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Schwan C, Lang AE, Schlosser A, Fujita-Becker S, AlHaj A, Schröder RR, Faix J, Aktories K, Mannherz HG. Inhibition of Arp2/3 Complex after ADP-Ribosylation of Arp2 by Binary Clostridioides Toxins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223661. [PMID: 36429089 PMCID: PMC9688287 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides bacteria are responsible for life threatening infections. Here, we show that in addition to actin, the binary toxins CDT, C2I, and Iota from Clostridioides difficile, botulinum, and perfrigens, respectively, ADP-ribosylate the actin-related protein Arp2 of Arp2/3 complex and its additional components ArpC1, ArpC2, and ArpC4/5. The Arp2/3 complex is composed of seven subunits and stimulates the formation of branched actin filament networks. This activity is inhibited after ADP-ribosylation of Arp2. Translocation of the ADP-ribosyltransferase component of CDT toxin into human colon carcinoma Caco2 cells led to ADP-ribosylation of cellular Arp2 and actin followed by a collapse of the lamellipodial extensions and F-actin network. Exposure of isolated mouse colon pieces to CDT toxin induced the dissolution of the enterocytes leading to luminal aggregation of cellular debris and the collapse of the mucosal organization. Thus, we identify the Arp2/3 complex as hitherto unknown target of clostridial ADP-ribosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander E. Lang
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Abdulatif AlHaj
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, BioQuant, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Georg Mannherz
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology and of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr-University, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-3223164; Fax: +49-234-321447
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Xie X, He J, Wang Q, Liu Y, Chen W, Shi K. FPR2 participates in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) progression through RhoA-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:177. [PMID: 34930387 PMCID: PMC8686243 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous study, we found that formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) promoted the invasion and metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and could be a prognostic marker for EOC. In this study, we aimed to study the possible mechanism of FPR2 in promoting EOC progression. METHODS EOC cell lines with ectopic FPR2 expression and knockdown as well as their control cell lines were established, and the expression change of RhoA in each cell line was evaluated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. Wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to detect the migratory ability of EOCs affected by FPR2 and RhoA. The supernatant of each EOC cell line was used to coculture with macrophages, and then we tested M1 and M2 macrophage biomarkers in the supernatants by flow cytometry. The THP-1 cell line was also induced to differentiate into M1 and M2 macrophages, and FPR2 and RhoA expression in each macrophage cell line was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. A tumour xenograft model was established with SKOV3 and SKOV3-shFPR2 cell lines, and tumour volumes and weights were recorded. RESULTS RhoA expression was significantly increased in EOCs along with the overexpression of FPR2, which showed a positive correlation by Pearson correlation analysis. Ectopic FPR2 expression contributes to the migratory ability of EOCs, and a RhoA inhibitor (C3 transferase) impairs EOC migration. Furthermore, FPR2 stimulated the secretion of Th2 cytokines by EOCs, which induced macrophages to differentiate to the M2 phenotype, while a RhoA inhibitor stimulated the secretion of Th1 cytokines and induced macrophages to differentiate to the M1 phenotype. Moreover, compared with M1 macrophages and THP-1 cells, FPR2 and RhoA expression was significantly upregulated in M2 macrophages. CONCLUSION FPR2 stimulated M2 macrophage polarization and promoted invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells through RhoA.
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MESH Headings
- ADP Ribose Transferases/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Botulinum Toxins/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cytokines/immunology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoxin/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xie
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Nagahama M, Kobayashi K, Takehara M. Cathepsin Release from Lysosomes Promotes Endocytosis of Clostridium perfringens Iota-Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100721. [PMID: 34679014 PMCID: PMC8537257 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iota-toxin from Clostridium perfringens type E is a binary toxin composed of two independent proteins: actin-ADP-ribosylating enzyme component, iota-a (Ia), and binding component, iota-b (Ib). Ib binds to target cell receptors and mediates the internalization of Ia into the cytoplasm. Extracellular lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) was previously shown to facilitate the internalization of iota-toxin. In this study, we investigated how lysosomal cathepsin promotes the internalization of iota-toxin into target cells. Cysteine protease inhibitor E64 prevented the cytotoxicity caused by iota-toxin, but aspartate protease inhibitor pepstatin-A and serine protease inhibitor AEBSF did not. Knockdown of lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsins B and L decreased the toxin-induced cytotoxicity. E64 suppressed the Ib-induced ASMase activity in extracellular fluid, showing that the proteases play a role in ASMase activation. These results indicate that cathepsin B and L facilitate entry of iota-toxin via activation of ASMase.
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Chang J, Liu X, Ren H, Lu S, Li M, Zhang S, Zhao K, Li H, Zhou X, Peng L, Liu Z, Hu P. Pseudomonas Exotoxin A-Based Immunotherapy Targeting CCK2R-Expressing Colorectal Malignancies: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2285-2297. [PMID: 33998814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) has been proven to be a specific biomarker for colorectal malignancies. Immunotoxins are a valuable class of immunotherapy agents consisting of a targeting element and a bacterial or plant toxin. Previous work demonstrated that targeting CCK2R is a good therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, we developed a new version of CCK2R-targeting immunotoxin GD9P using a targeted peptide, GD9, as the binding motif and a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) as the cytokiller. BALB/c nude mice were treated with different doses of GD9P, and pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological data were obtained throughout this study. Compared to the parental immunotoxin rCCK8PE38, GD9P exhibited about 1.5-fold yield, higher fluorescence intensity, and increased antitumor activity against human CRC in vitro and in vivo. The IC50 values of GD9P in vitro ranged from 1.61 to 4.55 nM. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in mice with a T1/2 of 69.315 min. When tumor-bearing nude mice were treated with GD9P at doses ≥2 mg/kg for five doses, a rapid shrinkage in tumor volume and, in some cases, complete remission was observed. A preliminary safety evaluation demonstrated a good safety profile of GD9P as a Pseudomonas exotoxin A-based immunotherapy. The therapy in combination with oxaliplatin can increase the antitumor efficacy and reduce the toxic side effects caused by chemotherapy. In conclusion, the data support the use of GD9P as a promising immunotherapy targeting CCK2R-expressing colorectal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Shenzhen Lifotronic Technology Co., Ltd., 1008 Songbai Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hanxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lixiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Maziarz M, Federico A, Zhao J, Dujmusic L, Zhao Z, Monti S, Varelas X, Garcia-Marcos M. Naturally occurring hotspot cancer mutations in Gα 13 promote oncogenic signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16897-16904. [PMID: 33109615 PMCID: PMC7864081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.014698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are signaling switches broadly divided into four families based on the sequence and functional similarity of their Gα subunits: Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13 Artificial mutations that activate Gα subunits of each of these families have long been known to induce oncogenic transformation in experimental systems. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, activating hotspot mutations in Gs, Gi/o, or Gq/11 proteins have also been identified in patient tumor samples. In contrast, patient tumor-associated G12/13 mutations characterized to date lead to inactivation rather than activation. By using bioinformatic pathway analysis and signaling assays, here we identified cancer-associated hotspot mutations in Arg-200 of Gα13 (encoded by GNA13) as potent activators of oncogenic signaling. First, we found that components of a G12/13-dependent signaling cascade that culminates in activation of the Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ is frequently altered in bladder cancer. Up-regulation of this signaling cascade correlates with increased YAP/TAZ activation transcriptional signatures in this cancer type. Among the G12/13 pathway alterations were mutations in Arg-200 of Gα13, which we validated to promote YAP/TAZ-dependent (TEAD) and MRTF-A/B-dependent (SRE.L) transcriptional activity. We further showed that this mechanism relies on the same RhoGEF-RhoGTPase cascade components that are up-regulated in bladder cancers. Moreover, Gα13 Arg-200 mutants induced oncogenic transformation in vitro as determined by focus formation assays. In summary, our findings on Gα13 mutants establish that naturally occurring hotspot mutations in Gα subunits of any of the four families of heterotrimeric G-proteins are putative cancer drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Maziarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony Federico
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorena Dujmusic
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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6
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Stoessel A, Groysbeck N, Guyot L, Barret L, Nominé Y, Nguekeu-Zebaze L, Bender A, Voilquin L, Lutz T, Pallaoro N, Blocat M, Deville C, Masson M, Zuber G, Chatton B, Donzeau M. Modular Conjugation of a Potent Anti-HER2 Immunotoxin Using Coassociating Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2421-2430. [PMID: 32996763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are emerging candidates for cancer therapeutics. These biomolecules consist of a cell-targeting protein combined to a polypeptide toxin. Associations of both entities can be achieved either chemically by covalent bonds or genetically creating fusion proteins. However, chemical agents can affect the activity and/or stability of the conjugate proteins, and additional purification steps are often required to isolate the final conjugate from unwanted byproducts. As for fusion proteins, they often suffer from low solubility and yield. In this report, we describe a straightforward conjugation process to generate an immunotoxin using coassociating peptides (named K3 and E3), originating from the tetramerization domain of p53. To that end, a nanobody targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (nano-HER2) and a protein toxin fragment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (TOX) were genetically fused to the E3 and K3 peptides. Entities were produced separately in Escherichia coli in soluble forms and at high yields. The nano-HER2 fused to the E3 or K3 helixes (nano-HER2-E3 and nano-HER2-K3) and the coassembled immunotoxins (nano-HER2-K3E3-TOX and nano-HER2-E3K3-TOX) presented binding specificity on HER2-overexpressing cells with relative binding constants in the low nanomolar to picomolar range. Both toxin modules (E3-TOX and K3-TOX) and the combined immunotoxins exhibited similar cytotoxicity levels compared to the toxin alone (TOX). Finally, nano-HER2-K3E3-TOX and nano-HER2-E3K3-TOX evaluated on various breast cancer cells were highly potent and specific to killing HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells with IC50 values in the picomolar range. Altogether, we demonstrate that this noncovalent conjugation method using two coassembling peptides can be easily implemented for the modular engineering of immunotoxins targeting different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Stoessel
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Nadja Groysbeck
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Lucile Guyot
- IMPReSs Facility, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67412 Illkirch, France
- NovAliX, Bioparc, F-67405 Illkirch, France
| | - Lina Barret
- IMPReSs Facility, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Leonel Nguekeu-Zebaze
