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Zhang Q, Sha D, Chen Y, Yao J, Gao Y, Liu J, Ji L, Shi P, Shi C. Outbreak of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Contaminated Street-Vended Food at Qingyang Town, China, 2016. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 17:e205. [PMID: 36537008 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, an outbreak of paratyphoid fever occurred in 40 cases at Qingyang town, in China. A case-control study was carried out to determine the source of this outbreak. Case-control study was conducted to identify the risk factors of this outbreak. The cases were identified as patients with isolation of S. Paratyphi, controls were confirmed cases' healthy classmates, colleagues or neighbors and matched by age (±5 y) and gender. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed to source tracking. Totally, 40 cases were reported: 24 cases were students, and 20 (20/24) of them were Qingyang High School students. For the case-control study, consuming Chinese egg pancakes was detected as a risk factor (OR1:1 = 5.000; 95% CI: 1.710-14.640), and hand-washing before meals was protective behavior compared with seldom hand-washing (OR1:1 = 23.256; 95% CI: 2.451-200.000). S. Paratyphi was cultured from a well water sample used for washing contents of the pancakes. Isolates from well water and paratyphoid cases showed the same PFGE patterns. Contaminated well water and Chinese egg pancakes were likely source and vehicle of this outbreak. Health education, especially handwashing, and food safety supervision should be promoted particularly in schools.
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Neumann GU, Skourtanioti E, Burri M, Nelson EA, Michel M, Hiss AN, McGeorge PJP, Betancourt PP, Spyrou MA, Krause J, Stockhammer PW. Ancient Yersinia pestis and Salmonella enterica genomes from Bronze Age Crete. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3641-3649.e8. [PMID: 35882233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the late 3rd millennium BCE, the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East witnessed societal changes in many regions, which are usually explained with a combination of social and climatic factors.1-4 However, recent archaeogenetic research forces us to rethink models regarding the role of infectious diseases in past societal trajectories.5 The plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was involved in some of the most destructive historical pandemics,5-8 circulated across Eurasia at least from the onset of the 3rd millennium BCE,9-13 but the challenging preservation of ancient DNA in warmer climates has restricted the identification of Y.pestis from this period to temperate climatic regions. As such, evidence from culturally prominent regions such as the Eastern Mediterranean is currently lacking. Here, we present genetic evidence for the presence of Y. pestis and Salmonella enterica, the causative agent of typhoid/enteric fever, from this period of transformation in Crete, detected at the cave site Hagios Charalambos. We reconstructed one Y. pestis genome that forms part of a now-extinct lineage of Y. pestis strains from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age that were likely not yet adapted for transmission via fleas. Furthermore, we reconstructed two ancient S. enterica genomes from the Para C lineage, which cluster with contemporary strains that were likely not yet fully host adapted to humans. The occurrence of these two virulent pathogens at the end of the Early Minoan period in Crete emphasizes the necessity to re-introduce infectious diseases as an additional factor possibly contributing to the transformation of early complex societies in the Aegean and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eirini Skourtanioti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta Burri
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 10 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alina N Hiss
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Philip P Betancourt
- Department of Art History and Archaeology, Temple University, 2001 N. 13(th) St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80799 München, Germany.
