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Häkkinen S, Voorhies WI, Willbrand EH, Tsai YH, Gagnant T, Yao JK, Weiner KS, Bunge SA. Lateral frontoparietal functional connectivity based on individual sulcal morphology. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.18.590165. [PMID: 38659961 PMCID: PMC11042283 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.590165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A salient neuroanatomical feature of the human brain is its pronounced cortical folding, and there is mounting evidence that sulcal morphology is relevant to functional brain architecture and cognition. Recent studies have emphasized putative tertiary sulci (pTS): small, shallow, late-developing, and evolutionarily new sulci that have been posited to serve as functional landmarks in association cortices. A fruitful approach to characterizing brain architecture has been to delineate regions based on transitions in fMRI-based functional connectivity profiles; however, exact regional boundaries can change depending on the data used to generate the parcellation. As sulci are fixed neuroanatomical structures, here, we propose to anchor functional connectivity to individual-level sulcal anatomy. We characterized fine-grained patterns of functional connectivity across 42 sulci in lateral prefrontal (LPFC) and lateral parietal cortices (LPC) in a pediatric sample (N = 43; 20 female; ages 7-18). Further, we test for relationships between pTS morphology and functional network architecture, focusing on depth as a defining characteristic of these shallow sulci, and one that has been linked to variability in cognition. We find that 1) individual sulci have distinct patterns of connectivity, but nonetheless cluster together into groups with similar patterns - in some cases with distant rather than neighboring sulci, 2) there is moderate agreement in cluster assignments at the group and individual levels, underscoring the need for individual-level analyses, and 3) across individuals, greater depth was associated with higher network centrality for several pTS. These results highlight the importance of considering individual sulcal morphology for understanding functional brain organization. Significance Statement A salient, and functionally relevant, feature of the human brain is its pronounced cortical folding. However, the links between sulcal anatomy and brain function are still poorly understood - particularly for small, shallow, individually variable sulci in association cortices. Here, we explore functional connectivity among individually defined sulci in lateral prefrontal and parietal regions. We find that individual sulci have distinct patterns of connectivity but nonetheless cluster together into groups with similar connectivity - in some cases spanning lateral prefrontal and parietal sulci. We further show that the network centrality of specific sulci is positively associated with their depth, thereby helping to bridge the gap between individual differences in brain anatomy and functional networks leveraging the sulcal anatomy of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Häkkinen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
| | - Willa I. Voorhies
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
| | - Ethan H. Willbrand
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53726 USA
| | - Yi-Heng Tsai
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Thomas Gagnant
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- Medical Science Faculty, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Kevin S. Weiner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
| | - Silvia A. Bunge
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
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Ishihara T, Hashimoto S, Tamba N, Hyodo K, Matsuda T, Takagishi H. The links between physical activity and prosocial behavior: an fNIRS hyperscanning study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad509. [PMID: 38183181 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of physically inactive lifestyles in modern society raises concerns about the potential association with poor brain health, particularly in the lateral prefrontal cortex, which is crucial for human prosocial behavior. Here, we explored the relationship between physical activity and prosocial behavior, focusing on potential neural markers, including intra-brain functional connectivity and inter-brain synchrony in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Forty participants, each paired with a stranger, completed two experimental conditions in a randomized order: (i) face-to-face and (ii) face stimulus (eye-to-eye contact with a face stimulus of a fictitious person displayed on the screen). Following each condition, participants played economic games with either their partner or an assumed person displayed on the screen. Neural activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex was recorded by functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning. Sparse multiset canonical correlation analysis showed that a physically inactive lifestyle was covaried with poorer reciprocity, greater trust, shorter decision-making time, and weaker intra-brain connectivity in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and poorer inter-brain synchrony in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex. These associations were observed exclusively in the face-to-face condition. Our findings suggest that a physically inactive lifestyle may alter human prosocial behavior by impairing adaptable prosocial decision-making in response to social factors through altered intra-brain functional connectivity and inter-brain synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Natsuki Tamba
- Faculty of Global Human Sciences, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tobuki 150, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0001, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Haruto Takagishi
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
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Christian P, Kapetaniou GE, Soutschek A. Causal roles of prefrontal and temporo-parietal theta oscillations for inequity aversion. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad061. [PMID: 37930808 PMCID: PMC10642380 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ) and the right lateral prefrontal cortex (rLPFC) are known to play prominent roles in human social behaviour. However, it remains unknown which brain rhythms in these regions contribute to trading-off fairness norms against selfish interests as well as whether the influence of these oscillations depends on whether fairness violations are advantageous or disadvantageous for a decision maker. To answer these questions, we used non-invasive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to determine which brain rhythms in rTPJ and rLPFC are causally involved in moderating aversion to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity. Our results show that theta oscillations in rTPJ strengthen the aversion to unequal splits, which is statistically mediated by the rTPJ's role for perspective taking. In contrast, theta tACS over rLPFC enhanced the preference for outcome-maximizing unequal choices more strongly for disadvantageous compared to advantageous outcome distributions. Taken together, we provide evidence that neural oscillations in rTPJ and rLPFC have distinct causal roles in implementing inequity aversion, which can be explained by their involvement in distinct psychological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Christian
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgia E Kapetaniou
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Soutschek
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Guo T, Schwieter JW, Liu H. fMRI reveals overlapping and non-overlapping neural bases of domain-general and emotional conflict control. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14355. [PMID: 37254582 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study uses functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) to examine the overlapping and specific neural correlates of contextualized emotional conflict control and domain-general conflict control. During a performance on emotional and domain-general conflict tasks, conjunction analyses showed that neural areas distributed in the frontoparietal network were engaged in both processes, supporting the notion that similar neural mechanisms are implemented in these two types of control. Importantly, disjunction analyses revealed a broader neural recruitment of emotional conflict control compared to domain-general conflict control as shown by the possible lateralization of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), such that emotional conflict control significantly involved the left lPFC while domain-general conflict control seemly involved the right lPFC. Results of generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analyses further demonstrated that emotional conflict control, compared to domain-general conflict control, elicited broader synergistic activities in individuals' brain networks. Together, these findings offer novel and compelling neural evidence that furthers our understanding of the complex relationship between domain-general and emotional conflict control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - John W Schwieter
- Language Acquisition, Cognition, and Multilingualism Laboratory, Bilingualism Matters @ Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
