Preparation of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes from Mixed Cyclic-Carbonated Compounds: Soybean Oil and CO2-Based Poly(ether carbonate)

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) derived from the copolymerization of cyclic-carbonated soybean oil (CSBO) and cyclic carbonate (CC)-terminated poly(ether carbonate) (RCC). Using a double-metal cyanide catalyst, poly(ether carbonate) polyol was first synthesized through the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. The terminal hydroxyl group was then subjected to a substitution reaction with a five-membered CC group using glycerol-1,2-carbonate and oxalyl chloride, yielding RCC. Attempts to prepare NIPU solely using RCC and diamine were unsuccessful, possibly due to the low CC functionality and the aminolysis of RCC's linear carbonate repeating units. However, when combined with CSBO, solid NIPUs were successfully obtained, exhibiting good thermal stability along with enhanced mechanical properties compared to conventional CSBO-based NIPU formulations. Overall, this study underscores the potential of leveraging renewable resources and carbon capture technologies to develop sustainable NIPUs with tailored properties, thereby expanding their range of applications.

Preparation and characterisation of kaempferol composite carrier solid dispersion: evaluation of its application in preventing soybean oil spoilage

Kaempferol (KPF) can be used as a natural antioxidant and food additive in food processing. However, the poor solubility of KPF limited its bioavailability and application. In order to improve the solubility of KPF, kaempferol composite carrier solid dispersion (KPF-CC-SD) was prepared and the process was optimised. When the ratio of KPF: CA (citric acid): Soluplus reached 1:4:6, the dissolution rate was the highest, and the sample was stable over 12 weeks. The characterisation results indicated that KPF-CC-SD exists in an amorphous form. Peroxidation value and acid value of soybean oil showed that the preservation effect of KPF-CC-SD was better than that of KPF, and the inhibition effect of KPF-CC-SD on acid value was better than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. In conclusion, KPF-CC-SD can change the solubility, crystal form and spatial stability of KPF through the carrier, which has a great application prospect in the field of food preservation.

The impacts of dietary inclusion of soybean oil and linseed oil on growth performance, carcass yield, and health status of growing Japanese quail

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, are essential for enhancing the performance and health of poultry. Avian species lack desaturase enzymes for endogenous synthesis of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. This work aimed to determine the impacts of including soybean oil (SO) and linseed oil (LO) in quail diets on growth, lipid profile, hepatic and renal functions, immunity, and antioxidant status. A total of 350 Japanese quail chicks (1-wk-old) were randomly arranged into 7 dietary treatment groups. Seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental basal diets were formed based on the nutritional requirements of growing Japanese quail. Group 1, the control, received a basal with no oils, while groups 2 to 7 received a basal diet containing either 1% SO, 1.5% SO, 2% SO, 1% LO, 1.5% LO, or 2% LO, respectively. Quail groups that consumed diets containing LO at all levels showed significantly greater live body weight (LBW) at 5th wk of age than other experimental groups. The dietary incorporation of 1.5 or 2% SO or LO at all levels yielded significant improvements in body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) through 3 to 5 and 1 to 5 wk of age. Different dietary oil sources and levels have no significant impacts on feed intake (FI) and carcass yield parameters. Lipid profile parameters were improved by adding SO and LO in quail diets, with LO having a higher effect than SO. The hepatic and renal functionality were improved by adding SO and LO in quail diets. The lowest uric acid (UA) bloodstream concentrations were recorded in the quail group fed a diet with 2% LO. Values of Gamma globulins (G-GLO) and immunoglobulins (G, M, and A) were increased by adding SO or LO to quail diets. Blood levels of MDA and TAC were improved significantly by including LO in quail diets. The activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme was significantly increased by adding SO or LO to quail diets. Generally, adding SO or LO to growing quail diets up to 2% could yield favorable effects on growth performance, blood lipids, hepatic and renal functions, immunity, and antioxidant status; however, LO seems to have better effects than SO.

Soybean Oil-Derived Lipids for Efficient mRNA Delivery

The rapid progress in the development of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during the initial year of the pandemic has highlighted the significance of lipid nanoparticles in therapeutic delivery. Various lipid types have been investigated for the effective delivery of mRNA, each with unique functions and versatile applications. These range from their use in cancer immunotherapy and gene editing to their role in developing vaccines against infectious diseases. Nonetheless, continued exploration of novel lipids and synthetic approaches is necessary to further advance the understanding and expand the techniques for optimizing mRNA delivery. In this work, new lipids derived from FDA-approved soybean oil are facilely synthesized and these are employed for efficient mRNA delivery. EGFP and Fluc mRNA are used to evaluate the delivery efficacy of the lipid formulations both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, organ-specific targeting capabilities are observed in certain formulations, and their outstanding performance is demonstrated in delivering Cre mRNA for gene editing. These results showcase the potential of soybean oil-derived lipids in mRNA delivery, offering utility across a broad spectrum of bioapplications.

Rubber Compounds from Devulcanized Ground Tire Rubber: Recipe Formulation and Characterization

In this study, our focus was on developing and investigating rubber recipes that are suitable for devulcanized ground tire rubber (dGTR). Devulcanized rubber has a powdery or sticky uncured rubber-like appearance depending on the extent of main-chain degradation that occurs with selective crosslinking scission. Still, it has a significantly shorter scorch time than a new rubber compound. Therefore, our primary goal was to slow down the vulcanization process of dGTR and improve its mechanical properties via recipe development. We formulated several recipes (sulfur-, peroxide-, and phenolic resin-based) and studied the vulcanization process and the main properties of the revulcanized rubber sheets. We observed that the vulcanization process could be altered with different vulcanization methods: using peroxide and vulcanizing resin extended the process significantly. Peroxide vulcanization also provided enhanced elongation compared to sulfuric systems. With a balance of properties in mind, we selected a semi-efficient sulfur-based recipe and studied the characteristics of natural rubber/dGTR mixtures with the help of plasticizer oils. We successfully replaced a notable portion of natural rubber with dGTR, maintaining its properties without much compromise.

Study on the Frying Performance Evaluation of Refined Soybean Oil after PLC Enzymatic Degumming

It is known that phospholipase C (PLC) enzymatic degumming can hydrolyze phospholipids into diacylglycerol (DAG), which improves the efficiency of oil processing. However, it is unclear whether the presence of DAG and the use of enzymes affect the performance of the oil. This paper evaluated the frying performance of PLC-degummed refined soybean oil. Following the chicken wings and potato chips frying trials, results revealed that after 30 cycles of frying, free fatty acid (FFA) levels were 0.22% and 0.21%, with total polar compounds (TPC) at 23.75% and 24.00%, and peroxide value (PV) levels were 5.90 meq/kg and 6.45 meq/kg, respectively. Overall, PLC-degummed refined soybean oil showed almost the same frying properties as traditional water-degummed refined oil in terms of FFA, PV, TPC, polymer content, viscosity, color, foaming of frying oils, and appearance of foods. Moreover, FFA, TPC, polymer content, foaming, and color showed significant positive correlations with each other (p < 0.05) in soybean oil intermittent frying processing.

Climate-based variability in the essential fatty acid composition of soybean oil

BACKGROUND

Soybean oil is a major dietary source of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA); however, high-daytime temperatures during seed development reduce desaturase activity in soybeans. The resultant reduction in LA and ALA levels is a phenomenon well-known to soybean breeders, although the impact of this interaction between plants and environment on human nutrition is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

Using data from the literature, we developed a model for soybean essential fatty acid composition. Combining this model with contemporary agricultural and meteorological data sets, we determined whether insufficiency of essential fatty acids could result from geographic, intrayear, or interyear variability.

METHODS

We modeled this change using 233 data points from 16 studies that provided fatty acid composition data from plants grown under daytime high temperatures ranging from 15°C to 40°C.

RESULTS

As temperature increased, LA and ALA concentrations decreased from 55% to 30% and 13% to 3.5%, respectively. Application of the model to daytime high temperatures from 2 growth periods over 6 y showed significant regional, interyear, and intrayear variation in essential fatty acid content (P < 0.05). Using county yield data, we developed oil fatty acid models for the 3 top-producing regions of the United States. From this work, it was determined that soybean oil manufactured from soybeans in the southern United States may contain insufficient ALA to meet human nutritional needs because of high-daytime temperatures.

