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Blanco G, Carrete M, Navas I, García-Fernández AJ. Age and sex differences in pharmaceutical contamination in a keystone scavenger. Environ Res 2024; 251:118592. [PMID: 38442815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical contaminants have a recognized negative impact on wildlife health. However, there are still many knowledge gaps on the factors influencing exposure and metabolic processing of compound mixtures as a function of season and individual characteristics such as age and sex. We evaluated age and sex differences in a set of seventeen compounds, including eleven antibiotics, five NSAIDs and caffeine, evaluated by HPLC-MS-TOF analysis in griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from central Spain. Pharmaceutical cocktails (up to 10 compounds simultaneously) were found in all individuals. Lincomycin was detected in all individuals, and fluoroquinolones were found at high frequencies, while NSAIDs were at low frequencies and concentrations, including flumixin meglumine, which can be lethal to vultures. A higher total number of compounds and sum of concentrations, as well as prevalence and concentration of several of the pharmaceuticals tested was found in females than in males for both nestlings and adults. This is the first study to present evidence of sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of dietary drug contaminants in a vulture species. Chronic exposure to "medications" in entire populations can potentially have sub-lethal health effects that affect fitness differently according to age and sex, with demographic implications for population viability. Specifically, if females have higher mortality after fledging due to high pharmaceutical contamination, this should be considered when modelling the population dynamic of this species for conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martina Carrete
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel Navas
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Department of Socio-Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Department of Socio-Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Pineda-Cortel MRB, Del Rosario EH, Villaflores OB. Use of veterinary medicinal products in the Philippines: regulations, impact, challenges, and recommendations. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e33. [PMID: 38568834 PMCID: PMC10990910 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural production is a major driver of the Philippine economy. Mass production of animal products, such as livestock and poultry farming, is one of the most prominent players in the field. Filipino farmers use veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) when raising agricultural animals to improve animal growth and prevent diseases. Unfortunately, the extensive use of VMPs, particularly antibiotics, has been linked to drug resistance in animals, particularly antibiotics. Antimicrobial gene products produced in animals due to the prolonged use of VMPs can passed on to humans when they consume animal products. This paper reviews information on the use of VMPs in the Philippines, including the regulations, their impact, challenges, and potential recommendations. The Philippines has existing legislation regulating VMP use. Several agencies were tasked to regulate the use of VMPs, such as the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health, and the Philippine National Action Plan. Unfortunately, there is a challenge to implementing these regulations, which affects consumers. The unregulated use of VMPs influences the transmission of antibiotic residues from animals to crops to humans. This challenge should be addressed, with more focus on stricter regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ruth B Pineda-Cortel
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Elner H Del Rosario
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Oliver B Villaflores
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
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3
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Shoaei F, Talebi-Ghane E, Ranjbar A, Mehri F. Evaluation of antibiotic residues in honey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:1064-1075. [PMID: 37004239 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2197285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, incorrect apply of antibiotics to treat infections in honey has led to health risks for humans and antibiotic resistance. Current systematic review and meta-analysis conducted to study antibiotic residues in honey. Data were obtained through searching the databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and other internal databases. The pooled concentration of antibiotic residues was 5.032 (µg/kg) that ranged from 4.72 to 5.33 (µg/kg). The ranking of antibiotics concentration was found in order of fluoroquinolone (8.59 µg/kg) > tetracycline (5.68 µg/kg) > sulfonamides (5.54 µg/kg) > macrolides (4.19µg/kg), respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method (37.9.7%), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (34.4%), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (27.5.8%) were the most used methods in various studies. In order to avoid contamination, proper use of antibiotics, placement of hives at a suitable distance from agricultural environment, and regular control of antibiotic residues in honey seems to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Shoaei
- Department of nutrition and food safety, School of medicine. Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Talebi-Ghane
- Modeling of noncommunicable diseases research center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Ranjbar
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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4
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Melekhin AO, Tolmacheva VV, Goncharov NO, Apyari VV, Parfenov MY, Bulkatov DP, Dmitrienko SG, Zolotov YA. Rapid multi-residue LC-MS/MS determination of nitrofuran metabolites, nitroimidazoles, amphenicols, and quinolones in honey with ultrasonic-assisted derivatization - magnetic solid-phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115764. [PMID: 37804641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
A rapid multi-residue LC-MS/MS method for the identification and determination of banned veterinary drugs in honey was developed. A total of 31 investigated veterinary drugs belonging to 4 classes including nitrofurans metabolites, nitroimidazoles, amphenicols, and quinolones were quantified by LC-MS/MS with ESI using one single injection. The sample preparation included treatment with 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (5-NFA) in a thermostated ultrasonic bath (80 °C, 0.5М НСl, 20 min) to liberate matrix-bound residues of nitrofurans. Magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HCP/Fe3O4) was proposed for the solid-phase extraction and clean-up of target analytes prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. To evaluate and validate the performance of method, the criteria of the Decision (EC) no 2002/657 were applied. The LOQs of the examined analytes range from 0.3 to 1 μg kg-1, which indicates good sensitivity to quantify the target compounds in honey. The recoveries of veterinary drugs from 1 g of honey with 50 mg of the sorbent are 97-109% for nitrofuran metabolites, 84-115% for nitroimidazoles, 86-103% for amphenicols, and 97-118% for quinolones. The relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day precision analyses (RSD) are less than 16%. This methodology was applied to real honey samples and trace levels of some veterinary drugs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Melekhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Federal Centre for Animal Health, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Tolmacheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N O Goncharov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Apyari
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - M Yu Parfenov
- Federal Centre for Animal Health, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
| | - D P Bulkatov
- Federal Centre for Animal Health, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
| | - S G Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu A Zolotov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue, 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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McRae G, Leek DM, Meija J, Shurmer B, Lehotay SJ, Polzer J, Melanson JE, Mester Z. Production and certification of BOTS-1: bovine muscle-certified reference material for incurred veterinary drug residues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:759-771. [PMID: 37326831 PMCID: PMC10766801 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A freeze-dried bovine muscle-certified reference material (CRM), known as BOTS-1 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.4224/crm.2018.bots-1 ), containing incurred residues of commonly used veterinary drugs was produced and certified for the mass fraction of eight veterinary drug residues. Value assignment was carried out using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods in conjunction with isotope dilution and standard addition approaches involving stable isotope internal standards. Data from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety in Germany (BVL) were used for value assignment. Results for two drug residues were also obtained through an international inter-laboratory comparison CCQM-K141/P178 organized under the auspices of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Quantitative NMR (1H-qNMR) was used to characterize primary standards of all veterinary drugs certified. The certified mass fractions of the veterinary drug residues were 490 ± 100 µg/kg for chlorpromazine, 44 ± 4.4 µg/kg for ciprofloxacin, 3.3 ± 1.4 µg/kg for clenbuterol, 9.5 ± 0.8 µg/kg for dexamethasone, 57 ± 4.8 µg/kg for enrofloxacin, 3.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg for meloxicam, 12.4 ± 1.2 µg/kg for ractopamine, and 2290 ± 120 µg/kg for sulfadiazine with expanded uncertainties quoted (95% confidence) which include the effects due to between-bottle inhomogeneity, instability during long-term storage and transportation, and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnet McRae
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Donald M Leek
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bryn Shurmer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Joachim Polzer
- German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Mauerstrasse 39-42, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zoltan Mester
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
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Vokřál I, Podlipná R, Matoušková P, Skálová L. Anthelmintics in the environment: Their occurrence, fate, and toxicity to non-target organisms. Chemosphere 2023; 345:140446. [PMID: 37852376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintics are drugs used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by parasitic worms (helminths). While the importance of anthelmintics in human as well as in veterinary medicine is evident, they represent emerging contaminants of the environment. Human anthelmintics are mainly used in tropical and sub-tropical regions, while veterinary anthelmintics have become frequently-occurring environmental pollutants worldwide due to intensive agri- and aquaculture production. In the environment, anthelmintics are distributed in water and soil in relation to their structure and physicochemical properties. Consequently, they enter various organisms directly (e.g. plants, soil invertebrates, water animals) or indirectly through food-chain. Several anthelmintics elicit toxic effects in non-target species. Although new information has been made available, anthelmintics in ecosystems should be more thoroughly investigated to obtain complex knowledge on their impact in various environments. This review summarizes available information about the occurrence, behavior, and toxic effect of anthelmintics in environment. Several reasons why anthelmintics are dangerous contaminants are highlighted along with options to reduce contamination. Negative effects are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, Praha 6, CZ-165 02, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
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Sin JEV, Shen P, Teo GS, Neo LP, Huang L, Chua P, Tan MW, Wu Y, Li A, Er JC, Chan SH. Surveillance of veterinary drug residues in food commonly consumed in Singapore and assessment of dietary exposure. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21160. [PMID: 37928012 PMCID: PMC10623269 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-judicious and indiscriminate use of veterinary drugs in animal husbandry may result in accumulation of residues in animal tissues, and consequently in food for human consumption. The abuse of veterinary drugs presents a potential risk to consumer health, especially if the residue level is higher than the health-based guidance value (HBGV) such as the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Contamination of drug residues in food also promotes the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which poses a serious threat to public health globally. There has been limited information on the occurrence and dietary exposure to veterinary drug residues in Singapore to date. In this study, the occurrence of four classes of veterinary drugs, namely beta-agonists, coccidiostats, fluoroquinolones and macrolides, were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in food widely consumed by Singapore residents. The magnitude of dietary exposure was assessed based on the consumption profile of Singapore population. Out of 216 food samples, 9.72 % were detected positive with veterinary drug residues, where majority of the positive samples were poultry and its derived products, followed by eggs and egg products. 7 veterinary drugs, specifically ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, clopidol, diclazuril, lasalocid, nicarbazin and tilmicosin, were detected in the samples, with clopidol and enrofloxacin being the most frequently detected drugs. Dietary exposure was evaluated using the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the detected drugs and benchmarked against the corresponding acceptable daily intake (ADI). All the %ADI values were far less than 100 in both the average and high consumer scenarios, indicating that the health risk associated with dietary exposure to these drugs in Singapore is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia En Valerie Sin
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Ping Shen
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Guat Shing Teo
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Lay Peng Neo
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Lifei Huang
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Patricia Chua
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Mui Woon Tan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Angela Li
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Jun Cheng Er
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
| | - Sheot Harn Chan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, 609919, Singapore
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
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Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Uzunov R, Jovanov S, Musliu D, Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj E, Stojanovska-Dimzoska B, Angeleska A, Stojkovski V, Sasanya JJ. Multi-class/residue method for determination of veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins and pesticide in urine using LC-MS/MS technique. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:156. [PMID: 37710254 PMCID: PMC10500785 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary drugs are widely used in animals to prevent diseases and are a complex set of drugs with very different chemical properties. Multiclass and multi-residue methods for simultaneous detection of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in urine are very rare or non-existent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and reliable quantitative LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of a wide range of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine urine. This involved 42 veterinary drug residues (4 thyreostats, 6 anabolic hormones, 2 lactones, 10 beta agonists, 15 antibiotics, 5 sulphonamides), 28 pesticides and 2 mycotoxins. Stable isotopically labelled internal standards were used to facilitate effective quantification of the analytes. Analysis was performed in both positive and negative ionization modes with multiple reaction monitoring transitions over a period of 12 min. RESULTS The parameters validated included linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), detection capability (CCβ), decision limit (CCα), stability, accuracy and precision. The process followed guidelines of the regulation 2021/808/EC. The calibration curves were linear with coefficient of correlation (R2) from 0.991 to 0.999. The LODs were from 0.01 to 2.71 µg/L, while the LOQs were from 0.05 to 7.52 µg/L. The CCα and CCβ were in range 0.05-12.11 µg/L and 0.08-15.16 µg/L. In addition, the average recoveries of the spiked urine samples were from 71.0 to 117.0% and coefficient of variation (CV) < 21.38% (intraday and interday). CONCLUSION A new isotopic LC-MS/MS method has been developed, validated and applied for identification and quantification of 72 residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides and other contaminants such as mycotoxins in bovine urine. The most appropriated sample preparation procedures involved sodium acetate buffer, enzymatic hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase and cleanup solid phase extraction with OASIS SPE cartridges. The parameters were satisfactorily validated fulfilling requirements under Regulation 2021/808/EC. Consequently, the method could be used in routine analysis of bovine urine samples for simultaneous detection of veterinary drug and pesticide residues as well as contaminants such as mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia.
