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Chavan J, Patil P, Patil A, Deshmukh A, Panari P, Mohite A, Lawand P, Yadav P, Bodhe M, Kadam A, Namdas D, Pawar B, Jadhav A, Shekhawat M, Santa-Catarina C. Salacia spp.: recent insights on biotechnological interventions and future perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:200. [PMID: 38326604 PMCID: PMC10850189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The plants of the genus Salacia L. are the storehouse of several bioactive compounds, and are involved in treating human diseases and disorders. Hitherto, a number of reports have been published on in vitro biotechnology as well as microbial involvement in the improvement of Salacia spp. The present review provides comprehensive insights into biotechnological interventions such as tissue culture for plant propagation, in vitro cultures, and endophytic microbes for up-scaling the secondary metabolites and biological potential of Salacia spp. Other biotechnological interventions such as molecular markers and bio-nanomaterials for up-grading the prospective of Salacia spp. are also considered. The in vitro biotechnology of Salacia spp. is largely focused on plant regeneration, callus culture, cell suspension culture, somatic embryogenesis, and subsequent ex vitro establishment of the in vitro-raised plantlets. The compiled information on tissue cultural strategies, involvement of endophytes, molecular markers, and nanomaterials will assist the advanced research related to in vitro manipulation, domestication, and commercial cultivation of elite clones of Salacia spp. Moreover, the genetic diversity and other molecular-marker based assessments will aid in designing conservation policies as well as support upgrading and breeding initiatives for Salacia spp. KEY POINTS: • Salacia spp. plays a multifaceted role in human health and disease management. • Critical and updated assessment of tissue culture, endophytic microbes, metabolites, molecular markers, and bio-nanomaterials of Salacia spp. • Key shortcomings and future research directions for Salacia biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaykumar Chavan
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India.
| | - Priyanka Patil
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Avdhoot Patil
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Akshay Deshmukh
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Pallavi Panari
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Ashwini Mohite
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Pramod Lawand
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Pradnya Yadav
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Minal Bodhe
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Abhijit Kadam
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Dada Namdas
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Bandu Pawar
- Department of Microbiology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Amol Jadhav
- Department of Microbiology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science (Autonomous), Lead College of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil University, Satara, 415001, India
| | - Mahipal Shekhawat
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, 605008, India
| | - Claudette Santa-Catarina
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular E Tecidual (LBCT), Centro de Biociências E Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
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Yan XY, Xiao D, Niu Q, Xu HN, Wang HX, He HP, Jiang ZY. [Chemical constituents from Salacia polysperma]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2023; 48:6676-6681. [PMID: 38212027 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230810.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nine compounds were isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of Salacia polysperma by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, together with preparative HPLC methods. Based on HR-ESI-MS, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses, the structures of the nine compounds were identified as 28-hydroxy wilforlide B(1), wilforlide A(2), 1β,3β-dihydroxyurs-9(11),12-diene(3),(-)-epicatechin(4),(+)-catechin(5),(-)-4'-O-methyl-ent-galloepicatechin(6), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)propan-1-one(7),(-)-(7S,8R)-4-hydroxy-3,3',5'-trimethoxy-8',9'-dinor-8,4'-oxyneoligna-7,9-diol-7'-aldehyde(8), and vanillic acid(9). Compound 1 is a new oleanane-type triterpene lactone. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 7-9 were isolated from the Salacia genus for the first time. All compounds were assayed for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results suggested that compound 8 exhibited moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC_(50) value of 37.2 μmol·L~(-1), and the other compounds showed no α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research on Ethnic Medicine in Yunnan Provincial Universities, Ethnomedicine School,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500, China
