1
|
Ma F, Huang X, Zhou J, Zhang N, Deng M, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Chen W, Zhou W, Zhai L, Zhong L, Pang K, Liu X, Zhong X, Ren Y, Liu Y, Sun Q, Sun J. The 'Candidatus phytoplasma ziziphi' effectors SJP1 and SJP2 destabilise the bifunctional regulator ZjTCP7 to modulate floral transition and shoot branching. Plant Cell Environ 2024. [PMID: 38623040 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmic SAP11 effectors alter host plant architecture and flowering time. However, the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Two SAP11-like effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, from 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' induce shoot branching proliferation. Here, the transcription factor ZjTCP7 was identified as a central target of these two effectors to regulate floral transition and shoot branching. Ectopic expression of ZjTCP7 resulted in enhanced bolting and earlier flowering than did the control. Interaction and expression assays demonstrated that ZjTCP7 interacted with the ZjFT-ZjFD module, thereby enhancing the ability of these genes to directly bind to the ZjAP1 promoter. The effectors SJP1 and SJP2 unravelled the florigen activation complex by specifically destabilising ZjTCP7 and ZjFD to delay floral initiation. Moreover, the shoot branching of the ZjTCP7-SRDX transgenic Arabidopsis lines were comparable to those of the SJP1/2 lines, suggesting the involvement of ZjTCP7 in the regulation of shoot branching. ZjTCP7 interacted with the branching repressor ZjBRC1 to enhance suppression of the auxin efflux carrier ZjPIN3 expression. ZjTCP7 also directly bound to and upregulated the auxin biosynthesis gene ZjYUCCA2, thereby promoting auxin accumulation. Our findings confirm that ZjTCP7 serves as a bifunctional regulator destabilised by the effectors SJP1 and SJP2 to modulate plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Junyong Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunyan Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenmin Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liping Zhai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Kaixue Pang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyue Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Q, Yin Z, Tan W, Sun X, Cao H, Wang D. The resistance of the jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba) to the devastating insect pest Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera, Insecta) involves the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 196:105597. [PMID: 37945226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera, Insecta), cosmopolitan true bug, is a major pest of the Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). To propose control measures of A. lucorum, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of resistance in two varieties of jujube (wild jujube and winter jujube) with different sensitivities to this pest. We monitored changes of two species of jujube in the transcriptome, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) content, and the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways. The preference of A. lucorum for jujube with exogenous SA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were also examined. The results showed that wild jujube leaves infested by A. lucorum showed stronger resistance and non-selectivity to A. lucorum than winter jujube. By comparing data from the A. lucorum infested plants with the control, A total of 438 and 796 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in winter and wild jujube leaves, respectively. GO analysis revealed that biological process termed "plant-pathogen interactions", "plant hormone transduction" and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis". Most of DEGs enriched in JA pathways were upregulated, while most DEGs of SA pathways were downregulated. A. lucorum increased the JA content but decreased the SA content in jujube. Consistently, the JA and SA contents in winter jujube were lower than those in wild jujube leaves. The key genes ZjFAD3, ZjLOX, ZjAOS, ZjAOC3 and ZjAOC4 involved in JA synthesis of jujube leaves were significantly up-regulated after A. lucorum infestation, especially the expression and up-regulation ratio of ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS in wild jujube were significantly higher than those in winter jujube. MeJA-treated jujube showed an obvious repellent effect on A. lucorum. Based on these findings, we conclude that A. lucorum infestation of jujube induced the JA pathway and suppressed the SA pathway. In jujube leaves the ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS played important roles in increasing of JA content in jujube leaves. Thus, JA played an important role in repelling and resisting against A. lucorum in jujube.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Zujun Yin
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Wei Tan
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Xia Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Deya Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu D, Wu Y, Zhang J, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Pan Q. Visualizing the Distribution of Jujube Metabolites at Different Maturity Stages Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Foods 2023; 12:3795. [PMID: 37893688 PMCID: PMC10606910 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese jujube (also called Chinese date, Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically important tree in China and provides a rich source of sugars, vitamins, and bioactive components, all of which are indispensable and essential for the composition and participation in life processes of the human body. However, the location of these metabolites in jujube fruits has not been determined. This study applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to investigate the spatial distribution of sugars, organic acids, and other key components in jujube fruits at different developmental periods. Soluble sugars such as hexoses and sucrose/maltose significantly increase with fruit ripening, while organic acids show an overall trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. Procyanidins and rutin exhibit specific distributions in the fruit periphery and peel. These findings suggest that MALDI-MSI can be used to study the spatial distribution of nutritional components in jujube fruits, providing insights into the changes and spatial distribution of substances during jujube fruit development. This technique offers a scientific basis for jujube breeding, utilization, and production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Lu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- Beijing Forestry Workstation, Beijing Municipal Forestry and Parks Buteau, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Yuanyong Qi
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu G, Wu Y, Guo C, Lu D, Dong N, Chen B, Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Pan Q. Corrigendum: Haplotype analysis of chloroplast genomes for jujube breeding. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1192452. [PMID: 37113595 PMCID: PMC10126328 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1192452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841767.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qinghua Pan
- *Correspondence: Yuping Zhang, ; Qinghua Pan,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kandeda AK, Nguedia D, Djeuzong E, Kouamouo J, Dimo T. An aqueous macerate of Ziziphus jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose treated rats: role of anti-inflammatory pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2995-3009. [PMID: 35922734 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments against Alzheimer disease provide only symptomatic relief and are associated with numerous side effects. Previous studies showed that a concoction of Ziziphus jujuba leaves possesses anti-amnesic effects in scopolamine-treated rats. More recently, an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba leaves has been shown to reduce short-term memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. However, no study on the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term memory impairment was performed. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. Long-term spatial memory impairment was induced in rats by administering D-galactose (350 mg/kg/day, s.c.), once dailyfor 21 days. On the 22nd day, the integrity of this memory was assessed using the Morris water maze task. Rats that developed memory impairment were treated with tacrine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), or extract (41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg, p.o.), once daily, for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, memory impairment was once more assessed using the same paradigm. Animals were then euthanized, and some pro-inflammatory cytokine markers were analyzed in the hippocampus or blood. The extract at all doses significantly reduced the latency to attain the platforming of the water maze test. The extract (83 mg/kg) also increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the retention phase. The extract markedly reduced the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine markers in the hippocampus and blood. Together, these results suggest that this aqueous extract Z. jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment. This effect may be mediated in part by its anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon.
