1
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Collado I, Jiménez-Suárez A, Vázquez-López A, del Rosario G, Prolongo SG. Ultrasonication Influence on the Morphological Characteristics of Graphene Nanoplatelet Nanocomposites and Their Electrical and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1068. [PMID: 38674988 PMCID: PMC11054555 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)/epoxy composites have been fabricated via gravity molding. The electrical and thermal properties of the composites have been studied with variable GNP type (C300, C500, and C750, whose surface areas are ~300, 500, and 750 m2/g, respectively), GNP loading (5, 10, 12, and 15 wt.%), and dispersion time via ultrasonication (0, 30, 60, and 120 min). By increasing the time of sonication of the GNP into the epoxy matrix, the electrical conductivity decreases, which is an effect of GNP fragmentation. The best results were observed with 10-12% loading and a higher surface area (C750), as they provide higher electrical conductivity, thereby preserving thermal conductivity. The influence of sonication over electrical conductivity was further analyzed via the study of the composite morphology by means of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), providing information about the aspect ratio of GNPs. Moreover, electromagnetic shielding (EMI) has been studied up to 4 GHz. Composites with C750 and 120 min ultrasonication show the best performance in EMI shielding, influenced by their higher electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Collado
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, University Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán Street, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (A.J.-S.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Suárez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, University Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán Street, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (A.J.-S.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Antonio Vázquez-López
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, University Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán Street, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (A.J.-S.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Gilberto del Rosario
- Technological Support Center, University Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán Street, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, University Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán Street, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (A.J.-S.); (S.G.P.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías para la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán Street, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Mallinson JB, Steel JK, Heywood ZE, Studholme SJ, Bones PJ, Brown SA. Experimental Demonstration of Reservoir Computing with Self-Assembled Percolating Networks of Nanoparticles. Adv Mater 2024:e2402319. [PMID: 38558447 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The complex self-assembled network of neurons and synapses that comprises the biological brain enables natural information processing with remarkable efficiency. Percolating networks of nanoparticles (PNNs) are complex self-assembled nanoscale systems that have been shown to possess many promising brain-like attributes and which are therefore appealing systems for neuromorphic computation. Here experiments are performed that show that PNNs can be utilized as physical reservoirs within a nanoelectronic reservoir computing framework and demonstrate successful computation for several benchmark tasks (chaotic time series prediction, nonlinear transformation, and memory capacity). For each task, relevant literature results are compiled and it is shown that the performance of the PNNs compares favorably to that previously reported from nanoelectronic reservoirs. It is then demonstrated experimentally that PNNs can be used for spoken digit recognition with state-of-the-art accuracy. Finally, a parallel reservoir architecture is emulated, which increases the dimensionality and richness of the reservoir outputs and results in further improvements in performance across all tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Mallinson
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jamie K Steel
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Zachary E Heywood
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sofie J Studholme
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Bones
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Simon A Brown
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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3
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Park J, Jang JG, Kang K, Kim SH, Kwak J. High Thermoelectric Performance in Solution-Processed Semicrystalline PEDOT:PSS Films by Strong Acid-Base Treatment: Limitations and Potential. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2308368. [PMID: 38236169 PMCID: PMC10933597 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) generation with solution-processable conducting polymers offers substantial potential in low-temperature energy harvesting based on high tunability in materials, processes, and form-factors. However, manipulating the TE and charge transport properties accompanies structural and energetic disorders, restricting the enhancement of thermoelectric power factor (PF). Here, solution-based strong acid-base treatment techniques are introduced to modulate the doping level of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with preserving its molecular orientation, enabling to achieve a remarkably high PF of 534.5 µW m-1 K-2 . Interestingly, theoretical modeling suggested that further de-doping can increase the PF beyond the experimental value. However, it is impossible to reach this value experimentally, even without any degradation of PEDOT crystallinity. Uncovering the underlying reason for the limitation, an analysis of the relationship among the microstructure-thermoelectric performance-charge transport property revealed that inter-domain connectivity via tie-chains and the resultant percolation for transport are crucial factors in achieving high TE performance, as in charge transport. It is believed that the methods and fundamental understandings in this work would contribute to the exploitation of conducting polymer-based low-temperature energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringInter‐University Semiconductor Research CenterSoft Foundry InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Jang
- Department of Carbon Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsInstitute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Carbon Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringInter‐University Semiconductor Research CenterSoft Foundry InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
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4
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Feria DN, Huang QZ, Yeh CS, Lin SX, Lin DY, Tseng BC, Lian JT, Lin TY. Facile synthesis of β-Ga 2O 3based high-performance electronic devices via direct oxidation of solution-processed transition metal dichalcogenides. Nanotechnology 2024; 35:125603. [PMID: 38064741 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad13bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is a promising wide bandgap semiconductor that is viewed as a contender for the next generation of high-power electronics due to its high theoretical breakdown electric field and large Baliga's figure of merit. Here, we report a facile route of synthesizingβ-Ga2O3via direct oxidation conversion using solution-processed two-dimensional (2D) GaS semiconducting nanomaterial. Higher order of crystallinity in x-ray diffraction patterns and full surface coverage formation in scanning electron microscopy images after annealing were achieved. A direct and wide bandgap of 5 eV was calculated, and the synthesizedβ-Ga2O3was fabricated as thin film transistors (TFT). Theβ-Ga2O3TFT fabricated exhibits remarkable electron mobility (1.28 cm2Vs-1) and a good current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of 2.06 × 105. To further boost the electrical performance and solve the structural imperfections resulting from the exfoliation process of the 2D nanoflakes, we also introduced and doped graphene inβ-Ga2O3TFT devices, increasing the electrical device mobility by ∼8-fold and thereby promoting percolation pathways for the charge transport. We found that electron mobility and conductivity increase directly with the graphene doping concentration. From these results, it can be proved that theβ-Ga2O3networks have excellent carrier transport properties. The facile and convenient synthesis method successfully developed in this paper makes an outstanding contribution to applying 2D oxide materials in different and emerging optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denice Navat Feria
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Qi-Zhi Huang
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shao Yeh
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Xian Lin
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuh Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500207, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Chang Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Photonics, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500207, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Tian Lian
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
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5
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Stephenson W, Sudhakar V, McInerney J, Czajkowski M, Rocklin DZ. Rigidity percolation in a random tensegrity via analytic graph theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302536120. [PMID: 37988473 PMCID: PMC10691348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302536120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional structures from across the engineered and biological world combine rigid elements such as bones and columns with flexible ones such as cables, fibers, and membranes. These structures are known loosely as tensegrities, since these cable-like elements have the highly nonlinear property of supporting only extensile tension. Marginally rigid systems are of particular interest because the number of structural constraints permits both flexible deformation and the support of external loads. We present a model system in which tensegrity elements are added at random to a regular backbone. This system can be solved analytically via a directed graph theory, revealing a mechanical critical point generalizing that of Maxwell. We show that even the addition of a few cable-like elements fundamentally modifies the nature of this transition point, as well as the later transition to a fully rigid structure. Moreover, the tensegrity network displays a collective avalanche behavior, in which the addition of a single cable leads to the elimination of multiple floppy modes, a phenomenon that becomes dominant at the transition point. These phenomena have implications for systems with nonlinear mechanical constraints, from biopolymer networks to soft robots to jammed packings to origami sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stephenson
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Vishal Sudhakar
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
| | - James McInerney
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | | | - D. Zeb Rocklin
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
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6
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Meng X, Hu X, Tian Y, Dong G, Lambiotte R, Gao J, Havlin S. Percolation Theories for Quantum Networks. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:1564. [PMID: 37998256 PMCID: PMC10670322 DOI: 10.3390/e25111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantum networks have experienced rapid advancements in both theoretical and experimental domains over the last decade, making it increasingly important to understand their large-scale features from the viewpoint of statistical physics. This review paper discusses a fundamental question: how can entanglement be effectively and indirectly (e.g., through intermediate nodes) distributed between distant nodes in an imperfect quantum network, where the connections are only partially entangled and subject to quantum noise? We survey recent studies addressing this issue by drawing exact or approximate mappings to percolation theory, a branch of statistical physics centered on network connectivity. Notably, we show that the classical percolation frameworks do not uniquely define the network's indirect connectivity. This realization leads to the emergence of an alternative theory called "concurrence percolation", which uncovers a previously unrecognized quantum advantage that emerges at large scales, suggesting that quantum networks are more resilient than initially assumed within classical percolation contexts, offering refreshing insights into future quantum network design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Meng
