaminated site were smaller than the ones growing in the uncontaminated site and were found to be able to tolerate heavy metals from the soil and to accumulate and translocate them into their organs. Fungi belonging to the genus Ilyonectria (Ascomycota) were found both in contaminated and uncontaminated sites, while an unidentified fungus was isolated from roots in the contaminated site only. These results are discussed in terms of orchids' tolerance to heavy metals and its physiological and ecological mechanisms. The role of contaminated habitats in harbouring orchids and peculiar taxa is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Agostini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Claudia Caltagirone
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria (Blocco D) - S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Alberto Caredda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Angela Cicatelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Annalena Cogoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Domenica Farci
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Garau
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria (Blocco D) - S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of biotecnology and bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Michele Lussu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Nicola Tommasi
- Department of biotecnology and bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Vacca
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria (Blocco D) - S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
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Charitonidou M, Stara K, Kougioumoutzis K, Halley JM. Implications of salep collection for the conservation of the Elder-flowered orchid ( Dactylorhiza sambucina) in Epirus, Greece. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:18. [PMID: 31893195 PMCID: PMC6936056 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-019-0110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background In Epirus, Greece, orchids have been traditionally harvested for the production of salep, a beverage made from their tubers. Over-collection of orchids for salep is believed to be a growing threat to wild species, yet very little research has concentrated on orchid populations in the wild. Here, we studied the impact of salep collection on population demographic parameters and uniformity of distribution patterns of the Elder-flowered orchid, Dactylorhiza sambucina, the most commonly collected orchid in northern Greece. Methods We carried out fieldwork in four meadows where salep harvesting occurs, and conducted interviews in villages close to these sites. Fieldwork focused on the demographic parameters of orchid populations and on the characteristics of their habitat (natural-anthropogenic). We also measured population size and distribution, extent and multi-scale density, comparing distributions to Poisson and fractal models. Results According to interviews, salep collection by the local community has decreased, contrary to collection by people outside the community, which is increasing. Interviewees did not believe that orchid abundance was higher in the past; they claim that it can be very variable. None of the participants seemed aware of the legislation to conserve orchids. Demographic parameters did not seem to be strongly dependent on whether it was a harvested and non-harvested sites and population density was greatest in the site of highest collection pressure. Conclusions Our findings show that salep collection is still ongoing in Epirus. Our interview results and our population study indicate that current levels of collection are not significantly affecting the abundance of the Elder-flowered orchid in Epirus subalpine meadows. However, the expanding commercial collection could reach levels that threaten the species. There is a need for a longer-term monitoring of these orchid populations, and a more effective modeling of the species’ response to different harvesting pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Charitonidou
- 1Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Stara
- 1Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis
- 1Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.,2Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - John M Halley
- 1Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Chen Y, Shen Q, Lyu P, Lin R, Sun C. Identification and expression profiling of selected MADS-box family genes in Dendrobium officinale. Genetica 2019; 147:303-313. [PMID: 31292836 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-019-00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale, a herb with highly medicinal and ornamental value, is widely distributed in China. MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that regulate various growth and developmental processes in plants, particular in flowering. However, the MADS-box genes in D. officinale are largely unknown. In our study, expression profiling analyses of selected MADS-box genes in D. officinale were performed. In total, 16 DnMADS-box genes with full-length ORF were identified and named according to their phylogenetic relationships with model plants. The transient expression of eight selected MADS-box genes in the epidermal cells of tobacco leaves showed that these DnMADS-box proteins localized to the nucleus. Tissue-specific expression analysis pointed out eight flower-specific expressed MADS-box genes in D. officinale. Furthermore, expression patterns of DnMADS-box genes were investigated during the floral transition process. DnMADS3, DnMADS8 and DnMADS22 were significantly up-regulated in the reproductive phase compared with the vegetative phase, suggesting putative roles of these DnMADS-box genes in flowering. Our data showed that the expressions of MADS-box genes in D. officinale were controlled by diverse exogenous phytohormones. Together, these findings will facilitate further studies of MADS-box genes in Orchids and broaden our understanding of the genetics of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of creative Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shen