| | - Danide Nguedia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Etienne Djeuzong
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Jonas Kouamouo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li SY, Yang XQ, Chen JX, Wu YM, Yang YB, Ding ZT. The induced cryptic metabolites and antifungal activities from culture of Penicillium chrysogenum by supplementing with host Ziziphus jujuba extract. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113391. [PMID: 36007667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The productions of cryptic metabolites including three undescribed drimane sesquiterpenoids, penicichrins A-C, and three known compounds from Penicillium chrysogenum were activated by the host Ziziphus jujuba medium. The structures were established by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data. The spiro β-lactone, and gem-dimethyl dihydroxylation in induced penicichrins A-C were rare in natural products. Cryptic metabolites, monaspurpurone was first found in Penicillium. 4-Methoxy-3-methylgoniothalamin, and 2-hydroxy-l-phenyl-l,4-pentanedione were second example of isolation. Penicichrin A, monaspurpurone, 4-methoxy-3-methylgoniothalamin, physcion, ergosterol, and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol had antifungal activities against phytopathogens, P. chrysogenum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus fumigatus with MICs ≤2 μg/mL, and 2-hydroxy-l-phenyl-l,4-pentanedione had flowering activity. So the chemical constituents from Z. jujuba could induce the productions of cryptic metabolites with plant growth-promoting activity from endophyte P. chrysogenum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Li
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xue-Qiong Yang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jing-Xin Chen
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ya-Mei Wu
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ya-Bin Yang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim M, Park JH, Gil J, Kim JS, Kim HT, Oh HK, Lee KH, Lee M, Lee J, Lee Y. The complete chloroplast genome of Ziziphus jujuba cv. Bokjo (Rhamnaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:1805-1806. [PMID: 36278122 PMCID: PMC9586629 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2131366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced the Ziziphus jujuba cv. Bokjo chloroplast genome by de novo assembly using next-generation sequencing. The complete circular chloroplast genome consisted of 161,714 bp and contained four parts: a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,323 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,361 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 26,515 bp each. The genome annotation predicted a total of 110 genes, including 76 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the close taxonomic relationship between Z. jujuba cv. Bokjo and two other members of the Ziziphus genus, Z. spina-christi and Z. mauritiana. We found 135 polymorphic loci, 63 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and 72 insertion-deletion (InDel), from the comparison of Z. jujuba cultivar Bokjo and Z. jujuba reference (NC_030299). The polymorphic loci could be used for the differentiation of Z. jujuba genetic resources and for breeding in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moonkyo Kim
- Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Park
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Gil
- Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sung Kim
- Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Tae Kim
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Kyung Oh
- Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hee Lee
- Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Lee
- Green Plant Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Lee
- Green Plant Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea, Jungho Lee Green Plant Institute, Yongin16954, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Yi Lee Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju28644, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu D, Zhang L, Wu Y, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu P. An integrated metabolome and transcriptome approach reveals the fruit flavor and regulatory network during jujube fruit development. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:952698. [PMID: 36212371 PMCID: PMC9537746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fruit flavor is a key economic value attribute of jujube. Here we compared metabolomes and transcriptomes of "Mazao" (ST) and "Ping'anhuluzao" (HK) with unique flavors during fruit development. We identified 437 differential metabolites, mainly sugars, acids, and lipids. Fructose, glucose, mannose and citric acid, and malic acid are the determinants of sugar and acid taste of jujube fruit. Based on the transcriptome, 16,245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which were involved in "glucosyltransferase activity," "lipid binding," and "anion transmembrane transporter activity" processes. Both transcriptome and metabolome showed that developmental stages 2 and 3 were important transition periods for jujube maturation. Based on WGCNA and gene-metabolite correlation analysis, modules, and transcription factors (ZjHAP3, ZjTCP14, and ZjMYB78) highly related to sugar and acid were identified. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of sugar and acid accumulation in jujube fruit and provide clues for the development of jujube with a unique flavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Lu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu D, Wu Y, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Qi Y, Bao W. Identification of key genes controlling L-ascorbic acid during Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit development by integrating transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:950103. [PMID: 35991405 PMCID: PMC9386341 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) is a vital economic tree native to China. Jujube fruit with abundant L-Ascorbic Acid (AsA) is an ideal material for studying the mechanism of AsA biosynthesis and metabolism. However, the key transcription factors regulating AsA anabolism in jujube have not been reported. Here, we used jujube variety "Mazao" as the experimental material, conducted an integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome to investigate changes in differential genes and metabolites, and find the key genes regulating AsA during jujube fruit growth. The results showed that AsA was mostly synthesized in the young stage and enlargement stage, ZjMDHAR gene takes an important part in the AsA recycling. Three gene networks/modules were highly correlated with AsA, among them, three genes were identified as candidates controlling AsA, including ZjERF17 (LOC107404975), ZjbZIP9 (LOC107406320), and ZjGBF4 (LOC107421670). These results provide new directions and insights for further study on the regulation mechanism of AsA in jujube.
Collapse
|
10
|
Aafi E, Shams Ardakani MR, Ahmad Nasrollahi S, Mirabzadeh Ardakani M, Samadi A, Hajimahmoodi M, Naeimifar A, Pourjabbar Z, Amiri F, Firooz A. Brightening effect of Ziziphus jujuba (jujube) fruit extract on facial skin: A randomized, double-blind, clinical study. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15535. [PMID: 35460145 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (jujube) is an invaluable medicinal plant in traditional and modern medicine. Jujube syrup is a complex of herbal extracts including Z. jujuba, Berberis vulgaris, Rhus coriaria, Prunus domestica, and Rosa damascene. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and investigate the efficacy and safety of jujube syrup on brightening of facial skin. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study, 46 participants consumed jujube syrup or placebo (23 in each group) twice a day for 8 weeks. The number of pigments, area of pigmentation, and physician's global assessment score (PGAS) were evaluated at baseline and after 8 weeks. The results showed the amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids were 81.97 ± 0.25 and 4.98 ± 1.04 mg/ml, respectively. The amounts of organic acids (gallic acid and chlorogenic acid) were quantified at 1140 ± 17.65 and 1520 ± 25.77 μg/ml, respectively. The amounts of total phenolic and flavonoids were stable under accelerated conditions. Eight weeks after treatment, the number of pigment counts reduced to 0.545 ± 0.307 compared to the placebo group. Moreover, the pigmented area and its percentages were significantly reduced to 0.556 ± 0.285 and 0.561 ± 0.288 in jujube syrup compared with placebo, respectively. Jujube syrup is efficient and safe for treating hyperpigmentation of the face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ensiye Aafi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shams Ardakani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi
- Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Mirabzadeh Ardakani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aniseh Samadi
- Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Naeimifar
- Pharmaceutical Department, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Pourjabbar
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Amiri
- Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Firooz
- Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu G, Wu Y, Guo C, Lu D, Dong N, Chen B, Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Pan Q. Haplotype Analysis of Chloroplast Genomes for Jujube Breeding. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:841767. [PMID: 35360311 PMCID: PMC8961131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (family Rhamnaceae) is an important economic fruit tree in China. In this study, we reported 26 chloroplast (cp) sequences of jujube using Illumina paired-end sequencing. The sequence length of cp genome was 161, 367-161, 849 bp, which was composed of a large single-copy region (89053-89437 bp) and a small single-copy region (19356-19362 bp) separated by a pair of reverse repeat regions (26478-26533 bp). Each cp genome encodes the same 130 genes, including 112 unique genes, being quite conserved in genome structure and gene sequence. A total of 118 single base substitutions (SNPs) and 130 InDels were detected in 65 jujube accessions. Phylogenetic and haplotype network construction methods were used to analyze the origin and evolution of jujube and its sour-tasting relatives. We detected 32 effective haplotypes, consisting of 20 unique jujube haplotypes and 9 unique sour-jujube haplotypes. Compared with sour-jujube, jujube showed greater haplotype diversity at the chloroplast DNA level. To cultivate crisp and sweet fruit varieties featuring strong resistance, by combining the characteristics of sour-jujube and cultivated jujube, three hybrid combinations were suggested for reciprocal crosses: "Dongzao" × "Jingzao39," "Dongzao" × "Jingzao60," "Dongzao" × "Jingzao28." This study provides the basis for jujube species' identification and breeding, and lays the foundation for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghanbari-Niaki A, Hosseini F, Broom DR, Tejenjari B, Rahmati-Ahmadabad S. Combined Effects of High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training and Ziziphus jujuba Extract on Tissue Nesfatin-1 in Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:845014. [PMID: 35592780 PMCID: PMC9110837 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.845014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is involved in metabolic/feeding regulation and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that exercise and herb supplementation can influence nesfatin-1 concentration. The present study investigated the effects of high-intensity training (HIT) and Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) extract on tissue nesfatin-1 in rats. Twenty-eight female rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups i.e. 1) Saline-Control (SC), 2) Saline-High Intensity Training (ST), 3) Ziziphus jujuba-Control (ZJC), and 4) Ziziphus jujuba-High Intensity Training (ZJT). Rats performed exercise on a treadmill and/or administered supplements intragastrically for 6 weeks, depending on group category. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, rats were anesthetized. Blood, hypothafi 2lamus tissue, heart and gastrocnemius muscles were sent to the laboratory for analyses. Significantly higher nesfatin-1 gene expression and concentration and ATP concentration were found in trained rat. HIT increased plasma High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and insulin concentration and reduced plasma Triglyceride (TG) and cortisol. ZJ increased tissue nesftain-1 gene expression and concentration while only increasing heart ATP. The combination of exercise and ZJ showed an additive effect compared to each intervention alone on hypothalamus, heart and gastrocnemius NUCB2 gene expression, heart and gastrocnemius nesfatin-1 concentration, plasma HDL and cortisol concentration. The authors recommend both interventions as a means to improve cardiovascular health in rats with further work needed to confirm similar findings in homo sapiens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbass Ghanbari-Niaki
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hosseini
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - David Robert Broom
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Bahareh Tejenjari
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Saleh Rahmati-Ahmadabad
- Department of Physical Education, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran
- *Correspondence: Saleh Rahmati-Ahmadabad,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang J, Chen X, He A, Ma Z, Gong T, Xu K, Chen R. Integrative Morphological, Physiological, Proteomics Analyses of Jujube Fruit Development Provide Insights Into Fruit Quality Domestication From Wild Jujube to Cultivated Jujube. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:773825. [PMID: 34899802 PMCID: PMC8653901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) was domesticated from wild jujube (Z. jujuba var. spinosa). Here, integrative physiological, metabolomic, and comparative proteomic analyses were performed to investigate the fruit expansion and fruit taste components in a jujube cultivar 'Junzao' and a wild jujube 'Qingjiansuanzao' with contrasting fruit size and taste. We revealed that the duration of cell division and expansion largely determined the final fruit size, while the intercellular space in the mesocarp dictated the ratio of mesocarp volume in mature fruits. The high levels of endogenous gibbereline3 (GA) and zeatin in the growing fruit of 'Junzao' were associated with their increased fruit expansion. Compared with 'Junzao,' wild jujube accumulated lower sugars and higher organic acids. Furthermore, several protein co-expression modules and important member proteins correlated with fruit expansion, sugar synthesis, and ascorbic acid metabolism were identified. Among them, GA20OX involved in GA biosynthesis was identified as a key protein regulating fruit expansion, whereas sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SPS) and neutral invertase (NINV) were considered as key enzymes promoting sugar accumulation and as major factors regulating the ratio of sucrose to hexose in jujube fruits, respectively. Moreover, the increase of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-Malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) activity and protein abundance were associated with the malic acid accumulation, and the high accumulation of ascorbic acid in wild jujube was correlated with the elevated abundance of GalDH, ZjAPXs, and MDHAR1, which are involved in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis and recycling pathways. Overall, these results deepened the understanding of mechanisms regulating fruit expansion and sugar/acids metabolisms in jujube fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture in Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture in Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Aobing He
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture in Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture in Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tianqi Gong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture in Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kenong Xu
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, United States
| | - Ruihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture in Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province on Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou J, Ma F, Yao Y, Deng M, Chen M, Zhang S, Li Y, Yang J, Zhang N, Huang J, Sun Q, Sun J. Jujube witches' broom phytoplasma effectors SJP1 and SJP2 induce lateral bud outgrowth by repressing the ZjBRC1-controlled auxin efflux channel. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:3257-3272. [PMID: 34189742 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensively controlling phytoplasma-associated jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease is extremely challenging for the jujube industry. Although the pathogenesis of phytoplasma disease has been highlighted in many plant species, the release of lateral buds from dormancy under JWB phytoplasma infection has not been characterized in woody perennial jujube. Here, two 16SrV-B group phytoplasma effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, were experimentally determined to induce witches' broom with increased lateral branches. In vivo interaction and subcellular localization analyses showed that both SJP1 and SJP2 were translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to target the CYC/TB1-TCP transcription factor ZjBRC1. The N- and C-terminal coiled-coil domains of SJP1 and SJP2 were required for the TCP-binding ability. ZjBRC1 bound directly to the auxin efflux carrier ZjPIN1c/3 promoters and down-regulated their expression to promote the accumulation of endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid in jujube calli. Furthermore, JWB phytoplasma infection suppressed ZjBRC1 accumulation and induced ZjPIN1c/3 expression to stimulate lateral bud outgrowth. Therefore, SJP1 and SJP2 stimulate lateral bud outgrowth, at least partly, by repressing the ZjBRC1-controlled auxin efflux channel in jujube, representing a potential strategy for comprehensive phytoplasma-associated disease control and a resource for gene editing breeding to create new cultivars with varying degrees of shoot branching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei City, China
| | - Fuli Ma
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Yu Yao
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Shanqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Yamei Li
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Jingqiu Huang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei City, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li N, Song Y, Li J, Hao R, Feng X, Li L. Resequencing and transcriptomic analysis reveal differences in nitrite reductase in jujube fruit ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Plant Methods 2021; 17:75. [PMID: 34247631 PMCID: PMC8274035 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jujube is a typical fruit tree species from China. 'Muzao', a cracking-susceptible cultivar, and 'Linhuang No. 1', a cracking-resistant cultivar, were selected in a previous study as contrasting research materials. Whole-genome resequencing and transcriptomic analysis of 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao' allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes with different gene structures between the two cultivars and could be helpful in explaining the differences and similarities between the two cultivars. RESULTS Resequencing identified 664,129 polymorphic variable sites between 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao'. To determine the genetic relationship among 'Linhuang No. 1', 'Muzao' and the jujube genome reference cultivar 'Dongzao', the characteristic polymorphic variable sites were analysed by principal component analysis. The genetic relationship between 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao' was closer than that of either variety and 'Dongzao'. Nineteen differentially expressed genes were identified by combining transcriptomic analysis with resequencing analysis. LOC107427052 (encoding a nitrite reductase) was identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis for further study. The identified insertion was not in the domain region of the LOC107427052 gene coding sequence (CDS) region and was verified by the finding that the insertion did not affect translation of the protein. The LOC107427052 gene expression levels, nitrite reductase activities and nitrite contents of 'Muzao' were significantly higher than the corresponding values of 'Linhuang No. 1' at the young fruit stage. There was no significant difference in the quantity of the product of nitrite reductase, namely, ammonia, between the two cultivars. CONCLUSIONS The present study was the first to explore the differences between different jujube cultivars ('Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao') by combining