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Machold R, Dellal S, Valero M, Zurita H, Kruglikov I, Meng JH, Hanson JL, Hashikawa Y, Schuman B, Buzsáki G, Rudy B. Id2 GABAergic interneurons comprise a neglected fourth major group of cortical inhibitory cells. eLife 2023; 12:e85893. [PMID: 37665123 PMCID: PMC10581691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons (INs) represent a diverse population of mainly locally projecting cells that provide specialized forms of inhibition to pyramidal neurons and other INs. Most recent work on INs has focused on subtypes distinguished by expression of Parvalbumin (PV), Somatostatin (SST), or Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP). However, a fourth group that includes neurogliaform cells (NGFCs) has been less well characterized due to a lack of genetic tools. Here, we show that these INs can be accessed experimentally using intersectional genetics with the gene Id2. We find that outside of layer 1 (L1), the majority of Id2 INs are NGFCs that express high levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and exhibit a late-spiking firing pattern, with extensive local connectivity. While much sparser, non-NGFC Id2 INs had more variable properties, with most cells corresponding to a diverse group of INs that strongly expresses the neuropeptide CCK. In vivo, using silicon probe recordings, we observed several distinguishing aspects of NGFC activity, including a strong rebound in activity immediately following the cortical down state during NREM sleep. Our study provides insights into IN diversity and NGFC distribution and properties, and outlines an intersectional genetics approach for further study of this underappreciated group of INs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Machold
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shlomo Dellal
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Manuel Valero
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hector Zurita
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ilya Kruglikov
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Hongyu Meng
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Neural Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jessica L Hanson
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yoshiko Hashikawa
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Benjamin Schuman
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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Dinse HR, Höffken O, Tegenthoff M. Cortical excitability in human somatosensory and visual cortex: implications for plasticity and learning - a minireview. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1235487. [PMID: 37662638 PMCID: PMC10469727 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1235487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of excitation and inhibition plays a key role in plasticity and learning. A frequently used, reliable approach to assess intracortical inhibition relies on measuring paired-pulse behavior. Moreover, recent developments of magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows measuring GABA and glutamate concentrations. We give an overview about approaches employed to obtain information about excitatory states in human participants and discuss their putative relation. We summarize paired-pulse techniques and basic findings characterizing paired-pulse suppression in somatosensory (SI) and (VI) visual areas. Paired-pulse suppression describes the effect of paired sensory stimulation at short interstimulus intervals where the cortical response to the second stimulus is significantly suppressed. Simultaneous assessments of paired-pulse suppression in SI and VI indicated that cortical excitability is not a global phenomenon, but instead reflects the properties of local sensory processing. We review studies using non-invasive brain stimulation and perceptual learning experiments that assessed both perceptual changes and accompanying changes of cortical excitability in parallel. Independent of the nature of the excitation/inhibition marker used these data imply a close relationship between altered excitability and altered performance. These results suggest a framework where increased or decreased excitability is linked with improved or impaired perceptual performance. Recent findings have expanded the potential role of cortical excitability by demonstrating that inhibition markers such as GABA concentrations, paired-pulse suppression or alpha power predict to a substantial degree subsequent perceptual learning outcome. This opens the door for a targeted intervention where subsequent plasticity and learning processes are enhanced by altering prior baseline states of excitability.
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Pisano G, Ercoli T, Latorre A, Rocchi L. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Functional Paralysis: Insight from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Sci 2023; 13. [PMID: 36831895 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional paralysis (FP) or limb weakness is a common presentation of functional movement disorders (FMD), accounting for 18.1% of the clinical manifestations of FMD. The pathophysiology of FP is not known, but imaging studies have identified changes in structural and functional connectivity in multiple brain networks. It has been proposed that noninvasive brain stimulation techniques may be used to understand the pathophysiology of FP and may represent a possible therapeutic option. In this paper, we reviewed transcranial magnetic stimulation studies on functional paralysis, focusing on their pathophysiological and therapeutical implications. Overall, there is general agreement on the integrity of corticospinal pathways in FP, while conflicting results have been found about the net excitability of the primary motor cortex and its excitatory/inhibitory circuitry in resting conditions. The possible involvement of spinal cord circuits remains an under-investigated area. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation appears to have a potential role as a safe and viable option for the treatment of functional paralysis, but more studies are needed to investigate optimal stimulation parameters and clarify its role in the context of other therapeutical options.
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Ahern KB, Garzon JF, Yuruk D, Saliba M, Ozger C, Vande Voort JL, Croarkin PE. Long-Interval Intra cortical Inhibition and the Cortical Silent Period in Youth. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020409. [PMID: 36830945 PMCID: PMC9953741 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cortical silent period (CSP) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) are putative markers of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type B (GABAB)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission. We aimed to assess the association between LICI and CSP in youths. METHODS We analyzed data from three previous studies of youth who underwent CSP and LICI measurements with transcranial magnetic stimulation and electromyography. We assessed CSP and LICI association using Spearman rank correlation tests and multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for demographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS The sample included 16 healthy participants and 45 participants with depression. The general mean (SD) age was 15.5 (1.7), 14.3 (1.7) for healthy participants, and 15.9 (1.6) years for participants with depression. Measures were nonnormally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk, p < 0.001). CSP and LICI were not correlated at 100-millisecond (ρ = -0.2421, p = 0.06), 150-millisecond (ρ = -0.1612, p = 0.21), or 200-millisecond (ρ = -0.0507, p = 0.70) interstimulus intervals using Spearman rank correlation test. No correlations were found in the multiple regression analysis (p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS Although previous studies suggest that cortical silent period and long-interval intracortical inhibition measure GABAB receptor-mediated activity, these biomarkers were not associated in our sample of youths. Future studies should focus on the specific physiologic and pharmacodynamic properties assessed by CSP and LICI in younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B. Ahern
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Juan F. Garzon
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Deniz Yuruk
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maria Saliba
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Can Ozger
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Vande Voort
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-293-2557
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Benedetti B, Weidenhammer A, Reisinger M, Couillard-Despres S. Spinal Cord Injury and Loss of Cortical Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5622. [PMID: 35628434 PMCID: PMC9144195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), the destruction of spinal parenchyma causes permanent deficits in motor functions, which correlates with the severity and location of the lesion. Despite being disconnected from their targets, most cortical motor neurons survive the acute phase of SCI, and these neurons can therefore be a resource for functional recovery, provided that they are properly reconnected and retuned to a physiological state. However, inappropriate re-integration of cortical neurons or aberrant activity of corticospinal networks may worsen the long-term outcomes of SCI. In this review, we revisit recent studies addressing the relation between cortical disinhibition and functional recovery after SCI. Evidence suggests that cortical disinhibition can be either beneficial or detrimental in a context-dependent manner. A careful examination of clinical data helps to resolve apparent paradoxes and explain the heterogeneity of treatment outcomes. Additionally, evidence gained from SCI animal models indicates probable mechanisms mediating cortical disinhibition. Understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of cortical disinhibition is a prerequisite to improve current interventions through targeted pharmacological and/or rehabilitative interventions following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Benedetti
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Weidenhammer
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Reisinger
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Pacheco-Barrios K, Lima D, Pimenta D, Slawka E, Navarro-Flores A, Parente J, Rebello-Sanchez I, Cardenas-Rojas A, Gonzalez-Mego P, Castelo-Branco L, Fregni F. Motor cortex inhibition as a fibromyalgia biomarker: a meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation studies. Brain Netw Modul 2022; 1:88-101. [PMID: 35845034 PMCID: PMC9282159 DOI: 10.4103/2773-2398.348254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common and refractory chronic pain condition with multiple clinical phenotypes. The current diagnosis is based on a syndrome identification which can be subjective and lead to under or over-diagnosis. Therefore, there is a need for objective biomarkers for diagnosis, phenotyping, and prognosis (treatment response and follow-up) in fibromyalgia. Potential biomarkers are measures of cortical excitability indexed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, no systematic analysis of current evidence has been performed to assess the role of TMS metrics as a fibromyalgia biomarker. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate evidence on corticospinal and intracortical motor excitability in fibromyalgia subjects and to assess the prognostic role of TMS metrics as response biomarkers in FM. We conducted systematic searches on PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases for observational studies and randomized controlled trials on fibromyalgia subjects that used TMS as an assessment. Three reviewers independently selected and extracted the data. Then, a random-effects model meta-analysis was performed to compare fibromyalgia and healthy controls in observational studies. Also, to compare active versus sham treatments, in randomized controlled trials. Correlations between changes in TMS metrics and clinical improvement were explored. The quality and evidence certainty were assessed following standardized approaches. We included 15 studies (696 participants, 474 FM subjects). The main findings were: (1) fibromyalgia subjects present less intracortical inhibition (mean difference (MD) = -0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.69 to -0.11) and higher resting motor thresholds (MD = 6.90 μV, 95% CI 4.16 to 9.63 μV) when compared to controls; (2) interventions such as exercise, pregabalin, and non-invasive brain stimulation increased intracortical inhibition (MD = 0.19, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.29) and cortical silent period (MD = 14.92 ms, 95% CI 4.86 to 24.98 ms), when compared to placebo or sham stimulation; (3) changes on intracortical excitability are correlated with clinical improvements - higher inhibition moderately correlates with less pain, depression, and pain catastrophizing; lower facilitation moderately correlates with less fatigue. Measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation indexed by TMS are potential diagnostic and treatment response biomarkers for fibromyalgia subjects. The disruption in the intracortical inhibitory system in fibromyalgia also provides additional evidence that fibromyalgia has some neurophysiological characteristics of neuropathic pain. Treatments inducing an engagement of sensorimotor systems (e.g., exercise, motor imagery, and non-invasive brain stimulation) could restore the cortical inhibitory tonus in FM and induce clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pacheco-Barrios
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de
Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y
Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Lima
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Pimenta
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Slawka
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alba Navarro-Flores
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, International Max
Planck Research School for Neurosciences, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joao Parente
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingrid Rebello-Sanchez
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandra Cardenas-Rojas
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Gonzalez-Mego
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luis Castelo-Branco
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research
Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Miyazawa A, Kanahara N, Shiko Y, Ozawa Y, Kawasaki Y, Komatsu H, Masumo Y, Nakata Y, Iyo M. The cortical silent period in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on disease stage and antipsychotic medication. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:479-488. [PMID: 35475374 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221078751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous studies reported some changes of cortical silent period (CSP), an indicator of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function in central nervous system, in schizophrenia patients, it has been unknown how the disease stage and antipsychotic medication affect CSP values. METHODS The present study conducted a systematic review of previous literature comparing CSP between schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects, and then performed meta-analysis on the effects of (1) the disease stage and (2) antipsychotics on CSP. RESULTS (1) In the comparison of the disease stage comprising a total of 17 reports, there was no significant difference in CSP between patients under drug-naïve first-episode psychoses and healthy controls, or between patients with antipsychotic medication and healthy controls. (2) In the comparison of the antipsychotic class, patients treated with clozapine were longer in CSP compared to healthy controls. Patients treated with olanzapine/quetiapine or with other type of antipsychotics were not different from healthy controls. Regarding other type of antipsychotics, the iteration analysis after leaving out one literature showed that patients were shorter in CSP than healthy controls. CONCLUSION The results showed that clozapine seems to surely prolong CSP, indicating the enhancement of GABA transmission via GABAB receptors, suggesting the possible relationship between the CSP prolongation by clozapine and its high efficacy in psychopathology. The finding of shorter CSP in patients with other type of antipsychotics was distinct from clozapine/olanzapine/quetiapine, but was difficult to interpret since this group included a variety of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methodologies and patients' background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Miyazawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiko
- Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ozawa
- Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komatsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Masumo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Domínguez-Sala E, Valdés-Sánchez L, Canals S, Reiner O, Pombero A, García-López R, Estirado A, Pastor D, Geijo-Barrientos E, Martínez S. Abnormalities in Cortical GABAergic Interneurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Caused by Lis1 (Pafah1b1) Mutation Produce a Non-drastic Functional Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:769853. [PMID: 35309904 PMCID: PMC8924048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.769853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIS1 (PAFAH1B1) plays a major role in the developing cerebral cortex, and haploinsufficient mutations cause human lissencephaly type 1. We have studied morphological and functional properties of the cerebral cortex of mutant mice harboring a deletion in the first exon of the mouse Lis1 (Pafah1b1) gene, which encodes for the LisH domain. The Lis1/sLis1 animals had an overall unaltered cortical structure but showed an abnormal distribution of cortical GABAergic interneurons (those expressing calbindin, calretinin, or parvalbumin), which mainly accumulated in the deep neocortical layers. Interestingly, the study of the oscillatory activity revealed an apparent inability of the cortical circuits to produce correct activity patterns. Moreover, the fast spiking (FS) inhibitory GABAergic interneurons exhibited several abnormalities regarding the size of the action potentials, the threshold for spike firing, the time course of the action potential after-hyperpolarization (AHP), the firing frequency, and the frequency and peak amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC’s). These morphological and functional alterations in the cortical inhibitory system characterize the Lis1/sLis1 mouse as a model of mild lissencephaly, showing a phenotype less drastic than the typical phenotype attributed to classical lissencephaly. Therefore, the results described in the present manuscript corroborate the idea that mutations in some regions of the Lis1 gene can produce phenotypes more similar to those typically described in schizophrenic and autistic patients and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domínguez-Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - L Valdés-Sánchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - S Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - O Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - R García-López
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - A Estirado
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - D Pastor
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - E Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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Lakunina AA, Menashe N, Jaramillo S. Contributions of Distinct Auditory Cortical Inhibitory Neuron Types to the Detection of Sounds in Background Noise. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0264-21.2021. [PMID: 35168950 PMCID: PMC8906447 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0264-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to separate background noise from relevant acoustic signals is essential for appropriate sound-driven behavior in natural environments. Examples of this separation are apparent in the auditory system, where neural responses to behaviorally relevant stimuli become increasingly noise invariant along the ascending auditory pathway. However, the mechanisms that underlie this reduction in responses to background noise are not well understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we first evaluated the effects of auditory cortical inactivation on mice of both sexes trained to perform a simple auditory signal-in-noise detection task and found that outputs from the auditory cortex are important for the detection of auditory stimuli in noisy environments. Next, we evaluated the contributions of the two most common cortical inhibitory cell types, parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) and somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) interneurons, to the perception of masked auditory stimuli. We found that inactivation of either PV+ or SOM+ cells resulted in a reduction in the ability of mice to determine the presence of auditory stimuli masked by noise. These results indicate that a disruption of auditory cortical network dynamics by either of these two types of inhibitory cells is sufficient to impair the ability to separate acoustic signals from noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Lakunina
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Nadav Menashe
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Santiago Jaramillo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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10
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Castricum J, Birkenhager TK, Kushner SA, Elgersma Y, Tulen JHM. Cortical Inhibition and Plasticity in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:777422. [PMID: 35153873 PMCID: PMC8825489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.777422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe psychiatric disorder that is associated with various cognitive impairments, including learning and memory deficits. As synaptic plasticity is considered an important mechanism underlying learning and memory, deficits in cortical plasticity might play a role in the pathophysiology of patients with MDD. We used Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to assess inhibitory neurotransmission and cortical plasticity in the motor cortex of MDD patients and controls. METHODS We measured the cortical silent period (CSP) and short interval cortical inhibition (SICI), as well as intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), in 9 drug-free MDD inpatients and 18 controls. RESULTS The overall response to the CSP, SICI, and iTBS paradigms was not significantly different between the patient and control groups. iTBS induction resulted in significant potentiation after 20 mins in the control group (t (17) = -2.8, p = 0.01), whereas no potentiation was observed in patients. CONCLUSIONS Potentiation of MEP amplitudes was not observed within the MDD group. No evidence was found for medium-to-large effect size differences in CSP and SICI measures in severely depressed drug-free patients, suggesting that reduced cortical inhibition is unlikely to be a robust correlate of the pathophysiological mechanism in MDD. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the high inter-subject variability and the small sample size. SIGNIFICANCE These findings advance our understanding of neurophysiological functioning in drug-free severely depressed inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesminne Castricum
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom K Birkenhager
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke H M Tulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Filipović SR, Kačar A, Milanović S, Ljubisavljević MR. Neurophysiological Predictors of Response to Medication in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:763911. [PMID: 34867748 PMCID: PMC8635106 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.763911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although dopaminergic medication has been the foundation of Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy for decades, sensitive and specific therapeutic response biomarkers that allow for better treatment optimization are lacking. Objective: We tested whether the features of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-based neurophysiological measures taken off-medication are associated with dopaminergic medication-induced clinical effects. Method: Motor cortex excitability [short-latency intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), and input-output (IO) curve], and plasticity [paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol] neurophysiological measures were examined in 23 PD patients off-medication. Clinical features were quantified by the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Scale (total score and lateralized total, bradykinesia, and rigidity sub-scores), and the differences between measures off-medication and on-medication (following the usual morning dose), were determined. Total daily dopaminergic medication dose (expressed as levodopa equivalent daily dose-LEDD), was also determined. Results: SICI significantly correlated with changes in lateralized UPDRS motor and bradykinesia sub-scores, suggesting that patients with stronger basal intracortical inhibition benefit more from dopaminergic treatment than patients with weaker intracortical inhibition. Also, ICF significantly negatively correlated with LEDD, suggesting that patients with stronger intracortical facilitation require less dopaminergic medication to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit. Both associations were independent of disease severity and duration. Conclusions: The results suggest variability of (patho) physiological phenotypes related to intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms determining clinical response to dopaminergic medication in PD. Measures of intracortical excitability may help predict patients' response to dopaminergic therapy, thus potentially providing a background for developing personalized therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša R. Filipović
- Department for Human Neuroscience, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Kačar
- Department for Human Neuroscience, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjan Milanović
- Department for Human Neuroscience, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš R. Ljubisavljević
- Department for Human Neuroscience, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Neva JL, Brown KE, Peters S, Feldman SJ, Mahendran N, Boisgontier MP, Boyd LA. Acute Exercise Modulates the Excitability of Specific Interneurons in Human Motor Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 475:103-116. [PMID: 34487820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise can modulate the excitability of the non-exercised upper-limb representation in the primary motor cortex (M1). Accumulating evidence demonstrates acute exercise affects measures of M1 intracortical excitability, with some studies also showing altered corticospinal excitability. However, the influence of distinct M1 interneuron populations on the modulation of intracortical and corticospinal excitability following acute exercise is currently unknown. We assessed the impact of an acute bout of leg cycling exercise on unique M1 interneuron excitability of a non-exercised intrinsic hand muscle using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in young adults. Specifically, posterior-to-anterior (PA) and anterior-to-posterior (AP) TMS current directions were used to measure the excitability of distinct populations of interneurons before and after an acute bout of exercise or rest. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were measured in the PA and AP current directions in M1 at two time points separated by 25 min of rest, as well as immediately and 30 min after a 25-minute bout of moderate-intensity cycling exercise. Thirty minutes after exercise, MEP amplitudes were significantly larger than other timepoints when measured with AP current, whereas MEP amplitudes derived from PA current did not show this effect. Similarly, SICI was significantly decreased immediately following acute exercise measured with AP but not PA current. Our findings suggest that the excitability of unique M1 interneurons are differentially modulated by acute exercise. These results indicate that M1 interneurons preferentially activated by AP current may play an important role in the exercise-induced modulation of intracortical and corticospinal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Neva
- Université de Montréal, École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de médecine, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Katlyn E Brown
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health Sciences, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sue Peters
- Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha J Feldman
- Graduate Program in Clinical Developmental Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niruthikha Mahendran
- University of Queensland, Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- University of British Columbia, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Bai Z, Zhang J, Fong KNK. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation to the Primary Motor Cortex Reduces Cortical Inhibition: A TMS-EEG Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1114. [PMID: 34573136 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) in modulating cortical networks using transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) recording. Methods: Eighteen young adults participated in our study and received iTBS to the primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area, and the primary visual cortex in three separate sessions. A finger tapping task and ipsilateral single-pulse TMS-EEG recording for the M1 were administrated before and after iTBS in each session. The effects of iTBS in motor performance and TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) were investigated. Results: The results showed that iTBS to the M1, but not supplementary motor area or the primary visual cortex, significantly reduced the N100 amplitude of M1 TEPs in bilateral hemispheres (p = 0.019), with a more prominent effect in the contralateral hemisphere than in the stimulated hemisphere. Moreover, only iTBS to the M1 decreased global mean field power (corrected ps < 0.05), interhemispheric signal propagation (t = 2.53, p = 0.030), and TMS-induced early α-band synchronization (p = 0.020). Conclusion: Our study confirmed the local and remote after-effects of iTBS in reducing cortical inhibition in the M1. TMS-induced oscillations after iTBS for changed cortical excitability in patients with various neurological and psychiatric conditions are worth further exploration.