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinqi Hu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Yu Tian
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Gaogao Dong
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Renaud Lambiotte
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK;
- Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Jianxi Gao
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA;
- Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Shlomo Havlin
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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7
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Jekal S, Sa M, Chu YR, Kim CG, Noh J, Kim J, Kim HY, Oh WC, Otgonbayar Z, Yoon CM. A Study on Enhanced Electrorheological Performance of Plate-like Materials via Percolation Gel-like Effect. Gels 2023; 9:891. [PMID: 37998981 PMCID: PMC10671164 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plate-like materials to induce a percolation gel-like effect in electrorheological (ER) fluids is sparsely documented. Hence, we dispersed plate-like materials, namely natural mica, synthetic mica, and glass, as well as their pulverized particles, in various concentrations in silicone oil to form ER fluids. Subsequently, the rheological properties of the fluids were evaluated and compared to identify the threshold concentration for percolating a gel-like state. The shear stress and viscoelastic moduli under zero-field conditions confirmed that plate-like materials can be used to induce percolation gel-like effects in ER fluids. This is because of the high aspect ratio of the materials, which enhances their physical stability. In practical ER investigations, ER fluids based on synthetic mica (30.0 wt%) showed the highest yield stress of 516.2 Pa under an electric field strength of 3.0 kV mm-1. This was attributed to the formation of large-cluster networks and additional polarization induced by the ions. This study provides a practical approach for developing a new type of gel-like ER fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Jekal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Sa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ryong Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gyo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungchul Noh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Material Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chun Oh
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan-Si 31962, Republic of Korea
| | - Zambaga Otgonbayar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
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8
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Phillips RS, Baertsch NA. Interdependence of cellular and network properties in respiratory rhythmogenesis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.30.564834. [PMID: 37961254 PMCID: PMC10634953 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
How breathing is generated by the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) remains divided between two ideological frameworks, and the persistent sodium current (INaP) lies at the heart of this debate. Although INaP is widely expressed, the pacemaker hypothesis considers it essential because it endows a small subset of neurons with intrinsic bursting or "pacemaker" activity. In contrast, burstlet theory considers INaP dispensable because rhythm emerges from "pre-inspiratory" spiking activity driven by feed-forward network interactions. Using computational modeling, we discover that changes in spike shape can dissociate INaP from intrinsic bursting. Consistent with many experimental benchmarks, conditional effects on spike shape during simulated changes in oxygenation, development, extracellular potassium, and temperature alter the prevalence of intrinsic bursting and pre-inspiratory spiking without altering the role of INaP. Our results support a unifying hypothesis where INaP and excitatory network interactions, but not intrinsic bursting or pre-inspiratory spiking, are critical interdependent features of preBötC rhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Phillips
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
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9
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Dabaghian Y. Grid cells, border cells, and discrete complex analysis. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1242300. [PMID: 37881247 PMCID: PMC10595009 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1242300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a mechanism enabling the appearance of border cells-neurons firing at the boundaries of the navigated enclosures. The approach is based on the recent discovery of discrete complex analysis on a triangular lattice, which allows constructing discrete epitomes of complex-analytic functions and making use of their inherent ability to attain maximal values at the boundaries of generic lattice domains. As it turns out, certain elements of the discrete-complex framework readily appear in the oscillatory models of grid cells. We demonstrate that these models can extend further, producing cells that increase their activity toward the frontiers of the navigated environments. We also construct a network model of neurons with border-bound firing that conforms with the oscillatory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dabaghian
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas, McGovern Medical Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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10
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Panwar A, Sonnathi N, Mahanti SD, Malik V, Bagga A. Physics of large thermoelectric power factors in SnSe nanoflakes in mid-temperature range. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 35. [PMID: 37659399 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acf636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
We have theoretically investigated the underlying physics of observed high electrical conductivity (σ), simultaneous increase of σ and Seebeck coefficient (S) with temperature, and large power factors (PFs) in nominally undoped SnSe nanoflakes sintered at different temperatures, reported recently in Mandavaet al(2022Nanotechnology33155710). Given the fact that S and σ show unusual temperature trends and that the undoped SnSe samples are highly porous and disordered, the conventional Boltzmann theory does not appear to be an appropriate model to describe their transport properties. We have, instead, used a strong disorder model based on percolation theory where charge and energy transport take place through hopping between localized states to understand these observations. Our model is able to explain the observed temperature dependence of σ and S with temperature. Large σ can be explained by a high density of localized states and a large hopping rate. The sample sintered at a higher temperature has lower disorder (σDOS) and higher hopping rate (1/τ0). We findσDOS= 0.151 eV and 1/τ0= 0.143 × 1015s-1for sample sintered at 673 K andσDOS= 0.044 eV and 1/τ0= 2.023 × 1015s-1for sample sintered at 703 K. These values are comparable to the reported values of transition frequencies, confirming that the dominant charge transport mechanism in these SnSe nanoflakes is hopping transport. Finally, we suggest that hopping transport via localized states can result in enhanced thermoelectric properties in disordered polycrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Panwar
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 110078, India
| | - Neeleshwar Sonnathi
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 110078, India
| | - Subhendra D Mahanti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Vikas Malik
- Department of Physics and Material Science, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201309, UP, India
| | - Anjana Bagga
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 110078, India
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11
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Eales W, Price CJ, Hicks W, Mulheran PA. Properties of Packed Bed Structures Formed during Filtration: A Two and Three-Dimensional Model. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1631-1640. [PMID: 37736134 PMCID: PMC10510704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Agglomeration is an issue that causes many problems during secondary processing for pharmaceutical companies, causing material to need further processing and costing additional time and resources to ensure a satisfactory outcome. A potential source of agglomeration arises from the particle contacts established during filtration that lead to robust agglomerates forming during drying, so that a necessary first step toward understanding agglomeration is to study the packing properties of filtration beds. Here, we present two and three-dimensional models simulating the formation of packed bed structures during filtration. The models use circular and spherical particles of different sizes, mimicking the bimodal particle size distributions sometimes encountered in industrial practice. The statistics of packing and void formation, along with the distribution of interparticle contacts and percolation structures, are presented and discussed in the context of filtration, drying, and agglomeration. The model paves the way for predictive capabilities that can lead to the rational design of processes to minimize the impact of agglomeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Eales
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
- CMAC, 99 George St, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Chris J. Price
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
- CMAC, 99 George St, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - William Hicks
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations,
AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Paul A. Mulheran
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
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12
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Beltrán FR, Aksas H, Sidi Salah L, Danlée Y, Huynen I. Theoretical Prediction of Electrical Conductivity Percolation of Poly(lactic acid)-Carbon Nanotube Composites in DC and RF Regime. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5356. [PMID: 37570060 PMCID: PMC10420098 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with 0.25-5 wt.% of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized by melt blending. The static (DC) and microwave (RF) electrical conductivity have been investigated on the PLA-CNT composites. The electrical percolation threshold has been theoretically determined using classical models of percolation in order to predict the conductivity of the different nanocomposites. Through the fitting process, it has been found that the percolation threshold is obtained at 1 wt.% of CNTs in the DC regime and reached below 0.25 wt.% of CNTs in the microwave regime. Among the Mamunya, McLachlan, or GEM models, the McCullough model remarkably fits the experimental DC and RF electrical conductivities. The obtained results are correlated to the electrical properties of a range of CNT-based composites, corresponding to the percolation threshold required for a three-dimensional network of CNTs into the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddys R. Beltrán
- Departamento Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Group “Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA)”, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hammouche Aksas
- Research Unit Materials, Processes and Environment (URMPE), Faculty of Technology, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria;
| | - Lakhdar Sidi Salah
- Research Unit Materials, Processes and Environment (URMPE), Faculty of Technology, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria;
| | - Yann Danlée
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Isabelle Huynen
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
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13
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Ojovan MI. The Flow of Glasses and Glass-Liquid Transition under Electron Irradiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12120. [PMID: 37569496 PMCID: PMC10418639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discovery and investigation of the flow of glasses under the electron beams of transmission electron microscopes raised the question of eventual occurrence of such type effects in the vitrified highly radioactive nuclear waste (HLW). In connection to this, we analyse here the flow of glasses and glass-liquid transition in conditions of continuous electron irradiation such as under the e-beam of transmission electron microscopes (TEM) utilising the configuron (broken chemical bond) concept and configuron percolation theory (CPT) methods. It is shown that in such conditions, the fluidity of glasses always increases with a substantial decrease in activation energy of flow at low temperatures and that the main parameter that controls this behaviour is the dose rate of absorbed radiation in the glass. It is revealed that at high dose rates, the temperature of glass-liquid transition sharply drops, and the glass is fully fluidised. Numerical estimations show that the dose rates of TEM e-beams where the silicate glasses were fluidised are many orders of magnitude higher compared to the dose rates characteristic for currently vitrified HLW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Ojovan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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14