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Ambre Bender
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Laetitia Voilquin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Nikita Pallaoro
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Marie Blocat
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Celia Deville
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Murielle Masson
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Guy Zuber
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Chatton
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
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Dieffenbach M, Pastan I. Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotoxins Containing Pseudomonas Exotoxin A in Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E979. [PMID: 32630017 PMCID: PMC7408526 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are a class of targeted cancer therapeutics in which a toxin such as Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is linked to an antibody or cytokine to direct the toxin to a target on cancer cells. While a variety of PE-based immunotoxins have been developed and a few have demonstrated promising clinical and preclinical results, cancer cells frequently have or develop resistance to these immunotoxins. This review presents our current understanding of the mechanism of action of PE-based immunotoxins and discusses cellular mechanisms of resistance that interfere with various steps of the pathway. These steps include binding of the immunotoxin to the target antigen, internalization, intracellular processing and trafficking to reach the cytosol, inhibition of protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF2), and induction of apoptosis. Combination therapies that increase immunotoxin action and overcome specific mechanisms of resistance are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA;
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Fleming BD, Urban DJ, Hall M, Longerich T, Greten T, Pastan I, Ho M. Engineered Anti-GPC3 Immunotoxin, HN3-ABD-T20, Produces Regression in Mouse Liver Cancer Xenografts Through Prolonged Serum Retention. Hepatology 2020; 71:1696-1711. [PMID: 31520528 PMCID: PMC7069773 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas using our glypican-3 (GPC3)-targeting human nanobody (HN3) immunotoxins causes potent tumor regression by blocking protein synthesis and down-regulating the Wnt signaling pathway. However, immunogenicity and a short serum half-life may limit the ability of immunotoxins to transition to the clinic. APPROACH AND RESULTS To address these concerns, we engineered HN3-based immunotoxins to contain various deimmunized Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) domains. This included HN3-T20, which was modified to remove T-cell epitopes and contains a PE domain II truncation. We compared them to our previously reported B-cell deimmunized immunotoxin (HN3-mPE24) and our original HN3-immunotoxin with a wild-type PE domain (HN3-PE38). All of our immunotoxins displayed high affinity to human GPC3, with HN3-T20 having a KD value of 7.4 nM. HN3-T20 retained 73% enzymatic activity when compared with the wild-type immunotoxin in an adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation assay. Interestingly, a real-time cell growth inhibition assay demonstrated that a single dose of HN3-T20 at 62.5 ng/mL (1.6 nM) was capable of inhibiting nearly all cell proliferation during the 10-day experiment. To enhance HN3-T20's serum retention, we tested the effect of adding a streptococcal albumin-binding domain (ABD) and a llama single-domain antibody fragment specific for mouse and human serum albumin. For the detection of immunotoxin in mouse serum, we developed a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and found that HN3-ABD-T20 had a 45-fold higher serum half-life than HN3-T20 (326 minutes vs. 7.3 minutes); consequently, addition of an ABD resulted in HN3-ABD-T20-mediated tumor regression at 1 mg/kg. CONCLUSION These data indicate that ABD-containing deimmunized HN3-T20 immunotoxins are high-potency therapeutics ready to be evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Fleming
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Daniel J. Urban
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, 20850
| | - Matthew Hall
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, 20850
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, 69120
| | - Tim Greten
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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Gholami N, Cohan RA, Razavi A, Bigdeli R, Dashbolaghi A, Asgary V. Cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of a novel nano-toxin formulation based on biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle loaded with recombinant truncated pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:3711-3720. [PMID: 31578716 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial toxins have received a great deal of attention in the development of antitumor agents. Currently, these protein toxins were used in the immunotoxins as a cancer therapy strategy. Despite the successful use of immunotoxins, immunotherapy strategies are still expensive and limited to hematologic malignancies. In the current study, for the first time, a nano-toxin comprised of truncated pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared and their cytotoxicity effect was investigated on human breast cancer cells. The PE38 protein was cloned into pET28a and expressed in Escherichia coli, BL21 (DE3), and purified using metal affinity chromatography and was analyzed by 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AgNPs were biologically prepared using cell-free supernatant of E. Coli K12 strain. Nanoparticle formation was characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The PE38 protein was loaded on AgNPs and prepared the PE38-AgNPs nano-toxin. Additionally, in vitro release indicated a partial slow release of toxin in about 100 hr. The nano-toxin exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells. Also, real-time polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated the ability of nano-toxin to upregulate Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3, -8, -9, and P53 apoptotic genes in the MCF-7 tumor cells. Apoptosis induction was determined by Annexin-V/propidium flow cytometry and caspases activity assay after treatment of cancer cells with the nano-toxin. In general, in the current study, the nano-toxin exhibit an inhibitory effect on the viability of breast cancer cells through apoptosis, which suggests that AgNPs could be used as a delivery system for targeting of toxins to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Gholami
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Bigdeli
- Research and Development Laboratory, Javid Biotechnology Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Dashbolaghi
- Research and Development Laboratory, Javid Biotechnology Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Asgary
- Research and Development Laboratory, Javid Biotechnology Institute, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Pesarrodona M, Sánchez-García L, Seras-Franzoso J, Sánchez-Chardi A, Baltá-Foix R, Cámara-Sánchez P, Gener P, Jara JJ, Pulido D, Serna N, Schwartz S, Royo M, Villaverde A, Abasolo I, Vazquez E. Engineering a Nanostructured Nucleolin-Binding Peptide for Intracellular Drug Delivery in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Stem Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:5381-5388. [PMID: 31840972 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Five peptide ligands of four different cell surface receptors (nucleolin, CXCR1, CMKLR1, and CD44v6) have been evaluated as targeting moieties for triple-negative human breast cancers. Among them, the peptide F3, derived from phage display, promotes the fast and efficient internalization of a genetically fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) inside MDA-MB-231 cancer stem cells in a specific receptor-dependent fashion. The further engineering of this protein into the modular construct F3-RK-GFP-H6 and the subsequent construct F3-RK-PE24-H6 resulted in self-assembling polypeptides that organize as discrete and regular nanoparticles. These materials, 15-20 nm in size, show enhanced nucleolin-dependent cell penetrability. We show that the F3-RK-PE24-H6, based on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE24) as a core functional domain, is highly cytotoxic over target cells. The combination of F3, the cationic peptide (RK)n, and the toxin domain PE24 in such unusual presentation appears as a promising approach to cell-targeted drug carriers in breast cancers and addresses selective drug delivery in otherwise difficult-to-treat triple-negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pesarrodona
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Cámara-Sánchez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Petra Gener
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - José Juan Jara
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Daniel Pulido
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
- Multivalent Systems for Nanomedicine , Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) , Barcelona , 08034 , Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Simó Schwartz
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Miriam Royo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
- Multivalent Systems for Nanomedicine , Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) , Barcelona , 08034 , Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ibane Abasolo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Esther Vazquez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
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11
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Khodarovich Y, Rakhmaninova D, Kagarlitskiy G, Baryshnikova A, Deyev S. Growth Retardation of Poorly Transfectable Tumor by Multiple Injections of Plasmids Encoding PE40 Based Targeted Toxin Complexed with Polyethylenimine. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 20:289-296. [PMID: 32807050 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200817101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the approaches to cancer gene therapy relies on tumor transfection with DNA encoding toxins under the control of tumor-specific promoters. METHODS Here, we used DNA plasmids encoding very potent anti-ERBB2 targeted toxin, driven by the human telomerase promoter or by the ubiquitous CAG promoter (pTERT-ETA and pCAG-ETA) and linear polyethylenimine to target cancer cells. RESULTS We showed that the selectivity of cancer cell killing by the pTERT-ETA plasmid is highly dependent upon the method of preparation of DNA-polyethylenimine complexes. After adjustment of complex preparation protocol, cell lines with high activity of telomerase promoter can be selectively killed by transfection with the pTERT-ETA plasmid. We also showed that cells transfected with pTERT-ETA and pCAG-ETA plasmids do not exert any detectable bystander effect in vitro. CONCLUSION Despite this, three intratumoral injections of a plasmid-polyethylenimine complex resulted in substantial growth retardation of a poorly transfectable D2F2/E2 tumor in mice. There were no significant differences in anti-tumor properties between DNA constructs with telomerase or CAG promoters in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Khodarovich
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Darya Rakhmaninova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - German Kagarlitskiy
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Baryshnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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12