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Johnston R, Abbass M, Corrigan B, Gulli R, Martinez-Trujillo J, Sachs A. Decoding spatial locations from primate lateral prefrontal cortex neural activity during virtual navigation. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36693278 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb5c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Decoding the intended trajectories from brain signals using a brain-computer interface system could be used to improve the mobility of patients with disabilities.Approach. Neuronal activity associated with spatial locations was examined while macaques performed a navigation task within a virtual environment.Main results.Here, we provide proof of principle that multi-unit spiking activity recorded from the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of non-human primates can be used to predict the location of a subject in a virtual maze during a navigation task. The spatial positions within the maze that require a choice or are associated with relevant task events can be better predicted than the locations where no relevant events occur. Importantly, within a task epoch of a single trial, multiple locations along the maze can be independently identified using a support vector machine model.Significance. Considering that the LPFC of macaques and humans share similar properties, our results suggest that this area could be a valuable implant location for an intracortical brain-computer interface system used for spatial navigation in patients with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Johnston
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamad Abbass
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Corrigan
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Gulli
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America.,Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Sachs
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Yu H, Contreras-Huerta LS, Prosser AMB, Apps MAJ, Hofmann W, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Crockett MJ. Neural and Cognitive Signatures of Guilt Predict Hypocritical Blame. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1909-1927. [PMID: 36201792 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A common form of moral hypocrisy occurs when people blame others for moral violations that they themselves commit. It is assumed that hypocritical blamers act in this manner to falsely signal that they hold moral standards that they do not really accept. We tested this assumption by investigating the neurocognitive processes of hypocritical blamers during moral decision-making. Participants (62 adult UK residents; 27 males) underwent functional MRI scanning while deciding whether to profit by inflicting pain on others and then judged the blameworthiness of others' identical decisions. Observers (188 adult U.S. residents; 125 males) judged participants who blamed others for making the same harmful choice to be hypocritical, immoral, and untrustworthy. However, analyzing hypocritical blamers' behaviors and neural responses shows that hypocritical blame was positively correlated with conflicted feelings, neural responses to moral standards, and guilt-related neural responses. These findings demonstrate that hypocritical blamers may hold the moral standards that they apply to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yu
- Department of Psychology, Yale University.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Luis Sebastian Contreras-Huerta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford.,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
| | - Annayah M B Prosser
- Department of Psychology, Yale University.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
| | | | - Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University.,Department of Philosophy, Duke University.,Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University
| | - Molly J Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Yale University.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University
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Chiang FK, Wallis JD, Rich EL. Cognitive strategies shift information from single neurons to populations in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2022; 110:709-721.e4. [PMID: 34932940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in primate lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) play a critical role in working memory (WM) and cognitive strategies. Consistent with adaptive coding models, responses of these neurons are not fixed but flexibly adjust on the basis of cognitive demands. However, little is known about how these adjustments affect population codes. Here, we investigated ensemble coding in LPFC while monkeys implemented different strategies in a WM task. Although single neurons were less tuned when monkeys used more stereotyped strategies, task information could still be accurately decoded from neural populations. This was due to changes in population codes that distributed information among a greater number of neurons, each contributing less to the overall population. Moreover, this shift occurred for task-relevant, but not irrelevant, information. These results demonstrate that cognitive strategies that impose structure on information held in mind rearrange population codes in LPFC, such that information becomes more distributed among neurons in an ensemble.
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Zangen A, Moshe H, Martinez D, Barnea‐Ygael N, Vapnik T, Bystritsky A, Duffy W, Toder D, Casuto L, Grosz ML, Nunes EV, Ward H, Tendler A, Feifel D, Morales O, Roth Y, Iosifescu D, Winston J, Wirecki T, Stein A, Deutsch F, Li X, George MS. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for smoking cessation: a pivotal multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial. World Psychiatry 2021; 20:397-404. [PMID: 34505368 PMCID: PMC8429333 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method increasingly used to treat psychiatric disorders, primarily depression. Initial studies suggest that rTMS may help to treat addictions, but evaluation in multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is needed. We conducted a multicenter double-blind RCT in 262 chronic smokers meeting DSM-5 criteria for tobacco use disorder, who had made at least one prior failed attempt to quit, with 68% having made at least three failed attempts. They received three weeks of daily bilat-eral active or sham rTMS to the lateral prefrontal and insular cortices, followed by once weekly rTMS for three weeks. Each rTMS session was administered following a cue-induced craving procedure, and participants were monitored for a total of six weeks. Those in abstinence were monitored for additional 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the four-week continuous quit rate (CQR) until Week 18 in the intent-to-treat efficacy set, as determined by daily smoking diaries and verified by urine cotinine measures. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02126124). In the intent-to-treat analysis set (N=234), the CQR until Week 18 was 19.4% following active and 8.7% following sham rTMS (X2 =5.655, p=0.017). Among completers (N=169), the CQR until Week 18 was 28.0% and 11.7%, respectively (X2 =7.219, p=0.007). The reduction in cigarette consumption and craving was significantly greater in the active than the sham group as early as two weeks into treatment. This study establishes a safe treatment protocol that promotes smoking cessation by stimulating relevant brain circuits. It represents the first large multicenter RCT of brain stimulation in addiction medicine, and has led to the first clearance by the US Food and Drug Administration for rTMS as an aid in smok-ing cessation for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Zangen
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for NeuroscienceBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Hagar Moshe
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for NeuroscienceBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Diana Martinez
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Noam Barnea‐Ygael
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for NeuroscienceBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Tanya Vapnik
- Pacific Institute of Medical ResearchLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | - Doron Toder
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for NeuroscienceBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael,Beer‐Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of HealthBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Leah Casuto
- Lindner Center of HOPE, and University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Moran Lipkinsky Grosz
- Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv and Be’er Yaacov Mental Health CenterBe'er YaacovIsrael
| | - Edward V. Nunes
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Herbert Ward
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Aron Tendler
- Advanced Mental Health Care Inc.Royal Palm BeachFLUSA
| | | | | | - Yiftach Roth
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Centre for NeuroscienceBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Dan V. Iosifescu
- New York University School of Medicine and Nathan Kline InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | - Ahava Stein
- A. Stein ‐ Regulatory Affairs Consulting Ltd.Kfar SabaIsrael
| | | | - Xingbao Li
- Brain Stimulation DivisionPsychiatry, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Mark S. George
- Brain Stimulation DivisionPsychiatry, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical CenterCharlestonSCUSA
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Johnston R, Doucet G, Boulay C, Miller K, Martinez-Trujillo J, Sachs A. Decoding Saccade Intention From Primate Prefrontal Cortical Local Field Potentials Using Spectral, Spatial, and Temporal Dimensionality Reduction. Int J Neural Syst 2021; 31:2150023. [PMID: 33931006 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065721500234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most invasive Brain Computer Interfaces (iBCIs) use spike and Local Field Potentials (LFPs) from the motor or parietal cortices to decode movement intentions. It has been debated whether harvesting signals from other brain areas that encode global cognitive variables, such as the allocation of attention and eye movement goals in a variety of spatial reference frames, may improve the outcome of iBCIs. Here, we explore the ability of LFP signals, sampled from the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of macaque monkeys, to encode eye-movement intention during the pre-movement fixation period of a delayed saccade task. We use spectral dimensionality reduction to examine the spatiotemporal properties of the extracted non-rhythmic broadband activity and explore its usefulness in decoding saccade goals. The dynamics of the broadband signal in low spatial dimensions across the pre-movement fixation period uncovered saccade target separation; its discriminative potential was confirmed using support vector machine classifications. These findings reveal that broadband LFP from the LPFC can be used to decode intended saccade target location during pre-movement periods. We further provide a general workflow that can be implemented in iBCIs and it is relatively robust to the loss of spikes in individual electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Johnston