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Noskova D, Pudonin F, Sherstnev I, Kostsov D, Boltaev A. Optical nonreciprocity in multilayer nanoisland systems of [Ag--Al 2O 3] N. J Phys Condens Matter 2023. [PMID: 37437588 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ace6ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of optical nonreciprocity in [Ag--Al2<\sub>O<sub>3<\sub>]<sub>N<\sub> multilayer structures. The percolation threshold for Ag films was found to be d*≈ 2 nm. An anomalously large optical nonreciprocity effect was found in the structures with Ag island layers. This effect appeared as a change in the reflected light polarization (Δω) when the sample was rotated around its axis from the initial position by 180°. The effect magnitude reached Δωmax<sub> ≈ 7°. We suggest that a possible mechanism for the optical nonreciprocity effect in these structures can be related to the excitation of localized plasmons in Ag islands. We show that Δω essentially depends on the interlayer and intralayer interaction between Ag layers in multilayer structures and is suppressed in the case of strong intralayer and interlayer interaction of plasma oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Noskova
- FSBIS Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospekt, 53, Moscow, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Fedor Pudonin
- FSBIS Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospekt, 53, Moscow, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor Sherstnev
- FSBIS Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospekt, 53, Moscow, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Daniil Kostsov
- FSBIS Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospekt, 53, Moscow, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Anatoly Boltaev
- FSBIS Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospekt, 53, Moscow, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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15
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Cai C, Gao L, Sun T, Koenig GM. Stable Multicomponent Multiphase All Active Material Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37433754 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high energy density, lithium-ion batteries have been the state-of-the-art energy storage technology for many applications. Energy density can be further improved by engineering of the electrode architecture and microstructure, in addition to more common improvements via materials chemistry. All active material (AAM) electrodes consist of only the electroactive material that stores energy, and such electrodes have advantages to conventional composite processing with regards to improved mechanical stability at increased thicknesses and ion transport properties. However, the absence of binders and composite processing makes the electrode more vulnerable to electroactive materials with volume change upon cycling. Also, the electroactive material must have sufficient electronic conductivity to avoid large matrix electronic overpotentials during electrochemical cycling. TiNb2O7 (TNO) and MoO2 (MO) are electroactive materials with potential advantages as AAM electrodes due to relatively high volumetric energy density. TNO has higher energy density, and MO has much higher electronic conductivity, and thus a multicomponent blend of these materials was evaluated as an AAM anode. Herein, blends of TNO and MO as AAM anodes were investigated, where this is the first use of a multicomponent AAM anode. Electrodes that had both TNO and MO had the highest volumetric energy density, rate capability, and cycle life relative to single component TNO and MO anodes. Thus, using multicomponent materials provides a route to improve AAM electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United States
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, 395 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, 395 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Gary M Koenig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United States
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16
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Sibatov RT, Savitskiy AI, L'vov PE, Vasilevskaya YO, Kitsyuk EP. Self-Organized Memristive Ensembles of Nanoparticles Below the Percolation Threshold: Switching Dynamics and Phase Field Description. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2039. [PMID: 37513051 PMCID: PMC10384893 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Percolative memristive networks based on self-organized ensembles of silver and gold nanoparticles are synthesized and investigated. Using cyclic voltammetry, pulse and step voltage excitations, we study switching between memristive and capacitive states below the percolation threshold. The resulting systems demonstrate scale-free (self-similar) temporal dynamics, long-term correlations, and synaptic plasticity. The observed plasticity can be manipulated in a controlled manner. The simplified stochastic model of resistance dynamics in memristive networks is testified. A phase field model based on the Cahn-Hilliard and Ginzburg-Landau equations is proposed to describe the dynamics of a self-organized network during the dissolution of filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat T Sibatov
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex "Technological Centre", 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Andrey I Savitskiy
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex "Technological Centre", 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel E L'vov
- Laboratory of Diffusion Processes, Ulyanovsk State University, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - Yulia O Vasilevskaya
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex "Technological Centre", 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Integrated Electronics, National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET), 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny P Kitsyuk
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex "Technological Centre", 124498 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Brabers JHVJ. The spread of infectious diseases from a physics perspective. Biol Methods Protoc 2023; 8:bpad010. [PMID: 37662617 PMCID: PMC10469146 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This article deals with the spread of infectious diseases from a physics perspective. It considers a population as a network of nodes representing the population members, linked by network edges representing the (social) contacts of the individual population members. Infections spread along these edges from one node (member) to another. This article presents a novel, modified version of the SIR compartmental model, able to account for typical network effects and percolation phenomena. The model is successfully tested against the results of simulations based on Monte-Carlo methods. Expressions for the (basic) reproduction numbers in terms of the model parameters are presented, and justify some mild criticisms on the widely spread interpretation of reproduction numbers as being the number of secondary infections due to a single active infection. Throughout the article, special emphasis is laid on understanding, and on the interpretation of phenomena in terms of concepts borrowed from condensed-matter and statistical physics, which reveals some interesting analogies. Percolation effects are of particular interest in this respect and they are the subject of a detailed investigation. The concept of herd immunity (its definition and nature) is intensively dealt with as well, also in the context of large-scale vaccination campaigns and waning immunity. This article elucidates how the onset of herd-immunity can be considered as a second-order phase transition in which percolation effects play a crucial role, thus corroborating, in a more pictorial/intuitive way, earlier viewpoints on this matter. An exact criterium for the most relevant form of herd-immunity to occur can be derived in terms of the model parameters. The analyses presented in this article provide insight in how various measures to prevent an epidemic spread of an infection work, how they can be optimized and what potentially deceptive issues have to be considered when such measures are either implemented or scaled down.
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18
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Ma Z, Chen W, Cao X, Diao S, Liu Z, Ge J, Pan S. Criticality and Neuromorphic Sensing in a Single Memristor. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37326403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is an important technology for both data storage and neuromorphic computation, where the dynamics of nanoscale conductive filaments lies at the core of the technology. Here, we analyze the current noise of various silicon-based memristors that involves the creation of a percolation path at the intermediate phase of filament growth. Remarkably, we find that these atomic switching events follow scale-free avalanche dynamics with exponents satisfying the criteria for criticality. We further prove that the switching dynamics are universal and show little dependence on device sizes or material features. Utilizing criticality in memristors, we simulate the functionality of hair cells in auditory sensory systems by observing the frequency selectivity of input stimuli with tunable characteristic frequency. We further demonstrate a single-memristor-based sensing primitive for representation of input stimuli that exceeds the theoretical limits dictated by the Nyquist-Shannon theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Ma
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research & Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Solid State Physics & Material Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research & Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Solid State Physics & Material Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xucheng Cao
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research & Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Solid State Physics & Material Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanqing Diao
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research & Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Solid State Physics & Material Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research & Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Solid State Physics & Material Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research & Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Solid State Physics & Material Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Lab of Si-based Information Materials & Devices and Integrated Circuits Design, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shusheng Pan
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research & Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Solid State Physics & Material Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Lab of Si-based Information Materials & Devices and Integrated Circuits Design, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China
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19
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Xu P, Fa W, Chen S. Computational Study on Filament Growth Dynamics in Microstructure-Controlled Storage Media of Resistive Switching Memories. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37235757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The filament growth processes, crucial to the performance of nanodevices like resistive switching memories, have been widely investigated to realize the device optimization. With the combination of kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations and the restrictive percolation model, three different growth modes in electrochemical metallization (ECM) cells were dynamically reproduced, and an important parameter, the relative nucleation distance, was theoretically defined to measure different growth modes quantitatively; hence their transition can be well described. In our KMC simulations, the inhomogeneity of storage medium is realized through introducing evolutionary void versus non-void sites within it to mimic the real nucleation during filament growth. Finally, the renormalization group method was used in the percolation model to analytically illustrate void-concentration-dependent growth mode transition, fitting KMC simulation results quite well. Our study found that the nanostructure of the medium can dominate the filament growth dynamics, as the simulation images as well as the analytical results are consistent with experiments results. Our study spotlights a vital and intrinsic factor, void concentration (relative to defects, grains, or nanopores) of a storage medium, in inducing filament growth mode transition within ECM cells. This theoretically proves a mechanism to tune performance of ECM systems that controlling microstructures of the storage media can dominate the filament growth dynamics, indicating an accessible strategy, nanostructure processing, for device optimization of ECM memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Wei Fa