CONCLUSIONS

This work suggests that climate-based variation may result in many human populations not achieving an adequate daily intake of ALA.

Thermo-Responsive Shape-Memory Dual-Cured Polymers Based on Vegetable Oils

The development of thermo-responsive shape-memory polymers has attracted attention due to their ability to undergo reversible deformations based on temperature changes. Vegetable oils are confirmed to be an excellent biorenewable source of starting materials for the synthesis of polymers. Therefore, the objective of this research was to synthesize thermo-responsive shape-memory polymers based on vegetable oils by using the dual-curing technique and obtaining polymers with tailorable properties. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil and two epoxidized vegetable oils, linseed oil and camelina oil, were chosen for dual curing with m-xylylenediamine. Rheological tests were used to analyze the curing kinetics of systems undergoing radical photopolymerization, thermal cationic polymerization, and dual-curing processes. The rheological, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of the polymers were enhanced by the second curing stage. Dual-cured vegetable oil-based polymers had shape-memory properties with a recovery ratio of 100%, making them suitable for a variety of applications, including electronics, biomedical devices, and robotics.

The effectiveness of organic vegetable oils with high biocompatibility in preventing epidural fibrosis: An experimental study

Background and purpose

Epidural fibrosis after all spinal surgeries is an important surgical issue. Various biological and non-biological materials have been tried to inhibit epidural fibrosis, which is deemed to be the most important cause of pain after spinal surgery. Olive oil, nigella sativa oil and soybean oil employed in oral nutrition in clinics involving liquid fatty acids, palmatic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and palmitoleic acid. The effectiveness of olive oil, nigella sativa oil and soybean oil on epidural fibrosis was researched on for the first time in laminectomy model.

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Methods

Fifty adult male Wistar albino rats weighing between 300 and 400 grams were used in the research. A total of 5 groups were formed: sham (Group I) (n = 10), no application was created; Group II (n = 10) 1 cc saline; Group III (n = 10) 1 cc olive oil; Group IV (n = 10) 1 cc nigella sativa oil; Group V (n = 10); 1 cc soybean oil was applied topically to the epidural region after laminectomy. The total spine of the rats was dissected, histopathological and immuno­chemical measurements were conducted. Neuro-histopathological results were scored semi-quantitatively in terms of vascular modification, neuron degeneration, gliosis and bleeding criteria.

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Results

The lowest level of fibrosis and connective tissue proliferation was observed in the group where nigella sativa oil was used after the operation, followed by the group treated with olive oil and lastly with the group given soybean oil.

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Conclusion

Nigella sativa oil and olive oil are very efficient for lowering the degree of epidural fibrosis and adhesions following laminectomy and can be employed as a simple, inexpensive and highly biocompatible material in clinical practice.

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Rapid Reassembly, Biomass-Derived Adhesive Based on Soybean Oil and Diels-Alder Bonds

Synthetic adhesives play a crucial role in holding together solid materials through interfacial interactions. Thermoplastic and thermosetting adhesives are important types of synthetic adhesives, with thermoplastic adhesives being reassemblable and thermosetting adhesives exhibiting high adhesive strength and creep resistance. However, there is a need to combine the advantages of both types and develop high bonding strength, reassemblable adhesives. Here, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was used to prepare adhesive networks and Diels-Alder bonds were incorporated to enhance reassembly ability. The ESO was functionalized with furyl groups and cross-linked via the reaction between furyl and imide groups to involve the Diels-Alder bonds. The resulting adhesive exhibited good solvent resistance and mechanical properties, which could be regulated by adjusting the quantity of cross-linker. The prepared adhesives also demonstrated self-healing capabilities, as the scratch on the surface gradually diminished with heating. Additionally, the adhesives showed the ability to undergo recycling without significant changes in properties. The prepared adhesives exhibited hydrophilicity and the flow characteristics during reassembly were characterized by a decrease in torque. This study provides a promising approach for the development of synthetic adhesives with reassembly ability, which has important implications for the field of bonding.

Cryoprotective effect of soybean oil on surimi gels and the mechanism based on molecular dynamics simulation

The effect of soybean oil (SO) on freeze-thaw (F-T)-treated surimi was investigated and its related mechanism was revealed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results displayed that SO has a disrupting effect on the structure of fresh samples. However, in the F-T-treated samples, surimi gels supplemented with SO had a more uniform microstructure. Simultaneously, when SO was added from 0% to 7% in the F-T-treated samples, the gel strength increased from46.66 to 51.86 N · mm $$ 46.66\ \mathrm{to}\ 51.86\;\mathrm{N}\cdotp \mathrm{mm} $$ (p < .05), the physically bound water was increased from 92.90% to 94.15% (p < .05), and storage modulus was increased from 5939 to 6523 Pa. Triglycerides of SO generated hydrophobic interactions with myosin mainly in carbon chains. Computational results from MD simulations illustrated that the structure of myosin combined with triglycerides was more stable than that of myosin alone during temperature fluctuations (-20 to 4°C). During ice crystal growth, triglycerides absorbed on the myosin surface inhibited the growth of surrounding ice crystals and mitigated the ice crystal growth rate (from 7.54 to 5.99 cm/s). The addition of SO during the F-T treatments allowed myosin to be less negatively affected by ice crystal formation and temperature fluctuations and ultimately contributed to the formation of a more uniform network gel structure.

Evaluation and Improvement of Bio-Based Sustainable Resin Derived from Formic-Acid-Modified Epoxidized Soybean Oil for Packaging Applications

Bio-based epoxy resin materials have obtained significant attention in the packaging industry due to concerns about the environmental and economic impacts of traditional petroleum-based plastics. The aim of this research is to improve bio-based resins' properties by investigating varying formic acid contents in the presence of a green catalyst and characterizing their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for further scaled-up bio-based resin production for industrial packaging applications. The crude soybean oil was epoxidized with formic acid as an oxidizing agent at varying equivalent weights of 10:1 to 10:10 of soybean oil: formic acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and choline chloride-oxalic acid as a bi-functional green catalyst. The effect of increasing the amount of formic acid used to epoxidize crude soybean oil was evaluated with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, rheological, and epoxy yield measurements. The results demonstrated that formic acid significantly influenced the epoxidation of soybean oil, leading to a higher conversion of carbon-carbon double bonds, with a selectivity of 98% when the ratio of soybean oil to formic acid was between 10:5 and 10:10. The bio-resin film was formulated using the improved epoxidized soybean oils-from ESO (10:2.5) to ESO (10:10)-and equal amounts of acrylic acid. The results showed that resin films led to an improvement in tensile strength (ca. 180 MPa) and thermal stability at 360 °C. Although further research is necessary, this study provides valuable insights for designing an effective epoxidation process for renewable sources and developing bio-resin materials for future packaging applications.

Effect of Hermetia illucens Fat, Compared with That of Soybean Oil and Palm Oil, on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Plasma Metabolome in Healthy Rats

Palm oil (PO) is currently the most widely used fat source for food production, but insect fat from Hermetia illucens larvae (HF) might be a suitable alternative fat source, because its production is less harmful to the environment. The present study investigated the effect of HF, as compared to PO and soybean oil (SO), on the hepatic lipid metabolism and the plasma metabolome of healthy rats, which were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10 rats/group), and fed three different semi-synthetic diets containing either SO, PO, or HF as the main fat source for 4 weeks. Feed intake, body weight gain, liver and plasma lipid concentrations, and the hepatic mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation did not differ between groups. Targeted plasma metabolomics revealed 294 out of 630 metabolites analyzed to be different between groups. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation of the plasma metabolomes of the SO group and the other two groups, but no separation of those of the PO and the HF groups. The present study shows that HF exerts no adverse metabolic effects in healthy rats, compared to PO or SO, indicating that HF is a safe alternative fat source to PO for food production.