| | - Die Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research on Ethnic Medicine in Yunnan Provincial Universities, Ethnomedicine School,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research on Ethnic Medicine in Yunnan Provincial Universities, Ethnomedicine School,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao-Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research on Ethnic Medicine in Yunnan Provincial Universities, Ethnomedicine School,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research on Ethnic Medicine in Yunnan Provincial Universities, Ethnomedicine School,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hong-Ping He
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research on Ethnic Medicine in Yunnan Provincial Universities, Ethnomedicine School,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research on Ethnic Medicine in Yunnan Provincial Universities, Ethnomedicine School,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500, China
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Kreitman A, Schneider SH, Hao L, Schlussel Y, Bello NT, Shapses SA. Reduced postprandial bone resorption and greater rise in GLP-1 in overweight and obese individuals after an α-glucosidase inhibitor: a double-blinded randomized crossover trial. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:1379-1386. [PMID: 33432459 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED When taken with a meal, α-glucosidase inhibitors (α-GI) reduce the rise in postprandial glucose and increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and this may lower bone turnover. In this study, a salacinol-type α-GI increased GLP-1 and markedly reduced postprandial bone resorption compared to placebo, suggesting it could have implications for bone health. INTRODUCTION Animal and clinical trials indicate that α-glucosidase inhibitors attenuate postprandial glycemic indices and increase secretion of GLP-1. In addition, GLP-1 acts on bone by inhibiting resorption. The goal in this study was to determine if a salacinol α-GI alters postprandial bone turnover and can be explained by changes in serum GLP-1. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, healthy overweight/obese adults (body mass index 29.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2; 21-59 years; n = 21) received a fixed breakfast and, in random order, were administered Salacia chinensis (SC; 500 mg) or placebo. A fasting blood sample was taken before and at regular intervals for 3 h after the meal. Serum was measured for bone turnover markers, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and osteocalcin, and for glycemic indices and gut peptides. RESULTS Compared to placebo, SC attenuated the bone resorption marker, CTX, at 60, 90, and 120 min (p < 0.05) after the meal, and decreased osteocalcin, at 180 min (p < 0.05). As expected, SC attenuated the postprandial rise in glucose compared with placebo, whereas GLP-1 was increased at 60 min (p < 0.05) with SC. Serum GLP-1 explained 41% of the variance for change in postprandial CTX (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study indicates that attenuating postprandial glycemic indices, with an α-GI, markedly decreases postprandial bone resorption and can be explained by the rise in GLP-1. Future studies should determine whether longer term α-GI use benefits bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kreitman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley RD, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - S H Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- NJ-Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - L Hao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley RD, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- NJ-Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Y Schlussel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley RD, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - N T Bello
- NJ-Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - S A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley RD, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- NJ-Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Zhu S, Liu Q, He J, Nakajima N, Samarakoon SP, Swe S, Zaw K, Komatsu K. Genetic identification of medicinally used Salacia species by nrDNA ITS sequences and a PCR-RFLP assay for authentication of Salacia-related health foods. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 274:113909. [PMID: 33588011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The roots and stems of several Salacia species have been used as traditional medicines, especially in Ayurvedic medical system for the treatment of diabetes, rheumatism, gonorrhea, amenorrhea, skin diseases, etc. Due to reported evidence supporting Salacia's beneficial effects in early-stage diabetes and other lifestyle-related diseases, Salacia-based dietary supplements and health foods have been gaining popularity in Japan and other countries in recent years. However, due to the morphological similarities between Salacia plants, particularly in the medicinally used parts (roots and stems), the authentication of the botanical identities of Salacia-derived products is challenging. AIM OF THIS STUDY This study aims to develop a genetic approach to authenticate the medicinally used Salacia species and to determine the botanical sources of the commercially available Salacia-derived products. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sequences of nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast trnK-rps16 region were determined and compared between 10 plant specimens from three medicinally used Salacia species as well as 48 samples of commercial crude drugs. Moreover, a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was developed for rapid identification based on the ITS sequences. RESULTS The plant specimens from the three medicinally used Salacia species showed three main types of sequences in both ITS (types I, II, III) and trnK-rps16 (i, ii, iii) regions. Combined the sequences of ITS and trnK-rps16 regions, S. reticulata and S. oblonga had type I-i and type III-iii or similar sequences, respectively. S. chinensis had type II-ii or II(536M)-i sequences. Forty-eight samples of commercial crude drugs were identified based on ITS and trnK-rps16 DNA barcode. A convenient PCR-RFLP assay using Cac8I restriction enzyme was established and applied to identify the botanical sources of health food products purchased from online retailers. All the twelve samples were identified as S. chinensis. CONCLUSION The nrDNA ITS sequences provided useful information to authenticate Salacia species and to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship within the Salacia genus. Genetic identification results revealed that S. chinensis and S. reticulata are the major sources of commercially available Salacia-products. Based on the ITS sequences, a convenient PCR-RFLP assay was established for the identification of the medicinally used Salacia species as well as their derived health food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Qundong Liu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jingyu He
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakajima
- Uchida Wakanyaku Ltd., 4-3-3, Higashi Nippori, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8571, Japan
| | - S P Samarakoon
- Department of Botany, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | - Swe Swe
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health & Sports, 47 Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Khin Zaw
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health & Sports, 47 Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Tanabe G, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. A review of antidiabetic active thiosugar sulfoniums, salacinol and neokotalanol, from plants of the genus Salacia. J Nat Med 2021; 75:449-466. [PMID: 33900535 PMCID: PMC8159842 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During our studies characterizing functional substances from food resources for the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases, we isolated the active constituents, salacinol (1) and neokotalanol (4), and related thiosugar sulfoniums, from the roots and stems of the genus Salacia plants [Celastraceae (Hippocrateaceae)] such as Salacia reticulata Wight, S. oblonga Wall., and S. chinensis L., and observed their antidiabetic effects. These plant materials have been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine as a specific remedy at the early stage of diabetes, and have been extensively consumed in Japan, the United States, and other countries as a food supplement for the prevention of obesity and diabetes. Here, we review our studies on the antidiabetic effects of plants from the genus Salacia, from basic chemical and pharmacological research to their application and development as new functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsuda
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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Yewale S, Farash Z, Kolhe S, Sakkan S, Bhope S, Ambekar P, Padmanabhan S. Benefits of Soleris ® over the Conventional Method for Enumeration of Microbial Load in Salacia Herbal Extract. Pol J Microbiol 2021; 69:453-462. [PMID: 33574873 PMCID: PMC7812356 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stems and roots of Salacia genus plants have been used as a specific remedy for early-stage diabetes, and one of the four sulphonium sulphates, salacinol is the compound responsible for the anti-diabetic activity. Salacia is prone to microbial contamination and insect infestation; hence, methods to estimate the microbial load in such plants will enhance its nutritional value. This paper highlights the novel use of Soleris® to quantify microbes of all types, namely bacteria, yeasts, molds, and coliforms in herbal extracts. The microbial analysis results obtained with Soleris® test vial have been compared with the conventional method, and the results indicate that Soleris® is equally efficient as the conventional method and in fact displays several advantages over the traditional method. The Soleris® method is a real time monitoring system that is highly sensitive, user-friendly, and environmentally friendly since it generates very little biomedical waste and saves a large amount of time. The data presented here demonstrate that for highly contaminated samples, results are available within 24 h. For yeasts and molds, the Soleris® method produces results in 48 h, thus offering considerable time savings compared to other commonly used methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanand Yewale