| | - Risto Uzunov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Stefan Jovanov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Dea Musliu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Ss. Cyril and Methodius" University in Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandra Angeleska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Velimir Stojkovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - James Jacob Sasanya
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P. O. Box 100, Vienna, A-1400, Austria
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Lehotay SJ, Le Floch M, Lightfield AR, Couëdor P, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Michlig N, Verdon E. Stability study of selected veterinary drug residues spiked into extracts from different food commodities. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1198-1217. [PMID: 37582153 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2240444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Analyte stability is more commonly a confounding factor in analytical chemistry than many analysts recognize. In this study, we assessed the stability of 31 common veterinary drugs in water and final extracts of bovine (milk and kidney/liver) and chicken (muscle and egg) matrices. Two different sample preparation methods were evaluated for one-month storage of the final extracts at typical room, refrigerator, and freezer temperatures. Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) by triple quadrupole and high-resolution techniques was used for analysis of the extracts spiked at different relevant concentrations for general regulatory purposes (10-1000 ng/g sample equivalent). Comparison of results between two labs demonstrated that stable drugs (≤20% loss) at all tested conditions consisted of danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, flubendazole, hydroxy-flubendazole, flumequine, flunixin, 5-hydroxy-flunixin, lincomycin, and meloxicam. The tested drugs found to be the most unstable (>20% loss at room temperature within a matter of days) consisted of the β-lactams (ampicillin, cefalexin, cloxacillin, and penicillin G). Curiously, the following antibiotics (mostly macrolides) were apparently more stable in sample extracts than water: emamectin, erythromycin, ivermectin, lasalocid, monensin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, and tylosin. Those and the other drug analytes (ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, florfenicol amine, 2-amino-flubendazole, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, and trimethoprim) were mostly stable for a month in refrigerated extracts, especially at higher concentrations, but not in all cases. In practice, freezer storage of extract solutions was found to be acceptable for at least a month, with a few exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Maïwenn Le Floch
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Pierrick Couëdor
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
| | - Nicolás Michlig
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Eric Verdon
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
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Zad N, Tell LA, Ampadi Ramachandran R, Xu X, Riviere JE, Baynes R, Lin Z, Maunsell F, Davis J, Jaberi-Douraki M. Development of machine learning algorithms to estimate maximum residue limits for veterinary medicines. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113920. [PMID: 37506867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Establishing maximum-residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary medicine helps to protect the human food supply. Guidelines for establishing MRLs are outlined by regulatory authorities that drug sponsors follow in each country. During the drug approval process, residue limits are targeted for specific animal species and matrices. Therefore, MRLs are commonly not established for other species. This study demonstrates unestablished MRLs can be reliably predicted for under-represented food commodity groups using machine learning (ML). Classification methods with imbalanced data were used to analyze MRL data from multiple countries by implementing resampling techniques in different ML classifiers. Afterward, we developed and evaluated a data-mining method for predicting unestablished MRLs. Seven different ML classifiers such as support vector classifier, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), random forest, decision tree, k-neighbors, Gaussian NB, and AdaBoost have been selected in this baseline study. Among these, the neural network MLP classifier reliably scored the highest average-weighted F1 score (accuracy >99% with markers and ≈88% without markets) in predicting unestablished MRLs. This provides the first study to apply ML algorithms in regulatory food animal medicine. By predicting and estimating MRLs, we can potentially decrease the use and cost of live animals and the overall research burden of determining new MRLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Zad
- 1DATA Consortium, www.1DATA.life, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Databank Program (FARAD), Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lisa A Tell
- FARAD, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Remya Ampadi Ramachandran
- 1DATA Consortium, www.1DATA.life, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Databank Program (FARAD), Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xuan Xu
- 1DATA Consortium, www.1DATA.life, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Databank Program (FARAD), Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jim E Riviere
- 1DATA Consortium, www.1DATA.life, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Databank Program (FARAD), Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; FARAD, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ronald Baynes
- FARAD, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- FARAD, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fiona Maunsell
- FARAD, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- FARAD, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- 1DATA Consortium, www.1DATA.life, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Databank Program (FARAD), Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS, USA; Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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11
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Zhu Y, Jiang X, Shen D, Mao J, Cao Y, Zhang K, Peng J, Dong F, Wang N, He K. A one-step solid-phase extraction with UHPLC-MS/MS for fast and accurate determination of multi-class veterinary drugs in animal muscles. Food Chem 2023; 428:136712. [PMID: 37441938 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of veterinary drugs in livestock growth poses a threat to food safety. It is, however, challenging to quantify these multi-class veterinary drugs within animal muscles, because of their varied physicochemical properties. In this work, we presented a simple, efficient and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of multi-class veterinary drugs with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method involves a highly efficient extraction using a EDTA (pH 7)-ACN (30:70, v/v) solvent system, followed by a one-step solid-phase extraction cleanup approach with PRiME HLB sorbent (Reversed-phase N-vinylpyrrolidone and divinylbenzene copolymer). For all the analytes, over a wide range of polarity, satisfactory recoveries were obtained between 70% and 120%, with relative standard deviations <15%. Excellent sensitivities were achieved with the limits of quantification ranging from 0.2 μg/kg to 3.0 μg/kg. This developed method provides a new targeted strategy for the analysis of multi-class veterinary drugs in muscle matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhu
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Danning Shen
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jie Mao
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanqing Cao
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jing Peng
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fangting Dong
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Na Wang
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Kun He
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China.
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12
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Navrátilová M, Vokřál I, Krátký J, Matoušková P, Sochová A, Vrábľová D, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Albendazole from ovine excrements in soil and plants under real agricultural conditions: Distribution, persistence, and effects. Chemosphere 2023; 324:138343. [PMID: 36898439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ), a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug frequently used in livestock against parasitic worms (helminths), enters the environment mainly via faeces of treated animals left in the pastures or used as dung for field fertilization. To obtain information about the subsequent fate of ABZ, the distribution of ABZ and its metabolites in the soil around faeces along with uptake and effects in plants were monitored under real agricultural conditions. Sheep were treated with a recommended dose of ABZ; faeces were collected and used to fertilize fields with fodder plants. Soil samples (in two depths) and samples of two plants, clover (Trifolium pratense) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), were collected at distances 0-75 cm from the faeces for 3 months after fertilization. The environmental samples were extracted using QuEChERS and LLE sample preparation procedures. The targeted analysis of ABZ and its metabolites was conducted by using the validated UHPLC-MS method. Two main ABZ metabolites, ABZ-sulfoxide (anthelmintically active) and ABZ-sulfone (inactive), persisted in soil (up to 25 cm from faeces) and in plants for three months when the experiment ended. In plants, ABZ metabolites were detected even 60 cm from the faeces and abiotic stress was observed in the central plants. The considerable distribution and persistence of ABZ metabolites in soil and plants amplify the negative environmental impact of ABZ documented in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Krátký
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Sochová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Vrábľová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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13
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Luo YS, Chiu ZY, Wu KY, Hsu CC. Integrating high-throughput exposure assessment and in vitro screening data to prioritize endocrine-active potential and dietary risks of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in animal products. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113639. [PMID: 36708863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New approach methodologies in toxicology, such as in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS), can minimize the use of experimental animals and allow mechanism-based predictions of in vivo toxicity. HTS data has been increasingly used in the regulatory context; however, only a few studies integrated dietary exposure and HTS data to foster chemical prioritization in food. Additionally, the endocrine-associated risk of veterinary drug residues in food is yet to be fully characterized. This study aims to systematically compare the translated HTS data with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values and prioritize the pesticides and veterinary drug residues (n = 294) in food using the exposure-activity ratio (EAR) and Toxicological Prioritization index (ToxPi). The dietary exposure assessment was accomplished using a stochastic human exposure and dose simulation high-throughput model (SHEDS-HT). We selected 76 HTS assays from 12 nuclear receptors to represent the molecular initiating event (MIE) of endocrine-disrupting phenotypes. Chemical prioritization was achieved using 4 methods (i.e., EAR-OED, EAR-ADI, ToxPi-exposure + ADI, and ToxPi-exposure + endocrine score), where the consensus prioritized chemicals were fipronil, furazolidone, oxolinic acid, and oxytetracycline for the Taiwanese population. This case study demonstrates the utility of HTS data in fostering regulatory decisions on chemicals, especially for those lacking comprehensive toxicity data.