Sustainable Bio-Based Epoxy Resins with Tunable Thermal and Mechanic Properties and Superior Anti-Corrosion Performance

Bio-based epoxy thermoset resins have been developed from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) cured with tannic acid (TA). These two substances of vegetable origin have been gathering attention due to their accessibility, favorable economic conditions, and convenient chemical functionalization. TA's suitable high phenolic functionalization has been used to crosslink ESO by adjusting the -OH (from TA):epoxy (from ESO) molar ratio from 0.5:1 to 2.5:1. By means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, resulting in thermosets that evidenced optimal curing properties under moderate conditions (150-160 °C). The thermogravimetric analysis of the cured resins showed thermal stability up to 261 °C, with modulable mechanical and thermal properties determined by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and tensile testing. Water contact angle measurements (83-87°) and water absorption tests (0.6-4.5 initial weight% intake) were performed to assess the suitability of the resins as waterproof coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed to characterize the anti-corrosive capability of these coatings on carbon steel substrates. Excellent barrier properties have been demonstrated due to the high electrical isolation and water impermeability of these oil-based coatings, without signs of deterioration over 6 months of immersion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. These results demonstrate the suitability of the developed materials as anti-corrosion coatings for specific applications.

Use of soybean oil to modulate the gel properties of soybean protein isolation-wheat gluten composite with or without CaCl2

BACKGROUND

Plant protein is widely used in the study of animal protein substitutes and healthy sustainable products. The gel properties are crucial for the production of plant protein foods. Therefore, the present study investigated the use of soybean oil to modulate the gel properties of soybean protein isolation-wheat gluten composite with or without CaCl2 .

RESULTS

Oil droplets filled protein network pores under the addition of soybean oil (1-2%). This resulted in an enhanced gel hardness and water holding capacity. Further addition of soybean oil (3-4%), oil droplets and some protein-oil compounds increased the distance between the protein molecule chain. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and intermolecular interaction also showed that the disulfide bond and β-sheet ratio decreased in the gel system, which damaged the overall structure of the gel network. Compared with the addition of 0 m CaCl2 , salt ion reduced the electrostatic repulsion between proteins, and local protein cross-linking was more intense at 0.005 m CaCl2 concentration. In the present study, structural properties and rheological analysis showed that the overall strength of the gel was weakened after the addition of CaCl2 .

CONCLUSION

The presence of appropriate amount of soybean oil can fill the gel pores and improve the texture properties and network structure of soy protein isolate-wheat gluten (SPI-WG) composite gel. Excessive soybean oil may hinder protein-protein interaction and adversely affect protein gel. In addition, the presence or absence of CaCl2 significantly affected the gelling properties of SPI-WG composite protein gels. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of Stigmasterol on 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol Fatty Acid Esters and Aldehydes Formation in Heated Soybean Oil

In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of three soybean isoflavones and two soybean phytosterols on the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDE) and aldehydes in heated soybean oil model. 0.4 mM of genistin, genistein, daidzein, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol significantly reduced 3-MCPDE formation by 25.7, 51.4, 21.4, 61.6, and 55.7%, and total aldehydes formation by 42.03, 43.94, 28.36, 54.74, and 39.23%, respectively. Further study showed that stigmasterol reduced the content of glycidyl esters (GEs) and glycidol, two key intermediates of 3-MCPDE, and prevented fatty acids degradation in the oils. Moreover, the effects of continuous frying time on the content of stigmasterol and the migration of stigmasterol were evaluated in the fried dough sticks model system. The content of stigmasterol in soybean oil was found to be significantly decreased with prolonged heating time. The concentrations of stigmasterol in fried dough sticks and the migration rates of stigmasterol from soybean oil to fried dough sticks decreased with repeated frying sessions. In addition, stigmasterol undergoes oxidative changes during heat treatment, and the oxidation products including 5,6α-epoxystigmasterol, 5,6β-epoxystigmasterol, 7α-hydroxystigmasterol, 7β-hydroxystigmasterol, stigmasterlol-3β,5α,6β-triol, and 7-ketostigmasterol were identified in the frying oils but not in the fried dough sticks. Overall, stigmasterol could be added to soybean oil to reduce 3-MCPDE and aldehydes formation, and reacting with GEs/glycidol and protection of lipid acids from oxidation may be the mechanism of action of stigmasterol.

Soybean oil addition to wheat bran-based diet improves laying hens' performance

Background and Aim

Wheat bran (WB) is used extensively in animal feed. Despite its nutritional value, its use is limited because of its high-fiber content. We evaluated the effect of soybean oil on laying hen performance with maize meal partly replaced by WB.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-six ISA Brown laying hens, 40 weeks old, were used in a completely randomized design in which laying hens were distributed in individual cages, with three replications of four birds and assigned to three treatments: T1 (basal diet), T2 (60% basal diet + 20% maize meal + 20% WB), and T3 (60% basal diet + 20% maize meal + 17.5% WB + 2.5% soybean oil).

Results

Compared with the control group (T1), replacing 20% of yellow maize with WB (T2) did not affect average live weight, egg laying rate, soft-shelled egg production, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen eggs, or laying hen viability (p > 0.05). When 20% of the maize meal was replaced with WB, feed intake and feed conversion per egg mass increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, adding 2.5% soybean oil to feed containing WB improved laying hen performance by significantly reducing feed conversion per egg mass (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Adding 2.5% soybean oil to diets containing WB instead of 17.5% yellow maize improved the feed conversion per egg mass performance of laying hens.

One-Step Method for Direct Acrylation of Vegetable Oils: A Biobased Material for 3D Printing

The substitution of fossil resources by alternatives derived from biomass is a reality that is taking on a growing relevance in the chemical and energy industries. In this sense, fats, oils, and their derived products have become indispensable inputs due to their broad functional attributes, stable price and sustainable character. Acrylated vegetable oils are considered to be very versatile materials for very broad applications (such as in adhesives, coatings or inks) since, in the presence of photoinitiators, they can be polymerized by means of UV-initiated free radical polymerizations. The usual process for the synthesis of acrylate vegetable oils consists in reacting epoxidized oils derivatives with acrylic acid. Here, the influence of different catalysts on the activity and selectivity of the process of acrylation of epoxidized soybean oil is studied. In addition, a novel one-step method for direct acrylation of vegetable oils is also explored. This new approach advantageously uses the original vegetable resource and eliminates intermediate reactions, thus being more environmentally efficient. This study offers a simple and low-cost option for synthesizing a biomass-derived monomer and studies the potential for the 3D printing of complex structures via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of the thus-obtained novel sustainable formulations.

Application of SVR-Mediated GWAS for Identification of Durable Genetic Regions Associated with Soybean Seed Quality Traits

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important food-grade strategic crop worldwide because of its high seed protein and oil contents. Due to the negative correlation between seed protein and oil percentage, there is a dire need to detect reliable quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying these traits in order to be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is one of the most common genetic approaches that is regularly used for detecting QTL associated with quantitative traits. However, the current approaches are mainly focused on estimating the main effects of QTL, and, therefore, a substantial statistical improvement in GWAS is required to detect associated QTL considering their interactions with other QTL as well. This study aimed to compare the support vector regression (SVR) algorithm as a common machine learning method to fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU), a common conventional GWAS method in detecting relevant QTL associated with soybean seed quality traits such as protein, oil, and 100-seed weight using 227 soybean genotypes. The results showed a significant negative correlation between soybean seed protein and oil concentrations, with heritability values of 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. In addition, SVR-mediated GWAS was able to identify more relevant QTL underlying the target traits than the FarmCPU method. Our findings demonstrate the potential use of machine learning algorithms in GWAS to detect durable QTL associated with soybean seed quality traits suitable for genomic-based breeding approaches. This study provides new insights into improving the accuracy and efficiency of GWAS and highlights the significance of using advanced computational methods in crop breeding research.

Blood lipid profiles, fatty acid deposition and expression of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism genes in laying hens fed palm oils, palm kernel oil, and soybean oil

The palm oil, palm kernel oil and soybean oil have unique and distinctive fatty acid chain length and saturation profiles, and how they affect lipid peroxidation, fatty acid intake and metabolism is worth exploring in poultry. This study elucidated the influence the dietary oils on lipid peroxidation, blood lipid profiles, fatty acid deposition of liver, serum and yolk and the expression of liver genes related to lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in laying hens. About 150 Hisex brown laying hens were fed diets containing crude palm oil (CPO), red palm oil (RPO), refined palm oil (RBD), palm kernel oil (PKO) or soybean oil (SBO) for 16 weeks. Serum, liver and yolk lipid peroxidation were not different between dietary oils. The PKO increased liver, serum and yolk medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA). There was no difference in liver saturated fatty acids (SFA). The CPO and RPO reduced serum SFA, but the PKO increased yolk SFA. The SBO increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in liver serum and yolk. No difference in liver elaidic acid (C18:1-trans), but SBO lowered elaidic acid (C18:1-trans) in serum. Higher very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in CPO than RPO and SBO and greater serum lipase in CPO, RBD and PKO than SBO. There was no difference in sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-II) between oils. Apolipoprotein VLDL-II (APOVLDL2) was upregulated in palm oils and apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB) in RBD. Downregulation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was observed in palm oils and PKO. In conclusion, different dietary oils greatly influence several aspects of fatty acid metabolism, deposition and lipoprotein profiles but have no influence on reducing lipid peroxidation.