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Sajib MSI, Tanmoy AM, Hooda Y, Rahman H, Andrews JR, Garrett DO, Endtz HP, Saha SK, Saha S. Tracking the Emergence of Azithromycin Resistance in Multiple Genotypes of Typhoidal Salmonella. mBio 2021; 12:e03481-20. [PMID: 33593966 PMCID: PMC8545119 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03481-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid, have led to fears of untreatable infections. Of specific concern is the emerging resistance against azithromycin, the only remaining oral drug to treat extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid. Since the first report of azithromycin resistance from Bangladesh in 2019, cases have been reported from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The genetic basis of this resistance is a single point mutation in the efflux pump AcrB (R717Q/L). Here, we report 38 additional cases of azithromycin-resistant (AzmR) Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A isolated in Bangladesh between 2016 and 2018. Using genomic analysis of 56 AzmR isolates from South Asia with AcrB-R717Q/L, we confirm that this mutation has spontaneously emerged in different Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A genotypes. The largest cluster of AzmR Typhi belonged to genotype 4.3.1.1; Bayesian analysis predicts the mutation to have emerged sometime in 2010. A travel-related Typhi isolate with AcrB-R717Q belonging to 4.3.1.1 was isolated in the United Kingdom, increasing fears of global spread. For real-time detection of AcrB-R717Q/L, we developed an extraction-free, rapid, and low-cost mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA). Validation of MAMA using 113 AzmR and non-AzmR isolates yielded >98% specificity and sensitivity versus phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing assays currently used for azithromycin resistance detection. With increasing azithromycin use, AcrB-R717Q/L is likely to be acquired by XDR strains. The proposed tool for active detection and surveillance of this mutation may detect pan-oral drug resistance early, giving us a window to intervene.IMPORTANCE In the early 1900s, with mortality of ∼30%, typhoid and paratyphoid ravaged parts of the world; with improved water, sanitation, and hygiene in resource-rich countries and the advent of antimicrobials, mortality dwindled to <1%. Today, the burden rests disproportionately on South Asia, where the primary means for combatting the disease is antimicrobials. However, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is rising and, in 2016, an extensively drug resistant Typhi strain triggered an ongoing outbreak in Pakistan, leaving only one oral drug, azithromycin, to treat it. Since the description of emergence of azithromycin resistance, conferred by a point mutation in acrB (AcrB-R717Q/L) in 2019, there have been increasing numbers of reports. Using genomics and Bayesian analysis, we illustrate that this mutation emerged in approximately 2010 and has spontaneously arisen multiple times. Emergence of pan-oral drug resistant Salmonella Typhi is imminent. We developed a low-cost, rapid PCR tool to facilitate real-time detection and prevention policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S I Sajib
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arif M Tanmoy
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yogesh Hooda
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- MRC-Laboratory Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Hubert P Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Fondation Mérieux and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Pan P, Zou F, He C, He Q, Yin J. Characterization and protective efficacy of a sptP mutant of Salmonella Paratyphi A. Immun Inflamm Dis 2020; 8:774-781. [PMID: 33135379 PMCID: PMC7654428 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Salmonella Paratyphi A causes paratyphoid A, a severe systemic disease of people and remains a major public health problem in many parts of the world. In the interest of researching the roles of sptP on Salmonella Paratyphi A and developing a live‐attenuated vaccine candidate, an sptP mutant of Salmonella Paratyphi A SPA017 (SPA017ΔsptP) was constructed, and then its characterization, immunogenicity, and protective ability were evaluated. Results The deletion of sptP had no effect on growth and biochemical properties. Adhesion and invasion assays showed that the lack of sptP did not affect the adhesion of Salmonella Paratyphi A, but the invasive ability of the mutant strain was significantly decreased, the half‐lethal dose (LD50) of the mutant strain was 1.43 × 104 times of the parent strain in intraperitoneally injected mice. Single intraperitoneal vaccination with SPA017ΔsptP (1 × 105 CFU) in mice did not affect the body weight or elicit clinical symptoms relative to the control group, SPA017ΔsptP bacteria were isolated from livers and spleens of vaccinated mice at 14 days postvaccination. Notably, specific humoral and cellular immune responses were significantly induced. The protective assessment showed that the mutant strain could provide high‐level protection against subsequent challenge with the wild‐type SPA017 strain. Conclusions These results demonstrated that SptP plays an essential role in the pathogenicity of Salmonella Paratyphi A, and Salmonella Paratyphi A lacking sptP is immunogenic and protective in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Pan
- Medical College, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fanyu Zou
- Medical College, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chuanshan He
- Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qunli He
- Medical College, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junlei Yin
- Medical College, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
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Alhaj-Qasem DM, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Irekeola AA, Khalid MF, Mohamud R, Ismail A, Mustafa FH. Laboratory Diagnosis of Paratyphoid Fever: Opportunity of Surface Plasmon Resonance. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070438. [PMID: 32605310 PMCID: PMC7400347 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratyphoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonellaenterica serovar Paratyphi (A, B and C), and contributes significantly to global disease burden. One of the major challenges in the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever is the lack of a proper gold standard. Given the absence of a licensed vaccine against S. Paratyphi, this diagnostic gap leads to inappropriate antibiotics use, thus, enhancing antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the symptoms of paratyphoid overlap with other infections, including the closely related typhoid fever. Since the development and utilization of a standard, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic method is essential in controlling any disease, this review discusses a new promising approach to aid the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever. This advocated approach is based on the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor and DNA probes to detect specific nucleic acid sequences of S. Paratyphi. We believe that this SPR-based genoassay can be a potent alternative to the current conventional diagnostic methods, and could become a rapid diagnostic tool for paratyphoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (R.M.)
| | - Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Offa PMB 4412, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (R.M.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Aziah Ismail
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Fatin Hamimi Mustafa
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-9767-2432
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Panezai M, Kamran Taj M, Nawaz I, Taj I, Panezai M, Panezai N, Zafar U, Ghulam Muhammad D, Ahmed Essote S, Muhammad G. Isolation and Identification of <i>Salmonella paratyphi </i>from Enteric Fever Patients at Different Hospitals of Quetta City. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 21:469-474. [PMID: 30724049 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.469.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Salmonella paratyphi cause enteric fever which is an important public health problem worldwide. In Pakistan incidence is increasing and affect all age groups. Therefore, the present research was designed to study the different microbiological aspects of Salmonella paratyphi. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted to identify the Salmonella paratyphi from blood samples in Quetta. Total 480 blood samples were collected from different hospital of Quetta. Specific colony characters, microscopic examination, biochemical tests and PCR were used for identification of Salmonella paratyphi. RESULTS Total 55% samples were positive and 45% were negative for Salmonella paratyphi. Results showed that males (34%) were more affected with Salmonella paratyphi as compare to female (20%). Age wise distribution revealed that Salmonella paratyphi was high in 20-30 years (38%) followed by 10-20 years (9.16%) and 1-10 years (7.5%) age group patients. Paratyphoid fever cases were significantly high (25.41%) in Pashtoon population as compare to other population of Balochistan. The 40% paratyphoid fever was observed in the patients with low socioeconomic status, 9.16% in middle socioeconomic status and 5.83% in the patients belonged to high socioeconomic status. The Salmonella paratyphi were sensitive to Chloramphenicol (23 mm), Amikacin (24 mm), Gentamicin (12 mm), Quinolones (23) and Polypeptide (13 mm) classes. The PCR based identification of Salmonella paratyphi showed clear bands of 329 bp of flic-a gene. CONCLUSION To control paratyphoid fever strong initiatives must be taken to improve water sanitation, hygiene level, supply of save drinking water and vaccination is recommended in order to eradicate the disease.
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Savage RD, Rosella LC, Crowcroft NS, Horn M, Khan K, Holder L, Varia M. Direct Medical Costs of 3 Reportable Travel-Related Infections in Ontario, Canada, 2012-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1501-1510. [PMID: 31310226 PMCID: PMC6649327 DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.190222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immigrants traveling to their birth countries to visit friends or relatives are disproportionately affected by travel-related infections, in part because most preventive travel health services are not publicly funded. To help identify cost-effective policies to reduce this disparity, we measured the medical costs (in 2015 Canadian dollars) of 3 reportable travel-related infectious diseases (hepatitis A, malaria, and enteric fever) that accrued during a 3-year period (2012-2014) in an ethnoculturally diverse region of Canada (Peel, Ontario) by linking reportable disease surveillance and health administrative data. In total, 318 case-patients were included, each matched with 2 controls. Most spending accrued in inpatient settings. Direct healthcare spending totaled $2,058,196; the mean attributable cost per case was $6,098 (95% CI $5,328-$6,868) but varied by disease (range $4,558-$7,852). Costs were greatest for enteric fever. Policies that address financial barriers to preventive health services for high-risk groups should be evaluated.