- Herbal Division, Sava Healthcare Limited, Research Center, Chinchwad, Pune, India
| | - Zeba Farash
- Analytical Development Laboratory, Sava Healthcare Limited, Research Center, Chinchwad, Pune, India
| | - Sanman Kolhe
- Herbal Division, Sava Healthcare Limited, Research Center, Chinchwad, Pune, India
| | - Sasidharan Sakkan
- QC, Microbiology Division, Sava Healthcare Limited, KIADB Industrial Area, Malur, India
| | - Shrinivas Bhope
- Analytical Development Laboratory, Sava Healthcare Limited, Research Center, Chinchwad, Pune, India
| | - Pradnya Ambekar
- Neogen Food and Animal Security (India) Pvt. Ltd., Kochi, India
| | - Sriram Padmanabhan
- Herbal Division, Sava Healthcare Limited, Research Center, Chinchwad, Pune, India
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Anaz K M, N S, A R, M V D. ITS 2 and RNA secondary structure-based analysis reveals a clear picture on phylogeny of South Indian Salacia spp. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 91:107438. [PMID: 33524844 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The genus Salacia (Celastraceae) consists of many important medicinal plants used mainly against type II diabetes. Segregation and delimitation of species is difficult based on morphological features alone. DNA barcoding is the most effective and emerging method of molecular identification. It was reported that ITS2 has better discriminating power in the genus Salacia in comparison to other barcode loci. This paper describe the analysis of sequence and structural information of ITS2 to discriminate the species of Salacia. A total of 8 species of Salacia in South India and the available sequences in NCBI database were taken for the present study. NJ method based phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGAX with primary sequence as well as using sequence and secondary structural information. Primary structure based phylogeny did not give much information whereas the dendrogram based on sequence and structural information was more informative to decipher the phylogeny of South Asian species of Salacia. The present study revealed some interesting facts regarding the genus. Secondary structure of the ITS2 sequence of S. chinensis reported from Kerala differs consistently from that of S. chinensis reported from other parts of India and of South Asia. Probably the S. chinensis in Kerala, India has diverged a lot from the original S. chinensis. ITS2 sequence of S. reticulata reported from Sri Lanka was identical to S. chinensis reported by other groups from Thailand and Udupi, India. The molecular level identity of ITS2 sequence of S. chinensis with S. reticulata suggest merger of the two species. ITS2 sequence of S. beddomei is only reported from Kerala, India showed it to be identical to S. macrosperma. This observation points to a mistaken identity of S. beddomei which could be elusive from Kerala. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on sequence and structural features of ITS2 suggest that the ancestor species of S.chinensis diversified in two evolutionary lines. One line leads to the present day S. chinensis and the other line further diversified and lead to the rest of the present day Salacia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anaz K
- Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
| | - Sasidharan N
- Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Remakanthan A
- Department of Botany, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Dilsha M V
- Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Takashima K, Sakano M, Kinouchi E, Nakamura S, Marumoto S, Ishikawa F, Ninomiya K, Nakanishi I, Morikawa T, Tanabe G. Elongation of the side chain by linear alkyl groups increases the potency of salacinol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor from the Ayurvedic traditional medicine " Salacia," against human intestinal maltase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 33:127751. [PMID: 33347966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four chain-extended analogs (12a-12d) and two related de-O-sulfonated analogs (13a and 13c) by introducing alkyl groups (a: R = C3H7, b R = C6H13, c: R = C8H17, d: R = C10H21) to the side chains of salacinol (1), a natural α-glucosidase inhibitor from Ayurvedic traditional medicine "Salacia", were synthesized. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of all the synthesized analogs were evaluated in vitro. Against human intestinal maltase, the inhibitory activities of 12a and 13a with seven-carbon side chain were equal to that of 1. In contrast, analogs (12b-12d, and 13c) exhibited higher level of inhibitory activity against the same enzyme than 1 and had equal or higher potency than those of the clinically used anti-diabetics, voglibose, acarbose, and miglitol. Thus, elongation of the side chains of 1 was effective for specifically increasing the inhibitory activity against human intestinal maltase.