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Amoozadeh S, Hemmati M, Farajollahi MM, Akbari N, Tarighi P. Preparation of Diphtheria and Pseudomonas Exotoxin A Immunotoxins and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity Effect on SK-BR-3, BT-474, and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Invest 2019; 37:546-557. [PMID: 31597492 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1655761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxin targeted therapy is a promising way of cancer therapy that is made from a toxin attached to an antibody which target a specific protein presented on cancer cells. In this study, we introduce immunotoxins comprising of truncated pseudomonas exotoxin A (PEA) and diphtheria toxin (DT) conjugated to trastuzumab. The effectiveness of 20 and 30 μg/ml immunotoxins and trastuzumab were studied on SK-BR-3 and BT-474 HER2/neu positive breast cancer cell lines by a cell death assay test. The produced immunotoxins have the potential to reduce the therapeutic dose of the trastuzumab and in the same time achieve higher efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahel Amoozadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morad Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Akbari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Parastoo Tarighi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Lee S, Park S, Nguyen MT, Lee E, Kim J, Baek S, Kim CJ, Jang YJ, Choe H. A chemical conjugate between HER2-targeting antibody fragment and Pseudomonas exotoxin A fragment demonstrates cytotoxic effects on HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. BMB Rep 2019; 52:496-501. [PMID: 30670149 PMCID: PMC6726212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, immunotoxins have been produced as a single polypeptide from fused genes of an antibody fragment and a toxin. In this study, we adopted a unique approach of chemical conjugation of a toxin protein and an antibody fragment. The two genes were separately expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to high levels of purity. The two purified proteins were conjugated using a chemical linker. The advantage of this approach is its ability to overcome the problem of low recombinant immunotoxin production observed in some immunotoxins. Another advantage is that various combinations of immunotoxins can be prepared with fewer efforts, because the chemical conjugation of components is relatively simpler than the processes involved in cloning, expression, and purification of multiple immunotoxins. As a proof of concept, the scFv of trastuzumab and the PE24 fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A were separately produced using E. coli and then chemically crosslinked. The new immunotoxin was tested on four breast cancer cell lines variably expressing HER2. The chemically crosslinked immunotoxin exhibited cytotoxicity in proportion to the expression level of HER2. In conclusion, the present study revealed an alternative method of generating an immunotoxin that could effectively reduce the viability of HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. These results suggest the effectiveness of this method of immunotoxin crosslinking as a suitable alternative for producing immunotoxins. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(8): 496-501].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunju Lee
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Sangsu Park
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Minh Tan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000,
Vietnam
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Julee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Sangki Baek
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Jang
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505,
Korea
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14
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Zhu Y, Weldon JE. Evaluating the influence of common antibiotics on the efficacy of a recombinant immunotoxin in tissue culture. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:293. [PMID: 31133049 PMCID: PMC6537151 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are antibody-toxin fusion proteins that can selectively eliminate populations of cells expressing specific surface receptors. They are in evaluation as therapeutic agents for cancer. RITs based on Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) are in use clinically for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, and under trial for the treatment of other cancers. In an effort to improve the efficacy of PE-based RITs, we evaluated the potential of combination therapy with several common antibiotics (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, linezolid, fusidic acid, and kanamycin) on human cell lines HEK293, OVCAR8, and CA46. Antibiotics were selected based on their potential to inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis and disrupt energy metabolism in cancer cells. RESULTS Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, linezolid, and fusidic acid alone killed cultured human cells at high concentrations. At high but nontoxic concentrations of each antibiotic, only chloramphenicol treatment of the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line CA46 showed enhanced cytotoxicity when paired with an anti-transferrin receptor/PE RIT. This result, however, could not be replicated in additional Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines Ramos and Raji. Although the six antibiotics we tested are not promising candidates for RIT combination therapy, we suggest that fusidic acid could be considered independently as a potential cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252 USA
| | - John E. Weldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252 USA
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15
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Sokolova EA, Shilova ON, Kiseleva DV, Schulga AA, Balalaeva IV, Deyev SM. HER2-Specific Targeted Toxin DARPin-LoPE: Immunogenicity and Antitumor Effect on Intraperitoneal Ovarian Cancer Xenograft Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2399. [PMID: 31096563 PMCID: PMC6567818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High immunogenicity and systemic toxicity are the main obstacles limiting the clinical use of the therapeutic agents based on Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. In this work, we studied the immunogenicity, general toxicity and antitumor effect of the targeted toxin DARPin-LoPE composed of HER2-specific DARPin and a low immunogenic exotoxin A fragment lacking immunodominant human B lymphocyte epitopes. The targeted toxin has been shown to effectively inhibit the growth of HER2-positive human ovarian carcinoma xenografts, while exhibiting low non-specific toxicity and side effects, such as vascular leak syndrome and liver tissue degradation, as well as low immunogenicity, as was shown by specific antibody titer. This represents prospects for its use as an agent for targeted therapy of HER2-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Sokolova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Olga N Shilova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Daria V Kiseleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Schulga
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey M Deyev
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Research Nuclear Reactor Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115409, Russia.
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16
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Brettschneider K, Schmidt A, Kahle J, Orlowski A, Stichel D, Schwabe D, Königs C. Elimination of factor VIII-specific B cells by immunotoxins composed of a single factor VIII domain fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2223-2232. [PMID: 30152083 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essentials There is still a need for novel therapeutic approaches for hemophilia A patients with inhibitors. A factor VIII domain was used as the targeting moiety for elimination of FVIII-specific B cells. The immunodominant C2 domain was fused to exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (hC2-ETA). Murine C2 domain-specific B cells were selectively and efficiently eliminated by hC2-ETA ex vivo. SUMMARY: Background Today, the most serious complication for patients with hemophilia A undergoing factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy is the development of neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors). Although inhibitors can be eradicated by application of high doses of FVIII, the immune tolerance induction therapy fails in up to 30% of patients. Hence, there is still an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches for patients with persisting inhibitors. Objectives In the present study, the potential use of immunotoxins containing exotoxin A (ETA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for selective elimination of FVIII-specific B cells was explored. Methods The immunodominant C2 domain of human FVIII was used as a targeting moiety instead of the full-length FVIII protein and the resulting human C2 domain-ETA fusion protein (hC2-ETA) was produced in Escherichia coli. Results Binding studies with monoclonal C2 domain-specific antibodies confirmed the conformational integrity of the C2 domain in hC2-ETA. The functionality of hC2-ETA was tested ex vivo by incubation of splenocytes from inhibitor-positive FVIII knockout mice with hC2-ETA and controls. FVIII-specific memory B cells from splenocytes were differentiated by FVIII stimulation in antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and detected by an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Although the controls showed no effect, incubation of splenocytes with hC2-ETA reduced the number of C2-specific ASC in a dose-dependent fashion, indicating specific and efficient elimination of C2-specific memory B cells. Conclusions Overall, the results of the study support the fact that FVIII domain immunotoxins might be a potential new tool for the elimination of FVIII-specific B cells in patients with hemophilia A and persisting inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brettschneider
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Science, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Kahle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Orlowski
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Stichel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Schwabe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Königs
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Hashimi SM, Grant B, Alqurashi N, Alowaidi F, Wei MQ. EGF ligand fused to truncated Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A specifically targets and inhibits EGFR‑positive cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2690-2697. [PMID: 30226622 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have been known to overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and hence relevant multiple‑targeted therapies have been developed, with a recent clinical application of the antibody‑mediated inhibition of the EGFR. However, this strategy is not useful in cancer cells with mutations in KRAS; a GTPase downstream of EGFR which constitutively activates the pathway without EGF stimulation. Furthermore, mutations in EGFR also reduce the binding of monoclonal antibodies and thereby render them ineffective. In the present study, we designed a chimeric EGF protein fused to the truncated N‑terminal domain fragment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EGF‑ETA), which has ADP‑ribosylation activity and induces apoptosis. The EGF‑ETA protein was expressed in E. coli as a His‑tagged fusion. Our results showed that EGF‑ETA significantly inhibited the proliferation of EGFR‑positive A431 epidermoid carcinoma (IC50 27 ng/ml) and HN5 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (IC50 36 ng/ml) cells. However, its effect on cancer cells with little or no EGFR expression was limited (A549‑IC50 1,000 ng/ml; MCF‑7‑IC50 >10,000 ng/ml). Compared to cetuximab, EGF‑ETA was highly potent in its killing capacity of HN5 cancer cells at 1,000 ng/ml, while cetuximab had little effect at 1,000 ng/ml. Furthermore, EGF‑ETA was just as potent in HCT116 (KRAS G13D) and SW480 (KRAS G12V) colon cancer cell lines harbouring KRAS hyperactivating mutations when compared to KRAS wild‑type HT29 colon cancer cells. Finally, co‑incubation of EGF‑ETA with an anti‑EGF antibody abrogated its effect on the EGFR‑positive A431 cells. Our results show that the chimeric EGF‑ETA toxin is extremely effective against EGFR‑positive cancers and raises the potential to further develop this chimera for use in targeting EGFR‑positive tumours resistant to monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M Hashimi
- Department of Basic Science, Biology Unit, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Brock Grant
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Naif Alqurashi
- Department of Basic Science, Biology Unit, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alowaidi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine and University Hospitals, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ming Q Wei
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
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18
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Pirzer T, Becher KS, Rieker M, Meckel T, Mootz HD, Kolmar H. Generation of Potent Anti-HER1/2 Immunotoxins by Protein Ligation Using Split Inteins. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2058-2066. [PMID: 29920062 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell targeting protein toxins have gained increasing interest for cancer therapy aimed at increasing the therapeutic window and reducing systemic toxicity. Because recombinant expression of immunotoxins consisting of a receptor-binding and a cell-killing moiety is hampered by their high toxicity in a eukaryotic production host, most applications rely on recombinant production of fusion proteins consisting of an antibody fragment and a protein toxin in bacterial hosts such as Escherichia coli ( E. coli). These fusions often lack beneficial properties of whole antibodies like extended serum half-life or efficient endocytic uptake via receptor clustering. Here, we describe the production of full-length antibody immunotoxins using self-splicing split inteins. To this end, the short (11 amino acids) N-terminal intein part of the artificially designed split intein M86, a derivative of the Ssp DnaB intein, was recombinantly fused to the heavy chain of trastuzumab, a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor targeting antibody and to a nanobody-Fc fusion targeting the HER1 receptor, respectively. Both antibodies were produced in Expi293F cells. The longer C-terminal counterpart of the intein was genetically fused to the protein toxins gelonin or Pseudomonas Exotoxin A, respectively, and expressed in E. coli via fusion to maltose binding protein. Using optimized in vitro splicing conditions, we were able to generate a set of specific and potent immunotoxins with IC50 values in the mid- to subpicomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pirzer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Kira-Sophie Becher