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Hiyoshi H, Wangdi T, Lock G, Saechao C, Raffatellu M, Cobb BA, Bäumler AJ. Mechanisms to Evade the Phagocyte Respiratory Burst Arose by Convergent Evolution in Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1787-1797. [PMID: 29444431 PMCID: PMC5826628 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) Typhi differs in its clinical presentation from gastroenteritis caused by S. Typhimurium and other non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars. The different clinical presentations are attributed in part to the virulence-associated capsular polysaccharide (Vi antigen) of S. Typhi, which prevents phagocytes from triggering a respiratory burst by preventing antibody-mediated complement activation. Paradoxically, the Vi antigen is absent from S. Paratyphi A, which causes a disease that is indistinguishable from typhoid fever. Here, we show that evasion of the phagocyte respiratory burst by S. Paratyphi A required very long O antigen chains containing the O2 antigen to inhibit antibody binding. We conclude that the ability to avoid the phagocyte respiratory burst is a property distinguishing typhoidal from non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars that was acquired by S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A independently through convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hiyoshi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tamding Wangdi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Gabriel Lock
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cheng Saechao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Rojak S, Wiemer DF, Wille A, Loderstädt U, Wassill L, Hinz R, Hagen RM, Frickmann H. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for paratyphoid fever - a proof-of-principle analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:509-513. [PMID: 30761564 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) procedures for the detection of paratyphoid fever-associated bacteria on serovar level were evaluated. Therefore, LAMP primers for Salmonella genus, for two LAMP schemes for S. Paratyphi A, for S. Paratyphi B and for S. Paratyphi C were tested with DNA from culture isolates from strain collections and spiked blood cultures against published PCR protocols targeting the same micro-organisms. Sensitivity and specificity for DNA from culture isolates verified by LAMP ranged from 80·0 to 100·0% and 96·1 to 100·0% vs 65 to 100% and 98·7 to 100% for the PCR approaches. For the spiked blood culture materials, sensitivity and specificity for LAMP ranged from 87·5 to 100·0% and 96·7 to 100·0% vs from 60 to 100% and 98·2 to 100% for PCR. In conclusion, LAMP for paratyphoid fever shows comparable performance characteristics as PCR. Due to its easy application, the procedure is well suited for surveillance purposes in resource-limited settings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of easy-to-apply, point-of-care-testing-like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever is evaluated. This approach can contribute to low-threshold availability of surveillance options for resource limited settings. Easy-to-teach and easy-to-apply LAMP schemes with similar performance characteristics as PCR are provided. The described test evaluation is of particular use for surveillance and public health experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rojak
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D F Wiemer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Wille
- Institute for Hygiene and Environment, City of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Loderstädt
- Institute for Hygiene and Environment, City of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L Wassill
- Amplex Diagnostics GmbH, Gars-Bahnhof, Germany
| | - R Hinz
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - R M Hagen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany
| | - H Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Harris A, Viswanathan S, Aghoram R. Myositis associated with Salmonella paratyphi A bacteremia appears to be common. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:125-129. [PMID: 30911492 PMCID: PMC6396611 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_202_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fever and severe myalgia in a tropical country like India bring to mind leptospirosis, rickettsioses, dengue, and other viral fevers. Enteric fever is widely prevalent in Asia, but myositis has not been previously described in Salmonella paratyphi A bacteremia. Materials and Methods Retrospectively, we recruited patients with enteric fever admitted to our treating unit over a 6-month period. Demography, historical, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained. Data of culture-positive S. paratyphi A patients were analyzed and were compared with those patients with culture-negative enteric fever. Results Forty-three cases were found in total with 19 of S. paratyphi A bacteremia. Elevations in creatine kinase (CK) ranged from one-and-half to six times normal. Forty-seven percent had thrombocytopenia and alanine transaminase elevations, while aspartate transaminase elevations were seen in 17 patients, which corresponded to those with elevated CK levels. Conclusions Myositis associated with S. typhi and S. paratyphi is very rare and is more often due to non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Elevated creatine kinase was seen in most of our patients with S. paratyphi A bacteremia. Such myositis has not been described previously and hence, myalgia with fever in a tropical country could be a harbinger of paratyphoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adline Harris