genome resequencing and transcriptomics. LOC107427052 (encoding a nitrite reductase) was characterized by KEGG enrichment analysis. The insertion in the CDS region of the LOC107427052 gene provides a new direction for the study of nitrogen metabolism in jujube. Our study has laid a foundation for the comparative analysis of nitrite metabolism between the jujube cultivars 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Ruijie Hao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Liulin Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Park J, Kim HJ, Huh YH, Kim KW. Ultrastructure of phytoplasma-infected jujube leaves with witches' broom disease. Micron 2021; 148:103108. [PMID: 34237476 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular characteristics of phytoplasma-infected jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) leaves were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Midrib fragments of witches' broom-diseased jujube leaves were collected from abnormally small leaves at an early stage of branch clustering. The diseased jujube leaves showed multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with vesicles and tubules in the phloem parenchyma cells and sieve elements. The MVBs were connected to the plasma membrane appressed to the cell wall. There were increased callose collars at the pore-plasmodesma unit ends of the sieve elements in the diseased leaves than in control leaves. The proliferation of MVBs in the diseased jujube leaves could be associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent exosome release. The phytoplasma produced pleomorphic cells in sieve elements. Several types of putative extracellular structures were observed on the phytoplasma cells: (i) fimbriae-like threads, (ii) pili-like projections, (iii) flagella-like appendages, and (iv) tube-like structures. This study provides novel insights into intracellular obligate cell wall-less prokaryotes and host phloem structures.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sobhani Z, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Amiri MS, Ramezani M, Emami SA, Sahebkar A. Therapeutic Effects of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Fruit in Traditional and Modern Medicine: A Review. Med Chem 2021; 16:1069-1088. [PMID: 31670624 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666191031143553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. belonging to the Rhamnaceae family, has been consumed since ancient times as a medicine and food. In the different traditional medical schools, Z. jujuba has been used to treat various diseases such as respiratory system diseases (asthma, cough, and laryngitis), gastrointestinal problems (constipation, colitis and liver diseases), as well as cardiovascular and genitourinary system diseases. From the perspective of Islamic traditional medicine (ITM), Z. jujuba fruit is an emollient, laxative, and maturative, it can purify blood and improve blood circulation, relieve internal heat and reduce inflammation. Some therapeutic uses of Z. jujuba such as antibacterial, antioxidant, sedative, hepato-protective, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities have been shown in modern pharmacological studies. In the current study, traditional and ethno-medicinal uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Z. jujuba were reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sobhani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Nikoofal-Sahlabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Mahin Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed A Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kamkar-Del Y, Mohebbati R, Hosseini M, Khajavirad A, Shafei MN, Rakhshandeh H. Ethyl Acetate and Aqueous Fractions of Ziziphus jujuba Prevent Acute Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II in Rats. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:108-115. [PMID: 31746299 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x19666191119141400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) on hypertension has been reported previously. OBJECTIVE This experiment investigates the effect of two ethyl acetate (EA, a polar and semi-polar compound) and aqueous fractions (AQ, a polar compound) of ZJ extract on cardiovascular parameters in acute hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII). METHODS Rats were randomly divided into following groups (n=7 in each group): 1) Control; 2) AngII (50 ng/kg); 3) Losartan (LOS, 30 mg/kg) + AngII; 4, 5) ethyl acetate fraction (EA150 and EA300 mg/kg) + AngII and 6, 7) aqueous fraction (AQ150 and AQ300 mg/kg) + AngII. Rats were treated with both fractions and LOS orally for four weeks and in the experiment day (28th) AngII intravenously injected and cardiovascular parameters (Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Heart Rate (HR)) directly were recorded by a power lab system. RESULTS AngII could significantly increase SBP and MAP (P<0.001) and decrease HR with respect to the control and these responses were attenuated by LOS. The SBP and MAP in both doses of EA+ AngII and the higher dose of AQ fractions + AngII were significantly lower than the AngII group (P<0.05 to P<0.001). Bradycardia induced by AngII was also reduced by LOS and both fractions. The comparison of two fractions also showed that the effect of EA fraction is greater than the AQ. CONCLUSION This study indicates that both fractions of the ZJ extract have a beneficial effect on hypertension. Because effect of EA was greater than AQ, we suggested that antihypertensive effects of ZJ mediated polar and nonpolar compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Kamkar-Del
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Mohebbati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khajavirad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad N Shafei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Rakhshandeh
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Three undescribed sesquineolignans, Ziziphusmps A-C (1-3) were isolated from the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba. their gross structure was identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. The part relative configurations were determined by the NOESY correlation and coupling constant. All isolates were tested for their cytotoxicity against the hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells. The results indicated that none of them exhibited obvious cytotoxicity against two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mohebbati R, Kamkar-Del Y, Shahraki S, Khajavi Rad A. The testicular protective effects of standardised hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill against adriamycin-induced toxicity. Andrologia 2021; 53:e13974. [PMID: 33565101 DOI: 10.1111/and.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, because of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of the Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ), we assessed the protective properties of the ZJ extract against testis toxicity caused by Adriamycin in the rat. Twenty rats were grouped into (a) control, (b) Adriamycin, (c) ZJ group and (d) treatment group in which Adriamycin was administrated and the ZJ hydroalcoholic extract was used for three weeks. On the 21st day, two testes were removed to determine the oxidation markers and pathological evaluation. The levels of sex hormones were determined. Epididymis also was crushed, and its spermatozoa were evaluated as concentration, motility and normality. Adriamycin increased oxidative stress markers as well as Luteinising hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone and decreased testosterone levels compared to control. In the treated group, the levels of the above markers improved. The decreased number and motility of spermatozoa in treatment group increased, and the increased rate of abnormal spermatozoa in this group decreased. Pathological evaluations also show the healing process of damaged testicular tissue in the group receiving the ZJ extract. The ZJ extract relatively improves oxidative stress, sperm characteristics, hormonal alternation and pathological changes. These findings reveal the probable role of ZJ effective compounds in repairing tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebbati
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasamin Kamkar-Del
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samira Shahraki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khajavi Rad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li N, Fu L, Song Y, Li J, Xue X, Li S, Li L. Wax composition and concentration in jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) cultivars with differential resistance to fruit cracking. J Plant Physiol 2020; 255:153294. [PMID: 33070052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cracking is a key problem restricting the development of the jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) industry, and is closely related to the distribution of the wax layer on the surface of the fruit. Three jujube cultivars with different levels of cracking resistance, namely 'Popozao', 'Banzao', and 'Hupingzao', were selected for comparison. Cracks on the cuticular membrane (CM) of 'Hupingzao' widened and deepened during the coloring period. The wax level of highly cracking-resistant 'Popozao' was significantly higher than that of 'Hupingzao' during the fruit coloring period. The fruit wax composition of the three jujube cultivars were quite similar, consisting mainly of alkanes, triterpenoids, aldehydes, amines, phenols, esters, ketones, fatty acids, primary alcohols, and other, unclassified compounds. Fatty acids, primary alcohols, and alkanes were the predominant fruit wax compounds of the three cultivars. We further analyzed the carbon chain length of aliphatic compounds and found that the concentration of fatty acids in 'Popozao' was significantly lower than that in 'Banzao' and 'Hupingzao' during the coloring period. Moreover, C28-30 were the most abundant primary alcohols during fruit development. Highly cracking-resistant cultivar 'Popozao' contains more very-long-chain alkanes and aldehydes (carbon atom >20) than 'Banzao' and 'Hupingzao' during the coloring period. In addition, we assessed the expression levels of 11 genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation, and degradation, and in wax biosynthesis. Gene expression analysis indicated that KCS1, CER1, CYP86B1, and CYP86A play crucial roles in wax formation on jujube fruit. In conclusion, fruit cracking was correlated with whether wax synthesis is coordinated with fruit enlargement and'Popozao' has a stronger ability to synthesize very-long-chain alkanes and aldehydes. Understanding the diff ;erences in the cuticular wax and the activities of the corresponding genes in jujube cultivars with different sensitivities to cracking will provide a specific way to prevent fruit cracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Lijiao Fu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Forestry Vocational Technical College, Taiyuan, 030009, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xiaofang Xue