- Institute of Biochemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Marcel Rieker
- Antibody Drug Conjugates and Targeted NBE Therapeutics , Merck KGaA , Frankfurter Straße 250 , D-64293 Darmstadt , Germany
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies , Merck KGaA , Frankfurter Straße 250 , D-64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Macromolecular Chemistry & Paper Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Henning D Mootz
- Institute of Biochemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
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Nagahama M, Takehara M, Miyamoto K, Ishidoh K, Kobayashi K. Acid Sphingomyelinase Promotes Cellular Internalization of Clostridium perfringens Iota-Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050209. [PMID: 29783772 PMCID: PMC5983265 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is a binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxin composed of the enzymatic component Ia and receptor binding component Ib. Ib binds to a cell surface receptor, forms Ib oligomer in lipid rafts, and associates with Ia. The Ia-Ib complex then internalizes by endocytosis. Here, we showed that acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) facilitates the cellular uptake of iota-toxin. Inhibitions of ASMase and lysosomal exocytosis by respective blockers depressed cell rounding induced by iota-toxin. The cytotoxicity of the toxin increased in the presence of Ca2+ in extracellular fluids. Ib entered target cells in the presence but not the absence of Ca2+. Ib induced the extracellular release of ASMase in the presence of Ca2+. ASMase siRNA prevented the cell rounding induced by iota-toxin. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with Ib resulted in the production of ceramide in cytoplasmic vesicles. These observations showed that ASMase promotes the internalization of iota-toxin into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Ishidoh
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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20
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Mirzaee M, Jalali-Javaran M, Moieni A, Zeinali S, Behdani M. Expression of VGRNb-PE immunotoxin in transplastomic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Plant Mol Biol 2018; 97:103-112. [PMID: 29633168 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This research has shown, for the first time, that plant chloroplasts are a suitable compartment for synthesizing recombinant immunotoxins and the transgenic immunotoxin efficiently causes the inhibition of VEGFR2 overexpression, cell growth and proliferation. Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels, which resulted in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) plays a major role in angiogenesis and blocking of its signaling inhibits neovascularization and tumor metastasis. Immunotoxins are promising therapeutics for targeted cancer therapy. They consist of an antibody linked to a protein toxin and are designed to specifically kill the tumor cells. In our previous study, VGRNb-PE immunotoxin protein containing anti-VEGFR2 nanobody fused to the truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A has been established. Here, we expressed this immunotoxin in lettuce chloroplasts. Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, multigene engineering in a single transformation event and maternal inheritance of the transgenes. Site specific integration of transgene into chloroplast genomes, and homoplasmy were confirmed. Immunotoxin levels reached up to 1.1% of total soluble protein or 33.7 µg per 100 mg of leaf tissue (fresh weight). We demonstrated that transgenic immunotoxin efficiently causes the inhibition of VEGFR2 overexpression, cell growth and proliferation. These results indicate that plant chloroplasts are a suitable compartment for synthesizing recombinant immunotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mirzaee
- Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 1497713111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokhtar Jalali-Javaran
- Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 1497713111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 1497713111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biotechnology Department, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Akbari B, Farajnia S, Zarghami N, Mahdieh N, Rahmati M, Khosroshahi SA, Barzegar A, Rahbarnia L. Construction, expression, and activity of a novel immunotoxin comprising a humanized antiepidermal growth factor receptor scFv and modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:263-270. [PMID: 27861173 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a significant role in the development and metastasis of many solid tumors. Strategies based on anti-EGFR immunotoxins have shown promising results in several studies, but immunogenicity of antibody and toxin moieties is a limitation of this type of therapeutics. In the present study, a novel humanized anti-EGFR immunotoxin (huscFv-PE25) was developed by genetic fusing of a humanized anti-EGFR single-chain variable fragment (huscFv) with a modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE25KDEL). The reactivity and toxicity of this immunotoxin with tumor cells were assessed by dot-blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and MTT procedures. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot-blot assay indicated that the immunotoxin recognizes and efficiently binds to EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. MTT assay showed a specific growth-inhibitory effect of huscFv-PE25 on EGFR-overexpressing A431 cells, without any inhibitory effect on EGFR-negative cells. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that huscFv-PE25 can recognize and exert an inhibitory effect on EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells, despite its smaller size and lower immunogenicity. This may provide a basis for the development of novel clinical therapeutic agents against EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Akbari
- aDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences bDrug Applied Research Center cStudent Research Committee dBiotechnology Research Center eInfection and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz fCardiogenetic Research Laboratory, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Wang F, Zhan R, Chen L, Dai X, Wang W, Guo R, Li X, Li Z, Wang L, Huang S, Shen J, Li S, Cao C. RhoA promotes epidermal stem cell proliferation via PKN1-cyclin D1 signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172613. [PMID: 28222172 PMCID: PMC5319766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) play a critical role in wound healing, but the mechanism underlying ESC proliferation is not well defined. Here, we explore the effects of RhoA on ESC proliferation and the possible underlying mechanism. METHODS Human ESCs were enriched by rapid adhesion to collagen IV. RhoA(+/+)(G14V), RhoA(-/-)(T19N) and pGFP control plasmids were transfected into human ESCs. The effect of RhoA on cell proliferation was detected by cell proliferation and DNA synthesis assays. Induction of PKN1 activity by RhoA was determined by immunoblot analysis, and the effects of PKN1 on RhoA in terms of inducing cell proliferation and cyclin D1 expression were detected using specific siRNA targeting PKN1. The effects of U-46619 (a RhoA agonist) and C3 transferase (a RhoA antagonist) on ESC proliferation were observed in vivo. RESULTS RhoA had a positive effect on ESC proliferation, and PKN1 activity was up-regulated by the active RhoA mutant (G14V) and suppressed by RhoA T19N. Moreover, the ability of RhoA to promote ESC proliferation and DNA synthesis was interrupted by PKN1 siRNA. Additionally, cyclin D1 protein and mRNA expression levels were up-regulated by RhoA G14V, and these effects were inhibited by siRNA-mediated knock-down of PKN1. RhoA also promoted ESC proliferation via PKN in vivo. CONCLUSION This study shows that the effect of RhoA on ESC proliferation is mediated by activation of the PKN1-cyclin D1 pathway in vitro, suggesting that RhoA may serve as a new therapeutic target for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rixing Zhan
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoge Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shupeng Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shirong Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (CC)
| | - Chuan Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (CC)
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Simon N, Antignani A, Sarnovsky R, Hewitt SM, FitzGerald D. Targeting a Cancer-Specific Epitope of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw028. [PMID: 27075852 PMCID: PMC5017938 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are typically more aggressive and result in poorer outcomes than other breast cancers because treatment options are limited due to lack of hormone receptors or amplified human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Many TNBCs overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or manifest amplification of theEGFRgene, supporting EGFR as a therapeutic target. While EGFR-directed small molecule inhibitors have shown limited effectiveness in clinical settings, use of EGFR as a mechanism of delivering enzymatic cytotoxins to TNBC has not been demonstrated. METHODS Using the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the 806 antibody that binds only cells with overexpressed, misfolded, or mutant variants of the EGFR, a recombinant immunotoxin was engineered through gene fusion withPseudomonas aeruginosaExotoxin A (806-PE38). The potency of 806-PE38 on reducing TNBC cell growth in vitro and in xenograft models (n ≥ 6) was examined for six TNBC cell lines. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS 806-PE38 statistically significantly reduced the viability of all tested TNBC lines, with IC50values below 10 ng/mL for three of six cell lines, while not affecting cells with wild-type EGFR (IC50>300 ng/mL). Systemic treatments with 806-PE38 vs vehicle resulted in statistically significantly reduced tumor burdens (806-PE38 mean = 128 mm(3)[SD = 46 mm(3)] vs vehicle mean = 749 mm(3)[SD = 395 mm(3)], P = .001) and increased median survival (806-PE38 median = 82 days vs vehicle median = 50 days,P= .01) in a MDA-MB-468 TNBC mouse xenograft. Deletion of the catalytic residue eliminated both cytotoxic activity in vitro and the reduction in tumor burden and survival (P= .52). CONCLUSIONS These data support the further development of the 806-PE38 immunotoxin as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with EGFR-positive TNBC. Follow-up experiments with combination therapies will be attempted to achieve full remissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Antonella Antignani
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Sarnovsky
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David FitzGerald