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14
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Zeugin D, Ionta S. Anatomo-Functional Origins of the Cortical Silent Period: Spotlight on the Basal Ganglia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:705. [PMID: 34071742 PMCID: PMC8227635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The so-called cortical silent period (CSP) refers to the temporary interruption of electromyographic signal from a muscle following a motor-evoked potential (MEP) triggered by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1). The neurophysiological origins of the CSP are debated. Previous evidence suggests that both spinal and cortical mechanisms may account for the duration of the CSP. However, contextual factors such as cortical fatigue, experimental procedures, attentional load, as well as neuropathology can also influence the CSP duration. The present paper summarizes the most relevant evidence on the mechanisms underlying the duration of the CSP, with a particular focus on the central role of the basal ganglia in the "direct" (excitatory), "indirect" (inhibitory), and "hyperdirect" cortico-subcortical pathways to manage cortical motor inhibition. We propose new methods of interpretation of the CSP related, at least partially, to the inhibitory hyperdirect and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia. This view may help to explain the respective shortening and lengthening of the CSP in various neurological disorders. Shedding light on the complexity of the CSP's origins, the present review aims at constituting a reference for future work in fundamental research, technological development, and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvio Ionta
- Sensory-Motor Laboratory (SeMoLa), Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital/Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Li X, Honda S, Nakajima S, Wada M, Yoshida K, Daskalakis ZJ, Mimura M, Noda Y. TMS-EEG Research to Elucidate the Pathophysiological Neural Bases in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. J Pers Med 2021; 11:388. [PMID: 34068580 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental disorder, and its pathogenesis is complex. Recently, the glutamate hypothesis and the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis have been proposed as new pathological hypotheses for SCZ. Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive novel method that enables us to investigate the cortical activity in humans, and this modality is a suitable approach to evaluate these hypotheses. In this study, we systematically reviewed TMS-EEG studies that investigated the cortical dysfunction of SCZ to examine the emerging hypotheses for SCZ. The following search terms were set in this systematic review: (TMS or ‘transcranial magnetic stimulation’) and (EEG or electroencephalog*) and (schizophrenia). We inspected the articles written in English that examined humans and were published by March 2020 via MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and PubMed. The initial search generated 379 studies, and 14 articles were finally identified. The current review noted that patients with SCZ demonstrated the E/I deficits in the prefrontal cortex, whose dysfunctions were also associated with cognitive impairment and clinical severity. Moreover, TMS-induced gamma activity in the prefrontal cortex was related to positive symptoms, while theta/delta band activities were associated with negative symptoms in SCZ. Thus, this systematic review discusses aspects of the pathophysiological neural basis of SCZ that are not explained by the traditional dopamine hypothesis exclusively, based on the findings of previous TMS-EEG research, mainly in terms of the E/I imbalance hypothesis. In conclusion, TMS-EEG neurophysiology can be applied to establish objective biomarkers for better diagnosis as well as to develop new therapeutic strategies for patients with SCZ.
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16
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Jagtap AR, Brascamp JW. Does Cortical Inhibition Explain the Correlation Between Bistable Perception Paradigms? Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211020018. [PMID: 34104385 PMCID: PMC8161874 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When observers view a perceptually bistable stimulus, their perception changes stochastically. Various studies have shown across-observer correlations in the percept durations for different bistable stimuli including binocular rivalry stimuli and bistable moving plaids. Previous work on binocular rivalry posits that neural inhibition in the visual hierarchy is a factor involved in the perceptual fluctuations in that paradigm. Here, in order to investigate whether between-observer variability in cortical inhibition underlies correlated percept durations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we used center-surround suppression as a behavioral measure of cortical inhibition. We recruited 217 participants in a test battery that included bistable perception paradigms as well as a center-surround suppression paradigm. While we were able to successfully replicate the correlations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we did not find a correlation between center-surround suppression strength and percept durations for any form of bistable perception. Moreover, the results from a mediation analysis indicate that center-surround suppression is not the mediating factor in the correlation between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaids. These results do not support the idea that cortical inhibition can explain the between-observer correlation in mean percept duration between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha R. Jagtap
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jan W. Brascamp
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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17
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Guyon N, Zacharias LR, van Lunteren JA, Immenschuh J, Fuzik J, Märtin A, Xuan Y, Zilberter M, Kim H, Meletis K, Lopes-Aguiar C, Carlén M. Adult trkB Signaling in Parvalbumin Interneurons is Essential to Prefrontal Network Dynamics. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3120-3141. [PMID: 33593856 PMCID: PMC8026352 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1848-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) are central to cortical network dynamics, generation of γ oscillations, and cognition. Dysfunction of PV interneurons disrupts cortical information processing and cognitive behavior. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine receptor kinase B (trkB) signaling regulates the maturation of cortical PV interneurons but is also implicated in their adult multidimensional functions. Using a novel viral strategy for cell-type-specific and spatially restricted expression of a dominant-negative trkB (trkB.DN), we show that BDNF/trkB signaling is essential to the integrity and maintenance of prefrontal PV interneurons in adult male and female mice. Reduced BDNF/trkB signaling in PV interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) resulted in deficient PV inhibition and increased baseline local field potential (LFP) activity in a broad frequency band. The altered network activity was particularly pronounced during increased activation of the prefrontal network and was associated with changed dynamics of local excitatory neurons, as well as decreased modulation of the LFP, abnormalities that appeared to generalize across stimuli and brain states. In addition, our findings link reduced BDNF/trkB signaling in prefrontal PV interneurons to increased aggression. Together our investigations demonstrate that BDNF/trkB signaling in PV interneurons in the adult mPFC is essential to local network dynamics and cognitive behavior. Our data provide direct support for the suggested association between decreased trkB signaling, deficient PV inhibition, and altered prefrontal circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine receptor kinase B (trkB) signaling promotes the maturation of inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) interneurons, neurons central to local cortical dynamics, γ rhythms, and cognition. Here, we used a novel viral approach for reduced BDNF/trkB signaling in PV interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to establish the role of BDNF/trkB signaling in adult prefrontal network activities. Reduced BDNF/trkB signaling caused pronounced morphologic alterations, reduced PV inhibition, and deficient prefrontal network dynamics. The altered network activity appeared to manifest across stimuli and brain states and was associated with aberrant local field potential (LFP) activities and increased aggression. The results demonstrate that adult BDNF/trkB signaling is essential to PV inhibition and prefrontal circuit function and directly links BDNF/trkB signaling to network integrity in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guyon
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Rakauskas Zacharias
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Jana Immenschuh
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Janos Fuzik
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Antje Märtin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Yang Xuan
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Hoseok Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Cleiton Lopes-Aguiar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marie Carlén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
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18
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Miyazawa A, Kanahara N, Nakata Y, Kodama S, Kimura H, Kimura A, Oda Y, Watanabe H, Iyo M. Clozapine Prolongs Cortical Silent Period in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 2021; 51:20-30. [PMID: 34092820 PMCID: PMC8146563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although clozapine exhibited high efficacy for treating the symptoms of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), its precise action mechanisms have not been fully understood. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested the presence of abnormalities in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems in patients with schizophrenia, and the potential effects of clozapine on GABA receptors have gained a great deal of attention. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS In the present study, the cortical silent period (CSP), an electrophysiological parameter of GABA function via GABAB receptors, was measured using with the transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects. Then the CSP of patients treated with clozapine (N = 12) was compared with that of patients treated with other antipsychotics (N = 25) and with that of healthy controls (N = 27). PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS The CSP of the patients treated with clozapine was significantly longer compared to those of the other two groups. The CSP of patients treated with other antipsychotics was similar to that of healthy subjects. There was a positive correlation between CSP and global assessment of function (GAF) in patients with TRS. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that CSP was prolonged in patients receiving clozapine, and suggested that clozapine enhances the transmission signal via GABAB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Miyazawa
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakata
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kodama