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14
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Bohrer REG, Carissimi E, Guerra D, da Silva DM, de Souza EL, de Vasconcelos MC, Wolf DB, de Assis Lawisch Rodriguez A. Evaluation of bacterial diversity in a swine manure composting system contaminated with veterinary antibiotics (VAs). Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:85. [PMID: 36757625 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Composting has become an alternative for the treatment of organic effluents, due to its low cost, easy handling, and a great capacity for treating swine manure. As it is a biological process, many microorganisms are involved during the composting process and act in the degradation of organic matter and nutrients and also have the ability to degrade contaminants and accelerate the transformations during composting. The objective of this work was to identify microorganisms present in the swine effluent composting system, under the contamination by most used veterinary drugs in Brazil. The composting took place for 150 days, there was an addition of 200 L of manure (these 25 L initially contaminated with 17 antibiotics) in 25 kg of eucalyptus wood shavings. The microorganisms were measured at times (0 until 150 days) and were identified by the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA for Bacteria, by means of next-generation sequencing (NSG). The results show seven different bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetota and Tenericutes) and 70 bacterial genera (more than 1% significance), of which the most significant ones were Pseudomonas, Sphingobacterium, Devosia, Brucella, Flavisolibacter, Sphingomonas and Nitratireductor. The genus Brucella was found during mesophilic and thermophilic phases, and this genus has not yet been reported an in article involving composting process. With the results obtained, the potential for adaptation of the bacterial community was observed, being under the influence of antibiotics for veterinary use.
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15
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Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Faas J, Krska R, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs in diets of dairy cattle from conventional and organic farms in Austria. Environ Pollut 2023; 316:120626. [PMID: 36370968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modern agriculture depends highly on pesticides and pharmaceutical preparations, so controlling exposure to these substances in the feed and food chain is essential. This article presents the first study on residues of a broad spectrum of pesticides and veterinary drugs in the diets of dairy cattle. One hundred and two representative samples of the complete diets, including basal feed rations and additional fed concentrate, were collected in three Austrian provinces (Styria, Lower and Upper Austria) in 2019 and 2020. The samples were tested for >700 pesticides, veterinary drugs and related metabolites using a validated method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). In total, 16 residues (13 pesticides and three veterinary drug residues) were detected. > 90% of the diets contained pesticide residues and <10% veterinary drug residues, whereas banned pesticides were not found. The most frequent pesticide residues were fluopyram (62%), piperonyl butoxide (39%) and diethyltoluamide (35%). The following pesticides exceed the default EU maximum residue level (MRL) (10 μg kg-1) for products exclusively used for animal feed production: Benzovindiflupyr (proportion of samples > MRLs: 1%), bixafen (2%), fluopyram (6%), ipconazole (1%) and tebuconazole (3%). Three residues (dinitrocarbanilide, monensin and nicarbazin) of veterinary drugs were identified, all below the MRLs. Over 60% of the evaluated samples contained mixtures of two to six residues/sample. Only one pesticide (diethyltoluamide) presented a significant difference among regions, with higher concentrations in Upper Austria. Brewery's spent grains were the dietary ingredient that showed the strongest correlation to pesticide residues. These findings evidence the realistic scenario of highly occurrent low doses of pesticides cocktails in the feed/food chain, which may affect the animal, human and environmental health. Since the risk assessments are based on single pesticides, the potential synergistic effect of co-occurring chemicals ("cocktail effect") requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM - BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, Tulln, 3430, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria; Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
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16
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Rutkoski CF, Grott SC, Israel NG, Carneiro FE, de Campos Guerreiro F, Santos S, Horn PA, Trentini AA, Barbosa da Silva E, Coelho de Albuquerque CA, Alves TC, Alves de Almeida E. Hepatic and blood alterations in Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles exposed to sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline. Chemosphere 2022; 307:136215. [PMID: 36041517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and oxytetracyclyne (OTC) on Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were evaluated, through the analyzes of the frequencies of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes, alterations in leucocytes, liver histopathology, and changes in hepatic esterase activities and oxidative stress biomarkers. The animals were exposed for 16 days at concentrations of 0 (control), 20, 90 and 460 ng L-1. No significant difference was found in the frequencies of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities. The two highest concentrations of SMX and all concentrations of OTC caused a significant increase in the number of lymphocytes. A significant decrease in the number of neutrophils compared to the control group was observed for all concentrations tested of both antibiotics. Also, decrease in the activity of glutathione S-transferase and high histopathological severity scores, indicating liver damage, were found in tadpoles exposed to the two highest concentrations of SMX and all concentrations of OTC. The main changes in the liver histopathology were the presence of inflammatory infiltrate, melanomacrophages, vascular congestion, blood cells and eosinophils. Esterase activities were unchanged. Indeed, the two highest concentrations of OTC caused a reduction in the activities of superoxide dismutase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, while the highest concentration inhibited the activity of glutathione peroxidase and increased protein carbonyl levels. These results evidences that environmentally realistic concentrations of SMX and OTC in aquatic environments are capable to significantly disrupt tadpoles' physiology, possibly affecting negatively their survival rate in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fatima Rutkoski
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Suelen Cristina Grott
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicole Grasmuk Israel
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sabrina Santos
- Department of Natural Science, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Priscila Aparecida Horn
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alves Trentini
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Caique Alves
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alves de Almeida
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil; Department of Natural Science, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
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17
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Wang J, Zhao W, Guo W, Li Y, Jiang R, Li H, Wang S, Li Z. Simultaneous screening and analysis of 155 veterinary drugs in livestock foods using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole linear-ion-trap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 393:133260. [PMID: 35751223 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs are widely used to improve the health and growth of livestock. The supervision of these residues is necessary to ensure food safety. A high-throughput method based on Oasis PRiME HLB with solid phase extraction for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of 155 veterinary drugs in livestock foods was developed by the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole linear-ion-trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTRAP-MS). The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.5 μg/kg to 5 μg/kg and 2 μg/kg to 20 μg/kg, respectively. For over 85% of the analytes, the recoveries were between 60% and 120%. The positive simulated samples perfectly matched with a purity fit value over 70% from the self-built library. The screening results of UHPLC-QTRAP-MS were almost consistent with UHPLC tandem quadrupole-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS). The evaluated UHPLC-QTRAP-MS method was powerful and reliable for the screening and quantification of veterinary drugs in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wentao Zhao
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Wenping Guo
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yingying Li
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Huichen Li
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Shouwei Wang
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- AB SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co, Beijing 100015, China
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18
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Satish S, Dey A, Tharmavaram M, Khatri N, Rawtani D. Risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals on wildlife with nanomaterials based aptasensors. Sci Total Environ 2022; 836:155622. [PMID: 35508236 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have improved human and veterinary health tremendously over the years. But the implications of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment on terrestrial, avian, and aquatic organisms are still not fully comprehended. The bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of these chemicals through the food chain have long-term effects on the wildlife. The detection and quantification of such pharmaceutical residues in the environment is a tedious process and quicker methods are needed. Aptasensors are one such quick and reliable method for the identification of pharmaceutical residues in the wildlife. Aptasensors are a class of biosensors that work on the principles of biological recognition of elements. The aptamers are unique biological recognition elements with high specificity and affinity to various targets. Their efficiency makes them a very promising candidate for such sensitive research. In this review, the pharmaceutical threats to wildlife and their detection techniques using aptasensors have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Satish
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 9, Near Police Bhawan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Aayush Dey
- School of Doctoral Studies & Research (SDSR), National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 9, Near Police Bhawan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Maithri Tharmavaram
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 9, Near Police Bhawan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitasha Khatri
- Gujarat Environment Management Institute, Department of Forest and Environment, Sector 10B, Jivraj Mehta Bhavan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Rawtani
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 9, Near Police Bhawan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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19
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Dimunová D, Matoušková P, Navrátilová M, Nguyen LT, Ambrož M, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Environmental circulation of the anthelmintic drug albendazole affects expression and activity of resistance-related genes in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Sci Total Environ 2022; 822:153527. [PMID: 35101480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary anthelmintics excreted from treated animals pass to soil, subsequently to plants and then to their consumers. This circulation might have various consequences, including drug-resistance promotion in helminths. The present study was designed to follow the effect of the environmental circulation of the common anthelmintic drug albendazole (ABZ) in real farm conditions on the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus in vivo. Two fields with fodder plants (clover and alfalfa) were fertilized, the first with dung from ABZ-treated sheep (at the recommended dosage), the second with dung from non-treated sheep (controls). After a 10-week growth period, the fresh fodder from both fields was used to feed two groups of sheep, which were infected with H. contortus. Eggs and adult nematodes from the animals of both groups were isolated, and various parameters were compared. No significant changes in the eggs' sensitivity to ABZ and thiabendazole were observed. However, significantly increased expression of several cytochromes P450 and UDP-glycosyl transferases as well as increased oxidation and glycosylation of ABZ and ABZ-sulfoxide (ABZ-SO) was found in the exposed nematodes. These results show that ABZ environmental circulation improves the ability of the helminths to deactivate ABZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dimunová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ambrož
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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20