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Kaplan G, Lee F, Onda M, Kolyvas E, Bhardwaj G, Baker D, Pastan I. Protection of the Furin Cleavage Site in Low-Toxicity Immunotoxins Based on Pseudomonas Exotoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E217. [PMID: 27463727 PMCID: PMC4999843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are fusions of an Fv-based targeting moiety and a toxin. Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) has been used to make several immunotoxins that have been evaluated in clinical trials. Immunogenicity of the bacterial toxin and off-target toxicity have limited the efficacy of these immunotoxins. To address these issues, we have previously made RITs in which the Fv is connected to domain III (PE24) by a furin cleavage site (FCS), thereby removing unneeded sequences of domain II. However, the PE24 containing RITs do not contain the naturally occurring disulfide bond around the furin cleavage sequence, because it was removed when domain II was deleted. This could potentially allow PE24 containing immunotoxins to be cleaved and inactivated before internalization by cell surface furin or other proteases in the blood stream or tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe five new RITs in which a disulfide bond is engineered to protect the FCS. The most active of these, SS1-Fab-DS3-PE24, shows a longer serum half-life than an RIT without the disulfide bond and has the same anti-tumor activity, despite being less cytotoxic in vitro. These results have significance for the production of de-immunized, low toxicity, PE24-based immunotoxins with a longer serum half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Kaplan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Fred Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Emily Kolyvas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gaurav Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ali-Rahmani F, FitzGerald DJ, Martin S, Patel P, Prunotto M, Ormanoglu P, Thomas C, Pastan I. Anticancer Effects of Mesothelin-Targeted Immunotoxin Therapy Are Regulated by Tyrosine Kinase DDR1. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1560-8. [PMID: 26719540 PMCID: PMC4794364 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RIT) have been highly successful in cancer therapy due, in part, to the high cancer-specific expression of cell surface antigens such as mesothelin, which is overexpressed in mesothelioma, ovarian, lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers, but is limited in normal cells. RG7787 is a clinically optimized RIT consisting of a humanized anti-mesothelin Fab fused to domain III of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, in which immunogenic B-cell epitopes are silenced. To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of RITs, we conducted a kinome RNAi sensitization screen, which identified discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen-activated tyrosine kinase, as a potential target. The collagen/DDR1 axis is implicated in tumor-stromal interactions and potentially affects tumor response to therapy. Therefore, we investigated the effects of DDR1 on RIT. Knockdown of DDR1 by siRNA or treatment with inhibitor, 7rh, greatly enhanced the cytotoxic activity of RG7787 in several cancer cell lines. Investigation into the mechanism of action showed DDR1 silencing was associated with decreased expression of several ribosomal proteins and enhanced inhibition of protein synthesis. Conversely, induction of DDR1 expression or collagen-stimulated DDR1 activity protected cancer cells from RG7787 killing. Moreover, the combination of RG7787 and DDR1 inhibitor caused greater shrinkage of tumor xenografts than either agent alone. These data demonstrate that DDR1 is a key modulator of RIT activity and represents a novel therapeutic strategy to improve targeting of mesothelin-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ali-Rahmani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David J FitzGerald
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott Martin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Paresma Patel
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Marco Prunotto
- Discovery Technologies, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pinar Ormanoglu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Craig Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Joshi BH, Suzuki A, Fujisawa T, Leland P, Varrichio F, Lababidi S, Lloyd R, Kasperbauer J, Puri RK. Identification, characterization, and targeting of IL-4 receptor by IL-4-Pseudomonas exotoxin in mouse models of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Discov Med 2015; 20:273-84. [PMID: 26645899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a rapidly increasing endocrine cancer. Since interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) is overexpressed in human solid cancer, we examined expression of IL-4R in 50 cases of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), 37 well-differentiated papillary cancer (WDPC), 35 well-differentiated follicular cancer of thyroid (WDFC), and 37 normal thyroid specimens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH) techniques. We demonstrated that IL-4Rα was overexpressed in 36/50 (72%) ATC, 20/35 (57%) WDFC, and 11/37 (30%) WDPC tumors. Other two subunits of IL-4R, interleukin-13 receptor α1 (IL-13Rα1) and interleukin-2 receptor gamma (IL-2RγC), were either weakly expressed or absent. As ATC is a highly aggressive cancer with higher incidence of IL-4Rα expression, we characterized IL-4R in 3 ATC cell lines. RT-qPCR and IFA results showed that IL-4Rα is overexpressed while IL-13Rα1 is weakly expressed. Control human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVEC) showed weak expression of IL-4Rα. Binding and competition studies with 125I-IL-4 in ATC cell lines demonstrated that IL-4 specifically bound to IL-4Rα on cell surface. ATC cell lines were highly sensitive to a chimeric fusion cytotoxin consisting of circularly permuted IL-4 and truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL-4-PE), which killed them in a concentration dependent manner. IL-4-PE also blocked colony formation of ATC cell lines in clonogenic assays. IL-4-PE mediated a significant antitumor activity in mouse models of ATC. Intratumoral administration of IL-4-PE caused significant regression of established tumors in a dose dependent manner and increased the overall survival without any visible toxicity. Thus, IL-4Rα in ATC may represent a novel therapeutic target and IL-4-PE may serve as an investigational therapeutic option for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat H Joshi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Toshio Fujisawa
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Pamela Leland
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Frederick Varrichio
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Samir Lababidi
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ricardo Lloyd
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jan Kasperbauer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, MN 55905, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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27
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Liu H, Seijsing J, Frejd FY, Tolmachev V, Gräslund T. Target-specific cytotoxic effects on HER2-expressing cells by the tripartite fusion toxin ZHER2:2891-ABD-PE38X8, including a targeting affibody molecule and a half-life extension domain. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:601-9. [PMID: 26046132 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cancer treatment regimens including immunotoxins is partly hampered by their immunogenicity. Recently, deimmunized versions of toxins have been described, potentially being better suited for translation to the clinic. In this study, a recombinant tripartite fusion toxin consisting of a deimmunized version of exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PE38) genetically fused to an affibody molecule specifically interacting with the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and also an albumin binding domain (ABD) for half-life extension, has been produced and characterized in terms of functionality of the three moieties. Biosensor based assays showed that the fusion toxin was able to interact with human and mouse serum albumin, but not with bovine serum albumin and that it interacted with HER2 (KD=5 nM). Interestingly, a complex of the fusion toxin and human serum albumin also interacted with HER2 but with a somewhat weaker affinity (KD=12 nM). The IC50-values of the fusion toxin ranged from 6 to 300 pM on SKOV-3, SKBR-3 and A549 cells and was lower for cells with higher surface densities of HER2. The fusion toxin was found specific for HER2 as shown by blocking available HER2 receptors with free affibody molecule before subjecting the cells to the toxin. Analysis of contact time showed that 10 min was sufficient to kill 50% of the cells. In conclusion, all three regions of the fusion toxin were found to be functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Seijsing
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Gräslund
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Weldon JE, Skarzynski M, Therres JA, Ostovitz JR, Zhou H, Kreitman RJ, Pastan I. Designing the furin-cleavable linker in recombinant immunotoxins based on Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1120-8. [PMID: 25997032 PMCID: PMC7724502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are fusion proteins that join antibodies to protein toxins for targeted cell killing. RITs armed with Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) are undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. The current design of PE-based RITs joins an antibody fragment to the catalytic domain of PE using a polypeptide linker that is cleaved by the protease furin. Intracellular cleavage of native PE by furin is required for cytotoxicity, yet the PE cleavage site has been shown to be a poor furin substrate. Here we describe the rational design of more efficiently cleaved furin linkers in PE-based RITs, and experiments evaluating their effects on cleavage and cytotoxicity. We found that changes to the furin site could greatly influence both cleavage and cytotoxicity, but the two parameters were not directly correlated. Furthermore, the effects of alterations to the furin linker were not universal. Identical mutations in the anti-CD22 RIT HA22-LR often displayed different cytotoxicity from mutations in the anti-mesothelin RIT SS1-LR/GGS, underscoring the prominent role of the target site in their intoxication pathways. Combining several beneficial mutations in HA22-LR resulted in a variant (HA22-LR/FUR) with a remarkably enhanced cleavage rate and improved cytotoxicity against five B cell lines and similar or enhanced cytotoxicity in five out of six hairy cell leukemia patient samples. This result informs the design of protease-sensitive linkers and suggests that HA22-LR/FUR may be a candidate for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Weldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin Skarzynski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jamy A. Therres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Joshua R. Ostovitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert J. Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Wood S, Goldufsky J, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT Induces Atypical Anoikis Apoptosis in Target Host Cells by Transforming Crk Adaptor Protein into a Cytotoxin. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004934. [PMID: 26020630 PMCID: PMC4447348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT induces potent apoptosis in host epithelial cells in a manner that primarily depends on its ADP-ribosyltransferase domain (ADPRT) activity. However, the mechanism underlying ExoT/ADPRT-induced apoptosis remains undetermined. We now report that ExoT/ADPRT disrupts focal adhesion sites, activates p38β and JNK, and interferes with integrin-mediated survival signaling; causing atypical anoikis. We show that ExoT/ADPRT-induced anoikis is mediated by the Crk adaptor protein. We found that Crk-/- knockout cells are significantly more resistant to ExoT-induced apoptosis, while Crk-/- cells complemented with Crk are rendered sensitive to ExoT-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a dominant negative (DN) mutant form of Crk phenocopies ExoT-induced apoptosis both kinetically and mechanistically. Crk is generally believed to be a component of focal adhesion (FA) and its role in cellular survival remains controversial in that it has been found to be either pro-survival or pro-apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that although Crk is recruited to FA sites, its function is likely not required for FA assembly or for survival per se. However, when modified by ExoT or by mutagenesis, it can be transformed into a cytotoxin that induces anoikis by disrupting FA sites and interfering with integrin survival signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first example whereby a bacterial toxin exerts its cytotoxicity by subverting the function of an innocuous host cellular protein and turning it against the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josef Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Verdurmen WPR, Luginbühl M, Honegger A, Plückthun A. Efficient cell-specific uptake of binding proteins into the cytoplasm through engineered modular transport systems. J Control Release 2015; 200:13-22. [PMID: 25526701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Through advances in protein scaffold engineering and selection technologies, highly specific binding proteins, which fold under reducing conditions, can be generated against virtually all targets. Despite tremendous therapeutic opportunities, intracellular applications are hindered by difficulties associated with achieving cytosolic delivery, compounded by even correctly measuring it. Here, we addressed cytosolic delivery systematically through the development of a biotin ligase-based assay that objectively quantifies cytosolic delivery in a generic fashion. We developed modular transport systems that consist of a designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) for receptor targeting and a different DARPin for intracellular recognition and a bacterial toxin-derived component for cytosolic translocation. We show that both anthrax pores and the translocation domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA) efficiently deliver DARPins into the cytosol. We found that the cargo must not exceed a threshold thermodynamic stability for anthrax pores, which can be addressed by engineering, while the ETA pathway does not appear to have this restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter P R Verdurmen