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Miyazawa, MD, Nakata, MD, PhD, Atsushi Kimura, MD, PhD, Oda, MD, PhD, Iyo, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. Kanahara, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Kodama, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Kimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan. Watanabe, MD, PhD, Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Rawji V, Kaczmarczyk I, Rocchi L, Fong PY, Rothwell JC, Sharma N. Preconditioning Stimulus Intensity Alters Paired-Pulse TMS Evoked Potentials. Brain Sci 2021; 11:326. [PMID: 33806701 PMCID: PMC7998341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor cortex (M1) paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS) probes excitatory and inhibitory intracortical dynamics by measurement of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). However, MEPs reflect cortical and spinal excitabilities and therefore cannot isolate cortical function. Concurrent TMS-EEG has the ability to measure cortical function, while limiting peripheral confounds; TMS stimulates M1, whilst EEG acts as the readout: the TMS-evoked potential (TEP). Whilst varying preconditioning stimulus intensity influences intracortical inhibition measured by MEPs, the effects on TEPs is undefined. TMS was delivered to the left M1 using single-pulse and three, ppTMS paradigms, each using a different preconditioning stimulus: 70%, 80% or 90% of resting motor threshold. Corticospinal inhibition was present in all three ppTMS conditions. ppTMS TEP peaks were reduced predominantly under the ppTMS 70 protocol but less so for ppTMS 80 and not at all for ppTMS 90. There was a significant negative correlation between MEPs and N45 TEP peak for ppTMS 70 reaching statistical trends for ppTMS 80 and 90. Whilst ppTMS MEPs show inhibition across a range of preconditioning stimulus intensities, ppTMS TEPs do not. TEPs after M1 ppTMS vary as a function of preconditioning stimulus intensity: smaller preconditioning stimulus intensities result in better discriminability between conditioned and unconditioned TEPs. We recommend that preconditioning stimulus intensity should be minimized when using ppTMS to probe intracortical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Rawji
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (V.R.); (I.K.); (L.R.); (P.-Y.F.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Isabella Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (V.R.); (I.K.); (L.R.); (P.-Y.F.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (V.R.); (I.K.); (L.R.); (P.-Y.F.); (J.C.R.)
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Po-Yu Fong
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (V.R.); (I.K.); (L.R.); (P.-Y.F.); (J.C.R.)
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - John C. Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (V.R.); (I.K.); (L.R.); (P.-Y.F.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (V.R.); (I.K.); (L.R.); (P.-Y.F.); (J.C.R.)
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20
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Bhargav PH, Reddy PV, Govindaraj R, Gulati K, Ravindran A, Gayathri D, Karmani SJ, Udupa K, Venkatasubramanian G, Philip M, Debnath M, Bharath RD, Sathyaprabha TN, Gangadhar BN, Muralidharan Pi K. Impact of a Course of Add-on Supervised Yoga on Cortical Inhibition in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Can J Psychiatry 2021; 66:179-181. [PMID: 32844672 PMCID: PMC7918866 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720953247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Praerna H Bhargav
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Preethi V Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ramajayam Govindaraj
- Department of Neurophysiology, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kankan Gulati
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Arya Ravindran
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - D Gayathri
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sneha J Karmani
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Department of Neurophysiology, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Mariamma Philip
- Department of Biostatistics, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - T N Sathyaprabha
- Department of Neurophysiology, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kesavan Muralidharan Pi
- Department of Psychiatry, 29148National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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21
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Kinjo M, Wada M, Nakajima S, Tsugawa S, Nakahara T, Blumberger DM, Mimura M, Noda Y. Transcranial magnetic stimulation neurophysiology of patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1-10. [PMID: 33267920 PMCID: PMC7856413 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720004729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental illness with high socio-economic burden, but its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. Recently, the cortical excitatory and inhibitory imbalance hypothesis and neuroplasticity hypothesis have been proposed for MDD. Although several studies have examined the neurophysiological profiles in MDD using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a meta-analysis of TMS neurophysiology has not been performed. The objective of this study was to compare TMS-electromyogram (TMS-EMG) findings between patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs). To this end, we examined whether patients with MDD have lower short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) which reflects gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor-mediated activity, lower cortical silent period (CSP) which represents GABAB receptor-mediated activity, higher intracortical facilitation (ICF) which reflects glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated activity, and the lower result of paired associative stimulation (PAS) paradigm which shows the level of neuroplasticity in comparison with HC. Further, we explored the effect of clinical and demographic factors that may influence TMS neurophysiological indices. We first searched and identified research articles that conducted single- or paired-pulse TMS-EMG on patients with MDD and HC. Subsequently, we extracted the data from the included studies and meta-analyzed the data with the comprehensive meta-analysis software. Patients with MDD were associated with lower SICI, lower CSP, potentially higher ICF, and lower PAS compared with HC. Our results confirmed the proposed hypotheses, suggesting the usefulness of TMS neurophysiology as potential diagnostic markers of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kinjo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakahara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Fatih P, Kucuker MU, Vande Voort JL, Doruk Camsari D, Farzan F, Croarkin PE. A Systematic Review of Long-Interval Intra cortical Inhibition as a Biomarker in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:678088. [PMID: 34149483 PMCID: PMC8206493 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) is a paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm mediated in part by gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor B (GABAB) inhibition. Prior work has examined LICI as a putative biomarker in an array of neuropsychiatric disorders. This review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) sought to examine existing literature focused on LICI as a biomarker in neuropsychiatric disorders. There were 113 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Existing literature suggests that LICI may have utility as a biomarker of GABAB functioning but more research with increased methodologic rigor is needed. The extant LICI literature has heterogenous methodology and inconsistencies in findings. Existing findings to date are also non-specific to disease. Future research should carefully consider existing methodological weaknesses and implement high-quality test-retest reliability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmis Fatih
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - M Utku Kucuker
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jennifer L Vande Voort
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Deniz Doruk Camsari
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Faranak Farzan
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Centre for Engineering-Led Brain Research, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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23
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Charles James J, Funke K. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reverses reduced excitability of rat visual cortex induced by dark rearing during early critical period. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:399-410. [PMID: 33006265 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Early critical period of visual cortex is characterized by enhanced activity-driven neuronal plasticity establishing the specificity of neuronal connections required for optimal processing of sensory signals. Deprivation from visual input by dark rearing (DR) during this period leads to a lasting impairment of visual performance. Previously, we demonstrated that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied with intermittent theta-burst (iTBS) pattern during the critical period improved the visual performance of the DR rats. In this study, we describe that the excitability of the binocular part of the visual cortex (V1b), as measured in acute brain slices by input-output ratios of field excitatory synaptic potentials (fEPSPs), is lowered in DR rats compared to normal controls. Verum rTMS applied with the iTBS pattern during DR reversed this DR effect, while no rTMS effect was evident in the non-DR (nDR) rats. In addition, verum rTMS reduced the number of neurons expressing the 67 kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), the calcium-binding protein calbindin (CB) and the zinc-finger transcription factor zif268/EGR1, as determined via immunohistochemistry, only in DR rats but not in nDR rats. Moreover, rTMS reduced the number of neurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) only in nDR rats which showed more PV+ neurons compared to DR rats. This study confirms that iTBS-rTMS may be able to prevent or reverse the effects of DR on visual cortex physiology, likely through a modulation of the activity of inhibitory interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Funke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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24
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Vittala A, Murphy N, Maheshwari A, Krishnan V. Understanding Cortical Dysfunction in Schizophrenia With TMS/EEG. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:554. [PMID: 32547362 PMCID: PMC7270174 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In schizophrenia and related disorders, a deeper mechanistic understanding of neocortical dysfunction will be essential to developing new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. To this end, combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS/EEG) provides a non-invasive tool to simultaneously perturb and measure neurophysiological correlates of cortical function, including oscillatory activity, cortical inhibition, connectivity, and synchronization. In this review, we summarize the findings from a variety of studies that apply TMS/EEG to understand the fundamental features of cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. These results lend to future applications of TMS/EEG in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadith Vittala
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Atul Maheshwari
