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Doidge C, Ånestad LM, Burrell A, Frössling J, Palczynski L, Pardon B, Veldhuis A, Bokma J, Carmo LP, Hopp P, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Meunier NV, Ordell A, Santman-Berends I, van Schaik G, Kaler J. A living lab approach to understanding dairy farmers' needs of technologies and data to improve herd health: Focus groups from 6 European countries. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00550-2. [PMID: 38490555 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
For successful development and adoption of technology on dairy farms, farmers need to be included in the innovation process. However, the design of agricultural technologies usually takes a top-down approach with little involvement of end-users at the early stages. Living Labs offer a methodology that involve end-users throughout the development process and emphasize the importance of understanding users' needs. Currently, exploration of dairy farmers' needs of technologies has been limited to specific types of technology (e.g., smartphone apps) and adult cattle. The aim of this study was to use a Living Lab approach to identify dairy farmers' needs of data and technologies to improve herd health and inform innovation development. Eighteen focus groups were conducted with, in total, 80 dairy farmers from Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the UK. Data were analyzed using Template Analysis and 6 themes were generated which represented the fundamental needs of autonomy, comfort, competence, community and relatedness, purpose, and security. Farmers favored technologies that provided them with convenience, facilitated their knowledge and understanding of problems on farm, and allowed them to be self-reliant. Issues with data sharing and accessibility, and usability of software were barriers to technology use. Furthermore, farmers were facing problems around recruitment and management of labor and needed ways to reduce stress. Controlling aspects of the barn environment, such as air quality, hygiene, and stocking density, was a particular concern in relation to youngstock management. In conclusion, the findings suggest that developers of farm technologies may want to include farmers in the design process to ensure a positive user experience and improve accessibility. The needs identified in this study can be used as a framework when designing farm technologies to strengthen need satisfaction and reduce any potential harm toward needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Doidge
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - L M Ånestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - A Burrell
- Animal Health Ireland, 2 - 5 The Archways, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland, N41 WN27
| | - J Frössling
- Department of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Assessment, Swedish Veterinary Agency (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 234, 532 23 Skara, Sweden
| | - L Palczynski
- Innovation for Agriculture, Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire, CV8 2LZ, UK
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Veldhuis
- Royal GD, P.O. 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - J Bokma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L P Carmo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - P Hopp
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - M Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Animal Health Ireland, 2 - 5 The Archways, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland, N41 WN27
| | - N V Meunier
- Animal Health Ireland, 2 - 5 The Archways, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland, N41 WN27
| | - A Ordell
- Department of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Assessment, Swedish Veterinary Agency (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G van Schaik
- Royal GD, P.O. 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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2
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Scholte M, Heidkamp J, Hannink G, Merkx MAWT, Grutters JPC, Rovers MM. Care Pathway Analysis to Inform the Earliest Stages of Technology Development: Scoping Oncological Indications in Need of Innovation. Value Health 2023; 26:1744-1753. [PMID: 37757910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identifying unmet needs for innovative solutions across disease contexts is challenging but important for directing funding and research efforts and informing early-stage decisions during the innovation process. Our aim was to study the merits of care pathway analysis to scope disease contexts and guide the development of innovative devices. We used oncologic surgery as a case study, for which many intraoperative imaging techniques are under development. METHODS Care pathway analysis is a mapping process, which produces graphical maps of clinical pathways using important outcomes and subsequent consequences. We performed care pathway analyses for glioblastoma, breast, bladder, prostate, renal, pancreatic, and oral cavity cancer. Differences between a "perfect" care pathway and the current care pathway in terms of percentage of inadequate margins, associated recurrences, quality of life, and 5-year overall survival were calculated to determine unmet needs. Data from The Netherlands Cancer Registry and literature were used. RESULTS Care pathway analysis showed that highest percentages of inadequate margins were found in oral cavity cancer (72.5%), glioblastoma (48.7%), and pancreatic cancer (43.9%). Inadequate margins showed the strongest increase in recurrences in cancer of oral cavity, and bladder (absolute increases of 43.5% and 41.2%, respectively). Impact on survival was largest for bladder and oral cavity cancer with positive margins. CONCLUSIONS Care pathway analysis provides overviews of current clinical paths in multiple indications. Disease contexts can be compared via effectiveness gaps that show the potential need for innovative solutions. This information can be used as basis for stakeholder involvement processes to prioritize care pathways in need of innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirre Scholte
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Imaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Heidkamp
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Imaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjon Hannink
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Imaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A W Thijs Merkx
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland, IKNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Dutch Rare Cancer Platform, The Netherlands; IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke P C Grutters
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maroeska M Rovers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Imaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Smith RD, Schäfer S, Bernstein MJ. Governing beyond the project: Refocusing innovation governance in emerging science and technology funding. Soc Stud Sci 2023:3063127231205043. [PMID: 37974362 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231205043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This article analyses how a recent idiom of innovation governance, 'responsible innovation', is enacted in practice, how this shapes innovation processes, and what aspects of innovation are left untouched. Within this idiom, funders typically focus on one point in an innovation system: researchers in projects. However, the more transformational aspirations of responsible innovation are circumscribed by this context. Adopting a mode of critique that assembles, this article considers some alternative approaches to governing the shared trajectories of science, technology, and society. Using the idea of institutional invention to focus innovation governance on four inflection points-agendas, calls, spaces, evaluation-would allow funding organizations and researchers to look 'beyond the project', developing new methods to unpack and reflect on assumed purposes of science, technology, and innovation, and to potentially reconfigure the institutions that condition scientific practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Schäfer
- Research Institute for Sustainability-Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael J Bernstein
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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Elliott KC, Werkheiser I. A Framework for Transparency in Precision Livestock Farming. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3358. [PMID: 37958113 PMCID: PMC10648797 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies emerge, it is important to consider their social and ethical dimensions. Reviews of PLF have highlighted the importance of considering ethical issues related to privacy, security, and welfare. However, little attention has been paid to ethical issues related to transparency regarding these technologies. This paper proposes a framework for developing responsible transparency in the context of PLF. It examines the kinds of information that could be ethically important to disclose about these technologies, the different audiences that might care about this information, the challenges involved in achieving transparency for these audiences, and some promising strategies for addressing these challenges. For example, with respect to the information to be disclosed, efforts to foster transparency could focus on: (1) information about the goals and priorities of those developing PLF systems; (2) details about how the systems operate; (3) information about implicit values that could be embedded in the systems; and/or (4) characteristics of the machine learning algorithms often incorporated into these systems. In many cases, this information is likely to be difficult to obtain or communicate meaningfully to relevant audiences (e.g., farmers, consumers, industry, and/or regulators). Some of the potential steps for addressing these challenges include fostering collaborations between the developers and users of PLF systems, developing techniques for identifying and disclosing important forms of information, and pursuing forms of PLF that can be responsibly employed with less transparency. Given the complexity of transparency and its ethical and practical importance, a framework for developing and evaluating transparency will be an important element of ongoing PLF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Elliott
- Lyman Briggs College, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Department of Philosophy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48825, USA
| | - Ian Werkheiser
- Department of Philosophy, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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5