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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20
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Grady M. Possible new phase transition in the 3D Ising model associated with boundary percolation. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 35:285401. [PMID: 37040773 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/accbf8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the ordered phase of the 3D Ising model, minority spin clusters are surrounded by a boundary of dual plaquettes. As the temperature is raised, these spin clusters become more numerous, and it is found that eventually their boundaries undergo a percolation transition when about 13% of spins are minority. Boundary percolation differs from the more commonly studied site and link percolation, although it is related to an unusual type of site percolation that includes next to nearest neighbor relationships. Because the Ising model can be reformulated in terms of the domain boundaries alone, there is reason to believe boundary percolation should be relevant here. A symmetry-breaking order parameter is found in the dual theory, the 3D gauge Ising model. It is seen to undergo a phase transition at a coupling close to that predicted by duality from the boundary percolation. This transition lies in the disordered phase of the gauge theory and has the nature of a spin-glass transition. Its critical exponentν∼1.3is seen to match the finite-size shift exponent of the percolation transition further cementing their connection. This predicts a very weak specific heat singularity with exponentα∼-1.9. The third energy cumulant fits well to the expected non-infinite critical behavior in a manner consistent with both the predicted exponent and critical point, indicating a true thermal phase transition. Unlike random boundary percolation, the Ising boundary percolation has two differentνexponents, one associated with largest-cluster scaling and the other with finite-size transition-point shift. This suggests there may be two different correlation lengths present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grady
- Department of Physics, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 14063, United States of America
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21
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Zhang C, Shomali A, Coasne B, Derome D, Carmeliet J. Sorption-Deformation- Percolation Model for Diffusion in Nanoporous Media. ACS Nano 2023; 17:4507-4514. [PMID: 36846983 PMCID: PMC10018761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of molecules in porous media is a critical process that is fundamental to numerous chemical, physical, and biological applications. The prevailing theoretical frameworks are challenged when explaining the complex dynamics resulting from the highly tortuous host structure and strong guest-host interactions, especially when the pore size approximates the size of diffusing molecule. This study, using molecular dynamics, formulates a semiempirical model based on theoretical considerations and factorization that offer an alternative view of diffusion and its link with the structure and behavior (sorption and deformation) of material. By analyzing the intermittent dynamics of water, microscopic self-diffusion coefficients are predicted. The apparent tortuosity, defined as the ratio of the bulk to the confined self-diffusion coefficients, is found to depend quantitatively on a limited set of material parameters: heat of adsorption, elastic modulus, and percolation probability, all of which are experimentally accessible. The proposed sorption-deformation-percolation model provides guidance on the understanding and fine-tuning of diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Chair
of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Shomali
- Chair
of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Coasne
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Derome
- Department
of Civil and Building Engineering, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Québec, Canada
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Chair
of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Guo T, Zhou D, Deng S, Jafarpour M, Avaro J, Neels A, Heier J, Zhang C. Rational Design of Ti 3C 2T x MXene Inks for Conductive, Transparent Films. ACS Nano 2023; 17:3737-3749. [PMID: 36749603 PMCID: PMC9979651 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) with a high figure of merit (FOMe, defined as the ratio of transmittance to sheet resistance) are crucial for transparent electronic devices, such as touch screens, micro-supercapacitors, and transparent antennas. Two-dimensional (2D) titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx), known as MXene, possesses metallic conductivity and a hydrophilic surface, suggesting dispersion stability of MXenes in aqueous media allowing the fabrication of MXene-based TCEs by solution processing. However, achieving high FOMe MXene TCEs has been hindered mainly due to the low intrinsic conductivity caused by percolation problems. Here, we have managed to resolve these problems by (1) using large-sized Ti3C2Tx flakes (∼12.2 μm) to reduce interflake resistance and (2) constructing compact microstructures by blade coating. Consequently, excellent optoelectronic properties have been achieved in the blade-coated Ti3C2Tx films, i.e., a DC conductivity of 19 325 S cm-1 at transmittances of 83.4% (≈6.7 nm) was obtained. We also demonstrate the applications of Ti3C2Tx TCEs in transparent Joule heaters and the field of supercapacitors, showing an outstanding Joule heating effect and high rate response, respectively, suggesting enormous potential applications in flexible, transparent electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezhu Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Ministry of
Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, Shaanxi, China
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Di Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Ministry of
Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shungui Deng
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Jafarpour
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Avaro
- Center
for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Biomimetic
Membranes and Textile, Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center
for
X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heier
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Chuanfang Zhang
- College
of Materials Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
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23
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Kopnov G, Das SS, Gerber A. Effect of Fractal Topology on the Resistivity Response of Thin Film Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2409. [PMID: 36904619 PMCID: PMC10007381 DOI: 10.3390/s23052409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the effect of topological inhomogeneity of very thin metallic conductometric sensors on their response to external stimuli, such as pressure, intercalation, or gas absorption, that modify the material's bulk conductivity. The classical percolation model was extended to the case in which several independent scattering mechanisms contribute to resistivity. The magnitude of each scattering term was predicted to grow with the total resistivity and diverge at the percolation threshold. We tested the model experimentally using thin films of hydrogenated palladium and CoPd alloys where absorbed hydrogen atoms occupying the interstitial lattice sites enhance the electron scattering. The hydrogen scattering resistivity was found to grow linearly with the total resistivity in the fractal topology range in agreement with the model. Enhancement of the absolute magnitude of the resistivity response in the fractal range thin film sensors can be particularly useful when the respective bulk material response is too small for reliable detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Kopnov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Sudhansu Sekhar Das
- School of Physical Science, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Alexander Gerber
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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24
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Madsen M, Prestel A, Madland E, Westh P, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Peters GHJ, Aachmann FL, Kragelund BB, Svensson B. Molecular insights into alginate β-lactoglobulin A multivalencies-The foundation for their amorphous aggregates and coacervation. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4556. [PMID: 36571497 PMCID: PMC9847093 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For improved control of biomaterial property design, a better understanding of complex coacervation involving anionic polysaccharides and proteins is needed. Here, we address the initial steps in condensate formation of β-lactoglobulin A (β-LgA) with nine defined alginate oligosaccharides (AOSs) and describe their multivalent interactions in structural detail. Binding of AOSs containing four, five, or six uronic acid residues (UARs), either all mannuronate (M), all guluronate (G), or alternating M and G embodying the block structural components of alginates, was characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and molecular docking. β-LgA was highly multivalent exhibiting binding stoichiometries decreasing from five to two AOSs with increasing degree of polymerization (DP) and similar affinities in the mid micromolar range. The different AOS binding sites on β-LgA were identified by NMR chemical shift perturbation analyses and showed diverse compositions of charged, polar and hydrophobic residues. Distinct sites for the shorter AOSs merged to accommodate longer AOSs. The AOSs bound dynamically to β-LgA, as concluded from saturation transfer difference and 1 H-ligand-targeted NMR analyses. Molecular docking using Glide within the Schrödinger suite 2016-1 revealed the orientation of AOSs to only vary slightly at the preferred β-LgA binding site resulting in similar XP glide scores. The multivalency coupled with highly dynamic AOS binding with lack of confined conformations in the β-LgA complexes may help explain the first steps toward disordered β-LgA alginate coacervate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Madsen
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Andreas Prestel
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
| | - Eva Madland
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food ScienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Peter Westh
- Interfacial Enzymology, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF IndustryTrondheimNorway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF IndustryTrondheimNorway
| | - Günther H. J. Peters
- Biophysical and Biomedicinal Chemistry, Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food ScienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
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25
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Wang G, Kieffer J. Contiguous High-Mobility Interphase Surrounding Nano-Precipitates in Polymer Matrix Solid Electrolyte. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:848-858. [PMID: 36542798 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We establish that an interfacial region develops around amorphous Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) nanoparticles in a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which exhibits a 30 times higher Li+ mobility than the polymer matrix. To take advantage of this gain throughout the material, nanoparticles must be uniformly dispersed across the matrix, so that the interphase formation is minimally blocked by LATP particle agglomeration. This is achieved using a water-based in situ precipitation method, carefully controlling the temperature schedule during processing. A maximum conductivity of 3.80 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 20 °C for an ethylene oxide to Li ratio of 10 is observed at 25 wt % (12.5 vol %) particle loading, as predicted by our tri-phase model. Comparative infrared spectroscopy reveals softening and broadening of the C-O-C stretching modes, reflecting increased disorder in the polymer backbone that is consistent with opening passageways for cation migration. A transition state theory-based approach for analyzing the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity reveals that thermally activated processes within the interphase benefit more from higher activation entropy than from the decrease in activation enthalpy. The lithium infusion from LATP particles is small, and the charge carriers tend to concentrate in a space-charge configuration near the particle/polymer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