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel Luginbühl
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Annemarie Honegger
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Fitting J, Blume T, ten Haaf A, Blau W, Gattenlöhner S, Tur MK, Barth S. Phage display-based generation of novel internalizing antibody fragments for immunotoxin-based treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. MAbs 2015; 7:390-402. [PMID: 25760770 PMCID: PMC4622674 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1007818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current standard treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is chemotherapy based on cytarabine and daunorubicine (7 + 3), but it discriminates poorly between malignant and benign cells. Dose-limiting off‑target effects and intrinsic drug resistance result in the inefficient eradication of leukemic blast cells and their survival beyond remission. This minimal residual disease is the major cause of relapse and is responsible for a 5-year survival rate of only 24%. More specific and efficient approaches are therefore required to eradicate malignant cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. In this study, we generated scFv antibodies that bind specifically to the surface of AML blast cells and AML bone marrow biopsy specimens. We isolated the antibodies by phage display, using subtractive whole-cell panning with AML M2‑derived Kasumi‑1 cells. By selecting for internalizing scFv antibody fragments, we focused on potentially novel agents for intracellular drug delivery and tumor modulation. Two independent methods showed that 4 binders were internalized by Kasumi-1 cells. Furthermore, we observed the AML‑selective inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis by a recombinant immunotoxin comprising one scFv fused to a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA'). This method may therefore be useful for the selection of novel disease-specific internalizing antibody fragments, providing a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of AML patients.
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MESH Headings
- ADP Ribose Transferases/genetics
- ADP Ribose Transferases/immunology
- ADP Ribose Transferases/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology
- Blast Crisis/drug therapy
- Blast Crisis/immunology
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Exotoxins/genetics
- Exotoxins/immunology
- Exotoxins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/genetics
- Immunotoxins/immunology
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/immunology
- Virulence Factors/pharmacology
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fitting
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute of Applied Medical Engineering; Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Blume
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute of Applied Medical Engineering; Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen, Germany
| | - Andre ten Haaf
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Blau
- Medical Clinic IV (Hematology); University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gattenlöhner
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Kemal Tur
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute of Applied Medical Engineering; Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology; Aachen, Germany
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Brehm H, Niesen J, Mladenov R, Stein C, Pardo A, Fey G, Helfrich W, Fischer R, Gattenlöhner S, Barth S. A CSPG4-specific immunotoxin kills rhabdomyosarcoma cells and binds to primary tumor tissues. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:228-35. [PMID: 25016058 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) remains challenging, with metastatic and alveolar RMS offering a particularly poor prognosis. Therefore, the identification and evaluation of novel antigens, which are suitable targets for immunotherapy, is one attractive possibility to improve the treatment of this disease. Here we show that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is expressed on RMS cell lines and RMS patient material. We evaluated the immunotoxin (IT) αMCSP-ETA', which specifically recognizes CSPG4 on the RMS cell lines RD, FL-OH1, TE-671 and Rh30. It is internalized rapidly, induces apoptosis and thus kills RMS cells selectively. We also demonstrate the specific binding of this IT to RMS primary tumor material from three different patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Brehm
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Radoslav Mladenov
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessa Pardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Fey
- Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany.
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33
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Onda M, Ghoreschi K, Steward-Tharp S, Thomas C, O'Shea JJ, Pastan IH, FitzGerald DJ. Tofacitinib suppresses antibody responses to protein therapeutics in murine hosts. J Immunol 2014; 193:48-55. [PMID: 24890727 PMCID: PMC4106678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity remains the "Achilles' heel" of protein-based therapeutics. Anti-drug Abs produced in response to protein therapeutics can severely limit both the safety and efficacy of this expanding class of agent. In this article, we report that monotherapy of mice with tofacitinib (the JAK inhibitor) quells Ab responses to an immunotoxin derived from the bacterial protein Pseudomonas exotoxin A, as well as to the model Ag keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Thousand-fold reductions in IgG1 titers to both Ags were observed 21 d post immunization. In fact, suppression was evident for all IgG isotypes and IgM. A reduction in IgG3 production was also noted with a thymus-independent type II Ag. Mechanistic investigations revealed that tofacitinib treatment led to reduced numbers of CD127+ pro-B cells. Furthermore, we observed fewer germinal center B cells and the impaired formation of germinal centers of mice treated with tofacitinib. Because normal Ig levels were still present during tofacitinib treatment, this agent specifically reduced anti-drug Abs, thus preserving the potential efficacy of biological therapeutics, including those used as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Scott Steward-Tharp
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Craig Thomas
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ira H Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David J FitzGerald
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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34
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Staudinger M, Glorius P, Burger R, Kellner C, Klausz K, Günther A, Repp R, Klapper W, Gramatzki M, Peipp M. The novel immunotoxin HM1.24-ETA' induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e219. [PMID: 24927408 PMCID: PMC4080209 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new treatment modalities, the clinical outcome in a substantial number of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has yet to be improved. Antibody-based targeted therapies for myeloma patients could make use of the HM1.24 antigen (CD317), a surface molecule overexpressed on malignant plasma cells and efficiently internalized. Here, a novel immunotoxin, HM1.24-ETA', is described. HM1.24-ETA' was generated by genetic fusion of a CD317-specific single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody and a truncated variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA'). HM1.24-ETA' inhibited growth of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-dependent and -independent myeloma cell lines. Half-maximal growth inhibition was observed at concentrations as low as 0.3 nM. Target cell killing occurred via induction of apoptosis and was unaffected in co-culture experiments with bone marrow stromal cells. HM1.24-ETA' efficiently triggered apoptosis of freshly isolated/cryopreserved cells of patients with plasma cell leukemia and MM and was active in a preclinical severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse xenograft model. Importantly, HM1.24-ETA' was not cytotoxic against CD317-positive cells from healthy tissue (monocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells). These results indicate that CD317 may represent a promising target structure for specific and efficient immunotoxin therapy for patients with plasma cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Staudinger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - P Glorius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Burger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - K Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Günther
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Repp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - W Klapper
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Gramatzki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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35
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Wang H, Yu X, Guo C, Zuo D, Fisher PB, Subjeck JR, Wang XY. Enhanced endoplasmic reticulum entry of tumor antigen is crucial for cross-presentation induced by dendritic cell-targeted vaccination. J Immunol 2013; 191:6010-21. [PMID: 24218449 PMCID: PMC3858385 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cross-presentation of protein Ags to CTLs by dendritic cells (DCs) is essential for the success of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. In this study, we report a previously underappreciated pathway involving Ag entry into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) critically needed for T cell cross-priming induced by a DC-targeted vaccine. Directing the clinically relevant, melanoma Ag gp100 to mouse-derived DCs by molecular adjuvant and chaperone Grp170 substantially facilitates Ag access to the ER. Grp170 also strengthens the interaction of internalized protein Ag with molecular components involved in ER-associated protein dislocation and/or degradation, which culminates in cytosolic translocation for proteasome-dependent degradation and processing. Targeted disruption of protein retrotranslocation causes exclusive ER retention of tumor Ag in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs and splenic CD8(+) DCs. This results in the blockade of Ag ubiquitination and processing, which abrogates the priming of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the improved ER entry of tumor Ag serves as a molecular basis for the superior cross-presenting capacity of Grp170-based vaccine platform. The ER access and retrotranslocation represents a distinct pathway that operates within DCs for cross-presentation and is required for the activation of Ag-specific CTLs by certain vaccines. These results also reinforce the importance of the ER-associated protein quality control machinery and the mode of the Ag delivery in regulating DC-elicited immune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - John R. Subjeck
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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36
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Soldatenkova AV, Geĭderova LA, Akhmatova NK, Mikhaĭlova NA. [Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant proteins: effect on mice cytokine profile]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2013:80-7. [PMID: 24605680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study cytokine-mediated immune response in mice vaccinated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant antigen preparations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytokine-mediated immune response was studied in mice vaccinated with membrane recombinant proteins OprF, OprL, a hybrid recombinant protein OprF-I consisting of sequences of OprF and OprI proteins and a recombinant atoxic form of exotoxin A with a deletion of 106 amino acid sequences (recombinant anatoxin - aTox) of P. aeruginosa. RESULTS An induction of a wide specter of studied cytokines was detected in the mice. The highest level was observed for IL-1 and IL-6 after administration of recombinant proteins OprL, OprF, OprF-1, aTox. OprF-I actively stimulated production of IL-2 that is a factor of growth and differentiation of lymphocytes, natural killers and cytotoxic lymphocytes; as well as IL-5, IL-O10, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Recombinant protein OprF-I facilitated induction of IL-6, IL-17, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, whereas aTox - expression of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-gamma. Recombinant protein OprL induced IL-17 synthesis to the most extent and TNF-alpha and IL-10 - moderately. CONCLUSION The P. aeruginosa recombinant proteins obtained during intraperitoneal administration to mice facilitated formation of immune response with the direction of induction in both Thl and Th2 pathways.