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Erten F, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Er B, Defo Deeh PB, Sahin N, Özercan IH, Juturu V, Sahin K. Salacia chinensis exerts its antidiabetic effect by modulating glucose-regulated proteins and transcription factors in high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13513. [PMID: 33020991 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the properties of Salacia chinensis (Celastraceae, SC) and its molecular mechanism in the type 2 diabetic rats. Forty-two Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 7): control, SC (100 mg/kg, per os), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + SC (100 mg/kg), HFD + streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg, i.p.), and HFD + STZ+SC. SC decreased serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acid, and malondialdehyde levels, but increased serum total antioxidant capacity (0.33 ± 0.02 versus. 0.79 ± 0.03), compared with the untreated group (p < .001). Additionally, SC elevated the expression of glucose-regulated proteins GLUT2, PPAR-ɣ, p-IRS, and Nrf2, but downregulated NF-κB in the liver and kidney (p < .001). In conclusion, SC could improve insulin resistance by modulation of glucose-regulated proteins and transcription factors in diabetic rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Present data has contributed to the current ethnomedicinal benefits of SC, through which the SC intake regulated the carbohydrate metabolism and increased the antioxidant capacity. The balance of transcription factors can mediate these efficacies partially and various key proteins involved in energy metabolism, along with oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Erten
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Besir Er
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | | | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Vijaya Juturu
- Research and Development, OmniActive Health Technologies Inc, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Bajpe SN, Bharathi TR, Marulasiddaswamy KM, Sampath Kumara KK, Prakash HS, Kini RK. Efficiency of RAPD, ISSR and ITS markers in detecting genetic variability among Salacia species sampled from the Western Ghats of Karnataka. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:931-41. [PMID: 30027475 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Diversity and phylogenetic relationship between four closely related Salacia species, i.e., Salacia chinensis, Salacia macrosperma, Salacia fruticosa and Salacia oblonga, collected from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, was assessed. Ten each of RAPD and ISSR primers generated a total of 76 and 68 loci, generating polymorphisms of 92.21 and 89.71%, respectively. Maximum likelihood analysis of the ITS sequences revealed three clades. Dendrogram analyses of RAPD and ISSR revealed two and four clusters, respectively. Overall polymorphism revealed by RAPD was 41.45 ± 10%, ISSR was 33.58 ± 6.52%, and ITS was 25.50 ± 17.25%. Molecular variance revealed significant variance within and among the Salacia species. Tajima's D neutrality test and Fu's Fs were negative for all four species, implying presences of rare alleles and population expansion. Comparative study of RAPD, ISSR and ITS for Salacia species has given an insight into the efficiency of each technique in detecting diversity within and among the population sampled in the Western Ghats of Karnataka.
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Tanabe G, Xie W, Balakishan G, Amer MFA, Tsutsui N, Takemura H, Nakamura S, Akaki J, Ninomiya K, Morikawa T, Nakanishi I, Muraoka O. Hydrophobic substituents increase the potency of salacinol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor from Ayurvedic traditional medicine ' Salacia'. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3705-15. [PMID: 27325449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using an in silico method, seven analogs bearing hydrophobic substituents (8a: Me, 8b: Et, 8c: n-Pent, 8d: n-Hept, 8e: n-Tridec, 8f: isoBu and 8g: neoPent) at the 3'-O-position in salacinol (1), a highly potent natural α-glucosidase inhibitor from Ayurvedic traditional medicine 'Salacia', were designed and synthesized. In order to verify the computational SAR assessments, their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated in vitro. All analogs (8a-8g) exhibited an equal or considerably higher level of inhibitory activity against rat small intestinal α-glucosidases compared with the original sulfonate (1), and were as potent as or higher in potency than the clinically used anti-diabetics, voglibose, acarbose or miglitol. Their activities against human maltase exhibited good relationships to the results obtained with enzymes of rat origin. Among the designed compounds, the one with a 3'-O-neopentyl moiety (8g) was most potent, with an approximately ten fold increase in activity against human maltase compared to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiang su 210009, PR China
| | - Gorre Balakishan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Telangana University, Nizamabad 503322, Telangana State, India
| | - Mumen F A Amer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Al Arab St 21, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Nozomi Tsutsui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Haruka Takemura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Junji Akaki
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Isao Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Abstract