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Shuran Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Liulin Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen J, Tsim KWK. A Review of Edible Jujube, the Ziziphus jujuba Fruit: A Heath Food Supplement for Anemia Prevalence. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593655. [PMID: 33324222 PMCID: PMC7726020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruits of Ziziphus jujuba, commonly known as jujube, red date or Chinese date, are taken as fresh or dried food, and as traditional medicine worldwide due to high nutritional and health values. Traditionally in China, jujube is considered as a medicinal fruit that is being used in treating blood deficiency. In this review, the beneficial effects of jujubes on the hematopoietic functions are summarized and discussed. As illustrated in cell and animal models, the application of jujube extract possessed beneficial effects, including regulation of erythropoiesis via activation of hypoxia inducible factor-induced erythropoietin, potential capacity in recycling heme iron during erythrophagocytosis and bi-directional regulation of immune response. Thus, the blood-nourishing function of jujube is being proposed here. Flavonoid, polysaccharide and triterpenoid within jujube could serve as the potential active ingredients accounting for the aforementioned health benefits. Taken together, these findings provide several lines of evidence for further development of jujube as supplementary products for prevention and/or treatment of anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Issa-Issa H, Cano-Lamadrid M, Calín-Sánchez Á, Wojdyło A, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA. Volatile Composition and Sensory Attributes of Smoothies Based on Pomegranate Juice and Mediterranean Fruit Purées (Fig, Jujube and Quince). Foods 2020; 9:foods9070926. [PMID: 32674294 PMCID: PMC7404765 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the intake of fruits and vegetables—especially among young people—the food industry is trying to develop new, easy-to-eat and long-shelf-life products, such as smoothies. Nowadays, consumers are choosing their foods based not only on nutritional/functional properties (content of polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, among others), but also on sensory attributes. The aim of this study was to investigate the volatile composition by HS-SPME and the sensory profile by descriptive sensory analysis of novel smoothies prepared by blending fig, jujube or quince purée with pomegranate juices (cv. Mollar de Elche or Wonderful) at two ratios purée:juice (40:60 or 60:40). Twenty-three volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS and classified as alcohols, aldehydes, esters, furans, ketones, terpenes and terpenoids. Among volatile compounds, the five predominant ones in the studied smoothies were: (i) 5-HMF (30.6%); (ii) 3-hexen-1-ol (9.87%); (iii) hexanal (9.43%); (iv) 1-hexanol (8.54%); and (v) 3-octanone (7.67%). Fig smoothies were sweet and had flavor and volatiles related to fig, pomegranate, and grape. While jujube products were bitter and had jujube and pear notes. Finally, quince smoothies were consistent, sour and had quince, apple and floral notes. Thus, the type of fruit purée used clearly determined the flavor of the final product. The smoothies prepared with Mollar de Elche pomegranate juice were characterized by having high intensity of pear odor/aroma and consistency, and the Wonderful smoothies were characterized by lower consistency and more intense pomegranate aroma and sourness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanán Issa-Issa
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Ctra. Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (H.I.-I.); (M.C.-L.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| | - Marina Cano-Lamadrid
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Ctra. Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (H.I.-I.); (M.C.-L.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| | - Ángel Calín-Sánchez
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Ctra. Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (H.I.-I.); (M.C.-L.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966749754
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Ángel. A. Carbonell-Barrachina
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Ctra. Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (H.I.-I.); (M.C.-L.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou H, He Y, Zhu Y, Li M, Song S, Bo W, Li Y, Pang X. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals cold stress responsiveness in two contrasting Chinese jujube cultivars. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:240. [PMID: 32460709 PMCID: PMC7254757 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low temperature is a major factor influencing the growth and development of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in cold winter and spring. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms enabling jujube to cope with different freezing stress conditions. To elucidate the freezing-related molecular mechanism, we conducted comparative transcriptome analysis between 'Dongzao' (low freezing tolerance cultivar) and 'Jinsixiaozao' (high freezing tolerance cultivar) using RNA-Seq. RESULTS More than 20,000 genes were detected at chilling (4 °C) and freezing (- 10 °C, - 20 °C, - 30 °C and - 40 °C) stress between the two cultivars. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two cultivars were 1831, 2030, 1993, 1845 and 2137 under the five treatments. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that the metabolic pathway, response to stimulus and catalytic activity were significantly enriched under stronger freezing stress. Among the DEGs, nine participated in the Ca2+ signal pathway, thirty-two were identified to participate in sucrose metabolism, and others were identified to participate in the regulation of ROS, plant hormones and antifreeze proteins. In addition, important transcription factors (WRKY, AP2/ERF, NAC and bZIP) participating in freezing stress were activated under different degrees of freezing stress. CONCLUSIONS Our research first provides a more comprehensive understanding of DEGs involved in freezing stress at the transcriptome level in two Z. jujuba cultivars with different freezing tolerances. These results may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of freezing tolerance in jujube and also provides new insights and candidate genes for genetically enhancing freezing stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heying Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ying He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Institute of Crop, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Meiyu Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingyue Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Pang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Song L, Zhang L, Xu L, Ma Y, Lian W, Liu Y, Wang Y. Optimized Extraction of Total Triterpenoids from Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and Comprehensive Analysis of Triterpenic Acids in Different Cultivars. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E412. [PMID: 32230740 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid compounds are one of the main functional components in jujube fruit. In this study, the optimal process for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total triterpenoids from jujube fruit was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were as follows: temperature of 55.14 °C, ethanol concentration of 86.57%, time of 34.41 min, and liquid-to-solid ratio of 39.33 mL/g. The triterpenoid yield was 19.21 ± 0.25 mg/g under optimal conditions. The triterpenoid profiles and antioxidant activity were further analyzed. Betulinic acid, alphitolic acid, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid were the dominant triterpenoid acids in jujube fruits. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the major triterpenic acids and antioxidant activities. The variations of triterpenoid profiles and antioxidant activity within the jujube fruits and the degree of variation were evaluated by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), respectively. The results provide important guidance for the quality evaluation and industrial application of jujube fruit.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lee D, Kang KB, Kim HW, Park JS, Hwang GS, Kang KS, Choi S, Yamabe N, Kim KH. Unique Triterpenoid of Jujube Root Protects Cisplatin-induced Damage in Kidney Epithelial LLC-PK1 Cells via Autophagy Regulation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030677. [PMID: 32131519 PMCID: PMC7146250 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to cisplatin is associated with irreversible kidney impairment. In this present study, we explored the protective effects of 3-dehydroxyceanothetric acid 2-methyl ester (3DC2ME) isolated from roots of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba, Rhamnaceae) against cisplatin-induced damage in vitro. In kidney epithelial LLC-PK1 cells, western blotting and staining with specific autophagy epifluorescent dye CytoID were used to determine the molecular pathways involving autophagy. Treatment with 3DC2ME reduced the increased Cyto-ID-stained autophagic vesicles and reversed the protein expressions of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase subunit β-1 (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent signaling pathway in cisplatin-induced cell death. Additionally, treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and with or without 3DC2ME attenuated the cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Although further research is necessary to substantiate the effects, we evaluated the potential mechanism of action of 3DC2ME as an adjuvant for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Jung Sik Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.S.P.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.S.P.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.S.P.