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Malakar Y, Lacey J. On the interconnected nature of risk and responsibility in the research and development of new and emerging technologies. Risk Anal 2023. [PMID: 37748933 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Risk analysis of new and emerging technologies requires innovative approaches that are agile, exploratory, and can accommodate broad stakeholder engagement and perspectives. Existing theories of risk governance and responsible innovation suggest that operationalizing guiding principles for engagement such as inclusion and reflection may provide a useful approach to the risk analysis of these technologies. Yet, methodologies to systematically assess how we might operationalize such guiding principles in risk analysis are limited in existing risk research. We contribute to filling this gap by demonstrating a practical methodology for examining and documenting how research and development (R&D) professionals operationalize inclusion and reflection in risk analysis and what value this provides to risk analysis in the R&D context. We use the Australian nanotechnology R&D sector as our case study, interviewing 28 experts to examine how R&D professionals have operationalized inclusion and reflection into their risk analysis practices, generating three findings. First, we describe how our research design enables the successful translation of theory into a methodology that supports an empirical assessment of the integration of these guiding principles into risk analysis practice. Second, we argue that successfully and systematically integrating inclusion and reflection in risk analysis fosters a wider understanding and identification of risk through the activation of multi-actor and multi-institutional stakeholder engagement processes. Third, we outline how this research depicts the outward-facing and introspective nature of risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwan Malakar
- Responsible Innovation Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justine Lacey
- Responsible Innovation Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Doidge C, Frössling J, Dórea FC, Ordell A, Vidal G, Kaler J. Social and ethical implications of data and technology use on farms: a qualitative study of Swedish dairy and pig farmers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1171107. [PMID: 37675073 PMCID: PMC10477671 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1171107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Livestock farmers are being increasingly encouraged to adopt digital health technologies on their farms. Digital innovations may have unintended consequences, but there tends to be a pro-innovation bias in previous literature. This has led to a movement towards "responsible innovation," an approach that questions the social and ethical challenges of research and innovation. This paper explores the social and ethical issues of data and technologies on Swedish dairy and pig farms from a critical perspective. Methods Six focus groups were conducted with thirteen dairy and thirteen pig farmers. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and a digital critical health lens, which focuses on concepts of identity and power. Results and discussion The analysis generated four themes: extending the self, sense of agency, quantifying animals, and managing human labour. The findings suggest that technologies can change and form the identities of farmers, their workers, and animals by increasing the visibility of behaviours and bodies through data collection. Technologies can also facilitate techniques of power such as conforming to norms, hierarchical surveillance, and segregation of populations based on data. There were many contradictions in the way that technology was used on farms which suggests that farmers cannot be dichotomised into those who are opposed to and those that support adoption of technologies. Emotions and morality played an important role in the way animals were managed and technologies were used by farmers. Thus, when developing innovations, we need to consider users' feelings and attachments towards the technologies. Technologies have different impacts on farmers and farm workers which suggests that we need to ensure that we understand the perspectives of multiple user groups when developing innovations, including those that might be least empowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Doidge
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Frössling
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fernanda C. Dórea
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Ordell
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gema Vidal
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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7
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Cha H, Park SM. Organizational Agility and Communicative Actions for Responsible Innovation: Evidence from manufacturing firms in South Korea. Asia Pac J Manag 2023. [PMCID: PMC10163299 DOI: 10.1007/s10490-023-09883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Responsible Innovation (RI) has increasingly attracted attention in academic research and business practice for UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Especially, the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) highlights RI as a key concept to address how to institutionalize and organize action programs to solve grand challenges. However, we know little about the determinants of organizing RI in business. By applying agile management and stakeholder theory, this study proposes the critical organizational factors to implement RI, namely: Organizational Agility and Communicative Actions. Based on the large-scale data analysis of 13,234 South Korean manufacturing firms during the period between 1999 and 2019, this paper investigates whether and how organizational factors can affect RI in the Asian context, using the zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. Findings show that well-organized agile management and communicative actions with stakeholders are essential to enhance RI performance in a holistic view. This study contributes to the recently emerging field of RI and offers novel theoretical and practical implications for academics and practitioners regarding the underlying mechanism of organizing RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryol Cha
- Queen’s Management School, Queen’s University Belfast, Riddel Hall, 185 Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5EE United Kingdom
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Ulsan College, 101 Bongsu-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44022 South Korea
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8
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Nelson JP, Selin CL. Seven open questions in the futures of human genome editing. Futures 2023; 149:103138. [PMID: 37484876 PMCID: PMC10358607 DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2023.103138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Scholarly discussion around the governance of human genome editing (HGE) recognizes that development and application of HGE techniques could result in unexpected societal outcomes. However, it contains few to no methodological models for how to anticipate, prepare for, or shape such outcomes. This article presents early-stage results from research guided by anticipatory governance, a framework for broad expert and public consideration of innovation processes and purposes. We present and discuss key themes emerging from a set of future-oriented interviews with genome editing practitioners and experts, designed to inform broadly scoped deliberations about plausible futures of HGE. We articulate our results as seven "open questions," the answers to which will be important components of HGE's eventual shape and outcomes. Some themes are perennial in studies of science and society, and others are more novel to HGE. Each helps to reframe HGE beyond a simple comparison of risk and benefit. Such reframing opens up new and important terrain for discussion among policymakers, academics, scientists, and publics. We suggest that discussion framed around broad and reflexive questions like those presented here will help governance efforts to better acknowledge and flexibly respond to the uncertainty and complexities of HGE developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Nelson
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, 1120 South Cady Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5603
| | - Cynthia L. Selin
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society/Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University, 1120 South Cady Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5603
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9
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Stemerding D, Beumer K, Edelenbosch R, Swart JAA, de Vries ME, ter Steeg E, Almekinders CJM, Lindhout P, van Dijk LCM, Struik PC. Responsible Innovation in Plant Breeding: The Case of Hybrid Potato Breeding. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1751. [PMID: 37176809 PMCID: PMC10180633 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging innovation, hybrid potato breeding raises high expectations about faster variety development and clean true potato seed as a new source of planting material. Hybrid breeding could, therefore, substantially contribute to global food security and other major sustainable development goals. However, its success will not only depend on the performance of hybrid potato in the field, but also on a range of complex and dynamic system conditions. This article is based on a multidisciplinary project in which we have studied the innovation dynamics of hybrid potato breeding and explored how these dynamics may shape the future of hybrid potato. Inspired by the approach of responsible innovation, we closely involved key players in the Dutch and international potato sector and other relevant actors in thinking about these potato futures. An important and recurrent theme in our work is the tension between the predominant commercial innovation dynamics in plant breeding and promises to respond to the global challenges of food security, agrobiodiversity and climate change. In this article, we, therefore, discuss responsible innovation strategies in (hybrid) potato breeding, which may help to bridge this tension and finally reflect on the implications for the field of plant breeding in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Stemerding
- Independent Researcher Biotechnology and Society, 8012 EV Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Beumer
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Jac. A. A. Swart
- Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Emily ter Steeg
- Development Economics, Wageningen University and Research, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Conny J. M. Almekinders
- Knowledge, Technology and Innovation, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Pim Lindhout
- Solynta, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.E.d.V.); (P.L.)
| | - Luuk C. M. van Dijk
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.C.M.v.D.); (P.C.S.)
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.C.M.v.D.); (P.C.S.)