| | - John Kieffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
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26
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Das D, Deniz AA. Topological Considerations in Biomolecular Condensation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:151. [PMID: 36671536 PMCID: PMC9855981 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensation and phase separation are increasingly understood to play crucial roles in cellular compartmentalization and spatiotemporal regulation of cell machinery implicated in function and pathology. A key aspect of current research is to gain insight into the underlying physical mechanisms of these processes. Accordingly, concepts of soft matter and polymer physics, the thermodynamics of mixing, and material science have been utilized for understanding condensation mechanisms of multivalent macromolecules resulting in viscoelastic mesoscopic supramolecular assemblies. Here, we focus on two topological concepts that have recently been providing key mechanistic understanding in the field. First, we will discuss how percolation provides a network-topology-related framework that offers an interesting paradigm to understand the complex networking of dense 'connected' condensate structures and, therefore, their phase behavior. Second, we will discuss the idea of entanglement as another topological concept that has deep roots in polymer physics and important implications for biomolecular condensates. We will first review some historical developments and fundamentals of these concepts, then we will discuss current advancements and recent examples. Our discussion ends with a few open questions and the challenges to address them, hinting at unveiling fresh possibilities for the modification of existing knowledge as well as the development of new concepts relevant to condensate science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok A. Deniz
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Asgarirad H, Tehrani BB, Azad Bakht M, Ebrahimnejad P, Farmoudeh A, Davoodi A, Rezaeiroshan A, Hosseini SS. Wound Healing Properties of Pelargonium Graveolens L'Hér Extract Lipogel: In-Vivo Evaluation in an Animal Burn Model. Curr Drug Deliv 2023; 20:601-607. [PMID: 35579150 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220509162659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér has traditionally been used to reduce skin inflammation, and recent studies have confirmed antioxidant compounds in the plant's extract. The present study aimed to prepare a lipogel formulation from P. graveolens hydroalcoholic extract and evaluate its efficacy on the wound healing process in an animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The aerial part extract of P. graveolens was prepared through percolation. Additionally, plastibase was prepared by mixing 5% of low-molecular-weight polyethylene with hot mineral oil (130°C). The extract (5%) was levigated in the mineral oil (5-15%) and dispersed in the cooled plastibase. The physical properties of the lipogel, thermal stability, and microbial limits were tested. Further, the effect of the lipogel in the wound healing rate was examined among male Wistar rats, and skin tissue samples were assessed histologically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results represented the best rheological and thermal stability characteristics in the formulation with 5% mineral oil (as the levigator). The lipogel-treated group had the least burn area compared to the silver sulfadiazine and negative control groups (p<0.05). The microscopic examination of tissue samples revealed increased collagen fiber production and maturation and significantly also faster epithelial repair among lipogel-treated rats than in the other two groups(p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results indicated the significant therapeutic effects of P. graveolens lipogelon burn healing. The suitable physicochemical properties and the low lipogel production cost facilitate further scale-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Asgarirad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Bardia Berenji Tehrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Azad Bakht
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Pedram Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Farmoudeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Davoodi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Anahita Rezaeiroshan
- Ramsar Campus, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Saba Hosseini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar International Branch, Ramsar, Iran
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28
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Hall JK, Bates JHT, Casey DT, Bartolák-Suki E, Lutchen KR, Suki B. Predicting alveolar ventilation heterogeneity in pulmonary fibrosis using a non-uniform polyhedral spring network model. Front Netw Physiol 2023; 3:1124223. [PMID: 36926543 PMCID: PMC10013074 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF) is a deadly disease that has limited treatment options and is caused by excessive deposition and cross-linking of collagen leading to stiffening of the lung parenchyma. The link between lung structure and function in PF remains poorly understood, although its spatially heterogeneous nature has important implications for alveolar ventilation. Computational models of lung parenchyma utilize uniform arrays of space-filling shapes to represent individual alveoli, but have inherent anisotropy, whereas actual lung tissue is isotropic on average. We developed a novel Voronoi-based 3D spring network model of the lung parenchyma, the Amorphous Network, that exhibits more 2D and 3D similarity to lung geometry than regular polyhedral networks. In contrast to regular networks that show anisotropic force transmission, the structural randomness in the Amorphous Network dissipates this anisotropy with important implications for mechanotransduction. We then added agents to the network that were allowed to carry out a random walk to mimic the migratory behavior of fibroblasts. To model progressive fibrosis, agents were moved around the network and increased the stiffness of springs along their path. Agents migrated at various path lengths until a certain percentage of the network was stiffened. Alveolar ventilation heterogeneity increased with both percent of the network stiffened, and walk length of the agents, until the percolation threshold was reached. The bulk modulus of the network also increased with both percent of network stiffened and path length. This model thus represents a step forward in the creation of physiologically accurate computational models of lung tissue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jason H T Bates
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Dylan T Casey
- Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | | | - Kenneth R Lutchen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Béla Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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29
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Zhou W, Cao G, Yuan M, Zhong S, Wang Y, Liu X, Cao D, Peng W, Liu J, Wang G, Dang ZM, Li B. Core-Shell Engineering of Conductive Fillers toward Enhanced Dielectric Properties: A Universal Polarization Mechanism in Polymer Conductor Composites. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207829. [PMID: 36349800 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible dielectric and electronic materials with high dielectric constant (k) and low loss are constantly pursued. Encapsulation of conductive fillers with insulating shells represents a promising approach, and has attracted substantial research efforts. However, progress is greatly impeded due to the lack of a fundamental understanding of the polarization mechanism. In this work, a series of core-shell polymer composites is studied, and the correlation between macroscopic dielectric properties (across entire composites) and microscopic polarization (around single fillers) is investigated. It is revealed that the polarization in polymer conductor composites is determined by electron transport across multiple neighboring conductive fillers-a domain-type polarization. The formation of a core-shell filler structure affects the dielectric properties of tpolymer composites by essentially modifying the filler-cluster size. Based on this understanding, a novel percolative composite is prepared with higher-than-normal filler concentration and optimized shell's electrical resistivity. The developed composite shows both high-k due to enlarged cluster size and low loss due to restrained charge transport simultaneously, which cannot be achieved in traditional percolative composites or via simple core-shell filler design. The revealed polarization mechanism and the optimization strategy for core-shell fillers provide critical guidance and a new paradigm, for developing advanced polymer dielectrics with promising property sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Guozheng Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Mengxue Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Shaolong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Power System and Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yandong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Dan Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Guangheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System and Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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30
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Cho CY, Chang JC, Cai MX, Lin PT, Yang YJ. Dewetting Process of Silver Thin Films and Its Application on Percolative Pressure Sensors with High Sensitivity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010180. [PMID: 36616531 PMCID: PMC9823326 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports on an innovative dewetting process of silver thin films to realize percolative nanoparticle arrays (NPAs) and demonstrates its application on highly sensitive pressure sensors. The dewetting process, which is a simple and promising technique, synthesizes NPAs by breaking the as-deposited metal film into randomly distributed islands. The NPA properties, such as the mean particle size and the spacing between adjacent particles, can be easily tailored by controlling the dewetting temperature, as well as the as-deposited metal-film thickness. The fabricated NPAs were employed to develop gauge pressure sensors with high sensitivity. The proposed sensor consists of a sealed reference-pressure cavity, a polyimide (PI) membrane patterned with an interdigital electrode pair (IEP), and a silver NPA deposited on the IEP and the PI membrane. The operational principle of the device is based on the NPA percolation effect with deformation-dependence. The fabricated sensors exhibit rapid responses and excellent linearity at around 1 atm. The maximum sensitivity is about 0.1 kPa-1. The advantages of the proposed devices include ultrahigh sensitivity, a reduced thermal disturbance, and a decreased power consumption. A practical application of this pressure sensor with high resolution was demonstrated by using it to measure the relative floor height of a building.
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31
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Talamadupula KK, Seidel G. Computational Micromechanics Investigation of Percolation and Effective Electro-Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites using Stochastically Generated Realizations: Effects of Orientation and Waviness. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501489 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites depend strongly upon several factors such as CNT volume fraction, CNT alignment, CNT dispersion and CNT waviness among others. This work focuses on obtaining estimates and distribution for the effective electrical conductivity, elastic constants and piezoresistive properties as a function of these factors using a stochastic approach with numerous CNT/polymer realizations coupled with parallel computation. Additionally, electrical percolation volume fraction and percolation transitional behavior is also studied. The effective estimates and percolation values were found to be in good agreement with experimental works in the literature. It was found that with increasing CNT volume fraction, the mechanical properties improved. However, due to the interaction of CNTs with one another through electrical tunneling, the conductivity and piezoresistivity properties evolved in a more complex manner. While the degree of alignment played a strong role in the effective properties making them anisotropic, the effect of waviness was found to be insubstantial.