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Sungyoul Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.S.P.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.S.P.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5402 (N.Y.); +82-31-290-7730 (K.H.K.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5402 (N.Y.); +82-31-290-7730 (K.H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Arab M, Khorashadizadeh M, Abotorabi Z, Zarban A. Cytoprotective effects of the aqueous extract of the Ziziphus jujuba fruit on TBHP-induced damage on human fibroblast cells. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2019-0172/jbcpp-2019-0172.xml. [PMID: 31756163 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress plays a major role in the development of various human diseases. However, many antioxidant compounds can neutralize the excess of free radicals, protect the cells against their toxic effects and help prevent or treat a disease. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of the aqueous extract of the Ziziphus jujuba fruit on the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced damage on human fibroblast cells. Methods Human fibroblast cells were pretreated with different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8 mg/mL) of Z. jujuba for 24 h and exposed to 75 μM TBHP for another 24 h. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and the intracellular antioxidant activity was evaluated with the Cellular antioxidant activity assay. Results Our data showed that treatment with TBHP reduced cell viability of human fibroblast cells, while pretreatment with Z. jujuba increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. This indicated the cytoprotective effects of Z. jujuba. Pretreatment with Z. jujuba increased the antioxidant capacity and scavenged the TBHP-produced peroxyl radicals in the human fibroblast cell medium. Moreover, Z. jujuba increased the intracellular antioxidant activity of human fibroblast cells. Conclusions These results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of the Z. jujuba fruit can prevent TBHP-induced cellular toxicity by enhancing the antioxidant activity in cells and their medium. So, Z. jujuba has a therapeutic potential to attenuate oxidative stress-induced diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Arab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Khorashadizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Abotorabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Asghar Zarban
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran, Phone: +985632381545
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Clowes C, Fowler RM, Brown GK, Bayly MJ. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Spyridium parvifolium var. parvifolium (family Rhamnaceae; tribe Pomaderreae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:807-809. [PMID: 33474330 PMCID: PMC7800025 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1483776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We assembled the complete chloroplast genome of the Australian shrub Spyridium parvifolium var. parvifolium. The genome was 161,012 bp in length, with a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,515 bp, separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 88,814 bp and a small single copy region (SCC) of 19,168 bp. The GC content was 36.9%. In total, 130 genes were annotated, including 86 protein coding genes, 36 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 56 chloroplast genes placed this genome of S. parvifolium var. parvifolium within the family Rhamnaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Clowes
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rachael M. Fowler
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gillian K. Brown
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium, Toowong, Australia
| | - Michael J. Bayly
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li Y, Guo S, Ren Q, Wei D, Zhao M, Su S, Tang Z, Duan JA. Pharmacokinetic Comparisons of Multiple Triterpenic Acids from Jujubae Fructus Extract Following Oral Delivery in Normal and Acute Liver Injury Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072047. [PMID: 30011885 PMCID: PMC6073449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujubae Fructus, the dried fruit of Ziziphus jujuba, has been used as Chinese medicine and food for centuries. Triterpenic acids have been found to be the major bioactive constituents in Jujubae Fructus responsible for their hepatoprotective activity in previous phytochemical and biological studies, while few pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted. To reveal the kinetics of the triterpenic acids under the pathological liver injury state, an established ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry method was applied for the simultaneous quantitation of seven triterpenic acids (ceanothic acid, epiceanothic acid, pomonic acid, alphitolic acid, maslinic acid, betulinic acid, and betulonic acid) in plasma samples of normal and acute liver injury rats induced by CCl₄. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the pharmacokinetic parameters of seven triterpenic acids between model and normal groups. The AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ of epiceanothic acid (5227 ± 334 μg⋅h/L vs. 1478 ± 255 μg ⋅ h/L and 6127 ± 423 μg ⋅ h/L vs. 1482 ± 255 μg ⋅ h/L, respectively) and pomonic acid (4654 ± 349 μg ⋅ h/L vs. 1834 ± 225 μg ⋅ h/L and 4776 ± 322 μg ⋅ h/L vs. 1859 ± 230 μg ⋅ h/L, respectively) in model rats were significantly higher than those in normal rats, and the CLz/F of them were significantly decreased (0.28 ± 0.02 L/h/kg vs. 1.36 ± 0.18 L/h/kg and 19.96 ± 1.30 L/h/kg vs. 53.15 ± 5.60 L/h/kg, respectively). In contrast, the above parameters for alphitolic acid, betulinic acid and betulonic acid exhibited the quite different trend. This pharmacokinetic research might provide useful information for the clinical usage of triterpenic acids from Jujubae Fructus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Quanjin Ren
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Dandan Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhishu Tang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mesaik AM, Poh HW, Bin OY, Elawad I, Alsayed B. In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Ziziphus Jujuba Fruit Extract. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:757-766. [PMID: 29875842 PMCID: PMC5985874 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ziziphus jujuba belongs to family Rhamnaceae widely distributed in subtropical and tropical countries. It is used traditionally for several pharmacological purposes including anti-inflammation, antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial, as well as tonic and sometimes as hypnotic (sedative). AIM To determine the in vivo antidiarrhoeal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Z. jujuba fruit ethanolic extract. METHOD The fruit was macerated and extracted by 95% (v/v) ethanol. The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated using castor oil and Escherichia coli induced diarrhoea mouse model. The antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity was investigated at graded doses (400-1200 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effects were tested using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in female Wistar rats. Rat's treatment groups received tragacanth, 100 mg/kg diclofenac sodium, 800 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg or 1600 mg/kg of an ethanolic extract of Z. jujuba (EEZJ). All treatment groups were fed with the compounds one hour before carrageenan injection at of rat's paw. Also, the EEZJ was further analysed by HPLC-PDA system for identification of the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin. RESULTS EEZJ different doses did not show inhibitory activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea except for the higher (1200 mg/kg) dose. However, the frequency of defecation of stools and watery stool were reduced significantly when compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01 respectively), resulted in overall 67% inhibition of diarrhoea. Our anti-inflammatory results demonstrated that EEZJ was able to inhibit the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats to a significant degree (p ≤ 0.05) and the paw volume and thickness of both left and right paw were affected compared to the negative control group. CONCLUSION EEZJ possesses antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity in a dose depending manner and may provide a pharmacological basis for its clinical use in diarrheal diseases. The activity may partially be due to the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Mesaik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiap Wei Poh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ooi Yan Bin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izzaddinn Elawad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li Y, Guo S, Hua T, Wang Y, Wei D, Zhao M, Su S, Duan JA. Comparative pharmacokinetics of triterpenic acids in normal and immunosuppressed rats after oral administration of Jujubae Fructus extract by UPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1077-1078:13-21. [PMID: 29413572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba (Jujubae Fructus) has been used as food and crude drug for thousands of years. Although several chemical and biological studies have revealed triterpenic acid as the main bioactive constituent of Jujubae Fructus responsible for immune-regulatory activity, only few pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted. To comprehend the kinetics of triterpenic acids and promote their curative application, a sensitive and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method (UPLC-MS/MS) was established. UPLC-MS/MS was applied for the simultaneous determination of ceanothic acid, epiceanothic acid, pomonic acid, alphitolic acid, maslinic acid, betulinic acid, and betulonic acid in normal and immunosuppressed rat plasma samples. After sample preparation, chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) with acetonitrile: methanol (1:1, v/v) and 0.5% ammonium acetate in water as mobile phase. The established method was validated and found to be specific, accurate, and precise for the seven triterpenic acids, and was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of rat plasma samples. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, and CLz/F) in the plasma samples of immunosuppressed rats were significantly different from those in normal rats, and might provide an insight for the clinical usage of triterpenic acids from Jujubae Fructus.