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10
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Assen LS, Jongsma KR, Isasi R, Utomo L, Tryfonidou MA, Bredenoord AL. Responsible innovation in stem cell research: using responsibility as a strategy. Regen Med 2023; 18:275-284. [PMID: 36794557 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Responsible innovation has been introduced as an important condition for advancing the field of regenerative medicine. This is reflected in the frequent references to responsible research conduct and responsible innovation in guidelines and recommendations in academic literature. The meaning of responsibility, how responsibility could be fostered and the context in which responsibilities should be enacted, however, remain unclear. The goal of this paper is to clarify the concept of responsibility in stem cell research and to illustrate how this concept could inform strategies to deal effectively with the ethical implications of stem cell research. Responsibility can be dissected into four categories: responsibility-as-accountability, responsibility-as-liability, responsibility-as-an-obligation and responsibility-as-a-virtue. The authors focus on responsible research conduct and responsible innovation in general to move beyond the scope of research integrity and illustrate that different notions of responsibility have different implications for how stem cell research is organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Assen
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - K R Jongsma
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - R Isasi
- Department of Human Genetics & Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - L Utomo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CM, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CM, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - A L Bredenoord
- Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, DR, 3000, The Netherlands
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11
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Herrmann H. What's next for responsible artificial intelligence: a way forward through responsible innovation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14379. [PMID: 36967876 PMCID: PMC10036946 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Industry is adopting artificial intelligence (AI) at a rapid pace and a growing number of countries have declared national AI strategies. However, several spectacular AI failures have led to ethical concerns about responsibility in AI development and use, which gave rise to the emerging field of responsible AI (RAI). The field of responsible innovation (RI) has a longer history and evolved toward a framework for the entire research, development, and innovation life cycle. However, this research demonstrates that the uptake of RI by RAI has been slow. RAI has been developing independently, with three times the number of publications than RI. The objective and knowledge contribution of this research was to understand how RAI has been developing independently from RI and contribute to how RI could be leveraged toward the progression of RAI in a causal loop diagram. It is concluded that stakeholder engagement of citizens from diverse cultures across the Global North and South is a policy leverage point for moving the RI adoption by RAI toward global best practice. A role-specific recommendation for policy makers is made to deploy modes of engaging with the Global South with more urgency to avoid the risk of harming vulnerable populations. As an additional methodological contribution, this study employs a novel method, systematic science mapping, which combines systematic literature reviews with science mapping. This new method enabled the discovery of an emerging 'axis of adoption' of RI by RAI around the thematic areas of ethics, governance, stakeholder engagement, and sustainability. 828 Scopus articles were mapped for RI and 2489 articles were mapped for RAI. The research presented here is by any measure the largest systematic literature review of both fields to date and the only cross-disciplinary review from a methodological perspective.
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12
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Landers C, Vayena E, Amann J, Blasimme A. Stuck in translation: Stakeholder perspectives on impediments to responsible digital health. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1069410. [PMID: 36815171 PMCID: PMC9939685 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1069410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spurred by recent advances in machine learning and electronic hardware, digital health promises to profoundly transform medicine. At the same time, however, it raises conspicuous ethical and regulatory issues. This has led to a growing number of calls for responsible digital health. Based on stakeholder engagement methods, this paper sets out to identify core impediments hindering responsible digital health in Switzerland. We developed a participatory research methodology to access stakeholders' fragmented knowledge of digital health, engaging 46 digital health stakeholders over a period of five months (December 2020-April 2021). We identified ineffective stakeholder collaboration, lack of ethical awareness among digital health innovators, and lack of relevant regulation as core impediments to responsible digital health. The stakeholders' accounts indicate that ethical concerns may considerably slow the pace of digital health innovation - implying that responsible innovation is a core catalyst for the progress of digital health overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Landers
- Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Effy Vayena
- Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Amann
- Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Strategy and Innovation, Careum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Blasimme
- Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Correspondence: Alessandro Blasimme
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13
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Middelveld S, Macnaghten P, Meijboom F. Imagined futures for livestock gene editing: Public engagement in the Netherlands. Public Underst Sci 2023; 32:143-158. [PMID: 35912950 PMCID: PMC9902986 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing is an emerging technology with diverse applications in the making, including in livestock. While the technology is commonly represented as offering unbounded possibilities and societal benefit, it remains unclear how to characterise public views and the process through which responses are developed. Rather than simply being about individual attitudes, beliefs or preferences, we explicate an interpretative approach that seeks to understand how people make sense of the technology in the form of shared cultural idioms and stories. Based on five anticipatory focus group discussions with Dutch publics, we found the prevalence of five narratives shaping public talk, namely, technological fix, the market rules, in pursuit of perfection, finding the golden mean and governance through care. We explore the implications of these findings for governance and reflect on the virtues of sophrosyne and phronesis as offering ways to reconfigure the practice and politics of gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Macnaghten
- Phil Macnaghten, Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Hollandseweg 1 (Room 4018), 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Abstract
The notion of digital health often remains an empty signifier, employed strategically for a vast array of demands to attract investments and legitimise reforms. Rather scarce are attempts to develop digital health towards an analytic notion that provides avenues for understanding the ongoing transformations in health care. This article develops a sociomaterial approach to understanding digital health, showing how digitalisation affords practices of health and medicine to cope with and utilise the combined and interrelated challenges of increases in quantification (data-intensive medicine), varieties of connectivity (telemedicine), and unprecedented modes of instantaneous calculation (algorithmic medicine). This enables an engagement with questions about what forms of knowledge, relationships and control are produced through different manifestations of digital health. The paper then sets out, in detail, three innovative strategies that can guide explorations and negotiations into the type of care we want to achieve through digital transformation. These strategies embed Karen Barad's concept of agential cuts suggesting that responsible cuts towards the materialisation of digital health require participatory efforts that recognise the affordances and the generativity of technology developments. Through the sociomaterial approach presented in this article, we aim to lay the foundations to reorient and sensitise innovation and care processes in order to create new possibilities and value-centric approaches for promoting health in digital societies as opposed to promoting digital health per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Marent
- University of Sussex Business SchoolUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Flis Henwood
- School of Humanities and Social ScienceUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
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15
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Cox E, Spence E, Pidgeon N. Deliberating enhanced weathering: Public frames, iconic ecosystems and the governance of carbon removal at scale. Public Underst Sci 2022; 31:960-977. [PMID: 35916445 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meeting goals for 'net zero' emissions may require the removal of previously emitted carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. One proposal, enhanced rock weathering, aims to speed up the weathering processes of rocks by crushing them finely and spreading them on agricultural land. Public perceptions of enhanced rock weathering and its wider social and environmental implications will be a critical factor determining its potential; we use six 2-day deliberative workshops in England, Wales and Illinois to understand public views. Consideration of enhanced rock weathering deployment in tropical countries led participants to frame it from a social justice perspective, which had been much less prevalent when considering Western agricultural contexts, and generated assumptions of increased scale, which heightened concerns about detrimental social and environmental impacts. Risk perceptions relating to 'messing with nature' became amplified when participants considered enhanced rock weathering in relation to 'iconic' environments such as the oceans and rainforest.
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16
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Abstract
The past few decades have seen rapid increases in the size and scope of biobanks, with large-scale publicly funded ventures supporting health-related research becoming the norm. As these biobanks are increasingly asked to share their data, including for example, genome-wide analyses, questions arise about how such decisions are made, including whether applicants' research aligns with the aims of the biobank. To better understand how biobanks make decisions relating to their data use, we sought the views and experiences of those involved in decision-making relating to data access at 11 large-scale publicly funded health biobanks. We were particularly interested in how potentially contentious applications were approached. Interviewees had some concerns about decisions on applications they felt their governance structures could not reach. We ask broader questions about the responsibility of those involved in biobank access decisions-those working early in the research process-when considering such issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Samuel
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anneke Lucassen
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Clinical Ethics, Law and Society (CELS) Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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17
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Bunnik EM, Bolt IL. Exploring the Ethics of Implementation of Epigenomics Technologies in Cancer Screening: A Focus Group Study. Epigenet Insights 2021; 14:25168657211063618. [PMID: 34917888 PMCID: PMC8669112 DOI: 10.1177/25168657211063618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
New epigenomics technologies are being developed and used for the detection and prediction of various types of cancer. By allowing for timely intervention or preventive measures, epigenomics technologies show promise for public health, notably in population screening. In order to assess whether implementation of epigenomics technologies in population screening may be morally acceptable, it is important to understand – in an early stage of development – ethical and societal issues that may arise. We held 3 focus groups with experts in science and technology studies (STS) (n = 13) in the Netherlands, on 3 potential future applications of epigenomic technologies in screening programmes of increasing scope: cervical cancer, female cancers and ‘global’ cancer. On the basis of these discussions, this paper identifies ethical issues pertinent to epigenomics-based population screening, such as risk communication, trust and public acceptance; personal responsibility, stigmatisation and societal pressure, and data protection and data governance. It also points out how features of epigenomics (eg, modifiability) and changing concepts (eg, of cancer) may challenge the existing evaluative framework for screening programmes. This paper aims to anticipate and prepare for future ethical challenges when epigenomics technologies can be tested and introduced in public health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M Bunnik
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Lle Bolt
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
Environmental releases of gene edited (GEdOs) and gene drive organisms (GDOs) will likely occur under conditions of high uncertainty and in complex socioecological systems. Therefore, public deliberation is especially important to account for diverse interpretations of safety, risks, and benefits; to draw on experiential and public wisdom in areas of proposed release; to ameliorate dangers of technological optimism; and to increase the public legitimacy of decisions. Yet there is a "democratic deficit" in the United States' oversight system for GEdOs and GDOs, as unconflicted experts, publics, and skeptical stakeholders are most often excluded from decision-making and unavailable to critically examine potential risks and benefits or raise broader concerns about socioeconomic or cultural impacts. This article argues for the need to open up decision-making for GEdOs and GDOs, discusses the challenges for doing so within the current oversight framework, and finally, proposes institutional, policy, and attitudinal changes that are likely important for overcoming barriers to public deliberation.