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32
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Eremin Y, Grekhov A, Belogorlov A. Percolation Effects in Mixed Matrix Membranes with Embedded Carbon Nanotubes. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12111100. [PMID: 36363655 PMCID: PMC9693230 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes with embedded nanoparticles, e.g., nanotubes, show a significant increase in permeability of the target component while maintaining selectivity. However, the question of the reasons for this behavior of the composite membrane has not been unequivocally answered to date. In the present work, based on experimental data on the permeability of polymer membranes based on Poly(vinyl trimethylsilane) (PVTMS) with embedded CNTs, an approach to explain the abnormal behavior of such composite membranes is proposed. The presented model considered the mass transfer of gases and liquids through polymeric membranes with embedded CNTs as a parallel transport of gases through the polymeric matrix and a "percolation" cluster-bound regions around the embedded CNTs. The proposed algorithm for modeling parameters of a percolation cluster of embedded tubular particles takes into account an agglomeration and makes it possible to describe the threshold increase and subsequent decrease permeability with increasing concentration of embedded particles. The numerical simulation of such structures showed: an increase in the particle length leads to a decrease in the percolation concentration in a matrix of finite size, the power of the percolation cluster decreases significantly, but the combination of these effects leads to a decrease in the influence of the introduced particles on the properties of the matrix in the vicinity of the percolation threshold; an increase in the concentration of embedded particles leads to an increase in the probability of the formation of agglomerates and the characteristic size of the elements that make up the percolation cluster, the influence of individual particles decreases and the characteristics of the percolation transition determine the ratio of the sizes of agglomerates and matrix; and an increase in the lateral linear dimensions of the matrix leads to a nonlinear decrease in the proportion of the matrix, which is affected by the introduced particles, and the transport characteristics of such MMMs deteriorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Eremin
- Molecular Physics Department, National Research Nuclear University Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Kashirskoe Highway 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Grekhov
- Molecular Physics Department, National Research Nuclear University Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Kashirskoe Highway 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Belogorlov
- Molecular Physics Department, National Research Nuclear University Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Kashirskoe Highway 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Graphite-Based Structural Materials “NIIgrafit” (JSC “NIIgrafit”), 111524 Moscow, Russia
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33
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Wilson J, Simpson T, Spelman K. Total cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations and yields from traditional extraction methods: Percolation vs. maceration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:886993. [PMID: 36353485 PMCID: PMC9638139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.886993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been valued for many generations due to their biosynthetic advantages generating pharmacologically active molecules. This is especially the case when it comes to cannabinoids from Cannabis. In these experiments we mimicked typical herbal home extractions and measured the yield of total decarboxylated CBD ("total CBD") from percolations and macerations done at the common duration of 2 weeks in duplicate independent extractions. Analysis was performed by GC-FID on triplicate samples from each extraction. Results demonstrated a significant extraction superiority of percolation over maceration. Percolation extracted 80.1% of the total CBD in the hemp biomass as compared to the 2-week time point at 63.5% recovery. Our results demonstrate a significant increase in total CBD yield from percolation, as compared to maceration. Highest solvent recovery was also through percolation, but overall solvent recovery was fairly consistent with the maceration method, after pressing. Under these conditions of extracting lipophilic cannabidiol in 95% ethanol, these data demonstrate that percolation is significantly superior to maceration in total CBD yield. These observations will likely apply to the extraction of lipophilic constituents from other herbs and botanical medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wilson
- Health, Education & Research, Driggs, ID, United States
- Natural Learning Laboratories, Medford, OR, United States
| | | | - Kevin Spelman
- Health, Education & Research, Driggs, ID, United States
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
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34
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Khalil Arjmandi S, Khademzadeh Yeganeh J, Zare Y, Rhee KY. Modeling of Electrical Conductivity for Polymer-Carbon Nanofiber Systems. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15197041. [PMID: 36234382 PMCID: PMC9571830 DOI: 10.3390/ma15197041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is not a simple model for predicting the electrical conductivity of carbon nanofiber (CNF)-polymer composites. In this manuscript, a model is proposed to predict the conductivity of CNF-filled composites. The developed model assumes the roles of CNF volume fraction, CNF dimensions, percolation onset, interphase thickness, CNF waviness, tunneling length among nanoparticles, and the fraction of the networked CNF. The outputs of the developed model correctly agree with the experimentally measured conductivity of several samples. Additionally, parametric analyses confirm the acceptable impacts of main factors on the conductivity of composites. A higher conductivity is achieved by smaller waviness and lower radius of CNFs, lower percolation onset, less tunnel distance, and higher levels of interphase depth and fraction of percolated CNFs in the nanocomposite. The maximum conductivity is obtained at 2.37 S/m by the highest volume fraction and length of CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Khalil Arjmandi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom 371951519, Iran
| | - Jafar Khademzadeh Yeganeh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom 371951519, Iran
| | - Yasser Zare
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Breast Cancer Research Center, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1125342432, Iran
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (BK21 Four), College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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35
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Ziolek RM, Santana-Bonilla A, López-Ríos de Castro R, Kühn R, Green M, Lorenz CD. Conformational Heterogeneity and Interchain Percolation Revealed in an Amorphous Conjugated Polymer. ACS Nano 2022; 16:14432-14442. [PMID: 36103148 PMCID: PMC9527807 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are employed in a variety of application areas due to their bright fluorescence and strong biocompatibility. However, understanding the structure of amorphous conjugated polymers on the nanoscale is extremely challenging compared to their related crystalline phases. Using a bespoke classical force field, we study amorphous poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) with molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the role that its nanoscale structure plays in controlling its emergent (and all-important) optical properties. Notably, we show that a giant percolating cluster exists within amorphous F8BT, which has ramifications in understanding the nature of interchain species that drive the quantum yield reduction and bathochromic shift observed in conjugated polymer-based devices and nanostructures. We also show that distinct conformations can be unravelled from within the disordered structure of amorphous F8BT using a two-stage machine learning protocol, highlighting a link between molecular conformation and ring stacking propensity. This work provides predictive understanding by which to enhance the optical properties of next-generation conjugated polymer-based devices and materials by rational, simulation-led design principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Ziolek
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raquel López-Ríos de Castro
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Reimer Kühn
- Department
of Mathematics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Green
- Photonics
and Nanotechnology Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United
Kingdom
| | - Christian D. Lorenz
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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36
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Adhikari R, Faina B, Ney V, Vorhauer J, Sterrer A, Ney A, Bonanni A. Effect of Impurity Scattering on Percolation of Bosonic Islands and Superconductivity in Fe Implanted NbN Thin Films. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3105. [PMID: 36144891 PMCID: PMC9505447 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A reentrant temperature dependence of the thermoresistivity ρxx(T) between an onset local superconducting ordering temperature Tloconset and a global superconducting transition at T=Tglooffset has been reported in disordered conventional 3-dimensional (3D) superconductors. The disorder of these superconductors is a result of either an extrinsic granularity due to grain boundaries, or of an intrinsic granularity ascribable to the electronic disorder originating from impurity dopants. Here, the effects of Fe doping on the electronic properties of sputtered NbN layers with a nominal thickness of 100 nm are studied by means of low-T/high-μ0H magnetotransport measurements. The doping of NbN is achieved via implantation of 35 keV Fe ions. In the as-grown NbN films, a local onset of superconductivity at Tloconset=15.72K is found, while the global superconducting ordering is achieved at Tglooffset=15.05K, with a normal state resistivity ρxx=22μΩ·cm. Moreover, upon Fe doping of NbN, ρxx=40μΩ·cm is estimated, while Tloconset and Tglooffset are measured to be 15.1 K and 13.5 K, respectively. In Fe:NbN, the intrinsic granularity leads to the emergence of a bosonic insulator state and the normal-metal-to-superconductor transition is accompanied by six different electronic phases characterized by a N-shaped T dependence of ρxx(T). The bosonic insulator state in a s-wave conventional superconductor doped with dilute magnetic impurities is predicted to represent a workbench for emergent phenomena, such as gapless superconductivity, triplet Cooper pairings and topological odd frequency superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberta Bonanni
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (A.B.); Tel.: +43-732-2468-9664 (A.B.)
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37
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Camus A, Reali M, Rozel M, Zhuldybina M, Soavi F, Santato C. High conductivity Sepia melanin ink films for environmentally benign printed electronics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200058119. [PMID: 35914170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200058119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanins (from the Greek μέλας, mélas, black) are bio-pigments ubiquitous in flora and fauna. Eumelanin is an insoluble brown-black type of melanin, found in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, among which Sepia (cuttlefish) is noteworthy. Sepia melanin is a type of bio-sourced eumelanin that can readily be extracted from the ink sac of cuttlefish. Eumelanin features broadband optical absorption, metal-binding affinity and antioxidative and radical-scavenging properties. It is a prototype of benign material for sustainable organic electronics technologies. Here, we report on an electronic conductivity as high as 10-3 S cm-1 in flexographically printed Sepia melanin films; such values for the conductivity are typical for well-established high-performance organic electronic polymers but quite uncommon for bio-sourced organic materials. Our studies show the potential of bio-sourced materials for emerging electronic technologies with low human- and eco-toxicity.