Antioxidant Enzyme System Modulation by Dietary Palm Oils, Palm Kernel Oil and Soybean Oil in Laying Hens

Palm-based oils (palm oil and kernel oil) and soybean oil have unique fatty acid and antioxidant profiles based on the compounds present in them. Hence, this study elucidated the antioxidant properties of crude palm oil (CPO), red palm oil (RPO), refined palm oil (RBD), palm kernel oil (PKO) and soybean oil (SBO) and the influence of dietary oils on blood lipid profiles, tissue fatty acid deposition and the expression of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism genes in laying hens. The oils were analyzed for color, beta-carotene, free fatty acid and acid value, phenolic content and lipid peroxidation. In an in vivo trial, 150 laying hens were allotted into five groups and supplemented with either CPO, RPO, RBD, PKO or SBO for 16 weeks. High antioxidant compounds present in palm oils help reduce the oxidation of oils. Dietary supplementation with palm oils, particularly CPO and RPO, contributed to the lower liver, serum and jejunal mucosal antioxidant enzyme activities. The antioxidant enzyme genes in the jejunal mucosa were downregulated in palm oils and PKO, but there was no difference between oils in antioxidant enzyme genes in the liver. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with oils with high antioxidant content contributed to protection against oxidation and was associated with a lower requirement for producing antioxidant enzymes.

Efficiency of δ-Tocopherol in Inhibiting Lipid Oxidation in Emulsions: Effects of Surfactant Charge and of Surfactant Concentration

Charged interfaces may play an important role in the fate of chemical reactions. Alterations in, for instance, the interfacial acidity of emulsions induced by the charge of the surfactant head group and associated counterions may change the ionization status of antioxidants, modifying their effective concentrations. The chemical reactivity between interfacial reactants and charged species of opposite charge (protons, metallic ions, etc.) is usually interpreted in terms of pseudophase ion-exchange models, treating the distribution of charged species in terms of partitioning and ion exchange. Here, we focus on analyzing the effects of charged interfaces on the oxidative stability of soybean oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions prepared with anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and neutral (Tween 20) surfactants, and some of their mixtures, in the presence and absence of δ-tocopherol (δ-TOC). We have also determined the effective concentrations of δ-TOC in the oil, interfacial and aqueous regions of the intact emulsions. In the absence of δ-TOC, the relative oxidative stability order was CTAB < TW20 ~ TW20/CTAB < SDS. Surprisingly, upon the addition of δ-TOC, the relative order was SDS ≈ TW20 << TW20/CTAB < CTAB. These apparently surprising results can be rationalized in terms of the nice correlation that exists between the relative oxidative stability and the effective interfacial concentrations of δ-TOC in the various emulsions. The results emphasize the importance of considering the effective interfacial concentrations of antioxidants in interpreting their relative efficiency in emulsions.

Effect of Lard or Plus Soybean Oil on Markers of Liver Function in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial

Humans have consumed lard for thousands of years, but in recent decades, it has become much less popular because it is regarded as saturated fat. Animal studies showed that lard plus soybean oil (blend oil) was more advantageous for liver health than using either oil alone. This study aims to assess the effects of blend oil on liver function markers in healthy subjects. The 345 healthy subjects were randomized into 3 isoenergetic diet groups with different edible oils (30 g/day) (soybean oil, lard, and blend oil (50% lard and 50% soybean oil)) for 12 weeks. The reductions in both aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were greater in the blend oil group than in the two other groups (p = 0.001 and <0.001 for the interaction between diet group and time, respectively). The reductions in AST and ALT in the blend oil group were more significant compared with those in the soybean oil group (p < 0.001) or lard group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the other liver function markers between the groups. Thus, blend oil was beneficial for liver function markers such as AST and ALT compared with soybean oil and lard alone, which might help prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the healthy population.

Evaluation of Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Method for Assessing the Impact of Photo-Oxidation on Refined Soybean Oils

The type of material used in packaging, lighting, and storage time can impact food quality during storage. This study aimed to investigate the progress of photosensitized oxidation in refined soybean oil using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The experiment was conducted through accelerated photo-oxidation with Light-Emitting Diode (LED) in samples stored for ten days at room temperature (26.0 ± 2.0 °C) in clear polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging of different colors and different transmission spectra in the UV and visible range. Emission spectra were obtained with excitation at 373, 405, and 500 nm, resulting in two main emission peaks: the first with maximum emission between 430 and 555 nm and the second at around 660 nm. Fluorescence decay curves were obtained with excitation at 340 and 405 nm. The results indicated that transparent PET bottles are not effective in protecting soybean oil from photosensitized oxidation under the studied conditions. Strong correlations were observed between fluorescence parameters and peroxide and conjugated diene values, indicators of lipid oxidation progress. Fluorescence spectroscopy has several advantages over traditional methods as it is a simple, fast, low-cost, and low-waste technique.

Short-Term Alternate Feeding between Terrestrially Sourced Oil- and Fish Oil-Based Diets Modulates the Intestinal Microecology of Juvenile Turbot

A nine-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate changes in the intestinal microbiota of turbot in response to alternate feeding between terrestrially sourced oil (TSO)- and fish oil (FO)-based diets. The following three feeding strategies were designed: (1) continuous feeding with the FO-based diet (FO group); (2) weekly alternate feeding between soybean oil (SO)- and FO-based diets (SO/FO group); and (3) weekly alternate feeding between beef tallow (BT)- and FO-based diets (BT/FO group). An intestinal bacterial community analysis showed that alternate feeding reshaped the intestinal microbial composition. Higher species richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota were observed in the alternate-feeding groups. A PCoA analysis showed that the samples clustered separately according to the feeding strategy, and among the three groups, the SO/FO group clustered relatively closer to the BT/FO group. The alternate feeding significantly decreased the abundance of Mycoplasma and selectively enriched specific microorganisms, including short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, digestive bacteria (Corynebacterium and Sphingomonas), and several potential pathogens (Desulfovibrio and Mycobacterium). Alternate feeding may maintain the intestinal microbiota balance by improving the connectivity of the ecological network and increasing the competitive interactions within the ecological network. The alternate feeding significantly upregulated the KEGG pathways of fatty acid and lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism in the intestinal microbiota. Meanwhile, the upregulation of the KEGG pathway of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis indicates a potential risk for intestinal health. In conclusion, short-term alternate feeding between dietary lipid sources reshapes the intestinal microecology of the juvenile turbot, possibly resulting in both positive and negative effects.

Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Combined with Integrated Learning to Identify Soybean Oil with Different Frying Durations

Soybean oil produces harmful substances after long durations of frying. A rapid and nondestructive identification approach for soybean oil was proposed based on photoacoustic spectroscopy and stacking integrated learning. Firstly, a self-designed photoacoustic spectrometer was built for spectral data collection of soybean oil with various frying times. At the same time, the actual free fatty acid content and acid value in soybean oil were measured by the traditional titration experiment, which were the basis for soybean oil quality detection. Next, to eliminate the influence of noise, the spectrum from 1150 cm^-1 to 3450 cm^-1 was selected to remove noise by ensemble empirical mode decomposition. Then three dimensionality reduction methods of principal component analysis, successive projection algorithm, and competitive adaptive reweighting algorithm were used to reduce the dimension of spectral information to extract the characteristic wavelength. Finally, an integrated model with three weak classifications was used for soybean oil detection by stacking integrated learning. The results showed that three obvious absorption peaks existed at 1747 cm^-1, 2858 cm^-1, and 2927 cm^-1 for soluble sugars and unsaturated oils, and the model based on stacking integrated learning could improve the classification accuracy from 0.9499 to 0.9846. The results prove that photoacoustic spectroscopy has a good detection ability for edible oil quality detection.