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lyu
- Lin'an Agricultural & Forestry Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Renan Lin
- Yueqing Forestry Varieties Tech Center, Yueqing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key laboratory of creative Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The SPME-GC-MS analysis of the aroma components of Cephalanthera damasonium, Cephalanthera rubra, and Cephalanthera longifolia were reported. The main components found in C. damasonium were pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane and α-farnesene. The same compounds were found in the scent of C. rubra. Although C. damasonium and C. rubra have different pollination mechanisms, their spectrum of volatile compounds surprisingly does not differ significantly. In C. longifolia pentadecane and heptadecane were found together with cis-β-farnesene. As C. longifolia is allogamous, the differences in scent composition may play a role in pollinator attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Richard Lorenz
- Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen Baden-Württemberg, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Marisabel Mecca
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Billore V, Mirajkar SJ, Suprasanna P, Jain M. Gamma irradiation induced effects on in vitro shoot cultures and influence of monochromatic light regimes on irradiated shoot cultures of Dendrobium sonia orchid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 22:e00343. [PMID: 31080767 PMCID: PMC6506460 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Monochromatic light source affected growth of gamma irradiated in vitro cultures of Dendrobium Yellow and red monochromatic lights significantly improved survival rate and growth of irradiated cultures. Intra-somatic competition among mutated and non-mutated cultures can be managed by monochromatic light through better growth in vitro.
The effects of gamma radiation and monochromatic lights on growth of in vitro shoot cultures of orchid, Dendrobium sonia, were investigated. The gamma irradiated shoot cultures grown under white, blue, yellow and red monochromatic lights exhibited differential growth pattern. Shoot cultures gamma irradiated at 15–45 Gy showed reduced shoot length, fresh weight and leaf area. The monochromatic light significantly influenced survival rate and growth of irradiated shoots. The yellow and red light treatments positively influenced survival of gamma irradiated shoots with significant increase in fresh weight, shoot length and chlorophyll content. Yellow light was found to be most effective as leaf area was increased across the radiation dose range (15–100 Gy) compared to red light. The results demonstrated that the method of post-irradiation exposure could be useful to improve growth of gamma irradiated in vitro shoots, and help to recover orchid mutants with novel modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandita Billore
- Department of Biosciences, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, 313003, RJ, India
| | - Shriram J Mirajkar
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, MS, India
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, MS, India
| | - Monica Jain
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Indore, 452001, MP, India
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Mitra A, Sur TK, Upadhyay S, Bhattacharyya D, Hazra J. Effect of Coelogyne cristata Lindley in alleviation of chronic fatigue syndrome in aged Wistar rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 9:266-271. [PMID: 29102461 PMCID: PMC6314245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swarna Jibanti scientifically known as Coelogyne cristata Lindley (Orchidaceae), an orchid mentioned in Ayurvedic medicine is used to promote healthy life span. OBJECTIVE(S) The present work was planned to study the efficacy of hydro-alcoholic extract of pseudobulbs of C. cristata (CCE) to assess its role on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) induced behavioural and biochemical changes in aged Wistar rats compared to Panax ginseng (PG), a prototype anti-stress agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS CFS was induced by forced swimming for consecutive 21 days for fixed duration (15 min sessions). The criteria of CFS due to fatigue were counted using locomotor activity, depression and anxiety through automated photactometer, immobility time and plus maze activity respectively. Acute toxicity study of CCE (upto 2 g/kg, Limit test) was also performed. For CFS, animals were divided into five groups, naive control, control, CCE treated (25 mg/kg b.w., 250 mg/kg b.w.) and standard PG treated (100 mg/kg b.w.) groups. All drugs were given orally for consecutive 21 days along with CFS. After assessing behavioural parameters, all animals were sacrificed at day 21 and in vivo antioxidant potential of CCE was determined by lipid peroxides, nitrite, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in brain tissue. RESULTS CCE was found to be non-toxic. CCE treated aged rats significantly improved (p < 0.001) the spontaneous locomotor movement with respect to control rats, while, decreased the mobility period or depression score. In CFS, CCE also enhanced the time spent (p < 0.001) in open arms while reducing the time spent in closed arm as compared to CFS control, indicating lowering anxiety score. Moreover, marked diminution in lipid peroxidation, nitrite and SOD level was exhibited after CCE treatment and significantly enhanced catalase level significantly (p < 0.01) with respect to CFS control. PG also showed similar actions. CONCLUSION The results confirmed the potential therapeutic actions of CCE against experimentally induced CFS in aged rats that might be due to its CNS mediatory antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya Mitra
- National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Kolkata Under CCRAS, Min. of AYUSH, Government of India, 4 CN Block, Sector-V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700 091, India.