Collapse
|
32
|
Devi U, Bora D. Growth inhibitory effect of phenolic extracts of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. in dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L) in parent and F1 generation. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:787-791. [PMID: 28942827 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the lethal and emergence inhibitory effect of alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts of Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), and to explore the effect of the most effective fraction on developmental and biochemical parameters of the dengue vector. METHODS The fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were exposed to alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts from Z. jujuba leaves to test their toxicity and emergence inhibitory effects. Phenolic extract, being the most effective was further tested against the mosquitoes for their growth inhibitory effect supported by biochemical changes in the parent and F1 generation. RESULTS While the different secondary metabolite fractions i.e., alkaloid, phenolics and terpenoid caused mortality at larval and pupal stages, the LC50 value was the lowest for phenolic fraction. Further study carried out with the phenolic fraction revealed that it affected growth by decreasing adult life span, fertility and fecundity of the mosquitoes. The reduction in growth was also accompanied by decrease in carbohydrate and lipid levels. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the phenolic extract of the leaves of Z. jujuba is a potential candidate for control of Aedes mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urbbi Devi
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Dipsikha Bora
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen R, Chen G, Huang J. Shot-gun proteome and transcriptome mapping of the jujube floral organ and identification of a pollen-specific S-locus F-box gene. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3588. [PMID: 28729959 PMCID: PMC5516771 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The flower is a plant reproductive organ that forms part of the fruit produced as the flowering season ends. While the number and identity of proteins expressed in a jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) flower is currently unknown, integrative proteomic and transcriptomic analyses provide a systematic strategy of characterizing the floral biology of plants. We conducted a shotgun proteomic analysis on jujube flowers by using a filter-aided sample preparation tryptic digestion, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, transcriptomics analyses were performed on HiSeq2000 sequencers. In total, 7,853 proteins were identified accounting for nearly 30% of the ‘Junzao’ gene models (27,443). Genes identified in proteome generally showed higher RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads) values than undetected genes. Gene ontology categories showed that ribosomes and intracellular organelles were the most dominant classes and accounted for 17.0% and 14.0% of the proteome mass, respectively. The top-ranking proteins with iBAQ >1010 included non-specific lipid transfer proteins, histones, actin-related proteins, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, Bet v I type allergens, etc. In addition, we identified one pollen-specificity S-locus F-box-like gene located on the same chromosome as the S-RNase gene. Both of these may activate the behaviour of gametophyte self-incompatibility in jujube. These results reflected the protein profile features of jujube flowers and contributes new information important to the jujube breeding system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shao F, Lu Q, Wilson IW, Qiu D. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the SPL gene family in Ziziphus jujuba. Gene 2017; 627:315-321. [PMID: 28652183 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SQUAMOSA Promoter-Binding Protein-Likes (SPLs) are plant specific transcription factors playing important roles in plant growth and development. The SPL gene family has been studied in various plant species; however, there is no report about SPLs in Zizyphus jujuba. In this study, we identified 18 putative ZjSPL genes in Z. jujuba using a genome-wide analysis. Sequence features, gene structures, conserved domains and motifs were analyzed. The phylogenetic relationships of SPLs in Z. jujuba and A. thaliana were revealed. A total of 5 pairs of ZjSPLs were identified, suggesting the importance of gene duplication in SPL gene expansion in Z. jujuba. In addition, 11 of the 18 ZjSPLs, belonging to G1, G2 and G5 subgroups, were found to be targets of miR156, suggesting the conservation of miR156-mediated posttranscriptional regulation in plants. Expression analysis revealed that eight ZjSPL genes were responsive to the infection of witches'-broom phytoplasma. Our results provide a basis for the further elucidation of the biological function of ZjSPLs and their regulation in witches'-broom disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Iain W Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kawabata K, Kitamura K, Irie K, Naruse S, Matsuura T, Uemae T, Taira S, Ohigashi H, Murakami S, Takahashi M, Kaido Y, Kawakami B. Triterpenoids Isolated from Ziziphus jujuba Enhance Glucose Uptake Activity in Skeletal Muscle Cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2017; 63:193-199. [PMID: 28757534 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.63.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), a traditional folk medicine and functional food in China and South Korea, is known for its beneficial properties, which include anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, and anti-obesity effects. To assess the anti-hyperglycemic effect of jujube in this study, we investigated the glucose uptake-promoting activity of jujube in rat L6 myotubes. After determining that the jujube extract induces muscle glucose uptake, we identified the following active compounds by bioassay-guided fractionation: betulonic acid, betulinic acid, and oleanonic acid. Ursonic acid, known to be present in jujube, was semi-synthesized from ursolic acid and also observed to enhance glucose uptake. These four triterpenic acids induced glucose uptake in a glucose transporter 4-dependent manner. Comparison experiments of jujube fruits from three countries, namely, China, South Korea, and Japan, revealed that Japanese jujube has a higher content of active triterpenoids and is the most potent enhancer of glucose uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Kawabata
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Kenji Kitamura
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Shoma Naruse
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Tomohiro Matsuura
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Tomoyuki Uemae
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Shu Taira
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Hajime Ohigashi
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Shigeru Murakami
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Masakazu Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ma Q, Li S, Bi C, Hao Z, Sun C, Ye N. Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a major economic species, Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae). Curr Genet 2016; 63:117-129. [PMID: 27206980 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ziziphus jujuba is an important woody plant with high economic and medicinal value. Here, we analyzed and characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of Z. jujuba, the first member of the Rhamnaceae family for which the chloroplast genome sequence has been reported. We also built a web browser for navigating the cp genome of Z. jujuba ( http://bio.njfu.edu.cn/gb2/gbrowse/Ziziphus_jujuba_cp/ ). Sequence analysis showed that this cp genome is 161,466 bp long and has a typical quadripartite structure of large (LSC, 89,120 bp) and small (SSC, 19,348 bp) single-copy regions separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26,499 bp). The sequence contained 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNAs, and four ribosomal RNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content, and codon usage are similar to other typical angiosperm cp genomes. A total of 38 tandem repeats, two forward repeats, and three palindromic repeats were detected in the Z. jujuba cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis revealed that most SSRs were AT-rich. The homopolymer regions in the cp genome of Z. jujuba were verified and manually corrected by Sanger sequencing. One-third of mononucleotide repeats were found to be erroneously sequenced by the 454 pyrosequencing, which resulted in sequences of 1-4 bases shorter than that by the Sanger sequencing. Analyzing the cp genome of Z. jujuba revealed that the IR contraction and expansion events resulted in ycf1 and rps19 pseudogenes. A phylogenetic analysis based on 64 protein-coding genes showed that Z. jujuba was closely related to members of the Elaeagnaceae family, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies of other Rosales species. The complete cp genome sequence of Z. jujuba will facilitate population, phylogenetic, and cp genetic engineering studies of this economic plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Ma
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Changwei Bi
- The College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Congrui Sun
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ning Ye