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhou G, Zhang S, Chen J, Deng X, Qu X, Chen Q, Niu B. Risk Assessment of Veterinary Drug Residues in Pork on the Market in the People's Republic of China. J Food Prot 2022; 85:815-827. [PMID: 35166791 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Veterinary drugs, including antibiotics, antiparasitics, and growth promoters, are widely used in animal husbandry. Veterinary drug residues are key issues of food safety because they arouse public concern and can seriously endanger the health of consumers. To assess the risk of veterinary drug residues in pork sold in the People's Republic of China, the potential veterinary drug residue risks in imported and domestic pork were analyzed based on regulatory differences and veterinary drug residue safety incidents. For imported pork, a risk assessment model was established based on the differences in veterinary drug residue limits for the People's Republic of China, Brazil, the United States, Australia, Thailand, and Russia combined with comprehensive evaluation methods. The potential risk of veterinary drug residues in U.S. pork was the highest, and that in Brazilian pork was the lowest. For domestic pork, the distribution and aggregation of veterinary drug residue safety incidents in the People's Republic of China was analyzed from 2015 to 2019 with a geographic information system. This study provides new insights into the safety of pork on the Chinese market and a scientific basis for formulating targeted supervision and early warning strategies. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Yang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangya Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Deng
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosheng Qu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Niu
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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21
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Zahedi S, Gros M, Petrović M, Balcazar JL, Pijuan M. Anaerobic treatment of swine manure under mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures: Fate of veterinary drugs and resistance genes. Sci Total Environ 2022; 818:151697. [PMID: 34793799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of anaerobic treatment of swine manure at 35 °C (mesophilic) and 55 °C (thermophilic) on methane production, microbial community and contaminants of emerging concern was investigated. Pasteurization pretreatment and post treatment was also investigated in combination with anaerobic treatment at 35 °C. Specific methane production (SMP), 26 pharmaceutical compounds (PhACs) and five antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (qnrS, tetW, ermB, sul1 and blaTEM) were evaluated. Mesophilic treatment resulted in the highest SMP regardless of whether pasteurization was applied. Marbofloxacin was the most abundant antibiotic in swine manure. In general, all groups of PhACs showed higher removals under thermophilic temperatures as compared to mesophilic. In general, pasteurization pretreatment followed by mesophilic anaerobic digestion provided the highest removals of ARGs. Finally, the genera Streptococcus, Clostridium and Pseudomonas which contain pathogenic species, were present in the swine manure. Streptococcus, which was the most abundant, was decreased during all the treatments, while the others only decreased under certain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zahedi
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - M Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - M Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Balcazar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - M Pijuan
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
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22
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Melekhin AO, Tolmacheva VV, Goncharov NO, Apyari VV, Dmitrienko SG, Shubina EG, Grudev AI. Multi-class, multi-residue determination of 132 veterinary drugs in milk by magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene prior to their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 387:132866. [PMID: 35397265 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative multi-class multi-residue analytical method was developed for the determination of veterinary drugs in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A total of 132 veterinary drugs investigated belonged to almost 15 classes including sulfonamides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, macrocyclic lactones, quinoxaline antibiotics, benzimidazoles, anthelmintics, coccidiostats and some others. A magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure was developed using magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HCP/Fe3O4) for the sample preparation prior to HPLC-MS/MS without deproteinization step. The results indicated recoveries of 85-107% for 14 sulfonamides, 85-120% for 13 β-lactams, 89-115% for 4 tetracyclines, 82-119% for 14 quinolones, 82-115% for 8 macrolides, 97-109% for 4 nitrofurans, 84-115% for 10 nitroimidazoles, 89-114% for 3 phenicols, 86-111% for 3 lincosamides, 97-102% for 2 pleuromutilins, 72-88% for 4 macrocyclic lactones, 87-104% for 4 quinoxaline antibiotics, 76-119% for 21 benzimidazoles, 79-115% for 12 anthelmintics, 81-118% for 12 coccidiostats and 75-119 % for 5 unclassified drugs, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 20%, and the LOQs ranged from 0.05 to 1 μg kg-1. This methodology was then applied to field-collected real milk samples and trace levels of some veterinary drugs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Melekhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Central Scientific Methodological Veterinary Laboratory, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Tolmacheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N O Goncharov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Apyari
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - S G Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Shubina
- Central Scientific Methodological Veterinary Laboratory, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Grudev
- Central Scientific Methodological Veterinary Laboratory, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
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23
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Chandramohan S, Mallord JW, Mathesh K, Sharma AK, Mahendran K, Kesavan M, Gupta R, Chutia K, Pawde A, Prakash NV, Ravichandran P, Saikia D, Shringarpure R, Timung A, Galligan TH, Green RE, Prakash VM. Experimental safety testing shows that the NSAID tolfenamic acid is not toxic to Gyps vultures in India at concentrations likely to be encountered in cattle carcasses. Sci Total Environ 2022; 809:152088. [PMID: 34861305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Population declines of Gyps vultures across the Indian subcontinent were caused by unintentional poisoning by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. Subsequently, a number of other NSAIDs have been identified as toxic to vultures, while one, meloxicam, is safe at concentrations likely to be encountered by vultures in the wild. Other vulture-safe drugs need to be identified to reduce the use of those toxic to vultures. We report on safety-testing experiments on the NSAID tolfenamic acid on captive vultures of three Gyps species, all of which are susceptible to diclofenac poisoning. Firstly, we estimated the maximum level of exposure (MLE) of wild vultures and gave this dose to 40 Near Threatened Himalayan Griffons G. himalayensis by oral gavage, with 15 control birds dosed with benzyl alcohol (the carrier solution for tolfenamic acid). Two birds given tolfenamic acid died with elevated uric acid levels and severe visceral gout, while the remainder showed no adverse clinical or biochemical signs. Secondly, four G. himalayensis were fed tissues from water buffaloes which had been treated with double the recommended veterinary dose of tolfenamic acid prior to death and compared to two birds fed uncontaminated tissue; none suffered any clinical effects. Finally, two captive Critically Endangered vultures, one G. bengalensis and one G. indicus, were given the MLE dose by gavage and compared to two control birds; again, none suffered any clinical effects. The death of two G. himalayensis may have been an anomaly due to i) the high dose level used and ii) the high ambient temperatures at the time of the experiment. Tolfenamic acid is likely to be safe to Gyps vultures at concentrations encountered by wild birds and could therefore be promoted as a safe alternative to toxic NSAIDs. It is manufactured in the region, and is increasingly being used to treat livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandramohan
- Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - John W Mallord
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK.
| | - Karikalan Mathesh
- Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - A K Sharma
- Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - K Mahendran
- Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manickam Kesavan
- Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Reena Gupta
- Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Krishna Chutia
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | - Abhijit Pawde
- Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Nikita V Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | - P Ravichandran
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | - Debasish Saikia
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | | | - Avinash Timung
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | - Toby H Galligan
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Rhys E Green
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Vibhu M Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
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24
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Liang W, Zheng F, Chen T, Zhang X, Xia Y, Li Z, Lu X, Zhao C, Xu G. Nontargeted screening method for veterinary drugs and their metabolites based on fragmentation characteristics from ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 369:130928. [PMID: 34469842 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nontargeted screening of both veterinary drugs and their metabolites is important for comprehensive safety evaluation of animal-derived foods. In this study, a novel nontargeted screening strategy was developed for veterinary drugs and their metabolites based on fragmentation characteristics from ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. First, an in-house database of mass spectra including 3,710 veterinary drugs and their metabolites was constructed. Second, fragmentation characteristics of parent drugs and their metabolites in mass spectrometry were investigated and summarized. Then, a nontargeted screening procedure was established based on fragmentation characteristics to screen unknown parent drugs and their metabolites. Finally, the strategy was applied to 33 egg samples, and four veterinary drugs and three drug metabolites were determined and identified. These results showed that the developed strategy can realize suspect and nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites, and can also be applied to other animal-derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fujian Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuqiong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueyi Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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25
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Baesu A, Audet C, Bayen S. Evaluation of different extractions for the metabolite identification of malachite green in brook trout and shrimp. Food Chem 2022; 369:130567. [PMID: 34492611 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Applications of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in food science have developed fast in the last decade. Sample preparation and data processing are critical in non-target/metabolomic workflows but there is currently no standardized protocol for the development of these methods. The impact of data processing parameters or the inclusion of a different matrix is not often taken into account during the selection of an extraction. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of different extractions, e.g., QuEChERS, and data processing on the determination of malachite green metabolites in two different organisms, brook trout and shrimp. The results obtained confirm the need for a harmonized approach for the validation of non-target workflows, as depending on the comparison criteria, the matrix, the mode of ionization or data processing, a different extraction could be chosen. This study also identified for the first time des-methylated leucomalachite green as another metabolite in the two organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Baesu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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26