| | - Tapas Kumar Sur
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 24 A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, 700 020, India
| | - Sachhidananda Upadhyay
- National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Kolkata Under CCRAS, Min. of AYUSH, Government of India, 4 CN Block, Sector-V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700 091, India
| | - Dipankar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 24 A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, 700 020, India
| | - Jayram Hazra
- National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Kolkata Under CCRAS, Min. of AYUSH, Government of India, 4 CN Block, Sector-V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700 091, India
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de Abreu NL, Alves RJV, Cardoso SRS, Bertrand YJ, Sousa F, Hall CF, Pfeil BE, Antonelli A. The use of chloroplast genome sequences to solve phylogenetic incongruences in Polystachya Hook (Orchidaceae Juss). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4916. [PMID: 29922511 PMCID: PMC6005162 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence suggests that for more robust estimates of species tree and divergence times, several unlinked genes are required. However, most phylogenetic trees for non-model organisms are based on single sequences or just a few regions, using traditional sequencing methods. Techniques for massive parallel sequencing or next generation sequencing (NGS) are an alternative to traditional methods that allow access to hundreds of DNA regions. Here we use this approach to resolve the phylogenetic incongruence found in Polystachya Hook. (Orchidaceae), a genus that stands out due to several interesting aspects, including cytological (polyploid and diploid species), evolutionary (reticulate evolution) and biogeographical (species widely distributed in the tropics and high endemism in Brazil). The genus has a notoriously complicated taxonomy, with several sections that are widely used but probably not monophyletic. METHODS We generated the complete plastid genome of 40 individuals from one clade within the genus. The method consisted in construction of genomic libraries, hybridization to RNA probes designed from available sequences of a related species, and subsequent sequencing of the product. We also tested how well a smaller sample of the plastid genome would perform in phylogenetic inference in two ways: by duplicating a fast region and analyzing multiple copies of this dataset, and by sampling without replacement from all non-coding regions in our alignment. We further examined the phylogenetic implications of non-coding sequences that appear to have undergone hairpin inversions (reverse complemented sequences associated with small loops). RESULTS We retrieved 131,214 bp, including coding and non-coding regions of the plastid genome. The phylogeny was able to fully resolve the relationships among all species in the targeted clade with high support values. The first divergent species are represented by African accessions and the most recent ones are among Neotropical species. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that using the entire plastid genome is a better option than screening highly variable markers, especially when the expected tree is likely to contain many short branches. The phylogeny inferred is consistent with the proposed origin of the genus, showing a probable origin in Africa, with later dispersal into the Neotropics, as evidenced by a clade containing all Neotropical individuals. The multiple positions of Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet in the phylogeny are explained by allotetraploidy. Polystachya estrellensis Rchb.f. can be considered a genetically distinct species from P. concreta and P. foliosa (Lindl.) Rchb.f., but the delimitation of P. concreta remains uncertain. Our study shows that NGS provides a powerful tool for inferring relationships at low taxonomic levels, even in taxonomically challenging groups with short branches and intricate morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjara Lopes de Abreu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ruy José Válka Alves
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Sodré Cardoso
- Instituto de Pesquisas, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Yann J.K. Bertrand
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Filipe Sousa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Climbiê Ferreira Hall
- Campus Três Lagoas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Bernard E. Pfeil