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Cardoso AW, Archibald S, Bond WJ, Coetsee C, Forrest M, Govender N, Lehmann D, Makaga L, Mpanza N, Ndong JE, Koumba Pambo AF, Strydom T, Tilman D, Wragg PD, Staver AC. Quantifying the environmental limits to fire spread in grassy ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110364119. [PMID: 35733267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110364119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling fire spread as an infection process is intuitive: An ignition lights a patch of fuel, which infects its neighbor, and so on. Infection models produce nonlinear thresholds, whereby fire spreads only when fuel connectivity and infection probability are sufficiently high. These thresholds are fundamental both to managing fire and to theoretical models of fire spread, whereas applied fire models more often apply quasi-empirical approaches. Here, we resolve this tension by quantifying thresholds in fire spread locally, using field data from individual fires (n = 1,131) in grassy ecosystems across a precipitation gradient (496 to 1,442 mm mean annual precipitation) and evaluating how these scaled regionally (across 533 sites) and across time (1989 to 2012 and 2016 to 2018) using data from Kruger National Park in South Africa. An infection model captured observed patterns in individual fire spread better than competing models. The proportion of the landscape that burned was well described by measurements of grass biomass, fuel moisture, and vapor pressure deficit. Regionally, averaging across variability resulted in quasi-linear patterns. Altogether, results suggest that models aiming to capture fire responses to global change should incorporate nonlinear fire spread thresholds but that linear approximations may sufficiently capture medium-term trends under a stationary climate.
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Zhang H, Wang F, Akakuru OU, Wang T, Wang Z, Wu A, Zhang Y. Nature-Inspired Polyethylenimine-Modified Calcium Alginate Blended Waterborne Polyurethane Graded Functional Materials for Multiple Water Purification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:17826-17836. [PMID: 35380790 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods have become more frequent, which usually leads to the pollution of drinking water. Drinking contaminated water may cause public health emergencies. The demand for healthy drinking water in disaster-affected areas is huge and urgent. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple water treatment technology suitable for emergencies. Inspired by nature, a fractional spray method was used to prepare graded purification material under mild conditions. The material consists of a calcium alginate isolation layer and a functional layer composed of calcium alginate, polyethylenimine, and water-based polyurethane, which can purify complex pollutants in water such as heavy metals, oils, pathogens, and micro/nano plastics through percolation. It does not require additional energy and can purify polluted water only under gravity. A disposable paper cup model was also designed, which can be used to obtain purified water by immersing in polluted water directly without other filtering devices. The test report shows that the water obtained from the paper cup was deeply purified. This design makes the material user-friendly and has the potential as a strategic material. This discovery can effectively improve the safety of drinking water after disasters and improve people's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Zhejiang Cixi High School, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, P. R. China
| | - Zongbao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chang BS, Li C, Dai J, Evans K, Huang J, He M, Hu W, Tian Z, Xu T. Thermal Percolation in Well-Defined Nanocomposite Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:14579-14587. [PMID: 35311286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal percolation in polymer nanocomposites─the rapid increase in thermal transport due to the formation of networks among fillers─is the subject of great interest in thermal management ranging from general utility in multifunctional nanocomposites to high-conductivity applications such as thermal interface materials. However, It remains a challenging subject encompassing both experimental and modeling hurdles. Successful reports of thermal percolation are exclusively found in high-aspect-ratio, conductive fillers such as graphene, albeit at filler loadings significantly higher than the electrical percolation threshold. This anomaly was attributed to the lower filler-matrix thermal conductivity contrast ratio kf/km ∼104 compared to electrical conductivity ∼1012-1016. In a randomly dispersed composite, the effect of a low contrast ratio is further accentuated by uncertainties in the morphology of the percolating network and presence of other phases such as disconnected aggregates and colloidal dispersions. Thus, the general properties of percolating networks are convoluted as they lack a defined structure. In contrast, a prototypical system with controllable nanofiller placement enables the elucidation of structure-property relations such as filler size, loading, and assembly. Using self-assembled nanocomposites with a controlled 1,2,3-dimension nanoparticle (NP) arrangement, we demonstrate that thermal percolation can be achieved in spite of using spherical, nonconductive fillers (kf/km ∼60) at a low volume fraction (9 vol %). We observe that the effects of volume fraction, interfacial thermal resistance, and filler conductivity on thermal conductivity depart from effective medium approximations. Most notably, contrast ratio plays a minor role in thermal percolation above kf/km ∼60─a common range for semiconducting nanoparticles/polymer ratios. Our findings bring new perspectives and insights to thermal percolation in nanocomposites, where the limits in contrast ratio, interfacial thermal conductance, and filler size are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyce S Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chen Li
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jinghang Dai
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Katherine Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mengdi He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Weili Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhiting Tian
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Abstract
Traditional molecular techniques for SARS-CoV-2 viral detection are time-consuming and can exhibit a high probability of false negatives. In this work, we present a computational study of SARS-CoV-2 detection using plasmonic gold nanoparticles. The resonance wavelength of a SARS-CoV-2 virus was recently estimated to be in the near-infrared region. By engineering gold nanospheres to specifically bind with the outer surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the resonance frequency can be shifted to the visible range (380 nm - 700 nm). Moreover, we show that broadband absorption will emerge in the visible spectrum when the virus is partially covered with gold nanoparticles at a specific coverage percentage. This broadband absorption can be used to guide the development of an efficient and accurate colorimetric plasmon sensor for COVID-19 detection. Our observation also suggests that this technique is unaffected by the number of protein spikes present on the virus outer surface, hence can pave a potential path for a label-free COVID-19 diagnostic tool independent of the number of protein spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somen Baidya
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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42
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Xie J, Wang X, Feng L, Zhao JH, Liu W, Moreno Y, Hu Y. Indirect influence in social networks as an induced percolation phenomenon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2100151119. [PMID: 35217599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100151119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing empirical evidence in diverse social and ecological systems has shown that indirect interactions play a pivotal role in shaping systems’ dynamical behavior. Our empirical study on collaboration networks of scientists further reveals that an indirect effect can dominate over direct influence in behavioral spreading. However, almost all models in existence focus on direct interactions, and the general impact of indirect interactions has not been studied. We propose a new percolation process, termed induced percolation, to characterize indirect interactions and find that indirect interactions raise a plethora of new phenomena, including the wide range of possible phase transitions. Such an indirect mechanism leads to very different spreading outcomes from that of direct influences. Percolation theory has been widely used to study phase transitions in network systems. It has also successfully explained various macroscopic spreading phenomena across different fields. Yet, the theoretical frameworks have been focusing on direct interactions among nodes, while recent empirical observations have shown that indirect interactions are common in many network systems like social and ecological networks, among others. By investigating the detailed mechanism of both direct and indirect influence on scientific collaboration networks, here we show that indirect influence can play the dominant role in behavioral influence. To address the lack of theoretical understanding of such indirect influence on the macroscopic behavior of the system, we propose a percolation mechanism of indirect interactions called induced percolation. Surprisingly, our model exhibits a unique anisotropy property. Specifically, directed networks show first-order abrupt transitions as opposed to the second-order continuous transition in the same network structure but with undirected links. A mix of directed and undirected links leads to rich hybrid phase transitions. Furthermore, a unique feature of the nonmonotonic pattern is observed in network connectivities near the critical point. We also present an analytical framework to characterize the proposed induced percolation, paving the way to further understanding network dynamics with indirect interactions.
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43
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Bobkov A, Luchinin V, Moshnikov V, Nalimova S, Spivak Y. Impedance Spectroscopy of Hierarchical Porous Nanomaterials Based on por-Si, por-Si Incorporated by Ni and Metal Oxides for Gas Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1530. [PMID: 35214428 PMCID: PMC8877289 DOI: 10.3390/s22041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Approaches are being developed to create composite materials with a fractal-percolation structure based on intercalated porous matrices to increase the sensitivity of adsorption gas sensors. Porous silicon, nickel-containing porous silicon, and zinc oxide have been synthesized as materials for such structures. Using the impedance spectroscopy method, it has been shown that the obtained materials demonstrate high sensitivity to organic solvent vapors and can be used in gas sensors. A model is proposed that explains the high sensitivity and inductive nature of the impedance at low frequencies, considering the structural features and fractal-percolation properties of the obtained oxide materials.