- Department of General Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Stalin Viswanathan
- Department of General Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
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Oo WT, Myat TO, Htike WW, Ussher JE, Murdoch DR, Lwin KT, Oo MZ, Maze MJ, Win HH, Crump JA. Incidence of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Among Adolescents and Adults in Yangon, Myanmar. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:S124-S129. [PMID: 30845332 PMCID: PMC6405279 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate estimates of typhoid disease burden are needed to guide policy decisions, including on vaccine use. Data on the incidence of enteric fever in Myanmar are scarce. We estimated typhoid and paratyphoid fever incidence among adolescents and adults in Yangon, Myanmar, by combining sentinel hospital surveillance with a healthcare utilization survey. METHODS We conducted a population-based household health care utilization survey in the Yangon Region 12 March through 5 April 2018. Multipliers derived from this survey were then applied to hospital-based surveillance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A bloodstream infections from 5 October 2015 through 4 October 2016 at Yangon General Hospital (YGH) to estimate the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers among person ≥12 years of age. RESULTS A total of 336 households representing 1598 persons were enrolled in the health care utilization survey, and multipliers were derived based on responses to questions about healthcare seeking in the event of febrile illness. Of 671 Yangon residents enrolled over a 1-year period at YGH, we identified 33 (4.9%) with Salmonella Typhi and 9 (1.3%) with Salmonella Paratyphi A bloodstream infection. After applying multipliers, we estimated that the annual incidence of typhoid was 391 per 100 000 persons and paratyphoid was 107 per 100 000 persons. CONCLUSIONS Enteric fever incidence is high in Yangon, Myanmar, warranting increased attention on prevention and control, including consideration of typhoid conjugate vaccine use as well as nonvaccine control measures. Research on incidence among infants and children, as well as sources and modes of transmission is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Thandar Oo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tin Ohn Myat
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wah Win Htike
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - James E Ussher
- Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin Hospital
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Min Zaw Oo
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Michael J Maze
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hla Hla Win
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Antillon M, Saad NJ, Baker S, Pollard AJ, Pitzer VE. The Relationship Between Blood Sample Volume and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S255-S267. [PMID: 30307563 PMCID: PMC6226661 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood culture is the standard diagnostic method for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever in surveillance studies and clinical trials, but sensitivity is widely acknowledged to be suboptimal. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine sources of heterogeneity across studies and quantified the effect of blood volume. Methods We searched the literature to identify all studies that performed blood culture alongside bone marrow culture (a gold standard) to detect cases of enteric fever. We performed a meta-regression analysis to quantify the relationship between blood sample volume and diagnostic sensitivity. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact of patient age, antimicrobial use, and symptom duration on sensitivity. Results We estimated blood culture diagnostic sensitivity was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.64) with significant between-study heterogeneity (I2, 76% [95% CI, 68%-82%]; P < .01). Sensitivity ranged from 0.51 (95% CI, 0.44-0.57) for a 2-mL blood specimen to 0.65 (95% CI, 0.58-0.70) for a 10-mL blood specimen, indicative of a relationship between specimen volume and sensitivity. Subgroup analysis showed significant heterogeneity by patient age and a weak trend towards higher sensitivity among more recent studies. Sensitivity was 34% lower (95% CI, 4%-54%) among patients with prior antimicrobial use and 31% lower after the first week of symptoms (95% CI, 19%-41%). There was no evidence of confounding by patient age, antimicrobial use, symptom duration, or study date on the relationship between specimen volume and sensitivity. Conclusions The relationship between the blood sample volume and culture sensitivity should be accounted for in incidence and next-generation diagnostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Antillon