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Behdani M, Zeinali S, Karimipour M, Khanahmad H, Schoonooghe S, Aslemarz A, Seyed N, Moazami-Godarzi R, Baniahmad F, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Muyldermans S. Development of VEGFR2-specific Nanobody Pseudomonas exotoxin A conjugated to provide efficient inhibition of tumor cell growth. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:205-9. [PMID: 23031816 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis targeting is an attractive approach for cancer treatment. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is such an important target that is overexpressed in tumor vasculature compared to the endothelium cells of resting blood vessels and blocking of its signaling inhibits neovascularization and tumor metastasis. Immunotoxins represent a promising group of targeted therapeutics to combat tumors. They consist of an antibody linked to a toxin and are designed to kill specifically the tumor cells. In this study, we fused a VEGFR2-specific Nanobody, the antigen-binding single-domain fragment derived from functional Heavy-chain antibody of Camelidae, to the truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A and evaluated its ability to bind the VEGFR2 molecule on the cell surface. We demonstrate that this immunotoxin inhibits the proliferation of VEGFR2-expressing cells in vitro. This finding is considered to be a significant achievement in tumor therapy and it forms a basis for further studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Liu Z, Feng Z, Zhu X, Xu W, Zhu J, Zhang X, Fan Z, Ji G. Construction, expression, and characterization of an anti-tumor immunotoxin containing the human anti-c-Met single-chain antibody and PE38KDEL. Immunol Lett 2013; 149:30-40. [PMID: 23026237 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins consisting of small antibody fragments fused to cytotoxic moieties are being evaluated for use in prospective antibody-targeted cancer therapies. A receptor tyrosine kinase known as c-Met is overexpressed in a vast range of human malignancies, making it an ideal target for antibody-mediated delivery of numerous cytotoxic agents. A single Fab molecule capable of binding to human c-Met with high affinity and specificity was previously identified using antibody phage-display technology. In order to develop a molecule to increase both the cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity of the anti-c-Met molecule, a recombinant immunotoxin anti-c-Met/PE38KDEL was constructed and expressed by fusing the human anti-c-Met single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) with a modified Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38KDEL). Purified anti-c-Met/PE38KDEL was demonstrated to specifically bind to cells of c-Met-positive human hepatoma cell lines, causing a proliferation defect by inducing caspase-3/8-mediated apoptosis, as observed by in vitro assays. Furthermore, anti-c-Met/PE38KDEL administration was shown to inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in vivo through suppression of Ki-67 expression and enhancement of tumor cell apoptosis rates. Cumulatively, the current findings demonstrate the successful construction of a recombinant immunotoxin capable of accurately targeting c-Met-positive human hepatoma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo, providing a novel compound with potential for applications as an alternative therapy for c-Met-positive cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China
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Sashio T, Kume H, Takeda N, Asano T, Tsuji S, Kondo M, Hasegawa Y, Shimokata K. Possible Involvement of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate/G(i)/RhoA pathways in adherence of eosinophils to pulmonary endothelium. Allergol Int 2012; 61:283-93. [PMID: 22361510 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-oa-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lysophospholipid released from inflammatory cells, causes cell migration by increasing cytokines and chemokines. This study was designed to determine whether S1P causes adherence of eosinophils to pulmonary endothelial cells via enhancement of adhesion molecule expression. METHODS Expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in human pulmonary microvasucular endothelial cells (HPMVECs). The number of adherent eosinophils to HPMVECs was calculated according to adhesion assay. RESULTS Pre-treatment of HPMVECs with S1P increased mRNA and protein expression of VCAM-1, in contrast, did not dramatically increase those expression of ICAM-1. The maximal expression of these adhesion molecules in mRNA and protein was observed 4 and 8h after exposure to S1P, respectively. Pre-treatment with S1P also activated RhoA, a monomeric G protein; the ability of S1P to enhance the expression of VCAM-1 was attenuated by RhoA related inhibitors such as Y-27632, C3 exoenzyme, and GGTI-286. The effects of S1P on VCAM-1 were attenuated by pre-incubation with pertussis toxin, which catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of G(i), a heterotrimeric G protein. After HPMVECs were treated with S1P, adhesion of human eosinophilic leukemic cell line (EoL-1) cells to HPMVECs was enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner. Augmented adherence of EoL-1 cells by S1P was also attenuated by Y-27632 and pertussis toxin. S1P causes adherence of eosinophils to pulmonary endothelium via RhoA activation. CONCLUSIONS S1P may act as a lipid mediator in asthma. The RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway may be a therapeutic target for preventing eosinophil infiltration to the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyokazu Sashio
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Dhaliwal A, Maldonado M, Lin C, Segura T. Cellular cytoskeleton dynamics modulates non-viral gene delivery through RhoGTPases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35046. [PMID: 22509380 PMCID: PMC3324413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that the constituents of the cellular microenvironment modulate a myriad of cellular processes, including cell morphology, cytoskeletal dynamics and uptake pathways, the underlying mechanism of how these pathways influence non-viral gene transfer have not been studied. Transgene expression is increased on fibronectin (Fn) coated surfaces as a consequence of increased proliferation, cell spreading and active engagement of clathrin endocytosis pathway. RhoGTPases mediate the crosstalk between the cell and Fn, and regulate cellular processes involving filamentous actin, in-response to cellular interaction with Fn. Here the role of RhoGTPases specifically Rho, Rac and Cdc42 in modulation of non-viral gene transfer in mouse mesenchymal stem (mMSCs) plated in a fibronectin microenvironment was studied. More than 90% decrease in transgene expression was observed after inactivation of RhoGTPases using difficile toxin B (TcdB) and C3 transferase. Expression of dominant negative RhoA (RhoAT19N), Rac1(Rac1T17N) and Cdc42 (Cdc42T17N) also significantly reduced polyplex uptake and transgene expression. Interactions of cells with Fn lead to activation of RhoGTPases. However, further activation of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 by expression of constitutively active genes (RhoAQ63L, Rac1Q61L and Cdc42Q61L) did not further enhance transgene expression in mMSCs, when plated on Fn. In contrast, activation of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 by expression of constitutively active genes for cells plated on collagen I, which by itself did not increase RhoGTPase activation, resulted in enhanced transgene expression. Our study shows that RhoGTPases regulate internalization and effective intracellular processing of polyplexes that results in efficient gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandika Dhaliwal
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maricela Maldonado
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Clayton Lin
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Namazi H. Rho-inhibition by local application of c3-toxin for enhancement of axonal sprouting in a rat end-to-side nerve repair model: a complementary mechanism. Microsurgery 2012; 32:506. [PMID: 22473875 DOI: 10.1002/micr.21982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pasetto M, Barison E, Castagna M, Della Cristina P, Anselmi C, Colombatti M. Reductive activation of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins is promoted by transmembrane thioredoxin-related protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7367-73. [PMID: 22228764 PMCID: PMC3293526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) family (e.g. ricin, abrin) are potent cytotoxins showing a strong lethal activity toward eukaryotic cells. Type 2 RIPs contain two polypeptide chains (usually named A, for "activity", and B, for "binding") linked by a disulfide bond. The intoxication of the cell is a consequence of a reductive process in which the toxic domain is cleaved from the binding domain by oxidoreductases located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The best known example of type 2 RIPs is ricin. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was demonstrated to be involved in the process of ricin reduction; however, when PDI is depleted from cell fraction preparations ricin reduction can still take place, indicating that also other oxidoreductases might be implicated in this process. We have investigated the role of TMX, a transmembrane thioredoxin-related protein member of the PDI family, in the cell intoxication operated by type 2 RIPs ricin and abrin. Overexpressing TMX in A549 cells resulted in a dramatic increase of ricin or abrin cytotoxicity compared with control mock-treated cells. Conversely, no difference in cytotoxicity was observed after treatment of A549 cells or control cells with saporin or Pseudomonas exotoxin A whose intracellular mechanism of activation is not dependent upon reduction (saporin) or only partially dependent upon it (Pseudomonas exotoxin A). Moreover, the silencing of TMX in the prostatic cell line DU145 reduced the sensitivity of the cells to ricin intoxication further confirming a role for this enzyme in intracellular ricin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pasetto