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44
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Ojovan MI, Louzguine-Luzgin DV. On Structural Rearrangements during the Vitrification of Molten Copper. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15041313. [PMID: 35207852 PMCID: PMC8877703 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
We utilise displacement analysis of Cu-atoms between the chemical bond-centred Voronoi polyhedrons to reveal structural changes at the glass transition. We confirm that the disordered congruent bond lattice of Cu loses its rigidity above the glass transition temperature (Tg) in line with Kantor–Webman theorem due to percolation via configurons (broken Cu-Cu chemical bonds). We reveal that the amorphous Cu has the Tg = 794 ± 10 K at the cooling rate q = 1 × 1013 K/s and that the determination of Tg based on analysis of first sharp diffraction minimum (FDSM) is sharper compared with classical Wendt–Abraham empirical criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Ojovan
- Department of Materials, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Radiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bd. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitri V. Louzguine-Luzgin
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
- MathAM-OIL, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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45
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Redondo A, Mortensen N, Djeghdi K, Jang D, Ortuso RD, Weder C, Korley LTJ, Steiner U, Gunkel I. Comparing Percolation and Alignment of Cellulose Nanocrystals for the Reinforcement of Polyurethane Nanocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:7270-7282. [PMID: 35077647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites can be achieved through alignment or percolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Here, we compare the efficacy of these reinforcement mechanisms in thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) elastomer nanocomposites containing thermally stable cotton CNCs. CNC alignment was achieved by melt spinning nanocomposite fibers, while a percolating CNC network was generated by solvent casting nanocomposite films with CNC contents up to 20 wt %. While in films both the CNCs and the PU matrix were entirely isotropic at all concentrations as confirmed by wide-angle X-ray scattering and birefringence analysis, the CNCs in the fibers exhibited a preferential orientation, which improved with increasing CNC concentration. Increasing the CNC concentration in the fibers reduces, however, the alignment of the PU chains, resulting in an entirely isotropic PU matrix at high CNC contents. The mechanical properties of films and fibers were evaluated using stress-strain measurements. Nanocomposite fibers with low CNC content exhibited superior stiffness, extensibility, and strength compared to the films, while the films displayed superior mechanical properties at high CNC concentrations. These findings are rationalized using common semiempirical models describing the reinforcing effects of CNC alignment in fibers (Halpin-Tsai) and CNC percolation in films (percolation model). The formation of a percolating CNC network leads to a stronger reinforcement than CNC alignment, as the reinforcing effect of the latter is limited by the comparably low aspect ratio of CNCs extracted from cotton. As a consequence, above the percolation threshold for cotton CNCs, isotropic nanocomposite PU films show a higher stiffness than aligned nanocomposite PU fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Redondo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Mortensen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kenza Djeghdi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberto D Ortuso
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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46
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Horsley E, Rao X, Yi SB, Kim YJ. Magnetic dilution of a honeycomb lattice XY magnet CoTiO 3. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:135803. [PMID: 34986470 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac484c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report our study of cobalt (II) titanate, CoTiO3, in which magnetic Co ions are replaced by non-magnetic ions. The antiferromagnetic ordering transition of CoTiO3around 37 K is described with ferromagnetic honeycomb layers coupled antiferromagnetically along the crystallographicc-direction. The effect of magnetic dilution on the Néel temperature of this material is investigated through the doping of Zn2+and Mg2+in place of Co2+for various dilution levels up tox+y= 0.46 in Co1-x-yZnxMgyTiO3. Single phase polycrystalline samples have been synthesized and their structural and magnetic properties have been examined. A linear relation between dilution and the Néel temperature is observed over a wide doping range. A linear extrapolation would suggest that the required dilution level to suppress magnetic order is aroundx+y∼ 0.74, well beyond the classical percolation threshold. The implication of this observation for microscopic models for describing CoTiO3is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Horsley
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Xin Rao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Sang Bum Yi
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Young-June Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
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47
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Abstract
We studied the possible role of the subways in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City during late February and March 2020. Data on cases and hospitalizations, along with phylogenetic analyses of viral isolates, demonstrate rapid community transmission throughout all five boroughs within days. The near collapse of subway ridership during the second week of March was followed within 1–2 weeks by the flattening of COVID-19 incidence curve. We observed persistently high entry into stations located along the subway line serving a principal hotspot of infection in Queens. We used smartphone tracking data to estimate the volume of subway visits originating from each zip code tabulation area (ZCTA). Across ZCTAs, the estimated volume of subway visits on March 16 was strongly predictive of subsequent COVID-19 incidence during April 1–8. In a spatial analysis, we distinguished between the conventional notion of geographic contiguity and a novel notion of contiguity along subway lines. We found that the March 16 subway-visit volume in subway-contiguous ZCTAs had an increasing effect on COVID-19 incidence during April 1–8 as we enlarged the radius of influence up to 5 connected subway stops. By contrast, the March 31 cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in geographically-contiguous ZCTAs had an increasing effect on subsequent COVID-19 incidence as we expanded the radius up to three connected ZCTAs. The combined evidence points to the initial citywide dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 via a subway-based network, followed by percolation of new infections within local hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Harris
- Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Eisner Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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48
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Acharya SK, Galli E, Mallinson JB, Bose SK, Wagner F, Heywood ZE, Bones PJ, Arnold MD, Brown SA. Stochastic Spiking Behavior in Neuromorphic Networks Enables True Random Number Generation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:52861-52870. [PMID: 34719914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a great deal of interest in the use of nanoscale devices to emulate the behaviors of neurons and synapses and to facilitate brain-inspired computation. Here, it is shown that percolating networks of nanoparticles exhibit stochastic spiking behavior that is strikingly similar to that observed in biological neurons. The spiking rate can be controlled by the input stimulus, similar to "rate coding" in biology, and the distributions of times between events are log-normal, providing insights into the atomic-scale spiking mechanism. The stochasticity of the spiking behavior is then used for true random number generation, and the high quality of the generated random bit-streams is demonstrated, opening up promising routes toward integration of neuromorphic computing with secure information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susant K Acharya
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Edoardo Galli
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joshua B Mallinson
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Saurabh K Bose
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ford Wagner
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Zachary E Heywood
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Bones
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D Arnold
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Simon A Brown
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Bardet L, Papanastasiou DT, Crivello C, Akbari M, Resende J, Sekkat A, Sanchez-Velasquez C, Rapenne L, Jiménez C, Muñoz-Rojas D, Denneulin A, Bellet D. Silver Nanowire Networks: Ways to Enhance Their Physical Properties and Stability. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2785. [PMID: 34835550 PMCID: PMC8625099 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks have been intensively investigated in recent years. Thanks to their attractive physical properties in terms of optical transparency and electrical conductivity, as well as their mechanical performance, AgNW networks are promising transparent electrodes (TE) for several devices, such as solar cells, transparent heaters, touch screens or light-emitting devices. However, morphological instabilities, low adhesion to the substrate, surface roughness and ageing issues may limit their broader use and need to be tackled for a successful performance and long working lifetime. The aim of the present work is to highlight efficient strategies to optimize the physical properties of AgNW networks. In order to situate our work in relation to existing literature, we briefly reported recent studies which investigated physical properties of AgNW networks. First, we investigated the optimization of optical transparency and electrical conductivity by comparing two types of AgNWs with different morphologies, including PVP layer and AgNW dimensions. In addition, their response to thermal treatment was deeply investigated. Then, zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO2) protective films deposited by Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (AP-SALD) were compared for one type of AgNW. We clearly demonstrated that coating AgNW networks with these thin oxide layers is an efficient approach to enhance the morphological stability of AgNWs when subjected to thermal stress. Finally, we discussed the main future challenges linked with AgNW networks optimization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bardet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Dorina T. Papanastasiou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Chiara Crivello
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - João Resende
- AlmaScience Colab, Madan Parque, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Abderrahime Sekkat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Camilo Sanchez-Velasquez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Laetitia Rapenne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Aurore Denneulin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Daniel Bellet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
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Zhang S, Yan X, Fu H, Li W, Qu H. In-line monitoring and endpoint determination of percolation process of herbal medicine using ultraviolet spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural network. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1451-1459. [PMID: 34379131 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As a common step in the herbal medicine production process, percolation usually lacks effective process monitoring methods and is often conducted with fixed process parameters. In this study, an in-line ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy was used for monitoring the Caulis Sinomenii percolation process. METHODS The spectra and concentration data of 156 percolation samples from five batches were collected. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were used to develop quantitative calibration models. The mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were compared to select the proper loss function for developing the CNN models. Meanwhile, partial least square regression (PLSR) was also used to develop calibration models for performance comparison. KEY FINDINGS The CNN models with MAPE or MAE as the loss function could provide accurate predictions for all samples. However, CNN models adopting MSE as the loss function tended not to predict low-concentration samples accurately. The CNN models mostly achieved satisfactory results without any preprocessing techniques and surpassed PLSR models in all the performance metrics. CONCLUSIONS An in-line UV spectroscopy system combining the CNN algorithm was implemented to monitor the percolation process of Caulis Sinomenii. The system can accurately determine the endpoint of the percolation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Fu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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