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Center for Health Economics Research and Modeling of Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Neil J Saad
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Zhou Z, Lundstrøm I, Tran-Dien A, Duchêne S, Alikhan NF, Sergeant MJ, Langridge G, Fotakis AK, Nair S, Stenøien HK, Hamre SS, Casjens S, Christophersen A, Quince C, Thomson NR, Weill FX, Ho SYW, Gilbert MTP, Achtman M. Pan-genome Analysis of Ancient and Modern Salmonella enterica Demonstrates Genomic Stability of the Invasive Para C Lineage for Millennia. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2420-2428.e10. [PMID: 30033331 PMCID: PMC6089836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi C causes enteric (paratyphoid) fever in humans. Its presentation can range from asymptomatic infections of the blood stream to gastrointestinal or urinary tract infection or even a fatal septicemia [1]. Paratyphi C is very rare in Europe and North America except for occasional travelers from South and East Asia or Africa, where the disease is more common [2, 3]. However, early 20th-century observations in Eastern Europe [3, 4] suggest that Paratyphi C enteric fever may once have had a wide-ranging impact on human societies. Here, we describe a draft Paratyphi C genome (Ragna) recovered from the 800-year-old skeleton (SK152) of a young woman in Trondheim, Norway. Paratyphi C sequences were recovered from her teeth and bones, suggesting that she died of enteric fever and demonstrating that these bacteria have long caused invasive salmonellosis in Europeans. Comparative analyses against modern Salmonella genome sequences revealed that Paratyphi C is a clade within the Para C lineage, which also includes serovars Choleraesuis, Typhisuis, and Lomita. Although Paratyphi C only infects humans, Choleraesuis causes septicemia in pigs and boar [5] (and occasionally humans), and Typhisuis causes epidemic swine salmonellosis (chronic paratyphoid) in domestic pigs [2, 3]. These different host specificities likely evolved in Europe over the last ∼4,000 years since the time of their most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and are possibly associated with the differential acquisitions of two genomic islands, SPI-6 and SPI-7. The tMRCAs of these bacterial clades coincide with the timing of pig domestication in Europe [6]. Salmonella enterica aDNA sequences were found within 800-year-old teeth and bone The invasive Para C lineage was defined from 50,000 modern S. enterica genomes The Para C lineage includes Ragna, the aDNA genome, and human and swine pathogens Only few genomic changes occurred in the Para C lineage over its 3,000-year history
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Zhou
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Inge Lundstrøm
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alicia Tran-Dien
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sebastián Duchêne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nabil-Fareed Alikhan
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Martin J Sergeant
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Anna K Fotakis
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Stian S Hamre
- Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Post Box 7805, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sherwood Casjens
- Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Christopher Quince
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; NTNU University Museum, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Mark Achtman
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Saitoh T, Morita M, Shimada T, Izumiya H, Kanayama A, Oishi K, Ohnishi M, Sunagawa T. Increase in paratyphoid fever cases in Japanese travellers returning from Cambodia in 2013. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:602-6. [PMID: 26169980 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013, an unusual increase of paratyphoid fever cases in travellers returning from Cambodia was reported in Japan. From December 2012 to September 2013, 18 cases of Salmonella Paratyphi A infection were identified. Microbiological analyses revealed that most isolates had the same clonal identity, although the epidemiological link between these cases remains unclear. It was inferred that the outbreak was caused by a common and persistent source in Cambodia that was likely to have continued during 2014. The information of surveillance and laboratory data from cases arising in travellers from countries with limited surveillance systems should be timely shared with the country of origin.