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 725 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Doucet
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 725 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Chadwick Boulay
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 725 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Kai Miller
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Adam Sachs
- Division of Neurosurgery, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 725 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
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Alexander WH, Womelsdorf T. Interactions of Medial and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Hierarchical Predictive Coding. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:605271. [PMID: 33613221 PMCID: PMC7888340 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.605271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control and decision-making rely on the interplay of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (mPFC/lPFC), particularly for circumstances in which correct behavior requires integrating and selecting among multiple sources of interrelated information. While the interaction between mPFC and lPFC is generally acknowledged as a crucial circuit in adaptive behavior, the nature of this interaction remains open to debate, with various proposals suggesting complementary roles in (i) signaling the need for and implementing control, (ii) identifying and selecting appropriate behavioral policies from a candidate set, and (iii) constructing behavioral schemata for performance of structured tasks. Although these proposed roles capture salient aspects of conjoint mPFC/lPFC function, none are sufficiently well-specified to provide a detailed account of the continuous interaction of the two regions during ongoing behavior. A recent computational model of mPFC and lPFC, the Hierarchical Error Representation (HER) model, places the regions within the framework of hierarchical predictive coding, and suggests how they interact during behavioral periods preceding and following salient events. In this manuscript, we extend the HER model to incorporate real-time temporal dynamics and demonstrate how the extended model is able to capture single-unit neurophysiological, behavioral, and network effects previously reported in the literature. Our results add to the wide range of results that can be accounted for by the HER model, and provide further evidence for predictive coding as a unifying framework for understanding PFC function and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Alexander
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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11
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Nakamura Y, Ozawa S, Koike S. Caudate Functional Connectivity Associated With Weight Change in Adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:587763. [PMID: 33304257 PMCID: PMC7701280 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.587763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic and the etiology of maladaptive ingestive behavior in children warrants further research. Mounting evidence suggests that the caudate is associated with body weight gain and obesity in adults. In adolescents, however, how caudate-related neural networks are associated with body weight gain is unclear because their central nervous systems are still developing. Objectives The current longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that caudate-related neural networks have a role in weight gain in adolescents. Methods The study included 20 healthy adolescents with a mean age of 17.5 ± 2.0 years and a mean body mass index of 20.6 ± 2.1 who underwent baseline rs-fMRI then follow-up rs-fMRI approximately 1 year later. Body mass index (BMI) was measured at both timepoints. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis was utilized to analyze caudate-related functional connectivity (FC) using the caudate as a seed. Associations between caudate-related FC and BMI at baseline were assessed, as were associations between change in BMI and caudate-related FC between baseline and follow-up. Results At baseline, greater caudate-lateral prefrontal cortex FC was correlated with lower BMI (family wise error-corrected p < 0.05). Compared to the baseline, increased FC in the caudate-lateral prefrontal cortex at follow up were negatively associated with increased BMI (p < 0.05). Conclusion Given that the lateral prefrontal cortex and caudate are associated with inhibitory control, the caudate-lateral prefrontal cortex FC may have a preventive effect on weight gain in adolescents. The results of the current study suggest that developing inhibitory control would lead to the prevention of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Ozawa
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence, Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Tang C, Herikstad R, Parthasarathy A, Libedinsky C, Yen SC. Minimally dependent activity subspaces for working memory and motor preparation in the lateral prefrontal cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e58154. [PMID: 32902383 PMCID: PMC7481007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration of multiple types of information, including working memory and motor preparation. However, it is not known how downstream regions can extract one type of information without interference from the others present in the network. Here, we show that the lateral prefrontal cortex of non-human primates contains two minimally dependent low-dimensional subspaces: one that encodes working memory information, and another that encodes motor preparation information. These subspaces capture all the information about the target in the delay periods, and the information in both subspaces is reduced in error trials. A single population of neurons with mixed selectivity forms both subspaces, but the information is kept largely independent from each other. A bump attractor model with divisive normalization replicates the properties of the neural data. These results provide new insights into neural processing in prefrontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STARSingaporeSingapore
| | - Roger Herikstad
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore (NUS)SingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Camilo Libedinsky
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STARSingaporeSingapore
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore (NUS)SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Psychology, NUSSingaporeSingapore
| | - Shih-Cheng Yen
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore (NUS)SingaporeSingapore
- Innovation and Design Programme, Faculty of Engineering, NUSSingaporeSingapore
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13
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Abstract
The frontoparietal network is critical for our ability to coordinate behavior in a rapid, accurate, and flexible goal-driven manner. In this review, we outline support for the framing of the frontoparietal network as a distinct control network, in part functioning to flexibly interact with and alter other functional brain networks. This network coordination likely occurs in a 4 Hz to 73 Hz θ/α rhythm, both during resting state and task state. Precision mapping of individual human brains has revealed that the functional topography of the frontoparietal network is variable between individuals, underscoring the notion that group-average studies of the frontoparietal network may be obscuring important typical and atypical features. Many forms of psychopathology implicate the frontoparietal network, such as schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Given the interindividual variability in frontoparietal network organization, clinical studies will likely benefit greatly from acquiring more individual subject data to accurately characterize resting-state networks compromised in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Marek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Tamber-Rosenau BJ, Asplund CL, Marois R. Functional dissociation of the inferior frontal junction from the dorsal attention network in top-down attentional control. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2498-2512. [PMID: 30156458 PMCID: PMC6295539 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00506.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior lateral prefrontal cortex-specifically, the inferior frontal junction (IFJ)-is thought to exert a key role in the control of attention. However, the precise nature of that role remains elusive. During the voluntary deployment and maintenance of visuospatial attention, the IFJ is typically coactivated with a core dorsal network consisting of the frontal eye field and superior parietal cortex. During stimulus-driven attention, IFJ instead couples with a ventrolateral network, suggesting that IFJ plays a role in attention distinct from the dorsal network. Because IFJ rapidly switches activation patterns to accommodate conditions of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention (Asplund CL, Todd JJ, Snyder AP, Marois R. Nat Neurosci 13: 507-512, 2010), we hypothesized that IFJ's primary role is to dynamically reconfigure attention rather than to maintain attention under steady-state conditions. This hypothesis predicts that in a goal-directed visuospatial cuing paradigm IFJ would transiently deploy attention toward the cued location, whereas the dorsal attention network would maintain attentional weights during the delay between cue and target presentation. Here we tested this hypothesis with functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects were engaged in a Posner cuing task with variable cue-target delays. Both IFJ and dorsal network regions were involved in transient processes, but sustained activity was far more evident in the dorsal network than in IFJ. These results support the account that IFJ primarily acts to shift attention whereas the dorsal network is the main locus for the maintenance of stable attentional states. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Goal-directed visuospatial attention is controlled by a dorsal fronto-parietal network and lateral prefrontal cortex. However, the relative roles of these regions in goal-directed attention are unknown. Here we present evidence for their dissociable roles in the transient reconfiguration and sustained maintenance of attentional settings: while maintenance of attentional settings is confined to the dorsal network, the configuration of these settings at the beginning of an attentional episode is a function of lateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tamber-Rosenau