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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25
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Lakunina AA, Nardoci MB, Ahmadian Y, Jaramillo S. Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in the Auditory Cortex Mediate Sustained Suppression by Spectral Surround. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3564-3575. [PMID: 32220950 PMCID: PMC7189765 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1735-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems integrate multiple stimulus features to generate coherent percepts. Spectral surround suppression, the phenomenon by which sound-evoked responses of auditory neurons are suppressed by stimuli outside their receptive field, is an example of this integration taking place in the auditory system. While this form of global integration is commonly observed in auditory cortical neurons, and potentially used by the nervous system to separate signals from noise, the mechanisms that underlie this suppression of activity are not well understood. We evaluated the contributions to spectral surround suppression of the two most common inhibitory cell types in the cortex, parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) and somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) interneurons, in mice of both sexes. We found that inactivating SOM+ cells, but not PV+ cells, significantly reduces sustained spectral surround suppression in excitatory cells, indicating a dominant causal role for SOM+ cells in the integration of information across multiple frequencies. The similarity of these results to those from other sensory cortices provides evidence of common mechanisms across the cerebral cortex for generating global percepts from separate features.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To generate coherent percepts, sensory systems integrate simultaneously occurring features of a stimulus, yet the mechanisms by which this integration occurs are not fully understood. Our results show that neurochemically distinct neuronal subtypes in the primary auditory cortex have different contributions to the integration of different frequency components of an acoustic stimulus. Together with findings from other sensory cortices, our results provide evidence of a common mechanism for cortical computations used for global integration of stimulus features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Lakunina
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Matthew B Nardoci
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Yashar Ahmadian
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Santiago Jaramillo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
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26
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Pensold D, Reichard J, Van Loo KMJ, Ciganok N, Hahn A, Bayer C, Liebmann L, Groß J, Tittelmeier J, Lingner T, Salinas-Riester G, Symmank J, Halfmann C, González-Bermúdez L, Urbach A, Gehrmann J, Costa I, Pieler T, Hübner CA, Vatter H, Kampa B, Becker AJ, Zimmer-Bensch G. DNA Methylation-Mediated Modulation of Endocytosis as Potential Mechanism for Synaptic Function Regulation in Murine Inhibitory Cortical Interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3921-3937. [PMID: 32147726 PMCID: PMC7264686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of excitation and inhibition is essential for cortical information processing, relying on the tight orchestration of the underlying subcellular processes. Dynamic transcriptional control by DNA methylation, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), and DNA demethylation, achieved by ten–eleven translocation (TET)-dependent mechanisms, is proposed to regulate synaptic function in the adult brain with implications for learning and memory. However, focus so far is laid on excitatory neurons. Given the crucial role of inhibitory cortical interneurons in cortical information processing and in disease, deciphering the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GABAergic transmission is fundamental. The emerging relevance of DNMT and TET-mediated functions for synaptic regulation irrevocably raises the question for the targeted subcellular processes and mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the role dynamic DNA methylation has in regulating cortical interneuron function. We found that DNMT1 and TET1/TET3 contrarily modulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, we provide evidence that DNMT1 influences synaptic vesicle replenishment and GABAergic transmission, presumably through the DNA methylation-dependent transcriptional control over endocytosis-related genes. The relevance of our findings is supported by human brain sample analysis, pointing to a potential implication of DNA methylation-dependent endocytosis regulation in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy, a disease characterized by disturbed synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pensold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Reichard
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Research Training Group 2416 Multi Senses-Multi Scales, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karen M J Van Loo
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalja Ciganok
- Division of Systems Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cathrin Bayer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lutz Liebmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Groß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Lingner
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Claas Halfmann
- Division of Systems Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Urbach
- Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Gehrmann
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tomas Pieler
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hartmut Vatter
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn Kampa
- Division of Systems Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,JARA BRAIN, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Research Training Group 2416 Multi Senses-Multi Scales, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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27
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Huang J, Hao Y, Hu M, Yuan T. Commentary: Activation of Cortical Somatostatin Interneurons Rescues Synapse Loss and Motor Deficits After Acute MPTP Infusion. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:544. [PMID: 31920548 PMCID: PMC6927909 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youguo Hao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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28
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Khammash D, Simmonite M, Polk TA, Taylor SF, Meehan SK. Temporal Dynamics of Cortico cortical Inhibition in Human Visual Cortex: A TMS Study. Neuroscience 2019; 421:31-38. [PMID: 31676351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) has been used extensively to probe local facilitatory and inhibitory function in motor cortex. We previously developed a reliable ppTMS method to investigate these functions in visual cortex and found reduced thresholds for net intracortical inhibition compared to motor cortex. The current study used this method to investigate the temporal dynamics of local facilitatory and inhibitory networks in visual cortex in 28 healthy subjects. We measured the size of the visual disturbance (phosphene) evoked by stimulating visual cortex with a fixed intensity, supra-threshold test stimulus (TS) when that TS was preceded by a sub-threshold conditioning stimulus (CS). We manipulated the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and assessed how the size of the phosphene elicited by the fixed-intensity TS changed as a function of interval for two different CS intensities (45% and 75% of phosphene threshold). At 45% of threshold, the CS produced uniform suppression of the phosphene elicited by the TS across ISIs ranging from 2 to 200 ms. At 75% of threshold, the CS did not have a significant effect on phosphene size across the 2-15 ms intervals. Intervals of 50-200 ms exhibited statistically significant suppression of phosphenes, however, suppression was not uniform with some subjects demonstrating no change or facilitation. This study demonstrates that the temporal dynamics of local inhibitory and facilitatory networks are different across motor and visual cortex and that optimal parameters to index local inhibitory and facilitatory influences in motor cortex are not necessarily optimal for visual cortex. We refer to the observed inhibition as visual cortex inhibition (VCI) to distinguish it from the phenomenon reported in motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Khammash
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Molly Simmonite
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Thad A Polk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sean K Meehan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Ruitenberg MFL, Cassady KE, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Tommerdahl M, Seidler RD. Age-Related Reductions in Tactile and Motor Inhibitory Function Start Early but Are Independent. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:193. [PMID: 31417396 PMCID: PMC6682653 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in motor and somatosensory function. Some of these motor declines have been linked to age-related reductions in inhibitory function. Here we examined whether tactile surround inhibition also changes with age and whether these changes are associated with those in the motor domain. We tested a group of 56 participants spanning a wide age range (18-76 years old), allowing us to examine when age differences emerge across the lifespan. Participants performed tactile and motor tasks that have previously been linked to inter- and intra-hemispheric inhibition in the somatosensory and motor systems. The results showed that aging is associated with reductions in inhibitory function in both the tactile and motor systems starting around 40 years of age; however, age effects in the two systems were not correlated. The independent effects of age on tactile and motor inhibitory function suggest that distinct mechanisms may underlie age-related reductions in inhibition in the somatosensory and motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kaitlin E Cassady