Metabolite analysis of soybean oil on promoting astaxanthin production of Phaffia rhodozyma

BACKGROUND

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant property. In addition, it has anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and many other functions. The micro-organisms that mainly produce astaxanthin are Haematococcus pluvialis and Phaffia rhodozyma. Compared with H. pluvialis, P. rhodozyma has shorter fermentation cycle and easier to control culture conditions, but the yield of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma is low. This article studied how to improve the astaxanthin production of P. rhodozyma.

RESULTS

The results showed that when 10 mL L^-1 soybean oil was added to the culture medium, astaxanthin production increased significantly, reaching 7.35 mg L^-1 , which was 1.4 times that of the control group, and lycopene and β-carotene contents also increased significantly. Through targeted metabolite analysis, the fatty acids in P. rhodozyma significantly increased under the soybean oil stimulation, especially the fatty acids closely related to the formation of astaxanthin esters, included palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9), linoleic acid (C18:2n6), α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) and γ-linolenic acid (C18:3n6), thereby increasing the astaxanthin esters content.

CONCLUSION

It showed that the addition of soybean oil can promote the accumulation of astaxanthin by promoting the increase of astaxanthin ester content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparison of Plasma Metabolome Response to Diets Enriched in Soybean and Partially-Hydrogenated Soybean Oil in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Adults-A Pilot Study

Partially-hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acid intake has been associated with adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. Comparatively unexplored is the effect of unmodified oil relative to partially-hydrogenated fat on the plasma metabolite profile and lipid-related pathways. To address this gap, we conducted secondary analyses using a subset of samples randomly selected from a controlled dietary intervention trial involving moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals. Participants (N = 10, 63 ± 8 y, BMI, 26.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2, LDL-C, 3.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L) were provided with diets enriched in soybean oil (SO) and partially-hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO). Plasma metabolite concentrations were determined using an untargeted approach and pathway analysis using LIPIDMAPS. Data were assessed using a volcano plot, receiver operating characteristics curve, partial least square-discrimination analysis and Pearson correlations. Among the known metabolites higher in plasma after the PHSO diet than the SO diet, the majority were phospholipids (53%) and di- and triglycerides (DG/TG, 34%). Pathway analysis indicated upregulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis from DG and phosphatidylethanolamine. We identified seven metabolites (TG_56:9, TG_54:8, TG_54:7, TG_54:6, TG_48:5, DG_36:5 and benproperine) as potential biomarkers for PHSO intake. These data indicate that TG-related metabolites were the most affected lipid species, and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis was the most active pathway in response to PHSO compared to SO intake.

Influences of Illumination Pretreatment on Soybean Oil Activated Clay Bleaching Effects and Soybean Oil Quality Evaluation

Visible light has been widely studied for possible applications in food industry as being a kind of clean energy. Presently, the influences of illumination pretreatment on soybean oil quality followed by conventional activated clay bleaching, including the oil color, fatty acid composition, oxidation stability, and micronutrient content, were investigated. Results demonstrated that the illumination pretreatment increased the color differences between the non-illuminated and illuminated soybean oils, which indicated that the light exposure could improve the decoloring effects. The fatty acids composition and the peroxide value (POV) and oxidation stability index (OSI) of the soybean oils showed little changes during this process. Although the illumination pretreatment affected the content of lipid-soluble micronutrients, including phytosterols and tocopherols, no significant differences could be observed (p > 0.05). Moreover, it showed that the illumination pretreatment showed significant effects for decreasing the following activated clay bleaching temperature, indicating the energy saving potential of this novel soybean oil decoloring process. The present study might provide new insights for developing eco-friendly and efficient vegetable oil bleaching technology.

Chemometric Approach for the Evaluation of Quality and Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Soybean, Palm Olein and Canola Oils and Their Blends

The objective of our study is to evaluate quality and thermo oxidative stability of soybean, palm olein, and canola oils and their blends. The binary blends of SO:POO and CO:POO were formulated in a ratio of 75:25 and ternary blend were prepared by blending CO:POO:SO in a ratio of 35:30:35. To monitor the thermal stability, pure oils and their blends were subjected to heating at 180°C for 4 hours. Heating process led to a substantial increase in free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), and saponification value (SV), while iodine value (IV) and oxidative stability index (OSI) were decreased. The principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. The data indicated that three significant principal components have eigenvalue ˃ 1, which collectively constitute 98.8% of the total variance. PC1 contributed mainly with a total value of 50.1%, followed by PC2 (36.2%) and PC3 (12.5%). Results of the present study revealed that the binary and ternary blends exhibited greater oxidative stability than the pure oils. But, the ternary blend CO:POO:SO in a ratio of (35:30:35) was found to be better on the basis of stability and health point of view than other blends. Overall, our study demonstrated the utility of chemometric approaches for evaluating the quality and stability of vegetable oils and their blends, which can be helpful in the selection and optimization of oil blends for food applications.

Diet high in linoleic acid dysregulates the intestinal endocannabinoid system and increases susceptibility to colitis in Mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease with increasing incidence in the U.S. suggesting that environmental factors, including diet, are involved. It has been suggested that excessive consumption of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 omega-6), which must be obtained from the diet, may promote the development of IBD in humans. To demonstrate a causal link between LA and IBD, we show that a high fat diet (HFD) based on soybean oil (SO), which is comprised of ~55% LA, increases susceptibility to colitis in several models, including IBD-susceptible IL10 knockout mice. This effect was not observed with low-LA HFDs derived from genetically modified soybean oil or olive oil. The conventional SO HFD causes classical IBD symptoms including immune dysfunction, increased intestinal epithelial barrier permeability, and disruption of the balance of isoforms from the IBD susceptibility gene Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α). The SO HFD causes gut dysbiosis, including increased abundance of an endogenous adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), which can use LA as a carbon source. Metabolomic analysis shows that in the mouse gut, even in the absence of bacteria, the presence of soybean oil increases levels of LA, oxylipins and prostaglandins. Many compounds in the endocannabinoid system, which are protective against IBD, are decreased by SO both in vivo and in vitro. These results indicate that a high LA diet increases susceptibility to colitis via microbial and host-initiated pathways involving alterations in the balance of bioactive metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as HNF4α isoforms.

Influence of Dietary Palm Oils, Palm Kernel Oil and Soybean Oil in Laying Hens on Production Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemicals and Hepatic Expression of Beta-Carotene, Retinol and Alpha-Tocopherol Genes

Despite being used for many decades, there is a lack of poultry research investigating the effects of dietary palmitic, carotenoid and vitamin E-rich palm oils and medium-chain fatty acid-rich PKO. The current study aimed to elucidate the influence of different dietary oils in layers on production performance, egg quality, serum biochemicals and expression of genes related to β-carotene, retinol and α-tocopherol in the liver. A total of 150 Hisex brown laying hens were fed diets containing CPO, RPO, RBD, PKO or SBO at a similar level for 16 weeks. Different oils did not affect egg production performance and egg quality. CPO improved the freshness of eggs. CPO and RPO enhanced egg yolk color. There was no influence of different oils on serum biochemicals except greater serum ALP in PKO and SBO. CPO and RPO contributed to greater β-carotene in feed, liver and yolk. There was no difference in retinol and α-tocopherol of serum, liver and yolk. However, the liver RBP4A gene was upregulated in CPO and PKO, and the CYP26A1 gene was downregulated in palm oils and PKO. In conclusion, palmitic-rich saturated fatty acids in palm oils and MCFA-rich PKO did not negatively affect egg production performance and quality compared to oil with high unsaturated fatty acids.

Cavitation-Mediated Fracture Energy Dissipation in Polylactide at Rubbery Soybean Oil-Based Block Copolymer Interfaces Formed via Reactive Extrusion

Here, we spearhead a new approach to biopolymer impact modification that demonstrates superior performance while maintaining greater than 99% compostability. Using soybean-based monomers, a virtually untapped resource in terms of commercial volume and overall cost, a series of hyperbranched block copolymers were synthesized and melt-processed with poly(l-lactide) (PLA) to yield impact resistant all-polymer composites. Although PLA impact modification has been treated extensively, to date, the only practical solutions have relied on non-compostable petroleum-based rubbers. This study illustrates the activity of energy dissipation mechanisms such as cavitation, classically relegated to well-entangled petroleum-based rubbers, in poorly entangled hyperbranched soybean-based rubbers. Furthermore, we present a complete study of the mechanical performance and morphology of these impact modified PLA composites. The significance of combining deformation theory with a scalable green alternative to petroleum-based rubbers opens up a potential avenue for cheap compostable engineering thermoplastics.