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
| | | | - René Marois
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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15
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Abstract
In an attempt to shed light on the role of the prefrontal cortex in action perception, we used the quantitative 14C-deoxyglucose method to reveal the effects elicited by reaching-to-grasp in the light or in the dark and by observation of the same action executed by an external agent. We analyzed the cortical areas in the principal sulcus, the superior and inferior lateral prefrontal convexities and the orbitofrontal cortex of monkeys. We found that execution in the light and observation activated in common most of the lateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortical areas, with the exception of 9/46-dorsal activated exclusively for observation and 9/46-ventral, 11 and 13 activated only for execution. Execution in the dark implicated only the ventral bank of the principal sulcus and its adjacent inferior convexity along with areas 47/12-dorsal and 13, whereas execution in the light activated both banks of the principal sulcus and both superior and inferior convexities along with areas 10 and 11. Our results demonstrate that the prefrontal cortex integrates information in the service of both action generation and action perception, and are discussed in relation to its contribution in movement suppression during action observation and in attribution of action to the correct agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Raos
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Iraklion, Crete, GR-70013, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Helen E Savaki
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Iraklion, Crete, GR-70013, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
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16
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Abstract
Competitive accounts of lexical selection propose that the activation of competitors slows down the selection of the target. Non-competitive accounts, on the other hand, posit that target response latencies are independent of the activation of competing items. In this paper, we propose a signal detection framework for lexical selection and show how a flexible selection criterion affects claims of competitive selection. Specifically, we review evidence from neurotypical and brain-damaged speakers and demonstrate that task goals and the state of the production system determine whether a competitive or a non-competitive selection profile arises. We end by arguing that there is conclusive evidence for a flexible criterion in lexical selection, and that integrating criterion shifts into models of language production is critical for evaluating theoretical claims regarding (non-)competitive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazbanou Nozari
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Marek S. The frontoparietal network: function, electrophysiology, and importance of individual precision mapping. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2018; 20:133-140. [PMID: 30250390 PMCID: PMC6136121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The frontoparietal network is critical for our ability to coordinate behavior in a rapid, accurate, and flexible goal-driven manner. In this review, we outline support for the framing of the frontoparietal network as a distinct control network, in part functioning to flexibly interact with and alter other functional brain networks. This network coordination likely occurs in a 4 Hz to 73 Hz θ/α rhythm, both during resting state and task state. Precision mapping of individual human brains has revealed that the functional topography of the frontoparietal network is variable between individuals, underscoring the notion that group-average studies of the frontoparietal network may be obscuring important typical and atypical features. Many forms of psychopathology implicate the frontoparietal network, such as schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Given the interindividual variability in frontoparietal network organization, clinical studies will likely benefit greatly from acquiring more individual subject data to accurately characterize resting-state networks compromised in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Marek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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18
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Vogelsang DA, D'Esposito M. Is There Evidence for a Rostral-Caudal Gradient in Fronto-Striatal Loops and What Role Does Dopamine Play? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:242. [PMID: 29706863 PMCID: PMC5906550 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) may be hierarchically organized along a rostral-caudal functional gradient such that control processing becomes progressively more abstract from caudal to rostral frontal regions. Here, we briefly review the most recent functional MRI, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological evidence in support of a hierarchical LPFC organization. We extend these observations by discussing how such a rostral-caudal gradient may also exist in the striatum and how the dopaminergic system may play an important role in the hierarchical organization of fronto-striatal loops. There is evidence indicating that a rostral-caudal gradient of dopamine receptor density may exist in both frontal and striatal regions. Here we formulate the hypothesis that dopamine may be an important neuromodulator in hierarchical processing, whereby frontal and striatal regions that have higher dopamine receptor density may have a larger influence over regions that exhibit lower dopamine receptor density. We conclude by highlighting directions for future research that will help elucidating the role dopamine might play in hierarchical frontal-striatal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vogelsang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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19
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Ma L, Skoblenick K, Johnston K, Everling S. Ketamine Alters Lateral Prefrontal Oscillations in a Rule-Based Working Memory Task. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2482-94. [PMID: 29437929 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2659-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists in healthy humans and animals produces working memory deficits similar to those observed in schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether they also lead to altered low-frequency (≤60 Hz) neural oscillatory activities similar to those associated with schizophrenia during working memory processes. Here, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) and single-unit activity from the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of three male rhesus macaque monkeys while they performed a rule-based prosaccade and antisaccade working memory task both before and after systemic injections of a subanesthetic dose (≤0.7 mg/kg) of ketamine. Accompanying working-memory impairment, ketamine enhanced the low-gamma-band (30-60 Hz) and dampened the beta-band (13-30 Hz) oscillatory activities in the LPFC during both delay periods and intertrial intervals. It also increased task-related alpha-band activities, likely reflecting compromised attention. Beta-band oscillations may be especially relevant to working memory processes because stronger beta power weakly but significantly predicted shorter saccadic reaction time. Also in beta band, ketamine reduced the performance-related oscillation as well as the rule information encoded in the spectral power. Ketamine also reduced rule information in the spike field phase consistency in almost all frequencies up to 60 Hz. Our findings support NMDAR antagonists in nonhuman primates as a meaningful model for altered neural oscillations and synchrony, which reflect a disorganized network underlying the working memory deficits in schizophrenia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Low doses of ketamine, an NMDAR blocker, produce working memory deficits similar to those observed in schizophrenia. In the lateral prefrontal cortex, a key brain region for working memory, we found that ketamine altered neural oscillatory activities in similar ways that differentiate schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects during both task and nontask periods. Ketamine induced stronger gamma (30-60 Hz) and weaker beta (13-30 Hz) oscillations, reflecting local hyperactivity and reduced long-range communications. Furthermore, ketamine reduced performance-related oscillatory activities, as well as the rule information encoded in the oscillations and in the synchrony between single-cell activities and oscillations. The ketamine model helps link the molecular and cellular basis of neural oscillatory changes to the working memory deficit in schizophrenia.