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Kloosterboer E, Funke K. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation recovers cortical map plasticity induced by sensory deprivation due to deafferentiation. J Physiol 2019; 597:4025-4051. [PMID: 31145483 PMCID: PMC6852264 DOI: 10.1113/jp277507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Partial sensory deprivation (deafferentation) by removing whiskers from the rat snout resulted in a reduced responsiveness of related cortical representations. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (three blocks of intermittent theta-burst) applied for 5 days in combination with sensory exploration restored the normal responsiveness level of the deafferented barrel cortex. However, intracortical inhibition (lateral and recurrent) appeared to be reduced after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, probably as the cause of improved responsiveness. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation also reduced the asymmetry of the lateral spread of sensory activity. ABSTRACT Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates human cortical excitability. It has the potential to support recovery to normal cortical function when the excitation-inhibition balance is altered (e.g. after a stroke or loss of sensory input). We tested cortical map plasticity on the basis of sensory responses (local field potentials, LFPs) and expression of neuronal activity marker proteins within the barrel cortex of rats receiving either active or sham rTMS after selective unilateral deafferentation by whiskers plucking. Rats received daily rTMS [intermittent theta-burst (iTBS), active or sham] for 5 days before exploring an enriched environment. Our previous studies indicated a disinhibitory effect of iTBS on cortical activity. Therefore, we also expected disinhibitory effects if deafferentation causes depression of sensory responses. Deafferentation resulted in an acute general reduction of sensory responsiveness and enhanced expression of inhibitory activity markers (GAD67, parvalbumin) in the deafferented hemisphere. Active but not sham-iTBS-rTMS normalized these measures. The stronger caudal-to-frontal horizontal spread of activity across barrels was reduced after deafferentation but not restored after active iTBS, despite generally increased responses. Fitting the LFP data with a computational model of different strengths and types of excitatory and inhibitory connections further revealed an iTBS-induced reduction of lateral and recurrent inhibition as the most probable scenario. Whether the disinhibitory effect of iTBS for the restoration of normal cortical function in the acute phase of depression after deafferentiation is also beneficial in humans remains to be demonstrated. As recently discussed, disinhibition appears to be required to open a window for neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kloosterboer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Funke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Doruk Camsari D, Lewis CP, Sonmez AI, Nandakumar AL, Gresbrink MA, Daskalakis ZJ, Croarkin PE. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Markers of Antidepressant Treatment in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:435-444. [PMID: 31095686 PMCID: PMC6600470 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to examine baseline transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of cortical inhibition and excitability in depressed patients and characterize their longitudinal posttreatment changes. METHODS Fifteen adolescents (age 13-17 years) with moderate to severe major depressive disorder and 22 healthy controls (age 9-17) underwent single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and clinical assessments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation measures included short-interval intracortical inhibition (2 and 4 milliseconds), long-interval intracortical inhibition (100, 150, and 200 milliseconds), cortical silent period, and intracortical facilitation (10, 15, and 20 milliseconds). Ten participants with major depressive disorder initiated antidepressant treatment or had dose adjustments. These participants were reassessed after treatment. Depression symptom severity was measured with the Children's Depression Rating Scale, Revised. Robust regression modeling compared healthy and depressed adolescents at baseline. Relationships between changes in cortical inhibition and changes in depressive symptom severity were assessed in the depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant treatment. RESULTS Our results revealed that at baseline, short-interval intracortical inhibition-2 was significantly reduced (Padj = .01) in depressed participants, suggesting impaired cortical inhibition compared with healthy controls. At follow-up, improvement in Children's Depression Rating Scale, Revised scores correlated with improvement in short-interval intracortical inhibition-4 amplitude (greater inhibition) after antidepressant treatment (R2 = 0.63; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cortical inhibition measures may have promise as biomarkers in adolescents treated for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles P Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ayse Irem Sonmez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Correspondence: Paul E. Croarkin, DO, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 ()
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He JL, Fuelscher I, Enticott PG, Teo WP, Barhoun P, Hyde C. Interhemispheric Cortical Inhibition Is Reduced in Young Adults With Developmental Coordination Disorder. Front Neurol 2018; 9:179. [PMID: 29628909 PMCID: PMC5876243 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction While the etiology of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is yet to be established, brain-behavior modeling provides a cogent argument that neuropathology may subserve the motor difficulties typical of DCD. We argue that a number of the core behavioral features of the DCD profile (such as poor surround inhibition, compromised motor inhibition, and the presence of mirror movements) are consistent with difficulties regulating inhibition within the primary motor cortex (M1). This study aimed to be the first account of the integrity of cortical inhibition in motor cortices in DCD. Method The sample consisted of eight adults with DCD aged (18–30 years) and 10 aged matched neurotypical controls. Participants received a common battery of single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation from which a series of neurophysiological measures classically used to measure intra- [e.g., short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval cortical inhibition (LICI), and cortical silent period] and inter hemispheric [e.g., ipsilateral silent period (ISP)] cortical inhibition of the M1 at rest were recorded. Results While no group differences were observed for any measure of intrahemispheric cortical inhibition, individuals with DCD demonstrated significantly reduced interhemispheric cortical inhibition relative to controls, shown by consistently lower ISPratios. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the view that regulation of cortical inhibition of M1 activity may be atypical in individuals with DCD, indicating differential GABAergic operation. This effect, however, appears to be select to cortical inhibition. Importantly, our data support the notion that reduced interhemispheric M1 cortical inhibition may at least partly explain commonly reported difficulties with bimanual motor control in DCD. The neurochemical implications and limitations of this evidence will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L He
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Fuelscher
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Pamela Barhoun
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christian Hyde
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Lean GA, Liu YJ, Lyon DC. Cell type specific tracing of the subcortical input to primary visual cortex from the basal forebrain. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:589-599. [PMID: 29441578 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain provides cholinergic inputs to primary visual cortex (V1) that play a key modulatory role on visual function. While basal forebrain afferents terminate in the infragranular layers of V1, acetylcholine is delivered to more superficial layers through volume transmission. Nevertheless, direct synaptic contact in deep layers 5 and 6 may provide a more immediate effect on V1 modulation. Using helper viruses with cell type specific promoters to target retrograde infection of pseudotyped and genetically modified rabies virus evidence was found for direct synaptic input onto V1 inhibitory neurons. These inputs were similar in number to geniculocortical inputs and, therefore, considered robust. In contrast, while clear evidence for dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus input to V1 excitatory neurons was found, there was no evidence of direct synaptic input from the basal forebrain. These results suggest a direct and more immediate influence of the basal forebrain on local V1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Lean
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - David C Lyon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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Zhuang X, Chen Y, Zhuang X, Xing T, Chen T, Jiang G, Yang X. Impaired Center-Surround Suppression in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1101-1108. [PMID: 27767987 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often associated with declined visual processing abilities. Here we tested whether the functions of center-surround suppression- a hallmark property in the visual system- are altered by AD. To this end, we recruited three groups of participants (AD, elderly, and young) in a motion direction discrimination task, in which we measured the temporal duration threshold of a drifting Gabor with varying stimulus sizes. We first replicated the phenomena of center-surround suppression that the required duration for discriminating a high contrast grating decreases with increasing stimulus size. We then showed that the magnitudes of suppression varied among the three groups. There was progressive reduction of suppression in the elderly and AD groups compared with the young group. Interestingly, we found that the levels of suppression can predict the severity of dementia in the AD group. Our results suggest that AD is associated with impaired center-surround functions in the visual motion processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanxiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xianpeng Zhuang
- Department of CT room, Liaocheng Fourth People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tuanzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guisheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiafeng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
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35
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Papale AE, Hooks BM. Circuit changes in motor cortex during motor skill learning. Neuroscience 2018; 368:283-97. [PMID: 28918262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Motor cortex is important for motor skill learning, particularly the dexterous skills necessary for our favorite sports and careers. We are especially interested in understanding how plasticity in motor cortex contributes to skill learning. Although human studies have been helpful in understanding the importance of motor cortex in learning skilled tasks, animal models are necessary for achieving a detailed understanding of the circuitry underlying these behaviors and the changes that occur during training. We review data from these models to try to identify sites of plasticity in motor cortex, focusing on rodents asa model system. Rodent neocortex contains well-differentiated motor and sensory regions, as well as neurons expressing similar genetic markers to many of the same circuit components in human cortex. Furthermore, rodents have circuit mapping tools for labeling, targeting, and manipulating these cell types as circuit nodes. Crucially, the projection from rodent primary somatosensory cortex to primary motor cortex is a well-studied corticocortical projection and a model of sensorimotor integration. We first summarize some of the descending pathways involved in making dexterous movements, including reaching. We then describe local and long-range circuitry in mouse motor cortex, summarizing structural and functional changes associated with motor skill acquisition. We then address which specific connections might be responsible for plasticity. For insight into the range of plasticity mechanisms employed by cortex, we review plasticity in sensory systems. The similarities and differences between motor cortex plasticity and critical periods of plasticity in sensory systems are discussed.