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19
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Lehoux P, Silva HP, Rocha de Oliveira R, Sabio RP, Malas K. Responsible innovation in health and health system sustainability: Insights from health innovators' views and practices. Health Serv Manage Res 2021; 35:196-205. [PMID: 34866461 PMCID: PMC9574029 DOI: 10.1177/09514848211048606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although healthcare managers make increasingly difficult decisions about health innovations, the way they may interact with innovators to foster health system sustainability remains underexplored. Drawing on the Responsible Innovation in Health (RIH) framework, this paper analyses interviews (n=37) with Canadian and Brazilian innovators to identify: how they operationalize inclusive design processes; what influences the responsiveness of their innovation to system-level challenges; and how they consider the level and intensity of care required by their innovation. Our qualitative findings indicate that innovators seek to: 1) engage stakeholders at an early ideation stage through context-specific methods combining both formal and informal strategies; 2) address specific system-level benefits but often struggle with the positioning of their solution within the health system; and 3) mitigate staff shortages in specialized care, increase general practitioners’ capacity or patients and informal caregivers’ autonomy. These findings provide empirical insights on how healthcare managers can promote and organize collaborative processes that harness innovation towards more sustainable health systems. By adopting a RIH-oriented managerial role, they can set in place more inclusive design processes, articulate key system-level challenges, and help innovators adjust the level and intensity of care required by their innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Lehoux
- Department of Health Management, Evaluation and Policy, 5622Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Public Health Research Center (CReSP), 5622Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hudson P Silva
- Public Health Research Center (CReSP), 5622Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Renata P Sabio
- Public Health Research Center (CReSP), 5622Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathy Malas
- Research Center of the Université de Montréal Academic Health Center, 25443CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Abstract
The ideal of the self-driving car replaces an error-prone human with an infallible, artificially intelligent driver. This narrative of autonomy promises liberation from the downsides of automobility, even if that means taking control away from autonomous, free-moving individuals. We look behind this narrative to understand the attachments that so-called 'autonomous' vehicles (AVs) are likely to have to the world. Drawing on 50 interviews with AV developers, researchers and other stakeholders, we explore the social and technological attachments that stakeholders see inside the vehicle, on the road and with the wider world. These range from software and hardware to the behaviours of other road users and the material, social and economic infrastructure that supports driving and self-driving. We describe how innovators understand, engage with or seek to escape from these attachments in three categories: 'brute force', which sees attachments as problems to be solved with more data, 'solve the world one place at a time', which sees attachments as limits on the technology's reach and 'reduce the complexity of the space', which sees attachments as solutions to the problems encountered by technology developers. Understanding attachments provides a powerful way to anticipate various possible constitutions for the technology.
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21
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Nelson JP, Selin CL, Scott CT. Toward Anticipatory Governance of Human Genome Editing: A Critical Review of Scholarly Governance Discourse. J Responsible Innov 2021; 8:382-420. [PMID: 35281674 PMCID: PMC8916747 DOI: 10.1080/23299460.2021.1957579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of human genome editing (HGE) techniques evokes an urgent need for forward-looking deliberation regarding the aims, processes, and governance of research. The framework of anticipatory governance (AG) may serve this need. This article reviews scholarly discourse about HGE through an AG lens, aiming to identify gaps in discussion and practice and suggest how AG efforts may fill them. Discourse on HGE has insufficiently reckoned with the institutional and systemic contexts, inputs, and implications of HGE work, to the detriment of its ability to prepare for a variety of possible futures and pursue socially desirable ones. More broadly framed and inclusive efforts in foresight and public engagement, focused not only upon the in-principle permissibility of HGE activities but upon the contexts of such work, may permit improved identification of public values relevant to HGE and of actions by which researchers, funders, policymakers, and publics may promote them.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Nelson
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, 1120 South Cady Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5603
| | - Cynthia L. Selin
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society/Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University, 1120 South Cady Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5603
| | - Christopher T. Scott
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030-3411
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22
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Tian H, Tian J. The Mediating Role of Responsible Innovation in the Relationship between Stakeholder Pressure and Corporate Sustainability Performance in Times of Crisis: Evidence from Selected Regions in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:7277. [PMID: 34299728 PMCID: PMC8304374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Responsible innovation, as a new management paradigm that balances the need for profit growth and the appeal of social value, plays an important role in taking into account corporate economic, social and environmental performance. It provides new ideas for driving enterprises to become more risk-resistant and sustainable in times of crisis. However, existing research on responsible innovation has mostly focused on content issues, and there is a lack of sufficient research and empirical studies on its effectiveness in business organizations. Based on the stakeholder theory and the research logic of "pressure-behavior-performance", this study investigates the formation mechanism of responsible innovation and its impact on corporate performance. Through empirical research on 306 Chinese sample data, the results show that stakeholder pressure has a positive impact on corporate sustainability performance and responsible innovation plays a partially mediating role in this relationship. Flexible routine replication positively moderates the relationship between stakeholder pressure and responsible innovation, while positively moderating the mediating role that responsible innovation plays between stakeholder pressure and corporate sustainability performance. This study contributes to helping enterprises recognize the importance of responsible innovation in responding to stakeholder pressure and promoting corporate sustainability performance in times of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiahui Tian
- Business School, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
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23
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Hurtado JV, Londoño L, Valada A. From Learning to Relearning: A Framework for Diminishing Bias in Social Robot Navigation. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:650325. [PMID: 33842558 PMCID: PMC8024571 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.650325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponentially increasing advances in robotics and machine learning are facilitating the transition of robots from being confined to controlled industrial spaces to performing novel everyday tasks in domestic and urban environments. In order to make the presence of robots safe as well as comfortable for humans, and to facilitate their acceptance in public environments, they are often equipped with social abilities for navigation and interaction. Socially compliant robot navigation is increasingly being learned from human observations or demonstrations. We argue that these techniques that typically aim to mimic human behavior do not guarantee fair behavior. As a consequence, social navigation models can replicate, promote, and amplify societal unfairness, such as discrimination and segregation. In this work, we investigate a framework for diminishing bias in social robot navigation models so that robots are equipped with the capability to plan as well as adapt their paths based on both physical and social demands. Our proposed framework consists of two components: learning which incorporates social context into the learning process to account for safety and comfort, and relearning to detect and correct potentially harmful outcomes before the onset. We provide both technological and societal analysis using three diverse case studies in different social scenarios of interaction. Moreover, we present ethical implications of deploying robots in social environments and propose potential solutions. Through this study, we highlight the importance and advocate for fairness in human-robot interactions in order to promote more equitable social relationships, roles, and dynamics and consequently positively influence our society.