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Valiela I, Pascual J, Giblin A, Barth-Jensen C, Martinetto P, Otter M, Stone T, Tucker J, Bartholomew M, Viana IG. External and local controls on land-sea coupling assessed by stable isotopic signatures of mangrove producers in estuaries of Pacific Panama. Mar Environ Res 2018; 137:133-144. [PMID: 29555298 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Foliar stable isotopic signatures of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur in mangrove vegetation from the Pacific coast of Panama were insensitive to inputs from watersheds with different area of forest land cover, and to seasonal, inter-annual, and global-scale-driven contrasts in rainfall and upwelling. N, C, and S content of mangrove vegetation were not affected by inputs from watersheds with different degrees of deforestation, but showed some influence of down-estuary transformations. While there was substantial variation that remained un-explained, isotopic signatures and nutrient contents were largely determined by species-specific features, and showed substantial small-scale variation reflecting local differences, within-estuary plant-sediment links. The ability of mangrove estuaries to erase effects of deforestation points out that conservation of these wetland ecosystems is important, because, at least in the sites we studied, transformations within mangrove estuaries were strong enough to protect water quality in receiving coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Valiela
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02534, United States
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC573, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Anne Giblin
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02534, United States
| | - Coralie Barth-Jensen
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02534, United States
| | - Paulina Martinetto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC573, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Marshall Otter
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02534, United States
| | - Thomas Stone
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, 02540, United States
| | - Jane Tucker
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02534, United States
| | - Megan Bartholomew
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02534, United States
| | - Inés G Viana
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Lee BH, Kwon WJ, Kim JY, Park JS, Eom AH. Differences among Endophytic Fungal Communities Isolated from the Roots of Cephalanthera longibracteata Collected from Different Sites in Korea. Mycobiology 2017; 45:312-317. [PMID: 29371798 PMCID: PMC5780362 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.4.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceous plants have symbiotic relationships with endophytic fungi, including mycorrhizal fungi, which play important roles in the seed germination and growth of the host plants. In this study, endophytic fungal communities isolated from the roots of Cephalanthera longibracteata collected from three different sites in Korea were analyzed, and it was determined whether fungal communities were preferentially correlated with the sites. The fungal isolates were identified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA. In total, 30 species of endophytic fungi, including two species of mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the genus Tulasnella, were identified. Leptodontidium orchidicola showed the highest frequency and was isolated from all root samples. Species diversity and richness were not significantly different among sites. However, the community structure of the endophytic fungi significantly differed among sites, suggesting that the site characteristics affected the community composition of the endophytic fungi colonizing the roots of C. longibracteata. Our findings will aid in developing methods involving the use of symbiotic fungi for orchid conservation and restoration in native habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea
- Chungbuk Science High School, Cheongju 28189, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Kwon
- Chungbuk Science High School, Cheongju 28189, Korea
| | | | - Jin-Seo Park
- Chungbuk Science High School, Cheongju 28189, Korea
| | - Ahn-Heum Eom
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea
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Abstract
The Orchidaceae family is the largest group of flowering plants in the Angiosperm monocotyledons spread on our planet. Its members, called orchids, are herbs or epiphytes with showy flowers distributed mainly in tropical regions. Several classes of phytoconstituents have been so far isolated from therapeutically-used orchids showing a great chemical diversity. Among them, phenolic derivatives have been studied for their biological activities, especially in the field of cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. On the other hand, limited information has been so far obtained on the numerous alkaloids and terpenoids isolated from several orchid species. Recent articles revealed pronounced effects of some alkaloids on the CNS. Published literature on orchids that are used in traditional medicine has been reviewed in this work indicating a great potential of such organisms as source of chemical entities for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35121, Padova, Italy