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Abstract
The neocortex is central to mammalian cognitive ability, playing critical roles in sensory perception, motor skills and executive function. This thin, layered structure comprises distinct, functionally specialized areas that communicate with each other through the axons of pyramidal neurons. For the hundreds of such cortico-cortical pathways to underlie diverse functions, their cellular and synaptic architectures must differ so that they result in distinct computations at the target projection neurons. In what ways do these pathways differ? By originating and terminating in different laminae, and by selectively targeting specific populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, these “interareal” pathways can differentially control the timing and strength of synaptic inputs onto individual neurons, resulting in layer-specific computations. Due to the rapid development in transgenic techniques, the mouse has emerged as a powerful mammalian model for understanding the rules by which cortical circuits organize and function. Here we review our understanding of how cortical lamination constrains long-range communication in the mammalian brain, with an emphasis on the mouse visual cortical network. We discuss the laminar architecture underlying interareal communication, the role of neocortical layers in organizing the balance of excitatory and inhibitory actions, and highlight the structure and function of layer 1 in mouse visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo D D'Souza
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, United States
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Arpin DJ, Gehringer JE, Wilson TW, Kurz MJ. A reduced somatosensory gating response in individuals with multiple sclerosis is related to walking impairment. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2052-2058. [PMID: 28724780 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00260.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When identical stimuli are presented in rapid temporal succession, neural responses to the second stimulation are often weaker than those observed for the first. This phenomenon is termed sensory gating and is believed to be an adaptive feature that helps prevent higher-order cortical centers from being flooded with unnecessary information. Recently, sensory gating in the somatosensory system has been linked to deficits in tactile discrimination. Additionally, studies have linked poor tactile discrimination with impaired walking and balance in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we examine the neural basis of somatosensory gating in patients with MS and healthy controls and assess the relationship between somatosensory gating and walking performance. We used magnetoencephalography to record neural responses to paired-pulse electrical stimulation applied to the right posterior tibial nerve. All participants also walked across a digital mat, which recorded their spatiotemporal gait kinematics. Our results showed the amplitude of the response to the second stimulation was sharply reduced only in controls, resulting in a significantly reduced somatosensory gating in the patients with MS. No group differences were observed in the amplitude of the response to the first stimulation nor the latency of the neural response to either the first or second stimulation. Interestingly, the altered somatosensory gating responses were correlated with aberrant spatiotemporal gait kinematics in the patients with MS. These results suggest that inhibitory GABA circuits may be altered in patients with MS, which impacts somatosensory gating and contributes to the motor performance deficits seen in these patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We aimed to determine whether somatosensory gating in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) differed compared with healthy controls and whether a relationship exists between somatosensory gating and walking performance. We found reduced somatosensory gating responses in patients with MS, and these altered somatosensory gating responses were correlated with the mobility impairments. These novel findings show that somatosensory gating is impaired in patients with MS and is related to the mobility impairments seen in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Arpin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - James E Gehringer
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and.,Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Max J Kurz
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; .,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
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Ustohal L, Mayerova M, Hublova V, Prikrylova Kucerova H, Ceskova E, Kasparek T. Risperidone increases the cortical silent period in drug-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:500-504. [PMID: 27527735 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116662650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is accompanied by impaired cortical inhibition, as measured by several markers including the cortical silent period (CSP). It is thought that CSP measures gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors B (GABAB) mediated inhibitory activity. But the mutual roles of schizophrenia as a disease and the drugs used for the treatment of psychosis on GABA mediated neurotransmission are not clear. METHODS We recruited 13 drug-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess CSP prior to initiating risperidone monotherapy and again four weeks later. At the same time, we rated the severity of psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS We obtained data from 12 patients who showed a significant increase in CSP, from 134.20±41.81 ms to 162.95±61.98 ms ( p=0.041; Cohen's d=0.544). After the treatment, the PANSS total score was significantly lower, as were the individual subscores ( p<0.05). However, no correlation was found between ΔCSP and ΔPANSS. CONCLUSION Our study in patients with first-episode schizophrenia demonstrated an association between risperidone monotherapy and an increase in GABAB mediated inhibitory neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Ustohal
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,2 Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Mayerova
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,2 Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hublova
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Prikrylova Kucerova
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ceskova
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,2 Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kasparek
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,2 Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Naim-Feil J, Bradshaw JL, Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Sheppard DM, Lubman DI, Fitzgerald PB. Cortical inhibition within motor and frontal regions in alcohol dependence post-detoxification: A pilot TMS-EEG study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:547-56. [PMID: 26243644 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1066512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preclinical studies suggest that cortical alterations within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical to the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) allows direct assessment of cortical excitability and inhibition within the PFC of human subjects. We report the first application of TMS-EEG to measure these indices within the PFC of alcohol-dependent (ALD) patients post-detoxification. METHODS Cortical inhibition was assessed in 12 ALD patients and 14 healthy controls through single and paired-pulse TMS paradigms. Long-interval cortical inhibition indexed cortical inhibition in the PFC. In the motor cortex (MC), short- interval intracortical inhibition and cortical silent period determined inhibition, while intracortical facilitation measured facilitation, resting and active motor threshold indexed cortical excitability. RESULTS ALD patients demonstrated altered cortical inhibition across the bilateral frontal cortices relative to controls. There was evidence of altered cortical excitability in ALD patients; however, no significant differences in MC inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides first direct evidence of reduced cortical inhibition in the PFC of ALD patients post-detoxification. Altered cortical excitability in the MC may reflect hyper-excitability within the cortex associated with chronic alcohol consumption. These findings provide initial neurophysiological evidence of disrupted cortical excitability within the PFC of ALD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Naim-Feil
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School , Prahran, Victoria , Australia.,b School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Physics of Complex Systems , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - John L Bradshaw
- b School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School , Prahran, Victoria , Australia.,d Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- e Temetry Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Dianne M Sheppard
- f Monash Injury Research Institute, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- g Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Eastern Health and Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School , Prahran, Victoria , Australia
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Antelmi E, Erro R, Rocchi L, Liguori R, Tinazzi M, Di Stasio F, Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Neurophysiological correlates of abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonia. Mov Disord 2016; 32:141-148. [PMID: 27671708 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold is often prolonged in patients with dystonia. Previous evidence suggested that this might be caused by impaired somatosensory processing in the time domain. Here, we tested if other markers of reduced inhibition in the somatosensory system might also contribute to abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonia. METHODS Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold was measured in 19 patients with isolated cervical dystonia and 19 age-matched healthy controls. We evaluated temporal somatosensory inhibition using paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, spatial somatosensory inhibition by measuring the somatosensory evoked potentials interaction between simultaneous stimulation of the digital nerves in thumb and index finger, and Gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) sensory inhibition using the early and late components of high-frequency oscillations in digital nerves somatosensory evoked potentials. RESULTS When compared with healthy controls, dystonic patients had longer somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds, reduced suppression of cortical and subcortical paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, less spatial inhibition of simultaneous somatosensory evoked potentials, and a smaller area of the early component of the high-frequency oscillations. A logistic regression analysis found that paired pulse suppression of the N20 component at an interstimulus interval of 5 milliseconds and the late component of the high-frequency oscillations were independently related to somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds. "Dystonia group" was also a predictor of enhanced somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold, indicating a dystonia-specific effect that independently influences this threshold. CONCLUSIONS Increased somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold in dystonia is related to reduced activity of inhibitory circuits within the primary somatosensory cortex. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Antelmi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Research Hospital, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Research Hospital, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Stasio
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Ruiz-Veguilla M, Martín-Rodríguez JF, Palomar FJ, Porcacchia P, Álvarez de Toledo P, Perona-Garcelán S, Rodríguez-Testal JF, Huertas-Fernández I, Mir P. Trait- and state-dependent cortical inhibitory deficits in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2016; 18:261-71. [PMID: 27004755 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have deficits in cortical inhibition. However, whether cortical inhibitory deficits are trait- or state-dependent impairments is not yet known and their relationship with psychiatric symptoms is not yet understood. In the present study, we examined trait- and state-dependent cortical inhibitory deficits and evaluated the potential clinical significance of these deficits. METHODS Nineteen patients with bipolar I disorder were evaluated using the paired-pulse transcranial stimulation protocol, which assessed cortical inhibition during an acute manic episode. Cortical inhibition measures were compared with those obtained in 28 demographically matched healthy controls. A follow-up assessment was performed in 15 of these patients three months later, when there was remission from their mood and psychotic symptoms. The association between cortical inhibitory measures and severity of psychiatric symptoms was also studied. RESULTS During mania, patients showed decreased short-interval intracortical and transcallosal inhibition, as well as a normal cortical silent period and long-interval cortical inhibition. These findings were the same during euthymia. Symptoms associated with motor hyperactivity were correlated negatively with the degree of cortical inhibition. These correlations were not significant when a Bonferroni correction was applied. CONCLUSIONS The present longitudinal study showed cortical inhibitory deficits in patients with BD, and supports the hypothesis that cortical inhibitory deficits in BD are trait dependent. Further research is necessary to confirm the clinical significance of these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla
- Grupo Neurodesarrollo y Psicosis, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/UGC Salud Mental HVR, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Palomar
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Paolo Porcacchia
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Álvarez de Toledo
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Salvador Perona-Garcelán
- Grupo Neurodesarrollo y Psicosis, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/UGC Salud Mental HVR, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Testal
- Grupo Neurodesarrollo y Psicosis, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/UGC Salud Mental HVR, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Ismael Huertas-Fernández
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Seville, Spain
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Chandra SR, Issac TG, Nagaraju BC, Philip M. A Study of Cortical Excitability, Central Motor Conduction, and Cortical Inhibition Using Single Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients with Early Frontotemporal and Alzheimer's Dementia. Indian J Psychol Med 2016; 38:25-30. [PMID: 27011398 PMCID: PMC4782440 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.175099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degenerative cortical dementias affect several million people worldwide. Early diagnosis and categorization are essential for initiating appropriate pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment so that deterioration can be postponed, and disability adjusted life years can be saved both for the patient and for the caregiver. Therefore, an early, simple, noninvasive biomarker will serve as a boon. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who satisfied probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) using international consensus criteria for FTD and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-AD and Related Disorders Association criteria for AD were evaluated using single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with figure of eight coil and motor evoked potential from right first dorsal interossei. Resting threshold (MT), central motor conduction time (CMCT), and silent period (SP) were evaluated. RESULTS Resting MT and SP are reduced in patients with Alzheimer's disease whereas CMCT is prolonged in patients with FTD and SP is in the lower limit of normal in both conditions. CONCLUSION The patterns of central motor conduction and MT are distinctly different in patients with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Gregor Issac
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B C Nagaraju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mariamma Philip
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Cortical inhibition, excitation, and connectivity in schizophrenia: a review of insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:685-96. [PMID: 23722199 PMCID: PMC3984517 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating mental illness with an elusive pathophysiology. Over the last decade, theories emphasizing cortical dysfunction have received increasing attention to explain the heterogeneous symptoms experienced in SCZ. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation that is particularly suited to probing the fidelity of specific excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations in conscious humans. In this study, we review the contribution of TMS in assessing inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations and their long-range connections in SCZ. In addition, we discuss insights from combined TMS and electroencephalography into the functional consequences of impaired excitation/inhibition on cortical oscillations in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C. Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Level 4, 607 Street, Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; tel: +61-3-9076-6593, fax: +61-3-9076-6588, e-mail:
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Chen XJ, Rasch MJ, Chen G, Ye CQ, Wu S, Zhang XH. Binocular input coincidence mediates critical period plasticity in the mouse primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2940-55. [PMID: 24553935 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2640-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical studies on the development of ocular dominance (OD) organization in primary visual cortex (V1) have revealed a postnatal critical period (CP), during which visual inputs between the two eyes are most effective in shaping cortical circuits through synaptic competition. A brief closure of one eye during CP caused a pronounced shift of response preference of V1 neurons toward the open eye, a form of CP plasticity in the developing V1. However, it remains unclear what particular property of binocular inputs during CP is responsible for mediating this experience-dependent OD plasticity. Using whole-cell recording in mouse V1, we found that visually driven synaptic inputs from the two eyes to binocular cells in layers 2/3 and 4 became highly coincident during CP. Enhancing cortical GABAergic transmission activity by brain infusion with diazepam not only caused a precocious onset of the high coincidence of binocular inputs and OD plasticity in pre-CP mice, but rescued both of them in dark-reared mice, suggesting a tight link between coincident binocular inputs and CP plasticity. In Thy1-ChR2 mice, chronic disruption of this binocular input coincidence during CP by asynchronous optogenetic activation of retinal ganglion cells abolished the OD plasticity. Computational simulation using a feed-forward network model further suggests that the coincident inputs could mediate this CP plasticity through a homeostatic synaptic learning mechanism with synaptic competition. These results suggest that the high-level correlation of binocular inputs is a hallmark of the CP of developing V1 and serves as neural substrate for the induction of OD plasticity.