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15
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Choi HY, Nickless D, Tee W, Tong E, Aboltins CA. Acute scrotal ulcers in typhoid Fever: case report and literature review. Trop Med Health 2014; 43:69-73. [PMID: 25859155 PMCID: PMC4361342 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2014-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In developed countries, typhoid fever is a travel-associated disease that is often overlooked. However, as standard blood and stool culture methods have relatively low sensitivity, diagnosis depends heavily on clinical signs and symptoms and on a high level of suspicion. Methods. Reported here is the case of an 18-year-old male who presented with fever and acute scrotal ulcers and whose blood cultures were positive for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. A review of genital ulcers associated with typhoid fever in the literature is discussed. Conclusion. This report suggests that typhoid fever is a differential diagnosis of acute genital ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hil Yin Choi
- University of Melbourne, Northern Clinical School , Epping, Victoria, Australia, 3040
| | - David Nickless
- Department of Pathology, Northern Health , Victoria, Australia
| | - Wennie Tee
- Department of Medicine, Northern Health , Victoria, Australia
| | - En'en Tong
- Department of Medicine, Northern Health , Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig A Aboltins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northern Health , Victoria, Australia ; University of Melbourne, Northwest Academic Centre , Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychiatric presentation in paratyphoid fever is not a well-known entity. In countries such as Australia, where the prevalence of enteric fever is one of the lowest, this presentation seems to be unlikely. METHOD We present a case that demonstrates the importance of considering this possibility in Australian context in returned travellers. RESULTS A young male, who recently returned to Australia from his home country in South East Asia, presented with abnormal behaviour in the context of febrile illness. His behaviour was characterised by grandiosity, aggression, hallucinatory behaviour and paranoia, along with disturbed biological functions. Detailed inpatient assessment revealed him to be suffering from Salmonella Paratyphi A infection and psychotic illness because of his general medical condition. Although his fever and inflammatory markers responded to antibiotics, antipsychotics were required for treatment of his mental health problems. CONCLUSION This case demonstrates that paratyphoid fever, which is considered to be a less common variant of enteric fever, can present with neuropsychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Sadhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Werribee Mercy Hospital, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Marc Lanteri
- Department of Medicine, Werribee Mercy Hospital, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Werribee Mercy Hospital, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
The incidence of enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) is increasing in many parts of the world. Although there is no major outbreak of paratyphoid fever in recent years, S. Paratyphi A infection still remains a public health problem in many tropical countries. Therefore, surveillance studies play an important role in monitoring infections and the emergence of multidrug resistance, especially in endemic countries such as India, Nepal, Pakistan and China. In China, enteric fever was caused predominantly by S. Paratyphi A rather than by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Sometimes, S. Paratyphi A infection can evolve into a carrier state which increases the risk of transmission for travellers. Hence, paratyphoid fever is usually classified as a "travel-associated" disease. To date, diagnosis of paratyphoid fever based on the clinical presentation is not satisfactory as it resembles other febrile illnesses, and could not be distinguished from S. Typhi infection. With the availability of Whole Genome Sequencing technology, the genomes of S. Paratyphi A could be studied in-depth and more specific targets for detection will be revealed. Hence, detection of S. Paratyphi A with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method appears to be a more reliable approach compared to the Widal test. On the other hand, due to increasing incidence of S. Paratyphi A infections worldwide, the need to produce a paratyphoid vaccine is essential and urgent. Hence various vaccine projects that involve clinical trials have been carried out. Overall, this review provides the insights of S. Paratyphi A, including the bacteriology, epidemiology, management and antibiotic susceptibility, diagnoses and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- 1. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- 2. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- 3. Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid and paratyphoid are febrile illnesses, due to a bacterial infection, which remain common in many low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends the fluoroquinolone antibiotics in areas with known resistance to the older first-line antibiotics. OBJECTIVES To evaluate fluoroquinolone antibiotics for treating children and adults with enteric fever. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched The Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register (February 2011); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in The Cochrane Library (2011, Issue 2); MEDLINE (1966 to February 2011); EMBASE (1974 to February 2011); and LILACS (1982 to February 2011). We also searched the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) in February 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials examining fluoroquinolone antibiotics, in people with blood, stool or bone marrow culture-confirmed enteric fever. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the trial's methodological quality and extracted data. We calculated risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous data and mean difference for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Comparative effectiveness has been interpreted in the context of; length of treatment, dose, year of study, known levels of antibiotic resistance, or proxy measures of resistance such as the failure rate in the comparator arm. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-six studies, involving 3033 patients, are included in this review.Fluoroquinolones versus older antibiotics (chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin and ampicillin)In one study from Pakistan in 2003-04, high clinical failure rates were seen with both chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, although resistance was not confirmed microbiologically. A seven-day course of either ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin were found to be superior. Older studies of these comparisons failed to show a difference (six trials, 361 participants).In small studies conducted almost two decades ago, the fluoroquinolones were demonstrated to have fewer clinical failures than ampicillin and amoxicillin (two trials, 90 participants, RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.57).Fluoroquinolones versus current second-line options (ceftriaxone, cefalexin, and azithromycin)The two studies comparing a seven day course of oral fluoroquinolones with three days of intravenous ceftriaxone were too small to detect important differences between antibiotics should they exist (two trials, 89 participants).In Pakistan in 2003-04, no clinical or microbiological failures were seen with seven days of either ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin or cefixime (one trial, 139 participants). In Nepal in 2005, gatifloxacin reduced clinical failure and relapse compared to cefixime, despite a high prevalence of NaR in the study population (one trial, 158 participants, RR 0.04, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.31).Compared to a seven day course of azithromycin, a seven day course of ofloxacin had a higher rate of clinical failures in populations with both multi-drug resistance (MDR) and nalidixic acid resistance (NaR) enteric fever in Vietnam in 1998-2002 (two trials, 213 participants, RR 2.20, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.94). However, a more recent study from Vietnam in 2004-05, detected no difference between gatifloxacin and azithromycin with both drugs performing well (one trial, 287 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Generally, fluoroquinolones performed well in treating typhoid, and maybe superior to alternatives in some settings. However, we were unable to draw firm general conclusions on comparative contemporary effectiveness given that resistance changes over time, and many studies were small. Policy makers and clinicians need to consider local resistance patterns in choosing a fluoroquinolone or alternative.There is some evidence that the newest fluoroquinolone, gatifloxacin, remains effective in some regions where resistance to older fluoroquinolones has developed. However, the different fluoroquinolones have not been compared directly in trials in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel E Effa
- University of Calabar Teaching HospitalInternal MedicinePMB 1278CalabarNigeria
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiPakistan74800
| | - Julia A Critchley
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health and SocietyWilliam Leech BuildingThe Medical SchoolNewcastleUKNE2 4HH
| | - Paul Garner
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineInternational Health GroupPembroke PlaceLiverpoolUKL3 5QA
| | - David Sinclair
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineInternational Health GroupPembroke PlaceLiverpoolUKL3 5QA
| | - Piero L Olliaro
- World Health OrganizationUNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)1211 Geneva 27GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiPakistan74800
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Abstract
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High-quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first-line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins, posing patient treatment challenges. Azithromycin has proven to be an effective alternative for treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever. The availability of full genome sequences for S. enterica serotype Typhi and S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A confirms their place as monomorphic, human-adapted pathogens vulnerable to control measures if international efforts can be redoubled.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Crump
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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20
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Abstract
A case of enteric perforation of the gall bladder in a 20-year-old male is reported. The patient recovered after cholecystostomy with closure of the perforation.
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