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, P. le L. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Verove J, Bernarde C, Bohn YST, Boulay F, Rabiet MJ, Attree I, Cretin F. Injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exo toxins into host cells can be modulated by host factors at the level of translocon assembly and/or activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30488. [PMID: 22299042 PMCID: PMC3267729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion apparatus exports and translocates four exotoxins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. The translocation requires two hydrophobic bacterial proteins, PopB and PopD, that are found associated with host cell membranes following infection. In this work we examined the influence of host cell elements on exotoxin translocation efficiency. We developed a quantitative flow cytometry based assay of translocation that used protein fusions between either ExoS or ExoY and the ß-lactamase reporter enzyme. In parallel, association of translocon proteins with host plasma membranes was evaluated by immunodetection of PopB/D following sucrose gradient fractionation of membranes. A pro-myelocytic cell line (HL-60) and a pro-monocytic cell line (U937) were found resistant to toxin injection even though PopB/D associated with host cell plasma membranes. Differentiation of these cells to either macrophage- or neutrophil-like cell lines resulted in injection-sensitive phenotype without significantly changing the level of membrane-inserted translocon proteins. As previous in vitro studies have indicated that the lysis of liposomes by PopB and PopD requires both cholesterol and phosphatidyl-serine, we first examined the role of cholesterol in translocation efficiency. Treatment of sensitive HL-60 cells with methyl-ß-cyclodextrine, a cholesterol-depleting agent, resulted in a diminished injection of ExoS-Bla. Moreover, the PopB translocator was found in the membrane fraction, obtained from sucrose-gradient purifications, containing the lipid-raft marker flotillin. Examination of components of signalling pathways influencing the toxin injection was further assayed through a pharmacological approach. A systematic detection of translocon proteins within host membranes showed that, in addition to membrane composition, some general signalling pathways involved in actin polymerization may be critical for the formation of a functional pore. In conclusion, we provide new insights in regulation of translocation process and suggest possible cross-talks between eukaryotic cell and the pathogen at the level of exotoxin translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Verove
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Bernarde
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Yu-Sing Tammy Bohn
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - François Boulay
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Rabiet
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Ina Attree
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - François Cretin
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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Liu W, Onda M, Kim C, Xiang L, Weldon JE, Lee B, Pastan I. A recombinant immunotoxin engineered for increased stability by adding a disulfide bond has decreased immunogenicity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:1-6. [PMID: 22101015 PMCID: PMC3276307 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are anti-cancer agents that combine the Fv of an antibody against cancer cells with a protein toxin from bacteria or plants. Since RITs contain a non-human protein, immunogenicity can be an obstacle in their development. In this study, we have explored the hypothesis that increasing stability can reduce the immunogenicity of a RIT using HA22-LR, which is composed of an anti-CD22 Fv fused to domain III of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. We introduced a disulfide bond into domain III by identifying and mutating two structurally adjacent residues to cysteines at sites suggested by computer modeling. This RIT, HA22-LR-DB, displays a remarkable increase in thermal stability and an enhanced resistance to trypsin degradation. In addition, HA22-LR-DB retains cytotoxic and anti-tumor activity, while exhibiting significantly lower immunogenicity in mice. This study demonstrates that it is possible to design mutations in a protein molecule that will increase the stability of the protein and thereby reduce its immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
| | - Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
| | - Changhoon Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
- Present address: Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Yonsei University, 262 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Laiman Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
| | - John E. Weldon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
| | - Byungkook Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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Abstract
Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is a highly toxic protein secreted by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The modular structure and corresponding mechanism of action of PE make it amenable to extensive modifications that can redirect its potent cytotoxicity from disease to a therapeutic function. In combination with a variety of artificial targeting elements, such as receptor ligands and antibody fragments, PE becomes a selective agent for the elimination of specific cell populations. This review summarizes our current understanding of PE, its intoxication pathway, and the ongoing efforts to convert this toxin into a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Weldon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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Kakudo N, Kushida S, Suzuki K, Matsumoto N, Kusumoto K. Effect of C3 transferase on human adipose-derived stem cells. Hum Cell 2011; 24:165-9. [PMID: 21984005 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-011-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into fat, cartilage, bone, or nerves that can be applied in tissue engineering. On the other hand, the exoenzyme C3 transferase (C3) is a Rho inhibitor. Once in the cytosol, the cell-penetrating moiety is released, thereby allowing C3 transferase to freely diffuse intracellularly and inactivate RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, but not related GTPases such as Cdc42 or Rac1. In this study, we investigated ASC cytoskeletal changes induced by the addition of C3 employing immunofluorescence staining, changes in alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) gene expression employing real-time RT-PCR, and the Rho-inhibitory effect employing the pull-down assay. C3 significantly reduced stress fiber disruption and a-SMA expression 24 h after its addition at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, and it also reduced the Rho activity level. While the correlation of the occurrence can be assumed, it requires further examination to verify it. C3 may be an effective inhibitor of intracellular signal transmission in ASC cytoskeletal control involving Rho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kakudo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan.
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Waldron NN, Kaufman DS, Oh S, Inde Z, Hexum MK, Ohlfest JR, Vallera DA. Targeting tumor-initiating cancer cells with dCD133KDEL shows impressive tumor reductions in a xenotransplant model of human head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1829-38. [PMID: 21862685 PMCID: PMC3191276 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel anticancer agent was constructed by fusing a gene encoding the scFV that targets both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of CD133 to a gene fragment encoding deimmunized PE38KDEL. The resulting fusion protein, dCD133KDEL, was studied to determine its ability to bind and kill tumor-initiating cells in vitro and in vivo. The anti-CD133 scFV selectively bound HEK293 cells transfected with the CD133 receptor gene. Time course viability studies showed that dCD133KDEL selectively inhibited NA-SCC and UMSCC-11B, 2 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas that contain a CD133 expressing subpopulation. Importantly, the drug did not inhibit the viability of hematopoietic lineages measured by long-term culture-initiating cell and colony-forming assays from sorted human CD34+ progenitor cells. In addition to in vitro studies, in vivo tumor initiation experiments confirmed that CD133-sorted cells implanted into the flanks of nude mice grew faster and larger than unsorted cells. In contrast, cells that were pretreated with dCD133KDEL before implantation showed the slowest and lowest incidence of tumors. Furthermore, UMSCC-11B-luc tumors treated with multiple intratumoral injections of dCD133KDEL showed marked growth inhibition, leading to complete degradation of the tumors that was not observed with an irrelevant control-targeted toxin. Experiments in immunocompetent mice showed that toxin deimmunization resulted in a 90% reduction in circulating antitoxin levels. These studies show that dCD133KDEL is a novel anticancer agent effective at inhibiting cell proliferation, tumor initiation, and eliminating established tumors by targeting the CD133 subpopulation. This agent shows significant promise for potential development as a clinically useful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate N Waldron
- Department of Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MMC: 367, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Xu D, Kishi H, Kawamichi H, Kajiya K, Takada Y, Kobayashi S. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces stress fiber formation via activation of Fyn-RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway in fibroblasts. Cell Signal 2011; 24:282-9. [PMID: 21951603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a bioactive sphingolipid, has recently been reported to modulate actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. We have previously demonstrated Fyn tyrosine kinase is involved in SPC-induced actin stress fiber formation in fibroblasts. However, Fyn-dependent signaling pathway remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrates that RhoA-ROCK signaling downstream of Fyn controls stress fiber formation in SPC-treated fibroblasts. Here, we found that SPC-induced stress fiber formation was inhibited by C3 transferase, dominant negative RhoA or ROCK. SPC activated RhoA, which was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of Fyn activity or dominant negative Fyn. Constitutively active Fyn (ca-Fyn) stimulated stress fiber formation and localized with F-actin at the both ends of stress fibers, both of which were prevented by Fyn translocation inhibitor eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In contrast, inhibition of ROCK abolished only the formation of stress fibers, without affecting the localization of ca-Fyn. These results allow the identification of the molecular events downstream SPC in stress fiber formation for a better understanding of stress fiber formation involving Fyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Japan
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Hu Y, Zhang L, Wu R, Han R, Jia Y, Jiang Z, Cheng M, Gan J, Tao X, Zhang Q. Specific killing of CCR9 high-expressing acute T lymphocytic leukemia cells by CCL25 fused with PE38 toxin. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1254-60. [PMID: 21295855 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that CCR9 plays a pivotal role in drug resistance and invasion in human acute T-lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL). In this study, we investigated whether the MOLT4 cells, which naturally express CCR9 at high levels, can be successfully killed by the specific ligand, CCL25 fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin 38 (PE38) toxin. Our results demonstrated that CCL25-PE38 was able to specifically kill MOLT4 cells via apoptosis induction, and suppress the growth of CCR9(+) tumors. This work shows that CCR9 high-expressing human T-ALL cells can be successfully killed by delivering PE38 toxin fused to the ligand CCL25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, China
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