Effects of Oil Supplements on Growth Performance, Eating Behavior, Ruminal Fermentation, and Ruminal Morphology in Lambs during Transition from a Low- to a High-Grain Diet

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of a maximum recommended oil supplementation on growth performance, eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and ruminal morphological characteristics in growing lambs during transition from a low- to a high-grain diet. A total of 21 Afshari male lambs with an initial body weight (BW) of 41.4 ± 9.1 kg (mean ± SD) and at 5−6 months of age were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (n = 7 per group), including (1) a grain-based diet with no fat supplement (CON), (2) CON plus 80 g/d of prilled palm oil (PALM), and (3) CON plus 80 g/d soybean oil (SOY); oils were equivalent to 50 g/kg of dry matter based on initial dry matter intake (DMI). All lambs were adapted to the high-grain diet for 21 d. In the adaptation period, lambs were gradually transferred to a dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80 by replacing 100 g/kg of the preceding diet every 3 d. Thereafter, lambs were fed experimental diets for another 22 days. Fat-supplemented lambs had greater DMI, body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG), with a lower feed to gain ratio (p < 0.05), compared to CON lambs. The highest differences of DMI between fat-supplemented and CON-lambs were observed in week 3 of the adaptation period (p = 0.010). PALM- or SOY-supplementation lowered DM and NDF digestibility compared with CON (p < 0.05), and SOY caused the lowest organic matter (OM) digestibility compared with CON and PALM lambs (62.0 vs. 67.6 and 66.9; p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was higher for PALM and SOY compared with CON (p = 0.018). Lambs in SOY tended to have the highest ammonia-N concentrations (p = 0.075), together with a trend for higher concentrations of propionic acid, at the expense of acetic acid in ruminal fluid, on the last day of the adaptation period (diet × time, p = 0.079). Fat-supplemented lambs had lower isovaleric and valeric acid concentrations compared with CON on d 40 (diet × time, p < 0.05). PALM and SOY-fed lambs had a longer eating time (min/d and min/kg of DMI), chewing activity (min/d), meal frequency (n), and duration of eating the first and second meals after morning feeding (p < 0.05), and the largest meal size (p < 0.001). Fat supplemented lambs had greater ruminal papillary length (p < 0.05) and width (p < 0.01), and thicker submucosal, epithelial, and muscle layers, compared with the CON (p < 0.01). Blood metabolites were not influenced by dietary treatments (p > 0.05). The results from this study suggest that fat supplementation to high-grain diets may improve the development of ruminal epithelia and modify ruminal fermentation via optimized eating behavior or the direct effect of oils on the ruminal environment, resulting in better growth performance in growing lambs.

Comparative Effects of Traditional Versus Genetically Modified Soybean Oils on Colon Tumorigenesis in Mice

Soybean oil, which has high abundance of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2ω-6), is the most commonly consumed edible oil. Recent studies support that a high dietary intake of LA is linked with increased risks of developing colonic inflammation and colon cancer. Here we studied the effects of the genetically modified Plenish^® soybean oil, which has low abundance of LA as well as α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω-3), on development of azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice. Compared with a diet rich in traditional soybean oil, administration of a diet enriched with the Plenish oil has little impact on AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis, colonic infiltration of immune cells, expressions of inflammatory genes, and tumor markers. These results suggest that the traditional and the Plenish soybean oils have similar effects on development of AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer in mice.

Effects of soybean oil on rheological characteristics of dough under high hydrostatic pressure

In order to improve the stability of dough with soybean oil, this paper explored the effect of soybean oil addition on the rheological characteristics of dough under high hydrostatic pressure. The results showed that, compared with the dough without soybean oil, the β-sheet, disulfide bonds content and gauche-ganche-ganche in the dough increased by 4.23%, 0.85 μmol/g and 4.16% respectively when the dough was added with 6% soybean oil, which improved the degree of cross-linking polymerization of gluten protein and the stability of gluten network. Meanwhile, the dough had the highest elastic modulus and the lowest maximum creep compliance (6.85 Pa^-1 ×10^-4 ), indicating that 6% soybean oil significantly increased the elasticity and hardness of the dough. The results of short-range ordered structure and paste properties showed that with the addition of soybean oil, the ordered structure and paste viscosity decreased with the increase of soybean oil.

Unfilled Natural Rubber Compounds Containing Bio-Oil Cured with Different Curing Systems: A Comparative Study

This study focuses on the properties of unfilled natural rubber compounds containing bio-oils cured with a peroxide curing system and then discusses the comparisons to those cured using the sulfur system from our previous work. Two types of bio-oils, i.e., palm oil and soybean oil, were used, and distillate aromatic extract (DAE)-based petroleum oil was employed as a reference. The bio-oils caused no significant change in the vulcanization of rubber compounds cured using peroxide. However, the compounds containing bio-oils and cured with sulfur showed a faster vulcanization than the ones with DAE. The bio-oils strongly affected the crosslink density of rubber compounds in both curing systems. The use of bio-oils caused a low crosslink density due to the possible implication of curing agents to bio-oil molecules. The properties of rubber compounds dependent on the different levels of crosslink density were also investigated. The results revealed that when the crosslink density increased, the modulus, tensile strength, and hardness of the rubber compounds increased and the elongation at break and compression set decreased. The use of bio-oils in the rubber compounds cured with different curing systems gave low modulus at 300% strain, tensile strength, and hardness but high elongation at break and compression set when compared to the ones with DAE. However, no significant change was observed for the compression set of the rubber compounds cured using sulfur. With the presence of bio-oils, the properties of rubber compounds cured with sulfur system deteriorated less than those of the ones cured with peroxide.

Modeled Substitution of Traditional Oils with High-Oleic Acid Oils Decreases Essential Fatty Acid Intake in Children

BACKGROUND

High-oleic acid (OA) vegetable oils are replacing some traditional vegetable oils in the US food supply. This may lead to reduced intake of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in children, who need EFAs for growth and development and reduced risk for cardiometabolic disease into adulthood.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were the following: 1) to estimate trends in daily intake of EFAs among children aged 1-8 y, 2) identify top food sources of EFAs, and 3) evaluate the effects of replacing traditional oils with high-OA oils on meeting daily recommended intakes of EFAs.

METHODS

Dietary data from 7814 children aged 1-8 y were acquired from the NHANES (2007-2016). Using a diet model, we evaluated the effect of replacing 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of traditional oils with high-OA oils on meeting adequate intakes (AIs) for EFAs.

RESULTS

Major food sources of EFAs among all age-sex groups were grain dishes (35-40% of daily intake), meat and seafood dishes (17-21%), and fruit and vegetable dishes (12-14%). Replacing 40% or more of traditional oils with high-OA oil varieties will lead to inadequate daily intakes of EFAs.

CONCLUSION

Replacement of traditional vegetable oils with high-OA varieties will place children at risk of not meeting the AI levels for EFAs. A balanced approach of including traditional oils and high-OA oils in the US food supply is needed to prevent inadequate intakes of EFAs in children.