Salacia species plant has been used traditionally as an Ayurvedic medicine for diabetes mellitus. Studies over the past decades have shown its multi-targeted role in diabetics. In the present review article, various mechanisms of action of Salacia on diabetics are discussed in detail. Apart from the well-known action of decreasing postprandial glucose sugar by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-pancreatic amylase, it also inhibits aldose reductase which otherwise results in microvascular complications. Importantly, its peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist (such as thiazolidinediones, the insulin sensitizers) action increases the uptake of free fatty acid (FFA) and facilitates their storage in subcutaneous fat rather than the visceral fat. This reduces plasma FFA and insulin resistance. Furthermore, it increases the expression of and translocation to the cell surface of glucose transporter 1 and 4 receptors which result in glucose uptake by the liver and skeletal muscle and decreases plasma glucose levels. It also decreases inflammatory cytokines and increases adiponectin expression. Salacia as PPAR-α agonist (such as fibrates) has a role in the management of dyslipidemia. The activation of PPAR-α leads to the increased expression of lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-V and decrease in hepatic Apo-C-III. These actions lower plasma triglycerides in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein particles, thus liberating fatty acids, which are taken up and stored as fat in adipocytes. Salacia has been shown to suppress the overexpression of cardiac PPAR-α (similar to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers) and thereby preventing diabetic cardiomyopathy. It also suppresses the cardiac angiotensin II Type 1 receptors resulting in antihypertrophic and antifibrogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Vyas
- Assistant Director (Med.), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Mehra
- Department of Clinical research, Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cardio Vascular Diseases, Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Makhija
- Department of Clinical research, Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cardio Vascular Diseases, Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi, India
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Akaki J, Morikawa T, Miyake S, Ninomiya K, Okada M, Tanabe G, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. Evaluation of Salacia species as anti-diabetic natural resources based on quantitative analysis of eight sulphonium constituents: a new class of α-glucosidase inhibitors. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25:544-550. [PMID: 24816820 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stems and roots of Salacia genus plants have been used in Ayurveda as a specific remedy for early stage diabetes. Previous investigations identified four sulphonium sulphates, that is, salacinol (1), kotalanol (3), ponkoranol (5) and salaprinol (7), as the compounds responsible for the anti-diabetic activity. Their desulphonates (2, 4, 6 and 8) were also isolated as active constituents. Two separate quantitative analytical protocols, that is, for 1 and 3 and for 2 and 4, have been developed recently. OBJECTIVE To: validate the two analytical protocols with respect to all eight sulphoniums; evaluate the quality of a variety of Salacia samples collected in different geographical regions, that is, Thailand, Sri Lanka and India; and determine their distribution in each part of the plant, that is, stems/roots, leaves and fruits. METHODS Analyses of four sulphonium sulphates in 32 Salacia extracts were carried out on an Asahipak NH2P-50 column, and those of the corresponding desulphonates were conducted on an Inertsil ODS-3 column. RESULTS Neokotalanol (4) was the major constituent in Salacia samples from Thailand, whereas 1 was the primary constituent in extracts of the stems/roots of plants from Sri Lanka and India. These sulphoniums were only present in trace amounts in leaves and fruits of the plants. CONCLUSION Two analytical protocols were successfully applied to analyse 32 Salacia samples, and revealed that sulphoniums (1-8) had characteristic distributions due to the plant part and/or due to geographical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Akaki
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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Nakata K, Taniguchi Y, Yoshioka N, Yoshida A, Inagawa H, Nakamoto T, Yoshimura H, Miyake SI, Kohchi C, Kuroki M, Soma GI. A mixture of Salacia oblonga extract and IP-PA1 reduces fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Nutr Res Pract 2011; 5:435-42. [PMID: 22125681 PMCID: PMC3221829 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.5.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, lifestyle-related diseases are one of the most critical health issues worldwide. It has been reported that lipopolysaccharide derived from a Gram-negative bacteria (IP-PA1) symbiotic with wheat exhibited several advantageous biological effects, such as the reduction of plasma glucose levels in NOD mice and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in WHHL rabbits. In this study, the beneficial effects on plasma glucose and lipids of a tea (SI tea) consisting of IP-PA1 and Salacia (which contains an inhibitor of α-glucosidase) were investigated in the KK-Ay/TaJcl type 2 diabetic model mice and in human subjects with premetabolic syndrome in a double-blind, randomized study. SI tea significantly decreased plasma glucose levels in KK-Ay/TaJcl mice. A clinical trial of SI tea was performed with 41 subjects between the ages of 40 and 69, who belonged either to a high plasma glucose group (HG: FPG 100-125 mg/dl) or to a hyperlipidemia group (HL: TG ≥ 150 mg/dl, or LDL ≥ 120 mg/dl, or HDL < 40 mg/dl). These subjects ingested either Salacia without IP-PA1 (the control) or SI tea. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, and 60 days after initiating SI tea treatment, and were measured for FPG, HbA1c, TG, LDL, and HDL. These results showed that SI tea reduced FPG and HbA1c more rapidly than the control in the HL group, and also significantly improved LDL and HDL levels in the HG group. Thus, SI tea may be helpful in preventing lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Nakata
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, 719-1197, Japan
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