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20
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Takeda K, Sumiyoshi T, Matsumoto M, Murayama K, Ikezawa S, Matsumoto K, Nakagome K. Neural Correlates for Intrinsic Motivational Deficits of Schizophrenia; Implications for Therapeutics of Cognitive Impairment. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:178. [PMID: 29922185 PMCID: PMC5996091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of the treatment of schizophrenia is recovery, a notion related to improvement of cognitive and social functioning. Cognitive remediation therapies (CRT), one of the most effective cognition enhancing methods, have been shown to moderately improve social functioning. For this purpose, intrinsic motivation, related to internal values such as interest and enjoyment, has been shown to play a key role. Although the impairment of intrinsic motivation is one of the characteristics of schizophrenia, its neural mechanisms remain unclear. This is related to the lack of feasible measures of intrinsic motivation, and its response to treatment. According to the self-determination theory (SDT), not only intrinsic motivation, but extrinsic motivation has been reported to enhance learning and memory in healthy subjects to some extent. This finding suggests the contribution of different types of motivation to potentiate the ability of the CRT to treat cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. In this paper, we provide a review of psychological characteristics, assessment methods, and neural correlates of intrinsic motivation in healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Particularly, we focus on neuroimaging studies of intrinsic motivation, including our own. These considerations are relevant to enhancement of functional outcomes of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Murayama
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.,Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
| | - Satoru Ikezawa
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Rescuing executive functions in people with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders has been a major goal of psychology and neuroscience for decades. Innovative computer-training regimes for executive functions have made tremendous inroads, yet the positive effects of training have not always translated into improved cognitive functioning and often take many days to emerge. In the present study, we asked whether it was possible to immediately change components of executive function by directly manipulating neural activity using a stimulation technology called high-definition transcranial alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS). Twenty minutes of inphase stimulation over medial frontal cortex (MFC) and right lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) synchronized theta (∼6 Hz) rhythms between these regions in a frequency and spatially specific manner and rapidly improved adaptive behavior with effects lasting longer than 40 min. In contrast, antiphase stimulation in the same individuals desynchronized MFC-lPFC theta phase coupling and impaired adaptive behavior. Surprisingly, the exogenously driven impairments in performance could be instantly rescued by reversing the phase angle of alternating current. The results suggest executive functions can be rapidly up- or down-regulated by modulating theta phase coupling of distant frontal cortical areas and can contribute to the development of tools for potentially normalizing executive dysfunction in patient populations.
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22
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Sun J, Zhuang K, Li H, Wei D, Zhang Q, Qiu J. Perceiving rejection by others: Relationship between rejection sensitivity and the spontaneous neuronal activity of the brain. Soc Neurosci 2017; 13:429-438. [PMID: 28592189 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1340335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rejection sensitivity (RS) can be defined as the disposition of a person to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. Individuals with high RS are likely to suffer from mental disorders. The association between individual differences in RS and spontaneous neuronal activity at resting state has not yet been investigated. In this study, resting state data were used to investigate the relationship between RS and spontaneous neuronal activity in a large sample of healthy men (137) and women (172). The participants completed the rejection sensitivity questionnaire and underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging scan. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between the regional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and rejection sensitivity scores adjusted for age and sex. Results showed that the ALFF value in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) was positively associated with RS. Furthermore, functional connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with RS when sgACC was used as the seed region. These findings suggest that the spontaneous neuronal activity of sgACC and its functional connectivity with the lateral prefrontal cortex which are involved in experiencing social exclusion and regulating negative emotions are associated with individual differences in RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhou Sun
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Haijiang Li
- c Department of Psychology , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai , China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
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23
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Mayer AR, Ryman SG, Hanlon FM, Dodd AB, Ling JM. Look Hear! The Prefrontal Cortex is Stratified by Modality of Sensory Input During Multisensory Cognitive Control. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2831-2840. [PMID: 27166168 PMCID: PMC6059096 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parsing multisensory information from a complex external environment is a fundamental skill for all organisms. However, different organizational schemes currently exist for how multisensory information is processed in human (supramodal; organized by cognitive demands) versus primate (organized by modality/cognitive demands) lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC). Functional magnetic resonance imaging results from a large cohort of healthy controls (N = 64; Experiment 1) revealed a rostral-caudal stratification of LPFC for auditory versus visual attention during an audio-visual Stroop task. The stratification existed in spite of behavioral and functional evidence of increased interference from visual distractors. Increased functional connectivity was also observed between rostral LPFC and auditory cortex across independent samples (Experiments 2 and 3) and multiple methodologies. In contrast, the caudal LPFC was preferentially activated during visual attention but functioned in a supramodal capacity for resolving multisensory conflict. The caudal LPFC also did not exhibit increased connectivity with visual cortices. Collectively, these findings closely mirror previous nonhuman primate studies suggesting that visual attention relies on flexible use of a supramodal cognitive control network in caudal LPFC whereas rostral LPFC is specialized for directing attention to auditory inputs (i.e., human auditory fields).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Sephira G. Ryman
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Faith M. Hanlon
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Andrew B. Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Josef M. Ling
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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24
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Miura N, Shirasawa N, Kanoh S. Left Lateral Prefrontal Activity Reflects a Change of Behavioral Tactics to Cope with a Given Rule: An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:558. [PMID: 27847475 PMCID: PMC5088193 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rules prescribe human behavior and our attempts to choose appropriate behavior under a given rule. Cognitive control, a mechanism to choose and evaluate actions under a rule, is required to determine the appropriate behavior within the limitations of that rule. Consequently, such cognitive control increases mental workload. However, the workload caused by a cognitive task might be different when an additional rule must be considered in choosing the action. The present study was a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) investigation of an experimental task, in which the difficulty of an operation and existence of an additional rule were manipulated to dissociate the influence of that additional rule on cognitive processing. Twenty healthy Japanese volunteers participated. The participants performed an experimental task, in which the player caught one of five colored balls from the upper part of a computer screen by operating a mouse. Four task conditions were prepared to manipulate the task difficulty, which was defined in terms of operational difficulty. In turn, operational difficulty was determined by the width of the playable space and the existence of an additional rule, which reduced the score when a red ball was not caught. The 52-channel fNIRS data were collected from the forehead. Two regions of interest (ROIs) associated with the bilateral lateral prefrontal cortices (LPFCs) were determined, and a three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the task-related signal changes from each ROI. The fNIRS results revealed that bilateral LPFCs showed large signal changes with the increase in mental workload. The ANOVA showed a significant interaction between the existence of an additional rule and the location of the ROIs; that is, the left lateral prefrontal area showed a significant increase in signal intensity when the additional rule existed, and the participant occasionally decided to avoid catching a ball to successfully catch the red-colored ball. Thus, activation of the left LPFC corresponded more closely to the increase in cognitive control underlying the behavioral change made to cope with the additional rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Miura
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Shirasawa
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin'ichiro Kanoh