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Christie A, Kamen G. Cortical inhibition is reduced following short-term training in young and older adults. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36:749-758. [PMID: 23943112 PMCID: PMC4039252 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in short-term training adaptations in cortical excitability and inhibition. Thirty young (21.9 ± 3.1 years) and 30 older (72.9 ± 4.6 years) individuals participated in the study. Each participant was randomly assigned to a control (n = 30) or a resistance training (n = 30) group, with equal numbers of young and older subjects in each group. Participants completed 2 days of testing, separated by 2 weeks during which time the training group participated in resistance training of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles three times per week. During each testing session, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to generate motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and silent periods in the tibialis anterior. Hoffmann reflexes (H-reflexes) and compound muscle action potentials (M-waves) were also evoked via electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve. At baseline, young subjects had higher maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force (p = 0.002), larger M-wave amplitude (p < 0.001), and longer duration silent periods (p = 0.01) than older individuals, with no differences in the maximal amplitude of the MEP (p = 0.23) or H-reflex (p = 0.57). In the trained group, MVC increased in both young (17.4 %) and older (19.8 %) participants (p < 0.001), and the duration of the silent period decreased by ~15 and 12 ms, respectively (p < 0.001). Training did not significantly impact MEP (p = 0.69) or H-reflex amplitudes (p = 0.38). There were no significant changes in any measures in the control group (p ≥ 0.19) across the two testing sessions. These results indicate that a reduction in cortical inhibition may be an important neural adaptation in response to training in both young and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Christie
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA,
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Xing D, Yeh CI, Gordon J, Shapley RM. Cortical brightness adaptation when darkness and brightness produce different dynamical states in the visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1210-5. [PMID: 24398523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314690111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Darkness and brightness are very different perceptually. To understand the neural basis for the visual difference, we studied the dynamical states of populations of neurons in macaque primary visual cortex when a spatially uniform area (8° × 8°) of the visual field alternated between black and white. Darkness evoked sustained nerve-impulse spiking in primary visual cortex neurons, but bright stimuli evoked only a transient response. A peak in the local field potential (LFP) γ band (30-80 Hz) occurred during darkness; white-induced LFP fluctuations were of lower amplitude, peaking at 25 Hz. However, the sustained response to white in the evoked LFP was larger than for black. Together with the results on spiking, the LFP results imply that, throughout the stimulus period, bright fields evoked strong net sustained inhibition. Such cortical brightness adaptation can explain many perceptual phenomena: interocular speeding up of dark adaptation, tonic interocular suppression, and interocular masking.
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Issac TG, Chandra SR, Nagaraju BC. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with early cortical dementia: A pilot study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013; 16:619-22. [PMID: 24339592 PMCID: PMC3841613 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The diagnostic accuracy of the currently available tools carries poor sensitivity resulting in significant delay in specific diagnosis of cortical dementias. Considering the properties of default mode networking of the brain it is highly probable that specific changes may be seen in frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) and Alzheimer's disease sufficiently early. Aim: The aim of this study is to look for changes in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in cortical dementia. Materials and Methods: Evaluated with a single pulse TMS with the figure of eight coil and recorded from right first dorsal interossei (FDI). Resting Motor Threshold (RMT) was estimated on the opposite motor cortex (T1). Second site of stimulation was cervical spine at C7-T2. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) is equal toT1-T2. Silent Period (SP) identified by applying TMS pulse to contracting FDI. Conclusions: RMT was reduced in seven out of eight Alzheimer's dementias. CMCT was in the upper limit of normal in both patients with FTD. The most consistent observation was that SP was reduced and there were escape discharges noticed during the SP suggesting increased cortical excitability and decreased cortical inhibition. This suggests probable early asymptomatic changes in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) nergic and cholinergic system is taking place. This if confirmed may give some insight into early diagnosis and therapeutic role of GABA agonists in these disorders.
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Seymour K, Stein T, Sanders LLO, Guggenmos M, Theophil I, Sterzer P. Altered contextual modulation of primary visual cortex responses in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2607-12. [PMID: 23842600 PMCID: PMC3828531 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is typically associated with higher-level cognitive symptoms, such as disorganized thoughts, delusions, and hallucinations. However, deficits in visual processing have been consistently reported with the illness. Here, we provide strong neurophysiological evidence for a marked perturbation at the earliest level of cortical visual processing in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and adapting a well-established approach from electrophysiology, we found that orientation-specific contextual modulation of cortical responses in human primary visual cortex (V1)--a hallmark of early neural encoding of visual stimuli--is dramatically reduced in patients with schizophrenia. This indicates that contextual processing in schizophrenia is altered at the earliest stages of visual cortical processing and supports current theories that emphasize the role of abnormalities in perceptual synthesis (eg, false inference) in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley Seymour
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of Cognitive Science, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Cognitive Science, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia, Tel: +61 29850 6059, E-mail:
| | - Timo Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, CIMeC, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lia Lira Olivier Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Guggenmos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Theophil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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Tracy JI, Osipowicz K, Spechler P, Sharan A, Skidmore C, Doucet G, Sperling MR. Functional connectivity evidence of cortico-cortico inhibition in temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:353-66. [PMID: 22987774 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures can initiate a neural circuit and lead to aberrant neural communication with brain areas outside the epileptogenic region. We focus on interictal activity in focal temporal lobe epilepsy and evaluate functional connectivity (FC) differences that emerge as function of bilateral versus strictly unilateral epileptiform activity. We assess the strength of FC at rest between the ictal and non-ictal temporal lobes, in addition to whole brain connectivity with the ictal temporal lobe. Results revealed strong connectivity between the temporal lobes for both patient groups, but this did not vary as a function of unilateral versus bilateral interictal status. Both the left and right unilateral temporal lobe groups showed significant anti-correlated activity in regions outside the epileptogenic temporal lobe, primarily involving the contralateral (non-ictal/non-pathologic) hemisphere, with precuneus involvement prominent. The bilateral groups did not show this contralateral anti-correlated activity. This anti-correlated connectivity may represent a form of protective and adaptive inhibition, helping to constrain epileptiform activity to the pathologic temporal lobe. The absence of this activity in the bilateral groups may be indicative of flawed inhibitory mechanisms, helping to explain their more widespread epileptiform activity. Our data suggest that the location and build up of epilepsy networks in the brain are not truly random, and are not limited to the formation of strictly epileptogenic networks. Functional networks may develop to take advantage of the regulatory function of structures such as the precuneus to instantiate an anti-correlated network, generating protective cortico-cortico inhibition for the purpose of limiting seizure spread or epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Tracy
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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50
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Sand PG, Langguth B, Itzhacki J, Bauer A, Geis S, Cárdenas-Conejo ZE, Pimentel V, Kleinjung T. Resequencing of the auxiliary GABA(B) receptor subunit gene KCTD12 in chronic tinnitus. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 6:41. [PMID: 22654739 PMCID: PMC3360237 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is a common and often incapacitating hearing disorder marked by the perception of phantom sounds. Susceptibility factors remain largely unknown but GABAB receptor signaling has long been implicated in the response to treatment and, putatively, in the etiology of the disorder. We hypothesized that variation in KCTD12, the gene encoding an auxiliary subunit of GABAB receptors, could help to predict the risk of developing tinnitus. Ninety-five Caucasian outpatients with a diagnosis of chronic tinnitus were systematically screened for mutations in the KCTD12 open reading frame and the adjacent 3′ untranslated region by Sanger sequencing. Allele frequencies were determined for 14 known variants of which three (rs73237446, rs34544607, and rs41287030) were polymorphic. When allele frequencies were compared to data from a large reference population of European ancestry, rs34544607 was associated with tinnitus (p = 0.04). However, KCTD12 genotype did not predict tinnitus severity (p = 0.52) and the association with rs34544607 was weakened after screening 50 additional cases (p = 0.07). Pending replication in a larger cohort, KCTD12 may act as a risk modifier in chronic tinnitus. Issues that are yet to be addressed include the effects of neighboring variants, e.g., in the KCTD12 gene regulatory region, plus interactions with variants of GABAB1 and GABAB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Sand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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