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24
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Mac-Seing M, Rocha de Oliveira R. Health inequities and technological solutions during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in high-income countries. Glob Health Promot 2021; 28:67-71. [PMID: 33590801 DOI: 10.1177/1757975920984185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in massive disruptions to public health, healthcare, as well as political and economic systems across national borders, thus requiring an urgent need to adapt. Worldwide, governments have made a range of political decisions to enforce preventive and control measures. As junior researchers analysing the pandemic through a health equity lens, we wish to share our reflections on this evolving crisis, specifically: (a) the tenuous intersections between the responses to the pandemic and public health priorities; (b) the exacerbation of health inequities experienced by vulnerable populations following decisions made at national and global levels; and (c) the impacts of the technological solutions put forward to address the crisis. Examples drawn from high-income countries are provided to support our three points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Mac-Seing
- Department of Social and Preventive and Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Montreal, Canada
| | - Robson Rocha de Oliveira
- Department of Social and Preventive and Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Montreal, Canada
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25
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Carter L, Mankad A. The Promises and Realities of Integration in Synthetic Biology: A View From Social Science. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:622221. [PMID: 33490058 PMCID: PMC7817991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.622221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussions about the responsible advancement of synthetic biology science are at fever pitch. Commentators from across the globe are calling for greater integrated science investments and more inclusive governance processes in the development and implementation of these potentially disruptive technologies. We take stock of the promises and realities of science integration by sharing our experiences of embarking on this very challenge in Australia. We conclude by offering suggestions for bringing about the enabling conditions for improved integration across the natural and social sciences. Four key actions are articulated to help pivot synthetic biology toward a more integrated scientific endeavor: (a) formalizing inclusivity from inception to project conclusion; (b) valuing differing philosophical positions as a strength rather than a barrier; (c) accepting that integration takes persistence and communication but is immensely rewarding; and (d) promoting meaningful interactions, such as pursuing joint opportunities, co-designing and co-publishing research. We argue that these actions are key enablers for realizing science integration in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Carter
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,CSIRO Land & Water, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aditi Mankad
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,CSIRO Land & Water, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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26
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Karani C, Mshenga P. Steering the sustainability of entrepreneurial start-ups. J Glob Entrepr Res 2021; 11:223-239. [PMCID: PMC8120765 DOI: 10.1007/s40497-021-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Entrepreneurship is a promising business avenue that individuals, groups and governments can explore and adopt for economic progress. However, there have been high rates of failure of entrepreneurial start-ups within their first 5 years across the globe. In this regard, the aim of the study was to explore ways of improving the sustainability of entrepreneurial start-ups. The study employed a thematic synthesis exploratory analysis on 105 articles. The paper sheds light on survival tools which may be applicable particularly during the setting-up of entrepreneurial ventures as well as in the course of difficult economic periods. The research findings were that, firstly, the entrepreneurial start-ups are prone to risks that if left uncontrolled would impact on their survival. Secondly, there exists a strong theoretical basis for birth (start-up) and death (failure/exit) of start-ups although failure is a learning opportunity. Thirdly, club theory provides a platform for a sharing economy which resource constrained start-ups would find cost friendly. Fourthly, building of relationships through collaboration and social networking has been in existence but favourably emerging approach that could offer start-ups a lifeline through accruing social capital. Fifthly, incubation and responsible innovation have continually been embraced wherein science and research are key ingredients for start-ups’ sustainability. Finally, sustainability of entrepreneurial start-ups is a cumulative effect from existing and new product(s) and process(es) aspects. The insights emanating from this exploratory study may serve as signals to governments and private stakeholders of the urgency to initiate frameworks that would incorporate and facilitate entrepreneurial start-ups in implementing sustainability programmes. The findings derived from the study are expected to influence the sustainability management theory especially for entrepreneurial start-ups. Based on the limitations of manual exploratory analysis, the study recommends consideration of machine learning methods in conducting future exploratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Karani
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patience Mshenga
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
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27
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Hadley Kershaw E, Hartley S, McLeod C, Polson P. The Sustainable Path to a Circular Bioeconomy. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:542-545. [PMID: 33246659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circular bioeconomy is gaining prominence in academic, policy, and industry contexts, linking circular economy and bioeconomy agendas in service of sustainability. However, it is at risk of developing in narrow, unsustainable ways. A sustainable path to circular bioeconomies must embrace diverse expert and stakeholder input, multiple solutions, and noneconomic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hadley Kershaw
- Interdisciplinary Responsible Research and Innovation Group, Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Sarah Hartley
- Department of Science, Innovation, Technology, and Entrepreneurship, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK
| | - Carmen McLeod
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Penelope Polson
- Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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28
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Monsonís-Payá I, Gómez-Navarro T, García-Melón M. Anticipating Environmental Burdens in Research and Innovation Projects. Application to the Case of Active and Healthy Ageing. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17103600. [PMID: 32443831 PMCID: PMC7277852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper; for research and innovation projects without environmental goals; a procedure is proposed to operationalize the anticipation and reflexivity of environmental concerns in the initial phases. By using the expert knowledge of specialists; we have first conducted a study to identify the general environmental topics relevant in any kind of research and innovation project not addressing the environment. In a second phase; a strategy is proposed to rank order the topics in terms of environmental relevance by means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. To illustrate it; the case of Information and Communication Technologies for Active and Healthy Ageing is used because of its increasing importance; and because normal environmental targets are not considered. Results show that; in this case; the most relevant topic to be considered is the primary energy consumption by sources; followed by hazardous solid waste and consumption of non-renewable and scarce materials. According to the experts; these should be the main issues to be considered regarding the environmental sustainability of the outputs of such research and innovation projects. In conclusion; this paper contributes to a better understanding of how to promote a wider integration of environmental sustainability in research and innovation when environmental goals are not initially included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Monsonís-Payá
- INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Cámino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valènci, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Tomás Gómez-Navarro
- Institute of Energy Engineering IIE, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valenci, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Mónica García-Melón
- INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Cámino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valènci, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (M.G.-M.)