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Chen Y, Shen Q, Lin R, Zhao Z, Shen C, Sun C. De novo transcriptome analysis in Dendrobium and identification of critical genes associated with flowering. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 119:319-327. [PMID: 28942180 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Artificial control of flowering time is pivotal for the ornamental value of orchids including the genus Dendrobium. Although various flowering pathways have been revealed in model plants, little information is available on the genetic regualtion of flowering in Dendrobium. To identify the critical genes associated with flowering, transcriptomes from four organs (leaf, root, stem and flower) of D. officinale were analyzed in our study. In total, 2645 flower-specific transcripts were identified. Functional annotation and classification suggested that several metabolic pathways, including four sugar-related pathways and two fatty acid-related pathways, were enriched. A total of 24 flowering-related transcripts were identified in D. officinale according to the similarities to their homologous genes from Arabidopsis, suggesting that most classical flowering pathways existed in D. officinale. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the FLOWERING LOCUS T homologs in orchids are highly conserved during evolution process. In addition, expression changes in nine randomly-selected critical flowering-related transcripts between the vegetative stage and reproductive stage were quantified by qRT-PCR analysis. Our study provided a number of candidate genes and sequence resources for investigating the mechanisms underlying the flowering process of the Dendrobium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renan Lin
- Yueqing Forestry Varieties Tech Center, Yueqing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuangliu Zhao
- Yueqing Forestry Varieties Tech Center, Yueqing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Selosse MA, Minasiewicz J, Boullard B. An annotated translation of Noël Bernard's 1899 article 'On the germination of Neottia nidus-avis'. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:611-618. [PMID: 28421312 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We translate Noël Bernard's discovery of orchid symbiotic germination discovered on Neottia nidus-avis, as published in the May 1899 issue of the Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. In his note, Bernard (1874-1911) establishes the need for a fungus, which is also forming mycorrhizae in adults, for seeds germination. We provide illustrations reproduced from his later works, and summaries of the French text he cited. In our annotations, we show how early this discovery was done in Bernard's career, and insist on the scientific framework at the end of the nineteenth century, where orchid germination was mysterious and the need for vicinity of parents was not fully understood. We comment the text of Bernard on the basis of the most recent knowledge on Neottia nidus-avis and on orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Introducing his following papers, we finally discuss the emergence of the concept of peloton digestion, and how Bernard's work quickly paved the way to a general understanding of mycoheterotrophic germination in orchids and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Julita Minasiewicz
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bernard Boullard
- Emeritus Professor at the University of Rouen, 2346 rue de la Haie, 76230, Bois-Guillaume, France
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Jakubska-Busse A, Żołubak E, Łobas Z, Gola EM. Leaf arrangements are invalid in the taxonomy of orchid species. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3609. [PMID: 28740760 PMCID: PMC5522722 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genus Epipactis Zinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the species Epipactis purpurata Sm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement. In addition, detailed analyses revealed the presence of atypical decussate phyllotaxis in this species, as well as demonstrated the ontogenetic formation of pseudowhorls. These findings confirm ontogenetic variability and plasticity in E. purpurata. Our results are discussed in the context of their significance in delimitations of complex taxa within the genus Epipactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakubska-Busse
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żołubak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Łobas
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Magdalena Gola
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Pellegrino G. Sympatric reinforcement of reproductive barriers between Neotinea tridentata and N. ustulata (Orchidaceae). J Plant Res 2016; 129:1061-1068. [PMID: 27502952 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcement is the process by which selection favors traits that decrease mating between two incipient species in response to costly mating or the production of maladapted hybrids, causing the evolution of greater reproductive isolation between emerging species. I have studied a pair of orchids, Neotinea tridentata and N. ustulata, to examine the level of postmating pre- and post-zygotic isolating mechanisms that maintain these species, and the degree to which the boundary may still be permeable to gene flow. In this study, I performed pollen tube growth rate experiments and I investigated pre- and post-zygotic barriers by performing hand pollination experiments in order to evaluate fruit set, embryonate seed set and seed germination rates by intra- and interspecific crosses. Fruit set, the percentage