Grape seed tannin extract and polyunsaturated fatty acids affect in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production

Condensed tannins (CT), one of the most ubiquitous compounds in the plant kingdom, can modulate ruminal nutrient metabolism. Objectives were to study potential interactions of CT and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation, biohydrogenation (BH), and methane production. Ruminal fluid obtained from lactating Holstein Friesian cows was used. All experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design with the same mixed diet: control (60:40 forage:concentrate) without supplement (CON), 2.5% soybean oil (SBO), and SBO + grape seed tannin extract (GSTE) at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% dietary DM (ST0.2, ST0.4, ST0.6, and ST0.8, respectively). Compared with CON (84.7 mM), total VFA concentration was not affected by SBO, but decreased (P < 0.001) with ST0.8 vs. ST0.6 (75.3 vs. 78.3 mM). Relative to CON, methane production was depressed (P < 0.001) by 17.7% and 28.0% in ST0.4 and ST0.8. The highest (P < 0.001) mean concentrations of c9,t11 CLA and C18:1 t11 were observed with ST0.4 compared with CON, but there was no difference between SBO and CT-containing diets. Disappearance of C18:2 c9,c12 was 49.1% vs. 50.3% in CON vs. SBO, whereas it ranged from 39.9% to 46.3% in CT-containing diets after 2 h incubation (P < 0.001). Concentrations of c9,t11 CLA with supplemental SBO and ST0.8 nearly peaked (P < 0.001) at 2 h incubation, but this fatty acid peaked (P > 0.05) at 6 h incubation and remained higher (P < 0.001; 15.9-17.0 µg/mL) at 24 h incubation with ST0.2, ST0.4, and ST0.6 compared with other diets (13.5-14.5 µg/mL). Compared with CON (50.6 µg/mL), concentration of C18:1 t11 with SBO and CT-containing diets reached a peak (P < 0.001; 241-265 µg/mL) at 12 h incubation. Concentration of C18:0 was 171%-231% higher (P < 0.001) with SBO and CT relative to CON at 24 h incubation. Overall, these results demonstrated that PUFA in SBO are more effective in modulating ruminal BH and CH4 production when combined with CT. However, high doses of added CT can reduce ruminal VFA concentration. Thus, a level of 0.4% GSTE added to diets containing 2.5% PUFA from plant origin might be suitable for optimizing ruminal fermentation and BH of C18:2 c9,c12 to fatty acid intermediates that could have beneficial effects to human health.

Use of Intravenous Soybean and Fish Oil Emulsions in Pediatric Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease: A Multicenter Integrated Analysis Report on Extrahepatic Adverse Events

OBJECTIVE

To compare extrahepatic adverse events during fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) or soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE) treatment in children with intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD).

STUDY DESIGN

In this multicenter integrated analysis, bleeding, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), infections, and signs of lipid emulsion intolerance were compared between FOLE recipients (1 g/kg/d) (n = 189) and historical controls who received SOLE (≤3 g/kg/d) (n = 73).

RESULTS

When compared with SOLE recipients, FOLE recipients had a lower gestational age (30.5 vs 33.0 weeks; P = .0350) and higher baseline direct bilirubin (DB) (5.8 vs 3.0 mg/dL; P < .0001). FOLE recipients had a decreased incidence of bleeding (P < .0001), BPD (P < .001), ROP (P < .0156), bacterial and fungal infections (P < .0001), and lipid intolerance signs (P < .02 for all). Patients with bleeding vs patients without bleeding had higher baseline DB; the ORs for baseline DB (by mg/dL) and treatment (FOLE vs SOLE) were 1.20 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.31; P ≤ .0001) and 0.22 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.46; P ≤ .0001), respectively. In preterm infants, a higher BPD (P < .0001) and ROP incidence (P = .0071) was observed in SOLE recipients vs FOLE recipients.

CONCLUSIONS

Children with IFALD who received FOLE had fewer extrahepatic adverse events, including a decreased incidence of bleeding, preterm comorbidities, and lipid intolerance signs compared with children with IFALD who received SOLE. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT00910104 and NCT00738101.

A Lard and Soybean Oil Mixture Alleviates Low-Fat-High-Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice

Dietary habit is highly related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Low-fat–high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diets could induce lean NAFLD in Asians. Previously, we found that a lard and soybean oil mixture reduced fat accumulation with a medium-fat diet; therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of a lard and soybean oil mixture (LFHC diet) on NAFLD and its underlying mechanisms. Mice in groups were fed with lard, soybean oil, or a lard and soybean oil mixture—an LFHC diet—separately. Our results showed that mixed oil significantly inhibited serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), and liver FFAs compared with soybean oil or lard, and we found fewer inflammatory cells in mice fed with mixed oil. RNA-seq results indicate that mixed oil reduced FFAs transportation into the liver via decreasing liver fatty acid-binding protein 2 expression, inhibited oxidative phosphorylation via tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 downregulation, and alleviated inflammation via downregulating inflammatory cytokine. The liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry results showed that the mixed oil promoted bile acid conjugated with taurine and glycine, thus activating G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 for improved lipids metabolism. In conclusion, the lard and soybean oil mixture alleviated NAFLD.

Herceptin-conjugated magnetic polystyrene-Agsbox nanoparticles as a theranostic agent for breast cancer

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor, which has derived from cells of the breast. Further, a relatively rapid metastasis, and resistance development against all the conventional drug combinations are major clinical issues in breast cancer patients as well as limitations like toxicity, genetic mutation, and metastasis make difficult the use of conventional therapy methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and local surgery. Therefore, considering the urgent needs, and high death rate in breast cancer cases, the development of new diagnosis and treatment regimens which diagnosed at the early stage and protected normal tissues required for clinical applications. Recently, the combination of tumor diagnosis and treatment within a single platform is a novel perspective, and magnetic nanoparticles are potential candidate owing to their low toxic effect, biocompatibility, biological degradability, superior magnetic properties, and targeting ability to overcome the problems of conventional diagnosis and therapy techniques. Considering these restrictions and requirements, the goal of this research was to investigate the potential of an innovative theranostic agent, which is soybean oil-based polystyrene (PS)-g-soybean oil graft copolymer containing AgNPs (PS-Agsbox) for treatment and MRI-based diagnosis of cancer. Herein, we designed targeted magnetic PS-Agsbox nanoparticles carrying thymoquinone (TQ) that is known for its anticancer potential against breast cancer, and herceptin (HER), which is to bind to the HER2 receptor protein on the surface of HER2-positive tumor cells, and acts by blocking the effects of it. We have successfully demonstrated selective binding, effective uptake of HER-conjugated magnetic PS-Agsbox nanoparticles into MDA-MB-231 (human breast carcinoma cells, a HER2-underexpressing cell line) and SKBR-3 (human breast cancer cells, a HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell line) cell lines while no effect against L929 (mouse fibroblast cell line). Moreover, the magnetic resonance (MRI) properties of HER-conjugated magnetic PS-Agsbox nanoparticles were also confirmed.

Depletion and enrichment of phytosterols in soybean oil lipid emulsions directly associate with serum markers of cholestasis in preterm parenteral nutrition-fed pigs

BACKGROUND

Clinical reports show a positive correlation between phytosterol concentrations and severity of cholestatic liver disease markers in infants during long-term administration of parenteral lipid emulsions. Establishing a causal link between phytosterols and cholestasis has been complicated by confounding factors of lipid emulsion load, fatty acid composition, and vitamin E in many of these studies. The goal of this study is to determine whether altering the phytosterol concentration within a common soybean oil-based emulsion will alter the onset and severity of cholestasis in parenterally fed preterm piglets.

METHODS

Preterm piglets were administered, for 21 days, either enteral nutrition (ENT) or parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared from a soybean oil-based emulsion containing either 24.0% (depleted [DEP]), 100% (Intralipid; normal phytosterol [NP] concentration), or 144% (enriched [ENR]) total phytosterol concentration.

RESULTS

At the end of the study, plasma and liver phytosterol concentrations were highest in the ENR group, followed by NP and then DEP and ENT. Serum direct bilirubin, serum bile acids, and γ-glutamyltransferase were higher in the ENR and NP groups compared with either DEP or ENT groups. All PN lipid groups showed evidence of mild hepatic steatosis but no change in hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines or Farnesoid X receptor target genes.

CONCLUSION

The increase in serum direct bilirubin was lower in the DEP group vs the lipid emulsions with normal or ENR phytosterols. Our results provide additional evidence that phytosterols are linked to an increase in serum markers of cholestasis in preterm PN-fed pigs.

Novel QTL and Meta-QTL Mapping for Major Quality Traits in Soybean

Isoflavone, protein, and oil are the most important quality traits in soybean. Since these phenotypes are typically quantitative traits, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping has been an efficient way to clarify their complex and unclear genetic background. However, the low-density genetic map and the absence of QTL integration limited the accurate and efficient QTL mapping in previous researches. This paper adopted a recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population derived from 'Zhongdou27'and 'Hefeng25' and a high-density linkage map based on whole-genome resequencing to map novel QTL and used meta-analysis methods to integrate the stable and consentaneous QTL. The candidate genes were obtained from gene functional annotation and expression analysis based on the public database. A total of 41 QTL with a high logarithm of odd (LOD) scores were identified through composite interval mapping (CIM), including 38 novel QTL and 2 Stable QTL. A total of 660 candidate genes were predicted according to the results of the gene annotation and public transcriptome data. A total of 212 meta-QTL containing 122 stable and consentaneous QTL were mapped based on 1,034 QTL collected from previous studies. For the first time, 70 meta-QTL associated with isoflavones were mapped in this study. Meanwhile, 69 and 73 meta-QTL, respectively, related to oil and protein were obtained as well. The results promote the understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of isoflavones, protein, and oil at molecular levels, and facilitate the construction of molecular modular for great quality traits in soybean.