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29
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Lacey J, Fisher E. Interview with Justine Lacey on Responsible Innovation and Future Science in Australia. OMICS 2020; 24:233-236. [PMID: 32384018 PMCID: PMC7232655 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lacey
- Responsible Innovation Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erik Fisher
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society and the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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30
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Abstract
An open distributed ledger system, blockchain records digital transactions and offers the potential to disruptively transform the way we conduct biomedical research, provide health care, and perform economic transactions. This expert review provides the overarching background, key definitions, prospects and socio-technical challenges at the intersection of blockchain and digital health. In addition, we discuss the tenets of next-generation technology policy for blockchain, drawing from the field of responsible innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Evangelatos
- Intensive Care Medicine Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Nuremberg, Germany.,Dr. TMA Pai Endowment Chair in Research Policy in Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Prasanna School of Public Health (PSPH), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,UNU-MERIT (United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vural Özdemir
- Senior Scientist and Writer, Emerging Technology Governance and Responsible Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Brand
- UNU-MERIT (United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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31
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Jans V, Dondorp W, Mastenbroek S, Mertes H, Pennings G, Smeets H, de Wert G. Between innovation and precaution: how did offspring safety considerations play a role in strategies of introducing new reproductive techniques? Hum Reprod Open 2020; 2020:hoaa003. [PMID: 32201741 PMCID: PMC7077615 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of reproductive medicine has been criticized for introducing ARTs without systematic research on possible safety risks and for failing to meet the standards of evidence-based innovation held elsewhere in medicine. In this paper, firstly, we ask whether ‘responsible innovation’ has been a concern for the field, and if so, how it has understood the practical implications of this idea for the development and introduction of potentially risky new ARTs. Secondly, we consider whether the field has indeed fallen short of its responsibilities in this respect, and if so, how things can be improved. To answer these questions, we present three case studies involving the introduction of a new reproductive technology: ICSI, preimplantation genetic testing and mitochondrial replacement therapy. As a framework for analyzing these cases, we used Per Sandin’s account of the four dimensions of dealing with risks (threat, uncertainty, action, command) that are central to debates about the possible role of the so-called precautionary principle. We conclude that, although offspring safety concerns have been on the agenda of the debate about bringing the relevant technologies to the clinic, systematic safety and effectiveness studies were not always conducted. As professionals in assisted reproduction have a responsibility to take account of the welfare of the children they are creating, we suggest a policy of proceeding with systematic caution. Legal measures may be needed to ensure that professional guidance is followed in practice. Finally, an open question concerns the threshold for acceptable risk in the context of introducing new ARTs. Multiple stakeholders, including professional societies and patient organizations, should have a role in the urgent debate about this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verna Jans
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society and Research School GROW for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wybo Dondorp
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society and Research School GROW for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Mastenbroek
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heidi Mertes
- Bioethics Institute Ghent (BIG), Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido Pennings
- Bioethics Institute Ghent (BIG), Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hubert Smeets
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Research School GROW for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society and Research School GROW for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Özdemir V, Arga KY, Aziz RK, Bayram M, Conley SN, Dandara C, Endrenyi L, Fisher E, Garvey CK, Hekim N, Kunej T, Şardaş S, Von Schomberg R, Yassin AS, Yılmaz G, Wang W. Digging Deeper into Precision/Personalized Medicine: Cracking the Sugar Code, the Third Alphabet of Life, and Sociomateriality of the Cell. OMICS 2020; 24:62-80. [PMID: 32027574 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Precision/personalized medicine is a hot topic in health care. Often presented with the motto "the right drug, for the right patient, at the right dose, and the right time," precision medicine is a theory for rational therapeutics as well as practice to individualize health interventions (e.g., drugs, food, vaccines, medical devices, and exercise programs) using biomarkers. Yet, an alien visitor to planet Earth reading the contemporary textbooks on diagnostics might think precision medicine requires only two biomolecules omnipresent in the literature: nucleic acids (e.g., DNA) and proteins, known as the first and second alphabet of biology, respectively. However, the precision/personalized medicine community has tended to underappreciate the third alphabet of life, the "sugar code" (i.e., the information stored in glycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids). This article brings together experts in precision/personalized medicine science, pharmacoglycomics, emerging technology governance, cultural studies, contemporary art, and responsible innovation to critically comment on the sociomateriality of the three alphabets of life together. First, the current transformation of targeted therapies with personalized glycomedicine and glycan biomarkers is examined. Next, we discuss the reasons as to why unraveling of the sugar code might have lagged behind the DNA and protein codes. While social scientists have historically noted the importance of constructivism (e.g., how people interpret technology and build their values, hopes, and expectations into emerging technologies), life scientists relied on the material properties of technologies in explaining why some innovations emerge rapidly and are more popular than others. The concept of sociomateriality integrates these two explanations by highlighting the inherent entanglement of the social and the material contributions to knowledge and what is presented to us as reality from everyday laboratory life. Hence, we present a hypothesis based on a sociomaterial conceptual lens: because materiality and synthesis of glycans are not directly driven by a template, and thus more complex and open ended than sequencing of a finite length genome, social construction of expectations from unraveling of the sugar code versus the DNA code might have evolved differently, as being future-uncertain versus future-proof, respectively, thus potentially explaining the "sugar lag" in precision/personalized medicine diagnostics over the past decades. We conclude by introducing systems scientists, physicians, and biotechnology industry to the concept, practice, and value of responsible innovation, while glycomedicine and other emerging biomarker technologies (e.g., metagenomics and pharmacomicrobiomics) transition to applications in health care, ecology, pharmaceutical/diagnostic industries, agriculture, food, and bioengineering, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vural Özdemir
- OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, New Rochelle, New York.,Senior Advisor and Writer, Emerging Technology Governance and Responsible Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Yalçın Arga
- Health Institutes of Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Bayram
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Shannon N Conley
- STS Futures Lab, School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laszlo Endrenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erik Fisher
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society and the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Colin K Garvey
- Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Nezih Hekim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tanja Kunej
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Semra Şardaş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Rene Von Schomberg
- Directorate General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, Brussel, Belgium.,Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aymen S Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gürçim Yılmaz
- Writer and Editor, Cultural Studies, and Curator of Contemporary Arts, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Municipal Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Maynard AD, Scragg M. The Ethical and Responsible Development and Application of Advanced Brain Machine Interfaces. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e16321. [PMID: 31674917 PMCID: PMC7351257 DOI: 10.2196/16321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced brain machine interfaces provide potentially transformative approaches to treating neurological conditions and enhancing the performance of users. Yet, as technological capabilities continue to progress in leaps and bounds, there is a possibility that these capabilities outstrip our collective understanding of how to ensure brain machine interfaces are developed and used ethically and responsibly. In this case, there is an overt danger of rapid technological developments leading to unanticipated harm through a lack of foresight including threats to privacy, autonomy, self-identity, and other areas of personal and social value which, while hard to quantify, represent substantial risks. There is also a very real likelihood of such risks undermining value creation around the technologies and the associated enterprises, as key stakeholders push back against perceived and actual threats to what they, in turn, hold to be of value. In order to successfully traverse the resulting risk landscape, researchers and developers will need to become increasingly adept at integrating a sophisticated understanding of ethical and socially responsible innovation into their enterprises. Here, we illustrate how a "risk innovation" approach may provide novel insights into mapping out this landscape and revealing potentially blindsiding risks. We show how this approach can be used to illuminate challenges and opportunities to the successful, ethical, and responsible development of advanced brain machine interfaces. In addition, we emphasize how success will ultimately depend on the willingness of innovators and others to take ethical and responsible innovation seriously and to draw on the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary expertise that is necessary to translate good intentions into positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew David Maynard
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Marissa Scragg
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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von Schomberg R. International Handbook on Responsible Innovation Launched: Let Us Discuss the Challenges During Autumn 2019. OMICS 2019; 23:365. [PMID: 31329502 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René von Schomberg
- 1Directorate General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.,2Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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35
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Winfield AFT, Jirotka M. Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 376:rsta.2018.0085. [PMID: 30323000 PMCID: PMC6191667 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the question of ethical governance for robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. We outline a roadmap-which links a number of elements, including ethics, standards, regulation, responsible research and innovation, and public engagement-as a framework to guide ethical governance in robotics and AI. We argue that ethical governance is essential to building public trust in robotics and AI, and conclude by proposing five pillars of good ethical governance.This article is part of the theme issue 'Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F T Winfield
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Marina Jirotka
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
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36