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Zhu C, Lai G, Jin Y, Xu D, Chen J, Jiang X, Wang S, Liu G, Xu N, Shen R, Wang L, Zhu M, Wu C. Suspect screening and untargeted analysis of veterinary drugs in food by LC-HRMS: Application of background exclusion-dependent acquisition for retrospective analysis of unknown xenobiotics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 210:114583. [PMID: 35033942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in food products pose considerable threats to human health. Monitoring of these residues in food is mainly carried out using targeted analysis by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. However, these methods are not suitable for suspect screening and untargeted analysis of unknowns. The main objectives of this study were to develop a new high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based analytical strategy for retrospective analysis of suspect and unknown xenobiotics and to evaluate its performance in the tentative identification of 48 veterinary drugs as "unknowns" spiked in a pork sample. In the analysis, a newly developed background exclusion data-dependent acquisition (BE-DDA) technique was employed to trigger the product ion (MS/MS) spectral acquisition of the "unknowns", and an in-house precise-and-thorough background-subtraction (PATBS) technique was applied to detect these "unknowns". Results showed that untargeted data mining of the acquired LC-MS dataset by PATBS was able to find all the 48 veterinary drugs and 46 of them were triggered by BE-DDA to generate accurate MS/MS spectra. The dataset of recorded accurate full-scan mass and MS/MS spectra of all the xenobiotics of the test pork sample is defined as the xenobiotics profile. Searching the xenobiotic profile of the test pork sample using mass spectral data of selected veterinary drugs (as suspects) from the mzCloud spectral library led to the correct hits. Searching against the mzCloud spectral library using the mass spectral data of selected individual veterinary drugs (as unknowns) from the xenobiotics profile tentatively confirmed their identities. In contrast, analysis of the same sample using ion intensity-data dependent acquisition only recorded the MS/MS spectra for 34 veterinary drugs. In addition, a data independent acquisition method enabled the acquisition of the fragment spectra for 44 veterinary drugs, but their spectral data displayed only one or a few true product ions of individual analytes of interest along with many fragments from coeluted biological components and background noises. This study demonstrates that this analytical strategy has a potential to become a practical tool for the retrospective suspect screening and untargeted analysis of unknown xenobiotics in a biological sample such as veterinary drugs and pesticides in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guoyin Lai
- Xiamen Customs Technology Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dunming Xu
- Xiamen Customs Technology Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayun Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Suping Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | | | - Rong Shen
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Luxiao Wang
- Xiamen Customs Technology Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Caisheng Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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27
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López-Serna R, Bolado S, Irusta R, Jiménez JJ. Determination of veterinary drugs in microalgae biomass from photobioreactors fed with piggery wastewater. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132076. [PMID: 34478963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentration data of veterinary drugs in microalgae biomass collected from photobioreactors fed with piggery wastewaters are presented for the first time in this work. To this aim, a QuEChERS methodology and an ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction have been assessed as sample preparation procedures with the purpose of determining 20 veterinary drugs, mainly antibiotics of different physico-chemical properties in addition to dexamethasone, fenbendazole and progesterone. Some critical operation parameters of the QuEChERS procedure were optimized by an experimental design but tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were not detected by the QuEChERS sample preparation. The use of a longer and thorough approach, a solid-liquid extraction with water/methanol in presence of primary secondary amine as a clean-up agent followed by solid-phase extraction on Oasis HLB cartridges, is recommended to monitor all intended analytes. The determination in extracts is carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in selected reaction monitoring mode. Limits of detection about 0.2-42 ng per g of lyophilized microalgae sample, and repeatabilities about 6-46% (n = 5, RSDs) are reached. The solid-liquid extraction method was applied to microalgae biomass samples collected from a photobioreactor. Nine drugs were detected in the samples at relatively low concentration and a proportional relationship between the found concentrations and the octanol/water partition coefficients of the drugs has been outlined. Moreover, a linear ratio between the concentrations measured in biomass and effluent has been observed for most of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca López-Serna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Silvia Bolado
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rubén Irusta
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
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28
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Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM. Improved Sensitivity to Determine Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat by In-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to Capillary Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2531:227-241. [PMID: 35941489 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2493-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been ruled out of many food safety applications, despite its inherent advantages, because its concentration sensitivity has been not high enough, mainly in relation to the monitoring of contaminants and residues, such as pesticides, veterinary medicines, environmental contaminants, toxins, etc. For this reason, researchers have proposed several strategies to overcome this limitation. So far, approaches based on chromatographic principles have been the most successful solutions. These approaches, known as in-line solid phase extraction, consist of the introduction of a small amount of stationary phase in the inlet section of the electrophoretic capillary (analyte concentrator, AC) to retain the analytes before separation takes place. In this chapter, this strategy is applied to CE coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the multiresidue detection of quinolone antibiotic residues in chicken meat. A previous sample treatment based on pressurized liquid extraction to obtain an optimum performance is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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29
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Moreno-Opo R, Carapeto R, Casimiro R, Rubio C, Muñoz B, Moreno I, Aymerich M. The veterinary use of diclofenac and vulture conservation in Spain: Updated evidence and socio-ecological implications. Sci Total Environ 2021; 796:148851. [PMID: 34271379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in livestock farming, with lethal effects on vultures when reaching high concentrations in the carcasses they feed on. There are evidences showing that it caused the decline of >95% of vultures of the Gyps genus in Southern Asia until its ban in 2006. In March 2013 two veterinary drugs containing diclofenac were authorized in Spain. The scientific and conservationist communities alerted on the foreseeable risks to European vulture populations based on previous experiences. Several risk assessments modelled the expected impact on vultures, and media campaigns were launched to ban the veterinary use of diclofenac. Here, we evaluate the situation of Spanish vultures after seven years (2013-2019) since the marketing authorisation of the veterinary use of diclofenac was granted. The present assessment takes into consideration the awareness measures adopted to avoid an inappropriate use of the drug, the results of the monitoring programs performed both for vultures and livestock in the wild and from toxicological tests, as well as the review of the published models on the expected mortality of vultures. The measures adopted seem to have been adequate and have avoided impacts at vulture population level despite the finding of one cinereous vulture lethally intoxicated by diclofenac in 2020. In view of the results, we discuss the different situations from the veterinary use of this drug between Southern Asia and Spain. Finally, surveillance priorities and future prospects are proposed to prevent risks from possible changes in the current circumstances, regarding the use of diclofenac and other NSAIDs potentially harmful like flunixin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Moreno-Opo
- General Deputy Directorate on Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity, Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, Pza. San Juan de la Cruz 10, E-28071 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Carapeto
- Spanish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Public Health, c/ Campezo 1, 8, E-28022 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro Casimiro
- Spanish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Public Health, c/ Campezo 1, 8, E-28022 Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Rubio
- Spanish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Public Health, c/ Campezo 1, 8, E-28022 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Muñoz
- General Deputy Directorate on Animal Health, Hygiene and Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, c/ Almagro 33, E-28010 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Moreno
- General Deputy Directorate on Animal Health, Hygiene and Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, c/ Almagro 33, E-28010 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Aymerich
- General Deputy Directorate on Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity, Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, Pza. San Juan de la Cruz 10, E-28071 Madrid, Spain
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Baesu A, Audet C, Bayen S. Application of non-target analysis to study the thermal transformation of malachite and leucomalachite green in brook trout and shrimp. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:707-715. [PMID: 34693342 PMCID: PMC8517845 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of malachite green and its main metabolite leucomalachite green during thermal treatment was examined in seafood (brook trout and white shrimp) using non-target analysis. Samples were extracted using QuEChERS and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry. Malachite green levels were reduced in meat during boiling (∼40%), microwaving (64%), and canning (96%). Only microwaving was successful in significantly decreasing leucomalachite green levels in brook trout. The reduction percentages of the two target analytes were not significantly different in shrimp (mean fat content = 0.8 ± 0.3%) and in brook trout (mean fat content = 3.5 ± 1.7%), suggesting that a higher fat content may not affect the reduction of the more lipophilic leucomalachite green in these two matrices. Three transformation products were tentatively identified in the cooked tissues, resulting from the cleavage of the conjugated structure or through demethylation. Further research is needed to determine possible adverse health effects. The findings of this study show how non-target analysis can complement targeted methodologies in identifying and evaluating risks to human health. Non-target analysis was applied to study the fate of malachite/leucomalachite green. Thermal processing significantly reduced malachite green in seafood by up to 96%. Leucomalachite green levels were significantly reduced only after microwaving. Three transformation products were tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Baesu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des Sciences de La Mer de Rimouski, Université Du Québec à Rimouski, 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
- Corresponding author. Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Kalogeropoulou AG, Kosma CI, Albanis TA. Simultaneous determination of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in fish tissue by QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC Q/Orbitrap MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7129-7140. [PMID: 34599396 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the occurrence, fate, and adverse effects of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic organisms have become a noteworthy issue. In the present study, a rapid and sensitive multiresidue analytical method was developed for the determination of 18 parent PhACs and 5 metabolites in sea bream (Sparus aurata), by combining a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) procedure with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS). The method development involved optimization of extraction solvent, extraction salts, clean-up sorbents, and amount of sample evaluation, while identification on Orbitrap MS was based on accurate mass and further confirmation with MS/MS fragmentation. The developed method was validated, and linearity was higher than 0.99. Recoveries in all cases ranged between 62 and 107% (at 10, 50, and 100 ng g-1), while intra-day and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD, was lower than 4% and 7%, respectively. In addition, limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.5 and 19 ng g-1. The compounds presented a low matrix effect, between - 13 and 4%, while the expanded uncertainty U% estimated at the three spiking levels 10, 50, and 100 ng g-1 was found below 49% in all cases. Finally, the validated method was applied to sea bream samples from an aquaculture farm located in the Mediterranean Sea, with one positive finding for the antibiotic trimethoprim at a concentration of 26 ng g-1, presenting negligible human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina I Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos A Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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Molina DAR, Vargas JHL, Gutierrez JAB, Gallo-Ortiz A, Duarte-Correa Y. Residues of veterinary drugs and heavy metals in bovine meat from Urabá (Antioquia, Colombia), a promising step forward towards international commercialization. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 13:100192. [PMID: 34409195 PMCID: PMC8363876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Residues of veterinary drugs in samples of beef from Urabá (Antioquia, Colombia) were found below the maximum limits allowed by national and international regulations (European Union). Cadmium and lead content in samples of bovine cuts from Urabá (Antioquia, Colombia) were found below the maximum permissible limits of national and international regulation (European Union). There were no differences in the loin and neck cut meat samples, fulfilling the applicable legal requirements for both cases.