of embryonate seeds and germinability of interspecific crosses were reduced compared to intraspecific pollinations, showing significant differences between sympatric and allopatric populations. While in allopatric populations the post-pollination isolation index ranged between 0.40 and 0.11, in sympatric populations orchid pairs showed total isolation due to post-pollination prezygotic barriers, guaranteed at the level of pollen-stigma interactions. Indeed, in sympatric populations, pollen tubes reached the ovary after 24 h in only 8 out of 45 plants; in the remaining cases, the pollen tubes did not enter the ovary, and thus no fruit set occurred. This pair of orchids is characterized by postmating pre-zygotic reproductive isolation in sympatric populations that prevents the formation of hybrids. This mechanism of speciation, starting in allopatry and triggering the reinforcement mechanisms of reproductive isolation in secondary sympatry, is the most likely explanation for the pattern of evolutionary transitions found in this pair of orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, via Bucci 6/B, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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Wade EM, Nadarajan J, Yang X, Ballesteros D, Sun W, Pritchard HW. Plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China: A seed and spore biology perspective. Plant Divers 2016; 38:209-220. [PMID: 30159468 PMCID: PMC6112217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately one fifth of the world's plants are at risk of extinction. Of these, a significant number exist as populations of few individuals, with limited distribution ranges and under enormous pressure due to habitat destruction. In China, these most-at-risk species are described as 'plant species with extremely small populations' (PSESP). Implementing conservation action for such listed species is urgent. Storing seeds is one of the main means of ex situ conservation for flowering plants. Spore storage could provide a simple and economical method for fern ex situ conservation. Seed and spore germination in nature is a critical step in species regeneration and thus in situ conservation. But what is known about the seed and spore biology (storage and germination) of at-risk species? We have used China's PSESP (the first group listing) as a case study to understand the gaps in knowledge on propagule biology of threatened plant species. We found that whilst germination information is available for 28 species (23% of PSESP), storage characteristics are only known for 8% of PSESP (10 species). Moreover, we estimate that 60% of the listed species may require cryopreservation for long-term storage. We conclude that comparative biology studies are urgently needed on the world's most threatened taxa so that conservation action can progress beyond species listing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Merrett Wade
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Jayanthi Nadarajan
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Xiangyun Yang
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Weibang Sun
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
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Kolanowska M, Mystkowska K, Kras M, Dudek M, Konowalik K. Evolution of the climatic tolerance and postglacial range changes of the most primitive orchids (Apostasioideae) within Sundaland, Wallacea and Sahul. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2384. [PMID: 27635348 PMCID: PMC5012329 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The location of possible glacial refugia of six Apostasioideae representatives is estimated based on ecological niche modeling analysis. The distribution of their suitable niches during the last glacial maximum (LGM) is compared with their current potential and documented geographical ranges. The climatic factors limiting the studied species occurrences are evaluated and the niche overlap between the studied orchids is assessed and discussed. The predicted niche occupancy profiles and reconstruction of ancestral climatic tolerances suggest high level of phylogenetic niche conservatism within Apostasioideae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolanowska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Mystkowska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Kras
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudek
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamil Konowalik
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Jakubska-Busse A, Janowicz M, Ochnio L, Jackowska-Zduniak B. Shapes of leaves with parallel venation. Modelling of the Epipactis sp. (Orchidaceae) leaves with the help of a system of coupled elastic beams. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2165. [PMID: 27375969 PMCID: PMC4928462 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Static properties of leaves with parallel venation, with particular emphasis on the genus EpipactisZinn, 1757 (Orchidaceae, Neottieae) have been modelled with coupled quasi-parallel elastic “beams.” The non-linear theory of strongly bended beams have been employed. The resulting boundary-value problem has been solved numerically with the help of the finite-difference method. Possible dislocations resulting in additional Dirac-delta like forces have been take into account. Morphological similarity of the model and real leaves has been obtained. In particular, the concentrated forces have been shown to cause undulation in the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakubska-Busse