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Thomford NE, Dzobo K, Yao NA, Chimusa E, Evans J, Okai E, Kruszka P, Muenke M, Awandare G, Wonkam A, Dandara C. Genomics and Epigenomics of Congenital Heart Defects: Expert Review and Lessons Learned in Africa. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 2018; 22:301-321. [PMID: 29762087 PMCID: PMC6016577 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are structural malformations found at birth with a prevalence of 1%. The clinical trajectory of CHD is highly variable and thus in need of robust diagnostics and therapeutics. Major surgical interventions are often required for most CHDs. In Africa, despite advances in life sciences infrastructure and improving education of medical scholars, the limited clinical data suggest that CHD detection and correction are still not at par with the rest of the world. But the toll and genetics of CHDs in Africa has seldom been systematically investigated. We present an expert review on CHD with lessons learned on Africa. We found variable CHD phenotype prevalence in Africa across countries and populations. There are important gaps and paucity in genomic studies of CHD in African populations. Among the available genomic studies, the key findings in Africa were variants in GATA4 (P193H), MTHFR 677TT, and MTHFR 1298CC that were associated with atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect (VSD), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and patent ductus arteriosus phenotypes and 22q.11 deletion, which is associated with TOF. There were no data on epigenomic association of CHD in Africa, however, other studies have shown an altered expression of miR-421 and miR-1233-3p to be associated with TOF and hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter of SCO2 gene also been associated with TOF and VSD in children with non-syndromic CHD. These findings signal the urgent need to develop and implement genetic and genomic research on CHD to identify the hereditary and genome-environment interactions contributing to CHD. These projected studies would also offer comparisons on CHD pathophysiology between African and other populations worldwide. Genomic research on CHD in Africa should be developed in parallel with next generation technology policy research and responsible innovation frameworks that examine the social and political factors that shape the emergence and societal embedding of new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
- 2 School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- 3 ICGEB, Cape Town Component, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
- 4 Division of Medical Biochemistry, IIDMM, Department of IBM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nana Akyaa Yao
- 5 National Cardiothoracic Centre, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital , Accra, Ghana
- 6 University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana , Accra, Ghana
| | - Emile Chimusa
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Evans
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Okai
- 2 School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast, Ghana
- 7 Cape Coast Teaching Hospital , Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Paul Kruszka
- 8 National Human Genome Research Institute, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- 8 National Human Genome Research Institute, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon Awandare
- 9 Department of Biochemistry, WACCBIP, University of Ghana , Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
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37
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Doorn N, Taebi B. Rawls's Wide Reflective Equilibrium as a Method for Engaged Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Potentials and Limitations for the Context of Technological Risks. Sci Technol Human Values 2018; 43:487-517. [PMID: 29657348 PMCID: PMC5888768 DOI: 10.1177/0162243917723153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of new technologies in society is sometimes met with public resistance. Supported by public policy calls for "upstream engagement" and "responsible innovation," recent years have seen a notable rise in attempts to attune research and innovation processes to societal needs, so that stakeholders' concerns are taken into account in the design phase of technology. Both within the social sciences and in the ethics of technology, we see many interdisciplinary collaborations being initiated that aim to address tensions between various normative expectations about science and engineering and the actual outcomes. However, despite pleas to integrate social science research into the ethics of technology, effective normative models for assessing technologies are still scarce. Rawls's wide reflective equilibrium (WRE) is often mentioned as a promising approach to integrate insights from the social sciences in the normative analysis of concrete cases, but an in-depth discussion of how this would work in practice is still lacking. In this article, we explore to what extent the WRE method can be used in the context of technology development. Using cases in engineering and technology development, we discuss three issues that are currently neglected in the applied ethics literature on WRE. The first issue concerns the operationalization of abstract background theories to moral principles. The second issue concerns the inclusiveness of the method and the demand for openness. The third issue is how to establish whether or not an equilibrium has been reached. These issues should be taken into account when applying the methods to real-world cases involving technological risks. Applying the WRE method in the context of engaged interdisciplinary collaboration requires sensitivity for issues of power and representativeness to properly deal with the dynamics between the technical and normative researchers involved as well as society at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelke Doorn
- Department of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Behnam Taebi
- Department of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Self-driving cars, a quintessentially 'smart' technology, are not born smart. The algorithms that control their movements are learning as the technology emerges. Self-driving cars represent a high-stakes test of the powers of machine learning, as well as a test case for social learning in technology governance. Society is learning about the technology while the technology learns about society. Understanding and governing the politics of this technology means asking 'Who is learning, what are they learning and how are they learning?' Focusing on the successes and failures of social learning around the much-publicized crash of a Tesla Model S in 2016, I argue that trajectories and rhetorics of machine learning in transport pose a substantial governance challenge. 'Self-driving' or 'autonomous' cars are misnamed. As with other technologies, they are shaped by assumptions about social needs, solvable problems, and economic opportunities. Governing these technologies in the public interest means improving social learning by constructively engaging with the contingencies of machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Stilgoe
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London, London, UK
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39
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de Wert G, Pennings G, Clarke A, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, van El CG, Forzano F, Goddijn M, Heindryckx B, Howard HC, Radojkovic D, Rial-Sebbag E, Tarlatzis BC, Cornel MC. Human germline gene editing. Recommendations of ESHG and ESHRE. Hum Reprod Open 2018; 2018:hox025. [PMID: 31490463 PMCID: PMC6276661 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hox025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological developments in gene editing raise high expectations for clinical applications, first of all for somatic gene editing but in theory also for germline gene editing (GLGE). GLGE is currently not allowed in many countries. This makes clinical applications in these countries impossible now, even if GLGE would become safe and effective. What were the arguments behind this legislation, and are they still convincing? If a technique can help to avoid serious genetic disorders, in a safe and effective way, would this be a reason to reconsider earlier standpoints? The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) together developed a Background document and Recommendations to inform and stimulate ongoing societal debates. After consulting its membership and experts, this final version of the Recommendations was endorsed by the Executive Committee and the Board of the respective Societies in May 2017. Taking account of ethical arguments, we argue that both basic and pre-clinical research regarding human GLGE can be justified, with conditions. Furthermore, while clinical GLGE would be totally premature, it might become a responsible intervention in the future, but only after adequate pre-clinical research. Safety of the child and future generations is a major concern. Future discussions must also address priorities among reproductive and potential non-reproductive alternatives, such as PGD and somatic editing, if that would be safe and successful. The prohibition of human germline modification, however, needs renewed discussion among relevant stakeholders, including the general public and legislators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Research Institutes GROW and CAPHRI, Fac. of Health, Medicine and the Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Pennings
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angus Clarke
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN Wales, UK
| | - Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, Bielefeld D-33501 Germany
| | - Carla G van El
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Community Genetics, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Forzano
- Clinical Genetics Department, Guy's Hospital, 7th Floor Borough Wing, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mariëtte Goddijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Heidi C Howard
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Box564, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dragica Radojkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, PO Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emmanuelle Rial-Sebbag
- Emmanuelle Rial-Sebbag, UMR 1027, Inserm, Université de Toulouse-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, allées Jules Guesdes 37, 31073 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Basil C Tarlatzis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 9 Agias Sofias Str., 546 23 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martina C Cornel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Community Genetics, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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de Wert G, Heindryckx B, Pennings G, Clarke A, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, van El CG, Forzano F, Goddijn M, Howard HC, Radojkovic D, Rial-Sebbag E, Dondorp W, Tarlatzis BC, Cornel MC. Responsible innovation in human germline gene editing. Background document to the recommendations of ESHG and ESHRE. Hum Reprod Open 2018; 2018:hox024. [PMID: 31490459 PMCID: PMC6276657 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hox024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological developments in gene editing raise high expectations for clinical applications, including editing of the germline. The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) together developed a Background document and Recommendations to inform and stimulate ongoing societal debates. This document provides the background to the Recommendations. Germline gene editing is currently not allowed in many countries. This makes clinical applications in these countries impossible now, even if germline gene editing would become safe and effective. What were the arguments behind this legislation, and are they still convincing? If a technique could help to avoid serious genetic disorders, in a safe and effective way, would this be a reason to reconsider earlier standpoints? This Background document summarizes the scientific developments and expectations regarding germline gene editing, legal regulations at the European level, and ethics for three different settings (basic research, pre-clinical research and clinical applications). In ethical terms, we argue that the deontological objections (e.g. gene editing goes against nature) do not seem convincing while consequentialist objections (e.g. safety for the children thus conceived and following generations) require research, not all of which is allowed in the current legal situation in European countries. Development of this Background document and Recommendations reflects the responsibility to help society understand and debate the full range of possible implications of the new technologies, and to contribute to regulations that are adapted to the dynamics of the field while taking account of ethical considerations and societal concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Research Institutes GROW and CAPHRI, Fac. of Health, Medicine and the Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Guido Pennings