Analysis of Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxyl Fatty Acid in Nut Oils and Other Plant Oils

Oils and lipids are common food components and efficient sources of energy. Both the quantity and the quality of oils and lipids are important with regard to health and disease. Fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) is a novel lipid class that was discovered as an endogenous lipid; FAHFAs have shown anti-diabetic effects in a mammalian system. We analyzed the overall FAHFA composition in nut oils and other common oils: almond (raw, roasted), walnut, peanut, olive, palm, soybean, and rapeseed oils. We developed a method of liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) for a comprehensive target analysis of FAHFAs. The analysis revealed wide variation in the FAHFA profiles (15 compounds and 62 peaks). For 7-11 compounds of FAHFA, a total level of 8-29 pmol/mg oil was detected in nuts oils; for 11 compounds, 4.9 pmol/mg oil was detected in olive oil, and for 4-9 compounds, < 2 pmol/mg oil was detected in palm, soy, and rapeseed oils. The major FAHFAs were FAHFA 36:3, FAHFA 36:2, and FAHFA 36:4 in nut oil, FAHFA 36:2, FAHFA 34:1, and FAHFA 36:1 in olive oil, and FAHFA 32:1, FAHFA 34:0, FAHFA 36:0, and FAHFA 36:1 in all of the common oils. The composition of FAHFAs in nut oils is mainly unsaturated fatty acids, whereas those in olive oil are unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. The composition of FAHFAs in common oils was mainly saturated fats. This is the first report to demonstrate the quality and quantity of the FAHFAs in the nut oils. Nuts have been described to be a great source of many nutrients and to be beneficial for our health. Our present findings comprise additional evidence that the intake of nuts in daily diets may prevent metabolic and inflammatory-based diseases.

[Determination of each single component vegetable oil in blend oil by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]

OBJECTIVE

A method of headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established for the determination of the content of each single component vegetable oil in blend oil based on soybean oil, peanut oil and sesame oil.

METHODS

The data of volatile components of each single component vegetable oil was collected effectively by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The data was compared, filtered step by step and evaluated by method ology using chemometrics method and group analysis software.

RESULTS

Finally, 2, 4-heptanedialdehyde, 2-decendialdehyde and 5-methyl-2-furfural were identified as the quantitative detection marker compounds of soybean oil, peanut oil and sesame oil, respectively. Dihydro-3-methylene-5-methyl-2-furanone and trans-2-nonenoldehyde, 4-ethyl-5-methyl-nonane and trans-2-dodecenol, 2-(1-pentenyl)-furan and 2-methylpyrazine were the qualitative compounds of soybean oil, peanut oil and sesame oil, respectively. The regression equations and linear correlation coefficient(r~2) of soybean oil, peanut oil and sesame oil were obtained by testing nine level simulated blend oil. The linear range were 0.57%-100%, 0.98%-100%, 0.34%-100%. The precision range were 1.4%-3.8%, 9.0%-16.0%, 5.0%-10.4%(n=6). The recovery range were 100.1%-100.5%, 75.0%-115.3%, 87.0%-100.6%. These data met the requirements of method ology.

CONCLUSION

The method is applicable to testing research of the content of each single component vegetable oil in blend oil based on soybean oil, peanut oil and sesame oil.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Oil on Broiler Health

Insects are a potential source of proteins and fats which can be incorporated into diets of broiler chickens. Accordingly, black soldier fly larvae oil (BSFLO) needs to be tested as an appropriate fat source to produce healthy chickens for consumers. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the replacement of soybean oil (SBO) with BSFLO in broiler diets on intestinal health and blood profiles. A total of 210 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments (10 replicates of seven birds per group): a control diet and two experimental diets in which SBO was replaced with 50% (50 BSFLO) or 100% (100 BSFLO) BSFLO. At the end of the study (35 days), 18 birds (six broilers per treatment) were slaughtered to determine the intestinal morphology, digestibility, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile. Blood samples were collected from 24 randomly selected birds (eight broilers per treatment) to determine the blood profiles. BSFLO supplementation positively affected villus height but did not affect digestibility. BSFLO showed no adverse effects on the VFA and blood profiles. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that SBO can be replaced by BSFLO without any adverse effects on broiler health.

Multipurpose Processing Additives for Silica/Rubber Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application

Processing additives are a special group of chemicals included in rubber formulations to facilitate the flowability of the resultant compounds. Their addition generally affects the cured properties of the subsequent rubber composites, and fine-tuning of the compound formulation is therefore required. In this work, an attempt has been made to address this issue through the preparation of new bio-based processing additives capable of promoting the mixing of the rubber compound while at the same time enhancing mechanical properties following curing. A significant decrease in the mixing energy at the first stage of mixing (~10%) has been observed by substituting only a small percentage of the conventional petroleum-derived process oil with aminated epoxidized soybean oil. Concomitantly, it is found that this aminated epoxidized soybean oil promotes rubber curing and increases the tensile strength of the final composite by ~20% compared to the control.

Comparative 1H NMR-Based Chemometric Evaluations of the Time-Dependent Generation of Aldehydic Lipid Oxidation Products in Culinary Oils Exposed to Laboratory-Simulated Shallow Frying Episodes: Differential Patterns Observed for Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Containing Soybean Oils

Soybean oil is the second most exported oil from the United States and South America, and is widely marketed as a cooking oil product containing numerous health benefits for human consumers. However, culinary oils with high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents, are known to produce high quantities of lipid oxidation products (LOPs), including toxic aldehydes upon exposure to high-temperature frying episodes. Previous studies have demonstrated causal links between aldehyde ingestion and inhalation with deleterious health perturbations, including mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, along with cardiovascular and teratogenic actions. In this study, aldehydic LOPs were detected and quantified in commercially available samples of soybean, avocado, corn and extra-virgin olive oil products before and after their exposure to laboratory-simulated laboratory frying episodes (LSSFEs) using high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Results acquired demonstrated that PUFA-rich soybean and corn oils gave rise to the highest concentrations of oil aldehydes from the thermo-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, whereas monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-laden avocado and olive oils were much more resistant to this peroxidation process, as expected. Multivariate chemometrics analyses provided evidence that an orthogonal component pattern of aldehydic LOPs featuring low-molecular-mass n-alkanals such as propanal, and 4-oxo-alkanals, arises from thermo-oxidation of the ω-3 fatty acid (FA) linolenic acid (present in soybean oils at levels of ca. 7% (w/w)), was able to at least partially distinguish this oil from corresponding samples of thermally-stressed corn oil. Despite having a similar total PUFA level, corn oil has only a negligible ω-3 FA content, and therefore generated significantly lower levels of these two aldehyde classes. In view of the adverse health effects associated with dietary LOP ingestion, alternative methodologies for the incorporation of soybean oils within high-temperature frying practices are proposed.

Effects of a Fish Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Rats

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is easily oxidized, leading to cellular damage. The present study examined the effects of an increased concentration of DHA in fish oil (80% of total fatty acids) on cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress compared to coconut oil, soybean oil, and fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in a balanced ratio. Forty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented with corresponding oil for 10 weeks. Supplementation with the fish oil containing 80% DHA decreased plasma fat, plasma total cholesterol and muscle fat compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. Increasing concentrations of DHA induced incorporation of DHA and EPA in cell membranes and tissues along with a decrease in ω-6 arachidonic acid. The increase in DHA promoted lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and antioxidant response. Taken together, the increased concentration of DHA in fish oil reduced fat accumulation compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. This benefit was accompanied by high lipid peroxidation and subsequent protein carbonylation in plasma and in liver. In our healthy framework, the slightly higher carbonylation found after receiving fish oil containing 80% DHA might be a protecting mechanism, which fit with the general improvement of antioxidant defense observed in those rats.