- The College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Meir M, Ransbotyn V, Raveh E, Barak S, Tel-Zur N, Zaccai M. Dormancy release and flowering time in Ziziphus jujuba Mill., a "direct flowering" fruit tree, has a facultative requirement for chilling. J Plant Physiol 2016; 192:118-127. [PMID: 26949231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In deciduous fruit trees, the effect of chilling on flowering has mostly been investigated in the "indirect flowering" group, characterized by a period of rest between flower bud formation and blooming. In the present study, we explored the effects of chilling and chilling deprivation on the flowering of Ziziphus jujuba, a temperate deciduous fruit tree belonging to the "direct flowering" group, in which flower bud differentiation, blooming and fruit development occur after dormancy release, during a single growing season. Dormancy release, vegetative growth and flowering time in Z. jujuba cv. Ben-Li were assessed following several treatments of chilling. Chilling treatments quantitatively decreased the timing of vegetative bud dormancy release, thereby accelerating flowering, but had no effect on the time from dormancy release to flowering. Trees grown at a constant temperature of 25°C, without chilling, broke dormancy and flowered, indicating the facultative character of chilling in this species. We measured the expression of Z. jujuba LFY and AP1 homologues (ZjLFY and ZjAP1). Chilling decreased ZjLFY expression in dormant vegetative buds but had no effect on ZjAP1expression, which reached peak expression before dormancy release and at anthesis. In conclusion, chilling is not obligatory for dormancy release of Z. jujuba cv. Ben-Li vegetative buds. However, the exposure to chilling during dormancy does accelerate vegetative bud dormancy release and flowering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Meir
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Vanessa Ransbotyn
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Eran Raveh
- Citriculture, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Center, Israel
| | - Simon Barak
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Noemi Tel-Zur
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guo S, Duan JA, Zhang Y, Qian D, Tang Y, Zhu Z, Wang H. Contents Changes of Triterpenic Acids, Nucleosides, Nucleobases, and Saccharides in Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba) Fruit During the Drying and Steaming Process. Molecules 2015; 20:22329-40. [PMID: 26703531 PMCID: PMC6332246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), a medicinal and edible plant, is widely consumed in Asian countries owing to the remarkable health activities of its fruits. To facilitate selection of the suitable processing method for jujube fruits, in this study their contents of triterpenic acids, nucleosides, nucleobases and saccharides after drying and steaming treatment were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector methods. The results showed that except for sucrose, the content levels of most analytes were increasing in the jujube fruits during drying treatment at 45 °C. The levels of cyclic nucleotides such as adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, were significantly decreased after the fruits were steamed. Therefore, owing to the bioactivities of these components for human health, the dried fruits would be the better choice as medicinal material or functional food, and dried jujube fruit should not be further steamed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hanqing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kang KB, Ming G, Kim GJ, Ha TKQ, Choi H, Oh WK, Sung SH. Jubanines F-J, cyclopeptide alkaloids from the roots of Ziziphus jujuba. Phytochemistry 2015; 119:90-5. [PMID: 26361730 PMCID: PMC7111685 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Five Ib-type cyclopeptide alkaloids, jubanines F-J (1-5), and three known compounds, nummularine B (6), daechuine-S3 (7), and mucronine K (8) were isolated from the roots of Ziziphus jujuba. Their structures were fully characterized by spectroscopic analyses in combination with chemical derivatization. Compounds 1-3, and 6 were evaluated for their antiviral activity against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Compounds 2, 3, and 6 showed potent inhibitory effects on PEDV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Gao Ming
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi-Kim-Quy Ha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen J, Chan PH, Lam CTW, Li Z, Lam KYC, Yao P, Dong TTX, Lin H, Lam H, Tsim KWK. Fruit of Ziziphus jujuba (Jujube) at two stages of maturity: distinction by metabolic profiling and biological assessment. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:739-744. [PMID: 25544316 DOI: 10.1021/jf5041564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba, named as jujube or Chinese date, is used as a health supplement worldwide. Two kinds of jujubes are commonly found in the market: immature jujubes eaten as fruits, and mature jujubes employed as medicinal herbs. To study the variation of jujubes at two developmental stages, we investigated their chemical and biological properties by metabolic profiling and cellular assays. In NMR profiling, the levels of 11 metabolites were measured. Statistically differences in the levels of threonine, alanine, acetate, creatine, glucose, sucrose, and formate were found between mature and immature jujubes. In parallel, their neuro-protecting and erythropoietic activities were compared. The water extract of mature jujube possessed better effect in inducing neurofilament expression than that of the immature one, while immature jujube extract performed better in activating HRE-mediated transcriptional activity. These findings suggest the maturity of jujube has to be considered when it is being used for health food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hajhashemi V, Safaei A. Hypnotic effect of Coriandrum sativum, Ziziphus jujuba, Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis extracts in mice. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10:477-84. [PMID: 26779267 PMCID: PMC4698858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate hypnotic effect of Coriandrum sativum, Ziziphus jujuba, Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis hydroalcoholic extracts in mice to select the most effective ones for a combination formula. Three doses of the extracts (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of C. sativum and Z. jujuba and 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of L. angustifolia and M. officinalis) were orally administered to male Swiss mice (20-25 g) and one hour later pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected to induce sleep. Onset of sleep and its duration were measured and compared. Control animals and reference group received vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (3 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. C. sativum and Z. jujuba failed to change sleep parameters. L. angustifolia at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg shortened sleep onset by 7.6%, 50% and 51.5% and prolonged sleep duration by 9.9%, 43.1% and 80.2%, respectively. Compared with control group the same doses of M. officinalis also decreased sleep onset by 24.7%, 27.5% and 51.2% and prolonged sleep duration by 37.9%, 68.7% and 131.7% respectively. Combinations of L. angustifolia and M. officinalis extracts showed additive effect and it is suggested that a preparation containing both extracts may be useful for insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valiollah Hajhashemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Corresponding author: V. Hajhashemi Tel: 0098 31 37927080, Fax: 0098 31 36680011
| | - Azadeh Safaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen J, Yan AL, Lam KYC, Lam CTW, Li N, Yao P, Xiong A, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. A chemically standardized extract of Ziziphus jujuba fruit (Jujube) stimulates expressions of neurotrophic factors and anti-oxidant enzymes in cultured astrocytes. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1727-30. [PMID: 25066116 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as jujube or Chinese date, is commonly consumed as a health supplement worldwide. To study the role of jujube in brain benefits, the expression of neurotrophic factors and anti-oxidant enzymes in the jujube-treated cultured astrocytes was determined. Application of a chemical standardized water extract of jujube in cultured astrocytes for 24 h stimulated the expressions of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a concentration-dependent manner. The pre-treatment with H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, attenuated the jujube-induced expression of neurotrophic factors. In parallel, the treatment of jujube water extract induced the transcriptional expressions of the enzymes responsible for anti-oxidation, i.e. NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit and glutathione S-transferase, in a concentration-dependent manner. These results proposed the benefits of jujube in regulating expressions of neurotrophic factors and anti-oxidant enzymes in cultured astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guo S, Duan JA, Qian D, Tang Y, Wu D, Su S, Wang H, Zhao Y. Content variations of triterpenic acid, nucleoside, nucleobase, and sugar in jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba) fruit during ripening. Food Chem 2015; 167:468-74. [PMID: 25149013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) fruit is widely consumed as food and traditional Chinese medicine in Asian countries due to its potential effects for human health. To facilitate selection of the maturity stage providing optimum health benefits, jujube fruits were analysed at six stages of growth (S1-6) for triterpenic acids, nucleosides, nucleobases, and sugars by UHPLC-MS/MS or HPLC-ELSD methods. The content levels of most triterpenic acids and sugars increased with ripening, and reached the highest at S5 and S6, respectively. The accumulation of the cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) was mainly in the later stage of ripening (S5-6). Therefore, if taking triterpenic acids as the major quality indicator, S5 should be the ideal time to harvest jujube fruit, and the full ripen stage (S6) maybe the best choice when taking sugars and cyclic nucleotides as the most important components.
Collapse
|