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angus Clarke
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
- Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, Bielefeld D-33501Germany
| | - Carla G van El
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Community Genetics, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Forzano
- Clinical Genetics Department, Guy’s Hospital, 7th Floor Borough Wing, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mariëtte Goddijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi C Howard
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics; Uppsala University, Box564, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dragica Radojkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, PO Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emmanuelle Rial-Sebbag
- Emmanuelle Rial-Sebbag, UMR 1027, Inserm, Université de Toulouse—Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Allées Jules Guesdes 37, 31073 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Wybo Dondorp
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Research Institutes GROW and CAPHRI, Fac. of Health, Medicine and the Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Basil C Tarlatzis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 9 Agias Sofias Str., 546 23 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martina C Cornel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Community Genetics, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schuijer JW, de Jong IM, Kupper F, van Atteveldt NM. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation to Enhance Cognitive Performance of Healthy Minors: A Complex Governance Challenge. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:142. [PMID: 28396631 PMCID: PMC5366312 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of healthy adolescents are consuming products that can enhance their cognitive performance in educational settings. Currently, the use of pharmaceuticals is the most widely discussed enhancement method in the literature, but new evidence suggests that other methods based on Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) also have potential as cognitive enhancer. Just like pharmaceutical enhancers, the availability and education-related use of tES-devices raise a broad range of ethical, legal, and societal issues that need to be addressed by policy-makers. Few studies, however, have specifically explored these issues in relation to child wellbeing. In this narrative review with systematic search, we describe the issues for child wellbeing that could arise from the availability and education-related use of tES-based enhancers by healthy minors. We demonstrate that the issues form a complex web of uncertainties and concerns, which are mainly incited by two factors. First is the high level of factual uncertainty due to gaps in empirical evidence about the exact working mechanisms and efficacy of tES. Moreover, a lack of insight into the technique’s (long-term) effects on healthy developing brains, and uncertainties about potential cognitive trade-offs have fueled concerns about the technique’s safety and impact. The second factor that contributes to the complexity of issues is the presence of moral diversity in our society. Different opinions exist on whether a certain enhancement effect would be desirable and whether potential risks would be acceptable. These opinions depend on one’s moral perspective, and the way one interprets and weights values such as the child’s autonomy and authenticity. The challenge for proper governance resides in the design of an appropriate framework that is capable of balancing the different moral perspectives in society, while recognizing the uncertainties that still exist. We therefore argue for a responsible innovation approach, which encourages an adaptive attitude toward emerging knowledge and dynamic societal values, to deal with the identified issues regarding tES-based enhancement appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantien W Schuijer
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irja M de Jong
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Kupper
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nienke M van Atteveldt
- Department of Educational Neuroscience, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Netherlands
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Macnaghten P, Owen R, Jackson R. Synthetic biology and the prospects for responsible innovation. Essays Biochem 2016; 60:347-55. [PMID: 27903822 DOI: 10.1042/EBC20160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article we provide a short review of the debate on responsible innovation and its intersection with synthetic biology, focusing on initiatives we have witnessed and been involved with in the UK. First, we describe the ways in which responsibility in science has been reconfigured institutionally, from an internal focus on the provision of objective and reliable knowledge, to a more external view that embraces the ways in which it has an impact on society. Secondly, we introduce a framework for responsible innovation as a (partial) response to this shift, highlighting its constituent dimensions and the capacities and competencies that are needed to put it into practice. Thirdly, we chart the development of social science research on synthetic biology, addressing its evolution from an 'ethical, legal and social implications' (ELSI) frame to a responsible innovation frame. Fourthly, we review findings from UK social science research with the synthetic biology community setting out challenges for productive collaboration. And finally, we conclude with suggestions on the need for changes in institutional governance.
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Abstract
In research and teaching on ethical aspects of emerging sciences and technologies, the structure of working environments, spaces and relationships play a significant role. Many of the routines and standard practices of academic life, however, do little to actively explore and experiment with these elements. They do even less to address the importance of contextual and embodied dimensions of thinking. To engage these dimensions, we have benefitted significantly from practices that take us out of seminar rooms, offices and laboratories as well as beyond traditional ways of working and interacting. We have called one such practice the 'walkshop'. Through walkshops, we have spent several days walking together with our colleagues and students in open outdoor spaces, keeping a sustained intellectual discussion on ethical aspects of science, technology and innovation while moving through these landscapes. For us, this has generated useful opportunities to escape established hierarchies, roles and patterns of thought and to rethink conceptual and philosophical issues from new perspectives, under new attitudes and with renewed energy. In this paper we wish to highlight the potential benefits of the walkshop approach by sharing some of our experiences and describing how we have prepared for and carried out these events. We share this information in the hope that we may encourage others to both experiment with the walkshop approach and exchange information on their own innovative processes for research and teaching in science and engineering ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Wickson
- GenØk Centre for Biosafety, Forskningsparken, PB 6418, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roger Strand
- Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, PB 7805, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamilla Lein Kjølberg
- Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, PB 7805, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Miller FA, Painter-Main M, Axler R, Lehoux P, Giacomini M, Slater B. Citizen expectations of 'academic entrepreneurship' in health research: public science, practical benefit. Health Expect 2014; 18:2356-74. [PMID: 24826905 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responsiveness to citizens as users of technological innovation helps motivate translational research and commercial engagement among academics. Yet, retaining citizen trust and support for research encourages caution in pursuit of commercial science. OBJECTIVES We explore citizen expectations of the specifically academic nature of commercial science [i.e. academic entrepreneurship (AE)] and the influence of conflict of interest concerns, hopes about practical benefits and general beliefs. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a cross-sectional national opinion survey of 1002 Canadians online in 2010. RESULTS Approval of AE was moderate (mean 3.2/5, SD 0.84), but varied by entrepreneurial activity. Concern about conflict of interests (COI) was moderate (mean 2.9/5, SD 0.86) and varied by type of concern. An ordinary least-squares regression showed that expectations of practical benefits informed support for AE, specifically that academic-industry collaboration can better address real-world problems; conflict of interest concerns were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that citizens support AE for its potential to produce practical benefits, but enthusiasm varies and is reduced for activities that may prioritize private over public interests. Further, support exists despite concern about COI, perhaps due to trust in the academic research context. For user engagement in research priority setting, these findings suggest the need to attend to the commercial nature of translational science. For research policy, they suggest the need for governance arrangements for responsible innovation, which can sustain public trust in academic research, and realize the practical benefits that inform public support for AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Miller
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Health Policy & Ethics, Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Renata Axler
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pascale Lehoux
- Department of Health Administration, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Public Health Research of University of Montreal (IRSPUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mita Giacomini
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Bensaude Vincent B. The politics of buzzwords at the interface of technoscience, market and society: the case of 'public engagement in science'. Public Underst Sci 2014; 23:238-253. [PMID: 24495899 DOI: 10.1177/0963662513515371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging technologies such as genomics, nanotechnology, and converging technologies are surrounded by a constellation of fashionable stereotyped phrases such as 'public engagement in science', 'responsible innovation', 'green technology', or 'personalised medicine'. Buzzwords are ubiquitous and used ad libitum by science policy makers, industrial companies in their advertisements, scientists in their research proposals, and journalists. Despite their proliferation in the language of scientific and technological innovation, these buzzwords have attracted little attention among science studies scholars. The purpose of this paper is to try to understand if, and how buzzwords shape the technoscientific landscape. What do they perform? What do they reveal? What do they conceal? Based on a case study of the phrase 'public engagement in science', this paper describes buzzwords as linguistic technologies, capable of three major performances: buzzwords generate matters of concern and play an important role in trying to build consensus; they set attractive goals and agendas; they create unstable collectives through noise.
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Dove ES, Ozdemir V. All the post-genomic world is a stage: the actors and narrators required for translating pharmacogenomics into public health. Per Med 2013; 10:213-216. [PMID: 24795761 DOI: 10.2217/pme.13.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Dove
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Columbia Law School - LL.M. Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vural Ozdemir
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Data-Enabled Life Sciences Alliance International (DELSA Global), Seattle, WA, USA
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Ozdemir V, Borda-Rodriguez A, Dove ES, Ferguson LR, Huzair F, Manolopoulos VG, Masellis M, Milius D, Warnich L, Srivastava S. Public Health Pharmacogenomics and the Design Principles for Global Public Goods - Moving Genomics to Responsible Innovation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 11:1-4. [PMID: 23531886 DOI: 10.2174/1875692111311010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vural Ozdemir
- Research Group on Complex Collaboration, Faculty of Management, McGill University ; Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Data-Enabled Life Sciences Alliance International (DELSA Global), Seattle, WA, USA
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