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Maciej Janowicz
- Faculty of Applied Informatics and Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Luiza Ochnio
- Faculty of Applied Informatics and Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Beata Jackowska-Zduniak
- Faculty of Applied Informatics and Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW , Warsaw , Poland
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Tabb K. Darwin at Orchis Bank: Selection after the Origin. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 2016; 55:11-20. [PMID: 26694543 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Darwin's first publication after the Origin of Species was a volume on orchids that expanded on the theory of adaptation through natural selection introduced in his opus. Here I argue that On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862) is not merely an empirical confirmation of his theory. In response to immediate criticisms of his metaphor of natural selection, Darwin uses Orchids to present adaptation as the result of innumerable natural laws, rather than discrete acts analogous to conscious choices. The means of selection among polliniferous plants cannot be neatly classed under the Origin's categories of artificial, natural, or sexual selection. Along with Darwin's exploration of sexual selection in his later works, Orchids serves to undo the restrictive metaphor so firmly established by the Origin and to win over those of Darwin's contemporaries who were committed advocates of natural law but suspicious of evolution by natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Tabb
- Department of Philosophy, Columbia University, 708 Philosophy Hall, MC: 4971 1150 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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Sulistyo BP, Boos R, Cootes JE, Gravendeel B. Dendrochilum hampelii (Coelogyninae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) traded as 'Big Pink' is a new species, not a hybrid: evidence from nrITS, matK and ycf1 sequence data. PhytoKeys 2015; 56:83-97. [PMID: 26491388 PMCID: PMC4611750 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.56.5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, an unidentified species of Dendrochilum appeared in cultivation under the commercial trade name 'Big Pink'. Using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and of the plastid matK and ycf1 genes, we examined the phylogenetic relationships between 'Big Pink' and six other species of the phenetically defined Dendrochilum subgen. Platyclinis sect. Eurybrachium. Separate and combined analyses (using Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood and Parsimony inference) showed consistent placement of the unidentified species within a statistically well supported clade. Furthermore, the multi-copy nrITS marker showed clear distinct peaks. Thus, we found no evidence that 'Big Pink' could be a hybrid. Against this background, and further supported by species-specific mutations in (at least) nrITS and ycf1, we formally describe 'Big Pink' as a new species under the name Dendrochilum hampelii. Morphologically, it is most similar to Dendrochilum propinquum, but it differs in a number of characters. Of the two cultivated individuals available for our study, one was of unrecorded provenance. The other allegedly originated from the Philippines. Observations of the species occurring in the wild in the Philippines in the northern provinces of Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental on the island of Mindanao confirmed this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby P. Sulistyo
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Arnhem and Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronny Boos
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra, Australia
| | - James E. Cootes
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra, Australia
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lee YI, Yang CK, Gebauer G. The importance of associations with saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi among fully mycoheterotrophic orchids is currently under-estimated: novel evidence from sub-tropical Asia. Ann Bot 2015; 116:423-35. [PMID: 26113634 PMCID: PMC4549957 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most fully mycoheterotrophic (MH) orchids investigated to date are mycorrhizal with fungi that simultaneously form ectomycorrhizas with forest trees. Only a few MH orchids are currently known to be mycorrhizal with saprotrophic, mostly wood-decomposing, fungi instead of ectomycorrhizal fungi. This study provides evidence that the importance of associations between MH orchids and saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi is currently under-estimated. METHODS Using microscopic techniques and molecular approaches, mycorrhizal fungi were localized and identified for seven MH orchid species from four genera and two subfamilies, Vanilloideae and Epidendroideae, growing in four humid and warm sub-tropical forests in Taiwan. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope natural abundances of MH orchids and autotrophic reference plants were used in order to elucidate the nutritional resources utilized by the orchids. KEY RESULTS Six out of the seven MH orchid species were mycorrhizal with either wood- or litter-decaying saprotrophic fungi. Only one orchid species was associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Stable isotope abundance patterns showed significant distinctions between orchids mycorrhizal with the three groups of fungal hosts. CONCLUSIONS Mycoheterotrophic orchids utilizing saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi as a carbon and nutrient source are clearly more frequent than hitherto assumed. On the basis of this kind of nutrition, orchids can thrive in deeply shaded, light-limiting forest understoreys even without support from ectomycorrhizal fungi. Sub-tropical East Asia appears to be a hotspot for orchids mycorrhizal with saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-I Lee
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, No 1, Kuan-Chien Rd, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kai Yang
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, 12 Chienshan Rd., Sec. 1, Chushan Township, Nantou 55750, Taiwan, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Tingchow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan and
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Dormont L, Delle-Vedove R, Bessière JM, Schatz B. Floral scent emitted by white and coloured morphs in orchids. Phytochemistry 2014; 100:51-59. [PMID: 24525191 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of floral signals, such as colour and odour, is widespread in flowering plants and often considered to be adaptive, reflecting various pollinator preferences for particular floral traits. Several authors have recently hypothesized that particular associations exist between floral colour and scent, which would result from shared biochemistry between these two floral traits. In this study, we compared the chemical composition of floral volatiles emitted by white- and purple-flowered morphs of three different orchid species, including two food-deceptive species (Orchis mascula and Orchis simia) and a food-rewarding species (Anacamptis coriophora fragrans). We found clear interspecific differences in floral odours. As expected from their pollination strategy, the two deceptive orchids showed high inter-individual variation of floral volatiles, whereas the food-rewarding A. c. fragrans showed low variation of floral scent. Floral volatiles did not differ overall between white- and coloured-flowered morphs in O. mascula and A. c. fragrans, while O. simia exhibited different volatile profiles between the two colour morphs. However, a detailed analysis restricted to benzenoid compounds (which are associated with the production of floral anthocyanin pigments) showed that white inflorescences emitted more volatiles of the shikimic pathway than coloured ones, both for O. mascula and O. simia. These results are consistent with the current hypothesis that shared biochemistry creates pleiotropic links between floral colour and scent. Whether intraspecific variation of floral signals actually affects pollinator attraction and influences the reproductive success of these orchids remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - R Delle-Vedove
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales (GEPV), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - J-M Bessière
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - B Schatz
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Protocorms or protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of three orchid genera, Brassia, Cattleya, and Doritaenopsis, were genetically transformed via microprojectile bombardment using the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Selection for transformed cells was accomplished using bialaphos. PLBs that proliferated on selection medium containing 1 mg/l bialaphos were minced and transferred to selection medium containing 3 mg/l of the herbicide. This selection was repeated twice at 2-month intervals. Putatively transformed plantlets were regenerated in the absence of bialaphos for Doritaenopsis, or on regeneration medium containing 3 mg/l bialaphos for Brassia and Cattleya. Presence of the bar gene in the transformed plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis. Transcription of bar was assessed by northern blot analysis. Plantlets of all three genera exhibited functional expression of bar as determined by assaying for resistance to bialaphos applied directly to leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Knapp
- University of Rhode Island, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Fax: +41-401-8744256 e-mail: , , , , , , US
| | - A P Kausch
- AgriBiotech Inc., Liberty Lane, Kingston, RI 02881, USA, , , , , , US
| | - J M Chandlee
- University of Rhode Island, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Fax: +41-401-8744256 e-mail: , , , , , , US
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