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Szameitat AJ, Vanloo A, Müller HJ. Central as well as Peripheral Attentional Bottlenecks in Dual-Task Performance Activate Lateral Prefrontal Cortices. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:119. [PMID: 27014044 PMCID: PMC4792877 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human information processing suffers from severe limitations in parallel processing. In particular, when required to respond to two stimuli in rapid succession, processing bottlenecks may appear at central and peripheral stages of task processing. Importantly, it has been suggested that executive functions are needed to resolve the interference arising at such bottlenecks. The aims of the present study were to test whether central attentional limitations (i.e., bottleneck at the decisional response selection stage) as well as peripheral limitations (i.e., bottleneck at response initiation) both demand executive functions located in the lateral prefrontal cortex. For this, we re-analyzed two previous studies, in which a total of 33 participants performed a dual-task according to the paradigm of the psychological refractory period (PRP) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In one study (N = 17), the PRP task consisted of two two-choice response tasks known to suffer from a central bottleneck (CB group). In the other study (N = 16), the PRP task consisted of two simple-response tasks known to suffer from a peripheral bottleneck (PB group). Both groups showed considerable dual-task costs in form of slowing of the second response in the dual-task (PRP effect). Imaging results are based on the subtraction of both single-tasks from the dual-task within each group. In the CB group, the bilateral middle frontal gyri and inferior frontal gyri were activated. Higher activation in these areas was associated with lower dual-task costs. In the PB group, the right middle frontal and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were activated. Here, higher activation was associated with higher dual-task costs. In conclusion we suggest that central and peripheral bottlenecks both demand executive functions located in lateral prefrontal cortices (LPFC). Differences between the CB and PB groups with respect to the exact prefrontal areas activated and the correlational patterns suggest that the executive functions resolving interference at least partially differ between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Szameitat
- Division of Psychology and CUBIC, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Azonya Vanloo
- Division of Psychology and CUBIC, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
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26
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Wu SW, Delgado MR, Maloney LT. Gambling on visual performance: neural correlates of metacognitive choice between visual lotteries. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:314. [PMID: 26388724 PMCID: PMC4558824 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lottery is a list of mutually exclusive outcomes together with their associated probabilities of occurrence. Decision making is often modeled as choices between lotteries and-in typical research on decision under risk-the probabilities are given to the subject explicitly in numerical form. In this study, we examined lottery decision task where the probabilities of receiving various rewards are contingent on the subjects' own visual performance in a random-dot-motion (RDM) discrimination task, a metacognitive or second order judgment. While there is a large literature concerning the RDM task and there is also a large literature on decision under risk, little is known about metacognitive decisions when the source of uncertainty is visual. Using fMRI with humans, we found distinct fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal networks representing subjects' estimates of his or her performance, reward value, and the expected value (EV) of the lotteries. The fronto-striatal network includes the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum, involved in reward processing and value-based decision-making. The fronto-parietal network includes the intraparietal sulcus and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which was shown to be involved in the accumulation of sensory evidence during visual decision making and in metacognitive judgments on visual performance. These results demonstrate that-while valuation of performance-based lotteries involves a common fronto-striatal valuation network-an additional network unique to the estimation of task-related performance is recruited for the integration of probability and reward information when probability is inferred from visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan ; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Laurence T Maloney
- Department of Psychology, New York University New York, NY, USA ; Center for Neural Science, New York University New York, NY, USA
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Tanaka S, Pan X, Oguchi M, Taylor JE, Sakagami M. Dissociable functions of reward inference in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the striatum. Front Psychol 2015; 6:995. [PMID: 26236266 PMCID: PMC4503889 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a complex and uncertain world, how do we select appropriate behavior? One possibility is that we choose actions that are highly reinforced by their probabilistic consequences (model-free processing). However, we may instead plan actions prior to their actual execution by predicting their consequences (model-based processing). It has been suggested that the brain contains multiple yet distinct systems involved in reward prediction. Several studies have tried to allocate model-free and model-based systems to the striatum and the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), respectively. Although there is much support for this hypothesis, recent research has revealed discrepancies. To understand the nature of the reward prediction systems in the LPFC and the striatum, a series of single-unit recording experiments were conducted. LPFC neurons were found to infer the reward associated with the stimuli even when the monkeys had not yet learned the stimulus-reward (SR) associations directly. Striatal neurons seemed to predict the reward for each stimulus only after directly experiencing the SR contingency. However, the one exception was "Exclusive Or" situations in which striatal neurons could predict the reward without direct experience. Previous single-unit studies in monkeys have reported that neurons in the LPFC encode category information, and represent reward information specific to a group of stimuli. Here, as an extension of these, we review recent evidence that a group of LPFC neurons can predict reward specific to a category of visual stimuli defined by relevant behavioral responses. We suggest that the functional difference in reward prediction between the LPFC and the striatum is that while LPFC neurons can utilize abstract code, striatal neurons can code individual associations between stimuli and reward but cannot utilize abstract code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tanaka
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University , Machida, Japan
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University , Machida, Japan ; Institute for Cognitive Neurodynamics, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Mineki Oguchi
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University , Machida, Japan
| | - Jessica E Taylor
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University , Machida, Japan ; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University , Machida, Japan
| | - Masamichi Sakagami
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University , Machida, Japan ; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University , Machida, Japan
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Chester DS, DeWall CN. The pleasure of revenge: retaliatory aggression arises from a neural imbalance toward reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:1173-82. [PMID: 26117504 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of daily life hums along peacefully but provocations tip the balance toward aggression. Negative feelings are often invoked to explain why people lash out after an insult. Yet people might retaliate because provocation makes aggression hedonically rewarding. To test this alternative hypothesis, 69 participants underwent functional neuroimaging while they completed a behavioral aggression task that repeatedly manipulated whether aggression was preceded by an instance of provocation or not. After provocation, greater activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) (a brain region reliably associated with reward) during aggressive decisions predicted louder noise blasts administered in retaliation. Greater NAcc activation was also associated with participants' history of real-world violence. Functional connectivity between the NAcc and a regulatory region in the lateral prefrontal cortex related to lower retaliatory aggression. These findings suggest that provocation tips the neural balance towards hedonic reward, which fosters retaliatory aggression. Although such pleasure of inflicting pain may promote retaliatory aggression, self-regulatory processes can keep such aggressive urges at bay. Implications for theory and violence reduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Chester
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - C Nathan DeWall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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29
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Comte M, Cancel A, Coull JT, Schön D, Reynaud E, Boukezzi S, Rousseau PF, Robert G, Khalfa S, Guedj E, Blin O, Weinberger DR, Fakra E. Effect of trait anxiety on prefrontal control mechanisms during emotional conflict. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2207-14. [PMID: 25664956 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence points to a link between anxiety proneness and altered emotional functioning, including threat-related biases in selective attention and higher susceptibility to emotionally ambiguous stimuli. However, during these complex emotional situations, it remains unclear how trait anxiety affects the engagement of the prefrontal emotional control system and particularly the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a core region at the intersection of the limbic and prefrontal systems. Using an emotional conflict task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated in healthy subjects the relations between trait anxiety and both regional activity and functional connectivity (psychophysiological interaction) of the ACC. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with stronger task-related activation in ACC but with reduced functional connectivity between ACC and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC). These results support the hypothesis that when one is faced with emotionally incompatible information, anxiety leads to inefficient high-order control, characterized by insufficient ACC-LPFC functional coupling and increases, possibly compensatory, in activation of ACC. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of the neural circuitry underlying anxiety and may offer potential treatment markers for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Comte
- Stress et Vulnérabilité, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France
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Abstract