Veterinary drugs are used for disease control in bovines Their presence at acceptable levels is a cause of concern for consumers and control agencies, as well as being a limitation for accessing international markets. The objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of residues of veterinary drugs and heavy metals in meat cuts from the Urabá region in Colombia. From a total of 80 samples of meat cuts from the loin and neck, we determined the presence of 29 veterinary drug residues and of cadmium and lead. The drug residues were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Heavy metals were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption. As a result, all evaluated samples complied with Colombian and European regulations for drug residues and heavy metals. These results demonstrate good veterinary practices used for bovines raised in this part of Colombia, and they represent an export opportunity and an opening for new markets that can be enhanced by the implementation of a meat quality seal from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alonso Restrepo Molina
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jairo Humberto López Vargas
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesús Alfredo Berdugo Gutierrez
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Gallo-Ortiz
- INTAL Research Group. INTAL Foundation, Institute of Food Science and Technology, 055411, Itagüí, Colombia
| | - Yudy Duarte-Correa
- INTAL Research Group. INTAL Foundation, Institute of Food Science and Technology, 055411, Itagüí, Colombia.,BIOALI Research Group, Food Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, 050010, Medellín, Colombia
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Matos JR, Santos SS, Silva RDAI, Souto RB. Analytical Methods for the Quality Control of Veterinary Antimicrobials Medicines. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:384-395. [PMID: 34396844 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1964342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) are used for the prevention and treatment of diseases in animals. The safety and efficacy of these products must be proven by quality control tests. Special attention should be paid to veterinary antimicrobials medicines (VAMs), as changes in their potency can compromise pharmacotherapeutic treatment and contribute to microbial resistance. The aim of this work was to review the analytical methods available for assessing the quality of VAMs, to analyze regulatory issues and quality control programs. The review was performed on selected papers in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Virtual Health Library databases, between 2005 and 2020. After applying exclusion criteria, 19 studies were obtained. Of the analytical studies, the majority (61.54%) used the HPLC technique. In addition, methods by CE (15.39%) and by SPM, FIA and microbiological assay (7.69% each) were found. In studies of monitoring of VAMs available on the market, changes in tylosin, spiramycin, ampicillin, tetracyclines and penicillins were observed. This is worrying, as these quality deviations can contribute to the development of resistant microorganisms. Although international efforts have been implemented at the regulatory level to ensure the quality of VAMs, it was realized with this study that there is much to evolve in the development of new analytical methods and in monitoring the quality of VAMs. With this, it is expected that this study will instigate scientists in the analytical, regulatory, microbiological and veterinary fields to develop new research so that the demands necessary to guarantee the quality of VAMs are increasingly met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ranzan Matos
- Pharmaceutical Biological Quality Control Research Group, Laboratory of Microbiological Quality Control of Medicines and Cosmetics, Department of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sthefane Silva Santos
- Pharmaceutical Biological Quality Control Research Group, Laboratory of Microbiological Quality Control of Medicines and Cosmetics, Department of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Andrade Inácio Silva
- Pharmaceutical Biological Quality Control Research Group, Laboratory of Microbiological Quality Control of Medicines and Cosmetics, Department of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bizogne Souto
- Pharmaceutical Biological Quality Control Research Group, Laboratory of Microbiological Quality Control of Medicines and Cosmetics, Department of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Poupaud M, Putthana V, Patriarchi A, Caro D, Agunos A, Tansakul N, Goutard F. Understanding the veterinary antibiotics supply chain to address antimicrobial resistance in Lao PDR: Roles and interactions of involved stakeholders. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105943. [PMID: 33965370 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to the global call to mitigate risks associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), new regulations on the access and use of veterinary antibiotics are currently being developed by the Lao government. This study aims to explore how the implementation of these new regulations might effectively reduce and adapt the sale, distribution and use of veterinary antibiotics in Lao PDR. To this end, we used the theory of change, framing the AMR issue within the context of the stakeholders involved in the veterinary antibiotics supply chain. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data, based on questionnaires (n=36 antibiotic suppliers, n=96 chicken farmers, n=96 pig farmers), and participatory tools such as a workshop (n=10 participants), semi-structured interviews (n=20), and focus group discussions (n=7 participants). The stakeholders' understanding of the AMR issue and potential challenges related to the implementation of new regulations regarding access and use of antibiotics, were also investigated. We mapped the veterinary antibiotic supply chain in Lao PDR, and analysed the roles and interactions of its stakeholders. Twenty-three stakeholders representing the private and the public sectors were identified. Many informal and formal links connected these stakeholder within this supply chain. The lack of veterinarian-farmer interaction and the evolving nature of the veterinary antibiotics supply chain accentuated the challenges of achieving behaviour change through regulations. Most of the antibiotics found on farms were categorized by the World Health Organisation's as critically important antibiotics used in human medicine. We argue that AMR risk mitigation strategy requires dialogue and engagement between private and public sectors stakeholders, involved in the importation, distribution, sale and use of veterinary antibiotics. This study further highlighted that AMR is a complex adaptive challenge requiring multi-sectoral approach. We believed that a sustainable approach to reduce and adapt veterinary antibiotics use should be prepared in collaboration with stakeholders from private and public sectors identified in this study, in addition to the new regulations. This collaboration should start with the co-construction of a common understanding of AMR issue and of the objectives of new regulations.
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Xia S, Niu B, Chen J, Deng X, Chen Q. Risk Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Aquatic Products in the Yangtze River Delta of China. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1228-1238. [PMID: 33465239 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aquatic products are favored by people all over the world, but the potential quality and safety issues cannot be ignored. To determine the risk of veterinary drug residues in aquatic products in the Yangtze River Delta, this study used geographic information system method to analyze Chinese veterinary drugs in aquatic products in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui (Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations) from 2017 to 2019. A study of the spatial distribution pattern, hot spot detection and analysis, and spatiotemporal cluster analysis of the residual excess rate and detection rate showed a random spatial distribution in the overall excess rate and detection rate of veterinary drug residues in aquatic products from 2017 to 2019. The results of hot spot analysis and spatiotemporal cluster analysis showed that the rate of detection of veterinary drug residues and the rate of detection of residues in excess of regulatory standards were clustered. This study provides a scientific basis for food safety evaluation and risk management suggestions. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Deng
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
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Suzuki T, Hirai A, Khidkhan K, Nimako C, Ichise T, Takeda K, Mizukawa H, Nakayama SMM, Nomiyama K, Hoshi N, Maeda M, Hirano T, Sasaoka K, Sasaki N, Takiguchi M, Ishizuka M, Ikenaka Y. The effects of fipronil on emotional and cognitive behaviors in mammals. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 175:104847. [PMID: 33993965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is widely used as a pesticide and a veterinary drug, although studies suggest that it could be toxic to mammals. The objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetic profile of fipronil in mice, dogs, and cats, and to evaluate its effects on emotional and cognitive behaviors of dogs and cats using the data obtained from mice. The assessment of in vivo kinetics of fipronil was conducted in mice and dogs. We also performed behavioral tests (elevated plus-maze and Y-maze) and measured the levels of neurotransmitters in mice exposed to fipronil. In addition, the in vitro metabolism of fipronil were evaluated using liver microsomes of rats, mice, dogs, and cats. The results revealed that fipronil is distributed throughout the body (blood, brain, adipose tissue, and liver) of mice after dermal application. It was metabolized to fipronil sulfone primarily in the liver. The data on kinetics show that both fipronil and fipronil sulfone have a longer half-life in dogs and cats than in mice. The behavioral tests indicated that fipronil and fipronil sulfone could affect emotional and cognitive behaviors and alter the levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine in the striatum and serotonin in the hippocampus) in mice. Furthermore, we found that dogs and cats have a low ability to metabolize fipronil than mice and rats. However, further comprehensive studies are needed to determine whether fipronil affects the emotional and cognitive behaviors when administered to dogs and cats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the pharmacokinetic data and verify the effects of fipronil on emotional and cognitive behaviors of dogs and cats using the data obtained from mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Anri Hirai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, No. 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Lat Yao Subdistrict, Chatuchak District, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Collins Nimako
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Maeda
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Hirano
- Division of Drug and Structural Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University.
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Lu G, Chen Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zhu L. Status of antibiotic residues and detection techniques used in Chinese milk: A systematic review based on cross-sectional surveillance data. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110450. [PMID: 34399452 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues (ARs) in food of animal origin are of worldwide concern, particularly in China, the world's largest producer and consumer of antibiotics. Aiming to provide a reference for the use of antibiotics in dairy cows, for supervision and management departments in the detection of related antibiotics, and for guiding the safe use of antibiotics in food, this systematic review was carried out to determine the prevalence of ARs and antibiotic detection techniques in Chinese milk over the past three decades. The systematic review follows the PRSIMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Both English (Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science) and Chinese databases (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and WanFang Database) were systematically searched, from inception to 31 July 2020. Among the 3131 citations screened, 46 active surveillance cross-sectional studies published between 1988 and 2020 in 26 Chinese provinces were eligible, providing antibiotic levels for a total of 8788 milk samples. Although the AR rates in fresh and sterilized milk fluctuate, they have largely declined in recent years. Among the 18 evaluated antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim are primary antibiotics with high residual rates. The most frequently used technique to monitor antibiotic levels in milk is 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. This review confirmed the importance of food safety monitoring and surveillance systems in preventing antibiotic exceedances in food. Several lessons learned from antibiotic surveillance and supervision in China were revealed. The provision of education to rural farmers should be strengthened to enhance their knowledge on antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Moreover, a standard operational protocol for screening and targeting antibiotics in dairy products should be considered to increase the comparability between cross-sectional active surveillance studies of AR in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Lu
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu North People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225007, China.
| | - Yuting Liu
- Nursing School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yujia Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu North People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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Adesiyun AA, Fasina FO, Abafe OA, Mokgoatlheng-Mamogobo M, Adigun O, Mokgophi T, Phosa M, Majokweni Z. Occurrence and Concentrations of Residues of Tetracyclines, Polyether Ionophores, and Anthelmintics in Livers of Chickens Sold in the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa. J Food Prot 2021; 84:655-663. [PMID: 33159443 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The occurrence, concentrations, and variables associated with tetracycline, polyether ionophore, and anthelmintic residues in the livers of chickens sold in the informal market in South Africa were determined. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to simultaneously analyze for four tetracyclines, five polyether ionophores, and six anthelmintic residues. The study determined the presence of residues in liver samples at both the limit of quantifications (LOQ) and concentrations over the maximum residue limit (MRL), i.e., noncompliant. Doxycycline (tetracycline group) was detected in 24 (24.5%) of 98 chicken livers, and 15 (15.3%) of the 98 were noncompliant. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) concentrations of 919.04 ± 1,081.30 ppb (LOQ) and 1,410.57 ± 108.89 ppb (MRL) were obtained. Maduramicin was detected in 27 (27.6%) of 98 chicken livers, and 19 (19.4%) of 98 were noncompliant. The mean ± SD for LOQ was 117.96 ± 84.56 ppb, and MRL was 153.21 ± 76.29 ppb. The concentrations of residues of doxycycline and maduramicin in chicken livers varied significantly across townships. Lasalocid was found in 31 (31.6%) of 98 samples, of which 5 (5.1%) had concentrations above the MRL. The mean ± SD concentration of lasalocid was 62.90 ± 170.84 ppb for samples in which lasalocid was quantified and 310.16 ± 356.68 ppb for noncompliant samples. Detectable concentrations of praziquantel, closantel, and rafoxanide (anthelmintics) residues were found in 3 (3.1%), 1 (1.0%), and 2 (2.0%) of 98 chicken livers, respectively. The presence of residues of three classes of veterinary drugs in chicken livers poses food safety implications to consumers and indicates a need for enhanced regulatory enforcement in controlling these drugs in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
- (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Folorunso O Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
- Food and Agriculture Organization-ECTAD, House H SIDA, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Ada Estate, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3088-8752 [F.O.F.])