This paper outlines the model-based theory of causal reasoning. It postulates that the core meanings of causal assertions are deterministic and refer to temporally-ordered sets of possibilities: A causes B to occur means that given A, B occurs, whereas A enables B to occur means that given A, it is possible for B to occur. The paper shows how mental models represent such assertions, and how these models underlie deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning yielding explanations. It reviews evidence both to corroborate the theory and to account for phenomena sometimes taken to be incompatible with it. Finally, it reviews neuroscience evidence indicating that mental models for causal inference are implemented within lateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet S Khemlani
- Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinoi at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Philip N Johnson-Laird
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA ; Department of Psychology, New York University New York, NY, USA
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31
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Silveira S, Graupmann V, Agthe M, Gutyrchik E, Blautzik J, Demirçapa I, Berndt A, Pöppel E, Frey D, Reiser M, Hennig-Fast K. Existential neuroscience: effects of mortality salience on the neurocognitive processing of attractive opposite-sex faces. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1601-7. [PMID: 24078106 PMCID: PMC4187282 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Being reminded of the inherently finite nature of human existence has been demonstrated to elicit strivings for sexual reproduction and the formation and maintenance of intimate relationships. Recently, it has been proposed that the perception of potential mating partners is influenced by mortality salience. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the neurocognitive processing of attractive opposite-sex faces after priming with death-related words for heterosexual men and women. Significant modulations of behavioral and neural responses were found when participants were requested to decide whether they would like to meet the presented person. Men were more in favor of meeting attractive women after being primed with death-related words compared to a no-prime condition. Increased neural activation could be found under mortality salience in the left anterior insula and the adjacent lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) for both men and women. As previously suggested, we believe that the lPFC activation reflects an approach-motivated defense mechanism to overcome concerns that are induced by being reminded of death and dying. Our results provide insight on a neurocognitive level that approach motivation in general, and mating motivation in particular is modulated by mortality salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Silveira
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Graupmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Agthe
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgeny Gutyrchik
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Janusch Blautzik
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Idil Demirçapa
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Berndt
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Frey
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Reiser
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Hennig-Fast
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Rao LL, Yang LQ, Li S. Money talks: neural substrate of modulation of fairness by monetary incentives. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:150. [PMID: 24834034 PMCID: PMC4017157 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of the human species is compliance with social norms, e.g., fairness, even though this normative decision means curbing self-interest. However, sometimes people prefer to pursue wealth at the expense of moral goodness. Specifically, deviations from a fairness-related normative choice have been observed in the presence of a high monetary incentive. The neural mechanism underlying this deviation from the fairness-related normative choice has yet to be determined. In order to address this issue, using functional magnetic resonance imaging we employed an ultimatum game (UG) paradigm in which fairness and a proposed monetary amount were orthogonally varied. We found evidence for a significant modulation by the proposed amount on fairness in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the bilateral insular cortices. Additionally, the insular subregions showed dissociable modulation patterns. Inter-individual differences in the modulation effects in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) accounted for inter-individual differences in the behavioral modulation effect as measured by the rejection rate, supporting the concept that the PFC plays a critical role in making fairness-related normative decisions in a social interaction condition. Our findings provide neural evidence for the modulation of fairness by monetary incentives as well as accounting for inter-individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Institute of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Rao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Liu-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Institute of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Shu Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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Brod G, Werkle-Bergner M, Shing YL. The influence of prior knowledge on memory: a developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:139. [PMID: 24115923 PMCID: PMC3792618 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Across ontogenetic development, individuals gather manifold experiences during which they detect regularities in their environment and thereby accumulate knowledge. This knowledge is used to guide behavior, make predictions, and acquire further new knowledge. In this review, we discuss the influence of prior knowledge on memory from both the psychology and the emerging cognitive neuroscience literature and provide a developmental perspective on this topic. Recent neuroscience findings point to a prominent role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and of the hippocampus (HC) in the emergence of prior knowledge and in its application during the processes of successful memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. We take the lateral PFC into consideration as well and discuss changes in both medial and lateral PFC and HC across development and postulate how these may be related to the development of the use of prior knowledge for remembering. For future direction, we argue that, to measure age differential effects of prior knowledge on memory, it is necessary to distinguish the availability of prior knowledge from its accessibility and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin Brod
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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Nakao T, Matsumoto T, Morita M, Shimizu D, Yoshimura S, Northoff G, Morinobu S, Okamoto Y, Yamawaki S. The Degree of Early Life Stress Predicts Decreased Medial Prefrontal Activations and the Shift from Internally to Externally Guided Decision Making: An Exploratory NIRS Study during Resting State and Self-Oriented Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:339. [PMID: 23840186 PMCID: PMC3699719 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), an important risk factor for psychopathology in mental disorders, is associated neuronally with decreased functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) in the resting state. Moreover, it is linked with greater deactivation in DMN during a working memory task. Although DMN shows large amplitudes of very low-frequency oscillations (VLFO) and strong involvement during self-oriented tasks, these features’ relation to ELS remains unclear. Therefore, our preliminary study investigated the relationship between ELS and the degree of frontal activations during a resting state and self-oriented task using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). From 22 healthy participants, regional hemodynamic changes in 43 front-temporal channels were recorded during 5 min resting states, and execution of a self-oriented task (color-preference judgment) and a control task (color-similarity judgment). Using a child abuse and trauma scale, ELS was quantified. We observed that ELS showed a negative correlation with medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activation during both resting state and color-preference judgment. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between ELS and MPFC activation during color-similarity judgment. Additionally, we observed that ELS and the MPFC activation during color-preference judgment were associated behaviorally with the rate of similar color choice in preference judgment, which suggests that, for participants with higher ELS, decisions in the color-preference judgment were based on an external criterion (color similarity) rather than an internal criterion (subjective preference). Taken together, our neuronal and behavioral findings show that high ELS is related to lower MPFC activation during both rest and self-oriented tasks. This is behaviorally manifest in an abnormal shift from internally to externally guided decision making, even under circumstances where internal guidance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakao
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
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Manoach DS, Lee AKC, Hämäläinen MS, Dyckman KA, Friedman J, Vangel M, Goff DC, Barton JJ. Anomalous use of context during task preparation in schizophrenia: a magnetoencephalography study. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:967-75. [PMID: 23380717 PMCID: PMC3641151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired ability to use contextual information to optimally prepare for tasks contributes to performance deficits in schizophrenia. We used magnetoencephalography and an antisaccade task to investigate the neural basis of this deficit. METHODS In schizophrenia patients and healthy control participants, we examined the difference in preparatory activation to cues indicating an impending antisaccade or prosaccade. We analyzed activation for correct trials only and focused on the network for volitional ocular motor control-frontal eye field (FEF), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC, DLPFC). RESULTS Compared with control subjects, patients made more antisaccade errors and showed reduced differential preparatory activation in the dACC and increased differential preparatory activation in the VLPFC. In patients only, antisaccade error rates correlated with preparatory activation in the FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC. CONCLUSIONS In schizophrenia, reduced differential preparatory activation of the dACC may reflect reduced signaling of the need for control. Greater preparatory activation in the VLPFC and the correlations of error rate with FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC activation may reflect that patients who are more error prone require stronger activation in these regions for correct performance. These findings provide the first evidence of abnormal task preparation, distinct from response generation, during volitional saccades in schizophrenia. We conclude that schizophrenia patients are impaired in using task cues to modulate cognitive control and that this contributes to deficits inhibiting prepotent but contextually inappropriate responses and to behavior that is stimulus bound and error prone rather than flexibly guided by context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Adrian K. C. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences (I-LABS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7988
| | - Matti S. Hämäläinen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kara A. Dyckman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jesse Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Donald C. Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason J.S. Barton
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Carré A, Gierski F, Lemogne C, Tran E, Raucher-Chéné D, Béra-Potelle C, Portefaix C, Kaladjian A, Pierot L, Besche-Richard C, Limosin F. Linear association between social anxiety symptoms and neural activations to angry faces: from subclinical to clinical levels. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:880-6. [PMID: 23651705 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD), which is characterized by the fear of being rejected and negatively evaluated, involves altered brain activation during the processing of negative emotions in a social context. Although associated temperament traits, such as shyness or behavioral inhibition, have been studied, there is still insufficient knowledge to support the dimensional approach, which assumes a continuum from subclinical to clinical levels of social anxiety symptoms. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural bases of individual differences in social anxiety. Our sample included participants with both healthy/subclinical as well as clinical levels of social anxiety. Forty-six participants with a wide range of social anxiety levels performed a gender decision task with emotional facial expressions during fMRI scanning. Activation in the left anterior insula and right lateral prefrontal cortex in response to angry faces was positively correlated with the level of social anxiety in a regression analysis. The results substantiate, with a dimensional approach, those obtained in previous studies that involved SAD patients or healthy and subclinical participants. It may help to refine further therapeutic strategies based on markers of social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Carré
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
| | - Fabien Gierski
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
| | - Cédric Lemogne
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
| | - Eric Tran
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Raucher-Chéné
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
| | - Céline Béra-Potelle
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Portefaix
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
| | - Arthur Kaladjian
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
| | - Laurent Pierot
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chrystel Besche-Richard
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
| | - Frédéric Limosin
- Laboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, 51100 Reims, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 10 Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte et du Sujet Âgé, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris, France, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France, Laboratoire CReSTIC (EA 3804), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, FranceLaboratoire C2S (EA6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Imagerie, 51100 Reims, France, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231
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Aly M, Yonelinas AP, Kishiyama MM, Knight RT. Damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex impairs familiarity but not recollection. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:297-304. [PMID: 21827792 PMCID: PMC3170503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Frontal lobe lesions impair recognition memory but it is unclear whether the deficits arise from impaired recollection, impaired familiarity, or both. In the current study, recognition memory for verbal materials was examined in patients with damage to the left or right lateral prefrontal cortex. Words were incidentally encoded under semantic or phonological orienting conditions, and recognition memory was tested using a 6-point confidence procedure. Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were examined in order to measure the contributions of recollection and familiarity to recognition memory. In both encoding conditions, lateral prefrontal cortex damage led to a deficit in familiarity but not recollection. Similar deficits were observed in left and right hemisphere patients. The results indicate that the lateral prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in the monitoring or decision processes required for accurate familiarity-based recognition responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Aly
- University of California, Davis, Department of Psychology, 134 Young Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Joos AAB, Saum B, Zeeck A, Perlov E, Glauche V, Hartmann A, Freyer T, Sandholz A, Unterbrink T, van Elst LT, Tüscher O. Frontocingular dysfunction in bulimia nervosa when confronted with disease-specific stimuli. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2011; 19:447-53. [PMID: 21809423 DOI: 10.1002/erv.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bulimia nervosa (BN) is characterized by dysregulation of impulse control, in other words, uncontrolled eating. Functional neuroimaging studies have been sparse and have used variable methodologies. METHOD Thirteen medication-free female BN patients and 13 female healthy controls were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging using a disease-specific food paradigm. Stimuli were rated after the scanning procedure. RESULTS Bulimia nervosa patients showed increased fear ratings and a trend for increased disgust. Magnetic resonance imaging data of 10 BN patients could be analysed. Three BN patients had to be excluded from the analysis because of minimal blood oxygen level dependent signals. Compared with healthy controls, BN patients showed less activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, which extended into the lateral prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, the right temporal pole showed decreased reactivity. DISCUSSION This study substantiates a key role of lateral prefrontal dysfunction in BN, a brain region involved in impulse control. Furthermore, the anterior cingulate cortex, which plays a key role in emotion processing, is dysfunctional. A major limitation of this study is the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A B Joos
- University of Freiburg, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.
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39
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Abstract
Causal reasoning is a ubiquitous feature of human cognition. We continuously seek to understand, at least implicitly and often explicitly, the causal scenarios in which we live, so that we may anticipate what will come next, plan a potential response and envision its outcome, decide among possible courses of action in light of their probable outcomes, make midstream adjustments in our goal-related activities as our situation changes, and so on. A considerable body of research shows that the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for causal reasoning, but also that there are significant differences in the manner in which ventrolateral PFC, dorsolateral PFC, and anterolateral PFC support causal reasoning. We propose, on the basis of research on the evolution, architecture, and functional organization of the lateral PFC, a general framework for understanding its roles in the many and varied sorts of causal reasoning carried out by human beings. Specifically, the ventrolateral PFC supports the generation of basic causal explanations and inferences; dorsolateral PFC supports the evaluation of these scenarios in light of some given normative standard (e.g., of plausibility or correctness in light of real or imagined causal interventions); and anterolateral PFC supports explanation and inference at an even higher level of complexity, coordinating the processes of generation and evaluation with further cognitive processes, and especially with computations of hedonic value and emotional implications of possible behavioral scenarios – considerations that are often critical both for understanding situations causally and for deciding about our own courses of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL, USA
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Sohn MH, Albert MV, Jung K, Carter CS, Anderson JR. Anticipation of conflict monitoring in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10330-4. [PMID: 17563353 PMCID: PMC1965513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703225104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been suggested as a monitoring center that is responsible for online detection of response conflicts. In this view, the conflict signal detected by the ACC is transmitted to other brain regions, such as the dorsal part of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), to increase the level of cognitive control. In this functional MRI (fMRI) study, we examined the conflict resolution that goes beyond online detection of response conflicts. Participants learned pseudoarithmetic problem-solving tasks that involve stimulus-response mapping rules with high or low conflicts. On half of the trials, participants had a preview of the upcoming operator that allowed advance preparation for the mapping rules. The preview significantly reduced the conflict effects on latency. During the preview, both the ACC and lPFC were activated in anticipation of conflict, and this anticipatory activation was highly predictive of the subsequent latency. These results suggest that the ACC and lPFC are responsible for both anticipatory preparation and online adjustment in response to conflicts. The results also confirm the roles of the lPFC and ACC in managing conflict during problem solving and extend these roles to include responding to anticipation of conflicts that may arise between incompatible stimulus-response mappings maintained in working memory during preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Ho Sohn
- *Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Mark V. Albert
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Kwanjin Jung
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15203
| | - Cameron S. Carter
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - John R. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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