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Chemical and Drug Residue Analysis Laboratory, Public Health and Zoonoses Programme, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Soutpan Road (M35), Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5672-6463 [O.A.A.])
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 4041; and
| | - Malesedi Mokgoatlheng-Mamogobo
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
- Poultry Disease Management Agency, South African Poultry Association (SAPA), 1494 Cranberry Street, Honeydew, Randburg, 2170, South Africa
| | - Oluwatola Adigun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Thelma Mokgophi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Matshie Phosa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Ziyanda Majokweni
- Poultry Disease Management Agency, South African Poultry Association (SAPA), 1494 Cranberry Street, Honeydew, Randburg, 2170, South Africa
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Faruk MAR, Shorna HK, Anka IZ. Use and impact of veterinary drugs, antimicrobials, and supplements in fish health management. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:36-43. [PMID: 33860010 PMCID: PMC8043347 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study was carried out to investigate the use and impact of veterinary drugs, antimicrobials, and supplements in commercial aquaculture for fish health management measures in three selected areas of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Data collection was conducted through questionnaire interviews with owners of 50 fish farms and 25 drug shop owners from Trishal, Fulpur, Tarakanda, and Sadar Upazila of Mymensingh district. Results: A total of 15 trade-named veterinary antibiotics and six categories of other compounds were identified in this study. Antibiotics were found as the most used veterinary drugs (80.85%), followed by disinfectants, nutritional supplements, saline, ammonia removal agents, probiotics, and pesticides. These veterinary compounds’ performances for fish health management were found to vary (10%–60%) significantly. Conclusion: This study’s findings urge the necessity to produce and approve effective aqua drugs and treatments to ensure farmed fish and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ali Reza Faruk
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hajera Khatun Shorna
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ishrat Zahan Anka
- Department of Aquaculture, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi-4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Hill D, Morra MJ, Stalder T, Jechalke S, Top E, Pollard AT, Popova I. Dairy manure as a potential source of crop nutrients and environmental contaminants. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:117-130. [PMID: 33279025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although animal manure is applied to agricultural fields for its nutrient value, it may also contain potential contaminants. To determine the variability in such contaminants as well as in valuable nutrients, nine uncomposted manure samples from Idaho dairies collected during 2.5 years were analyzed for macro- and micro-nutrients, hormones, phytoestrogens, antibiotics, veterinary drugs, antibiotic resistance genes, and genetic elements involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance. Total N ranged from 6.8 to 30.7 (C:N of 10 to 21), P from 2.4 to 9.0, and K from 10.2 to 47.7 g/kg manure. Zn (103 - 348 mg/kg) was more abundant than Cu (56 - 127 mg/kg) in all samples. Phytoestrogens were the most prevalent contaminants detected, with concentrations fluctuating over time, reflecting animal diets. This is the first study to document the presence of flunixin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in solid stacked manure from regular dairy operations. Monensin was the most frequently detected antibiotic. Progesterones and sulfonamides were regularly detected. We also investigated the relative abundance of several types of plasmids involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. Plasmids belonging to the IncI, IncP, and IncQ1 incompatibility groups were found in almost all manure samples. IncQ1 plasmids, class 1 integrons, and sulfonamide resistance genes were the most widespread and abundant genetic element surveyed, emphasizing their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. The benefits associated with amending agricultural soils with dairy manure must be carefully weighed against the potential negative consequences of any manure contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika Hill
- Department of Soil & Water Systems, University of Idaho, ID 83844-2340, USA
| | - Matthew J Morra
- Department of Soil & Water Systems, University of Idaho, ID 83844-2340, USA
| | | | - Sven Jechalke
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Phytopathology, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Eva Top
- Department of Biology, University of Idaho, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Anne T Pollard
- Department of Soil & Water Systems, University of Idaho, ID 83844-2340, USA
| | - Inna Popova
- Department of Soil & Water Systems, University of Idaho, ID 83844-2340, USA.
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Chen WL, Lin SC, Huang CH, Peng SY, Ling YS. Wide-scope screening for pharmaceutically active substances in a leafy vegetable cultivated under biogas slurry irrigation. Sci Total Environ 2021; 750:141519. [PMID: 32861074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of livestock waste for the production of biogas and the application of biogas slurry to agricultural soil can resolve livestock waste problems and reduce synthetic fertiliser use. However, the migration of veterinary drugs to land and crops resulting from biogas slurry irrigation is a potential food safety concern. This study employed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight high-resolution mass spectrometry system for wide-scope suspect screening of pharmaceutically active substances on crop cultivated under biogas slurry irrigation. Briefly, a total of 22 pak choi samples were obtained from a greenhouse farmed in tropical south Taiwan between March 2019 and March 2020. Molecular spectra and fragmented ions (between m/z 70 and 1100) were acquired. Ion features were searched and matched with a library consisting of 1068 compounds. The matrixes in the crop production environment including soil, livestock wastewater, biogas slurry, and groundwater were included in this study to elucidate potential sources of the pharmaceutically active substances. Results demonstrated 23 suspects were matched with high mass accuracy (mass error within ±5.0 ppm) in pak choi. The detection of both bufexamac and nandrolone were confirmed using standards, where a new system of identification points was applied. Nandrolone was detected throughout the pak choi samples as well as livestock wastewater. Tetracycline, macrolide, and sulfonamide antibiotics were presented in biogas slurry and soil but not pak choi. This is the first study to reveal the presence of multiclass pharmaceutically active substances in a crop supplied as food. Such findings suggest that anabolics and antibiotics should be closely monitored in the corps irrigated by biogas slurry in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Chi Lin
- Hydrotech Research Institute, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Huang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Peng
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Yee Soon Ling
- Water Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Bortolotte AR, Daniel D, Reyes FGR. Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets produced in Brazil and available at the retail market. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109865. [PMID: 33648183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to assess the occurrence of antimicrobial residues in samples of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets collected at the State of São Paulo retail market and produced from fish farmed in Brazil. For this purpose, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated and used to quantify residues of 25 antibacterial drugs (2 β-lactams, 8 quinolones, 2 macrolides, 5 sulfonamides, 4 tetracyclines, 3 amphenicols and 1 sulfonamide potentiator). For the sample preparation step the QuEChERS approach was performed. Chromatographic separation was conducted using a Zorbax SB C18 column. Method validation was performed based on European and Brazilian guidelines. The validation parameters (linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, decision limit, detection capability and robustness) attended the adopted validation guidelines. Limits of detection and quantitation were also determined. Antimicrobial drug residues were quantitated in the incurred samples by using matrix-matched analytical curves. Oxytetracycline, florfenicol and, for the first time, enrofloxacin residues are reported in tilapia fillet samples from Brazil, though, in accordance with the European and Brazilian regulatory framework. Thus, our results draw attention to the use of veterinary products in fish farming in Brazil. Monitoring of veterinary drug residues is essential to ensure the safety of fish products available to the consumer, as well as to keep fish as a food commodity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Renata Bortolotte
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Daniel
- Agilent Technologies Brasil, Alameda Araguaia 1142, Alphaville, CEP 06455-000 Barueri, SP, Brazil
| | - Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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43
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Li X, Chi Q, Xia S, Pan Y, Chen Y, Wang K. Untargeted multi-residue method for the simultaneous determination of 141 veterinary drugs and their metabolites in pork by high-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461671. [PMID: 33166891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and generic analytical method has been developed for the analysis of veterinary drugs in pork by a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS). This method allows for the simultaneous identification, screening and quantitation of 141 veterinary drug residues and metabolites from eighteen different classes. After extraction with acetonitrile/water and clean-up with C18 cartridges, the samples were analyzed by HPLC-Q-TOF MS. Validation of this method consisted of confirmation of identity, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix effect, recovery, precision and applicability of the method. Identification of the analytes was based on accurate mass measurements. The characteristic fragments were obtained by collisional experiments for a more reliable identification. The procedure was then applied to real pork samples. Sulfamethazine was detected in one sample and its metabolites were successfully found in one single run. This approach proved to be satisfactory for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiuchi Chi
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sujie Xia
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China.
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44
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Yalçin SS, Güneş B, Yalçin S. Incredible pharmaceutical residues in human milk in a cohort study from Şanlıurfa in Turkey. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 80:103502. [PMID: 32961279 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Maternal milk is essential for optimum growth and development of an infant. The aim was to examine the presence of pharmaceutical residuals in breastmilk. This cohort study enrolled 90 healthy mother-infant pairs at 5-14 days after delivery and a control examination was performed 4-8 weeks later. Milk samples were taken at both visits. RANDOX Infiniplex kit performed residual analysis. More than half of mothers (54.4 %) had anti-inflammatory drug residues in at least one milk sample: those were 52.2 % for tolfenamic acid and 2.2 % for meloxicam and 1.1 % for metamizole. The most frequent residue group included the beta-lactam antibiotic group, which was detected in 93.3 % of mothers' milk. The second one was the quinolone group (81.1 %). One-third of mothers expressed nitroxynil and one-fifth polymyxin in at least one sample. Almost all mothers had some unexpected drug residues in their milk. Additional studies from other countries can display maternal environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bülent Güneş
- Özel Şan Med Hospital, Child Health and Disease Service, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - Suzan Yalçin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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Kebede TG, Dube S, Nindi MM. Application of mesoporous nanofibers as sorbent for removal of veterinary drugs from water systems. Sci Total Environ 2020; 738:140282. [PMID: 32806356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel environmentally benign method was developed for the simultaneous removal of sulphonamides and multiclass class of veterinary drugs using mesoporous nanofibers. Processing parameters which affect the removal efficiency, such as pH, initial analyte concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time were studied. An optimised method was applied to a real wastewater samples collected from Daspoort Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), South Africa. Under optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of veterinary drugs from effluent and influent ranged from 35.24-94.57 ± 0.24 and 31.71-76.91 ± 0.65 mg g-1, respectively. The surface area, cumulative volume of pores and average pore diameter of the nanofibers were determined as 2402.62 ± 13.62 m2 g-1, 2.04 cm3 g-1 and 3.39 nm, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity was ranged from 166 to 1000 mg g-1. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order rate equation suggesting that particle diffusion was the rate-limiting mechanism for adsorption of veterinary drugs on electrospun nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Girma Kebede
- Department of Chemistry, The Science Campus, University of South Africa, Corner Christian de Wet and Pioneer avenue, Florida 1709, South Africa.
| | - Simiso Dube
- Department of Chemistry, The Science Campus, University of South Africa, Corner Christian de Wet and Pioneer avenue, Florida 1709, South Africa
| | - Mathew Muzi Nindi
- Department of Chemistry, The Science Campus, University of South Africa, Corner Christian de Wet and Pioneer avenue, Florida 1709, South Africa
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Nyabinwa P, Kashongwe OB, Hirwa CD, Bebe BO. Influence of endometritis on milk yield of zero-grazed dairy cows on smallholder farms in Rwanda. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100149. [PMID: 33089007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometritis being a post-partum uterine infection in dairy cows is likely with substantial production loss through reduction in milk yield (MY), discarded milk during treatment and withdrawal period, and increased cost of veterinary treatment. This study quantified the influence of endometritis on MY of zero-grazed dairy cows managed on smallholder farms in Rwanda. The study enrolled a total of 461 cows within their 21 to 60 days in milk to examine for clinical endometritis (CLE) and subclinical endometritis (SCLE). A cow was considered having endometritis if it was positive for at least one test (CLE or SCLE), otherwise was negative. The MY data were collected prospectively from endometritis positive and negative cows for 30-day post-endometritis diagnosis. Compared to cows negative for endometritis, the positive endometritis cows were 2.4 times more (29.7 vs. 70.3%) with daily MY 15.3% lower (7.5 ± 0.2 vs. 8.9 ± 0.3 litres; p<0.05), representing a reduction of 1.4 ± 0.2 litres of milk/cow/day. Of the CLE positive cows, 33.4% (104/311) were treated using different veterinary drugs, which resulted in 23.5% more discarded milk compared (p<0.05) to untreated positive cows. Discarded milk was higher (p<0.05) among cows treated with oxytetracycline (65.9 ± 4.4 litres) compared to cows treated with procaine penicillin G and dihydrostreptomycin (35.5 ± 2.7 litres). The percentage of total milk loss was much higher (45.6%) among CLE positive cows that received treatment compared to the untreated cows (16.3%). These results demonstrate a strong association between MY loss and endometritis. A timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease is recommended using conventional veterinary drugs that have zero withholding time for milk to reduce the MY loss and associated economic loss, estimated at 154 US$ in a lactation.
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47
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Turnipseed SB, Jayasuriya H. Analytical methods for mixed organic chemical residues and contaminants in food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5969-5980. [PMID: 32350581 PMCID: PMC10984255 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing methods that can analyze multiple categories of organic chemical residues such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, human drugs, and environmental contaminants in food with a single analytical procedure is a growing trend. These methods for mixed organic chemical residues and contaminants focus on the chemical properties of these analytes rather than how they are used and adulterate the food supply. This paper highlights recently published methods for mixed residue and contaminant methods in food including advances in technology (instrumental hardware, data processing programs, and sample cleanup) that allow for a larger number of compounds to be monitored simultaneously. The factors that determine the scope, or number and type of analytes in a given method, including needs for specific food commodities, complexity of the analytical procedure, and the intended purpose (qualitative vs quantitative analysis) will be examined. Although there are clear advantages to expanding the number of unwanted chemicals being monitored in the global food supply, challenges to developing and implementing mixed organic residue and contaminant methods will also be discussed. Going forward, it will be important to implement these methods to more thoroughly protect the food supply for a wide variety of targeted and non-targeted chemical residues and contaminants while also having the regulatory framework in place to effectively manage the results of these comprehensive analyses. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, US Food and Drug Administration, Denver, CO, 80225, USA.
| | - Hiranthi Jayasuriya
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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Spielmeyer A, Petri MS, Höper H, Hamscher G. Long-term monitoring of sulfonamides and tetracyclines in manure amended soils and leachate samples - A follow-up study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04656. [PMID: 32904245 PMCID: PMC7452409 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics can be detected in manure and digestate samples worldwide. As manure is a frequently used fertilizer, antibiotics are found in soil and leachate samples. Only little is known about the long-term fate of antibiotics in the soil environment. One shortcut is the lack of appropriate monitoring studies. Here we present the results of an unequalled soil monitoring study over 18 years from an agricultural field site in Lower Saxony (Germany). Sulfonamides and tetracycline are mainly fixed in the upper soil layer. Contents showed a sharp decrease below sampling depth of 30 cm (plough depth). Sulfaguanidine and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were detected down to 90 cm. Water samples taken below the field site revealed the transfer of sulfonamides into leachate. High variances were observed between sampling points emphasizing the need for sampling strategies for environmental studies. In addition, field lysimeters with defined input of sulfonamides enabled a long-term monitoring and mass balance of antibiotic transfer into leachate over 10 years. SMZ showed the highest mobility with concentrations up to 65 ng L−1. Less than 0.5% of the applied SMZ was transferred into the leachate. Data of lysimeter and field water samples support the theory of a steady state process with a continuous input of sulfonamides such as SMZ into leachate. Soils contaminated with antibiotics can be a long-term source for the input of antibiotic active compounds into deeper soil layers and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Spielmeyer
- Justus Liebig University, Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Madeleine S Petri
- Justus Liebig University, Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Höper
- State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology (LBEG), Stilleweg 2, D-30655, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Justus Liebig University, Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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Kumar A, Bhattacharyya A, Shinde R, Dhanshetty M, Elliott CT, Banerjee K. Development and validation of a multiresidue method for pesticides and selected veterinary drugs in animal feed using liquid- and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461416. [PMID: 32823114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal feeds are often reported to be contaminated with chemical residues, and when present above the maximum legal limit, these compounds can cause harmful effects to consumers of animal produce. Thus, animal feed safety is an important regulatory concern. The aim of this study was to optimise a multiresidue method for the simultaneous analysis of multi-class pesticides and a number of frequently used veterinary drugs using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The method was validated in a range of feed matrices, including maize feed, poultry feed and mixed feed concentrate. The optimised sample preparation workflow involved extraction of feeds (5 g) with ethyl acetate (10 mL), followed by a freezing step (at -20°C) used for eliminating the matrix co-extractives. The extract was further cleaned by dispersive solid phase extraction with a combination of primary secondary amine, C18 and florisil sorbents. From the cleaned-extract, an aliquot was analysed by GC-MS/MS, while another portion of it was solvent-exchanged to acetonitrile:water (50:50) and then analysed by LC-MS/MS. This method effectively minimised the matrix interferences. A total of 192 pesticides was analysed by GC-MS/MS within a runtime of 22 min. The LC-MS/MS method was validated for 187 compounds including 17 veterinary drugs. For most of the compounds, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg/kg. The recoveries at LOQ and higher levels ranged between 70% and 120%, with precision-RSDs of < 20%. The method provided a precise analysis in a wide range of market-feed samples. As shown, the method is suitable for regulatory and commercial testing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, 284 003, India
| | - Arijita Bhattacharyya
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, 412 307, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raviraj Shinde
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, 412 307, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manisha Dhanshetty
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, 412 307, Maharashtra, India
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, 412 307, Maharashtra, India.
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Silva FRN, Pereira AD, Baptista DP, Pereira MU, Spisso BF, Gigante ML, de Campos Braga PA, Reyes FGR, Arisseto-Bragotto AP. Monensin residues in the production of Minas Frescal cheese: Stability, effects on fermentation, fate and physicochemical characteristics of the cheese. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109440. [PMID: 33233121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Considering the widespread use of the antibiotic monensin (MON) in the Brazilian livestock and the possibility of residues in milk, this paper aimed to study the stability and fate of this drug during the production of Brazilian Minas Frescal cheese, its effects on milk fermentation and on the physicochemical characteristics of this product. For that, samples of raw milk were fortified with MON at three different nominal concentrations (1.0, 2.0 and 8.0 μg/kg), passed through heat treatment and used to produce Minas Frescal cheese. Pasteurization efficiency was certified by alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase enzyme tests and cheese samples were evaluated for pH, moisture and total protein and fat content. MON residues were determined by LC-MS/MS in the following steps: raw milk, heat-treated milk, whey and cheese. No significant degradation of MON due to heat treatment was observed, suggesting that the drug is resistant to high temperatures. Moreover, the residue levels quantified in cheese and whey demonstrated a concentration of this antibiotic in the curd by about 5-fold, with a small amount of MON being lost during draining. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) considering the physicochemical parameters evaluated in cheese samples. Fermentation was also not affected by the presence of the drug. The results showed that residues of MON in milk are stable during cheese production and may be concentrated in the final product, as well as indicate the need to establish a MON safe residue level for this food commodity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mararlene Ulberg Pereira
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - INCQS/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bernardete Ferraz Spisso
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - INCQS/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mirna Lúcia Gigante
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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