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Moutafi M, Ververi A, Papadopoulou-Legbelou K, Gkiourtzis N, Fotoulaki M, Mataftsi A. A 17-month-old girl with fetal valproate syndrome and ocular coloboma. Clin Dysmorphol 2024; 33:95-98. [PMID: 38411000 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moutafi
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Athina Ververi
- Genetic Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Kyriaki Papadopoulou-Legbelou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Nikolaos Gkiourtzis
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Maria Fotoulaki
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Asimina Mataftsi
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Khanom S, Astill D, Astill N, Cozens J, Mann B, Garratt J, Bromley RL. The lived experience of young adults with Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder, and the perspective of their parents: A qualitative study. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 152:109680. [PMID: 38335859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While research has investigated the physical and neurodevelopmental consequences following prenatal exposure to valproate, our understanding of individuals with a formal diagnosis of Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder (FVSD), particularly in the context of adulthood, remains limited. AIM To investigate how symptoms and challenges of FVSD present in adulthood. METHODS 30 people took part in the study, including 13 young adults aged between 21 and 37 years, 15 mothers, and 2 fathers. In all cases, valproate had been used for the treatment of maternal epilepsy. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Six broad themes were identified: 1. Health and development, 2. Employment, 3. Daily living and independence, 4. Social skills and relationships, 5. Access to services, and 6. Impact on families. Individuals with FVSD live with an array of physical, mental, and developmental challenges that extend well beyond childhood, significantly altering their life course and that of their families. Challenges in obtaining employment, achieving independent living, and navigating social and romantic relationships become increasingly significant as individuals with FVSD age. Despite their persistent need for support, services for adults with FVSD are either limited or entirely absent. Recommendations from families were provided regarding optimized support systems. CONCLUSION This study highlights the lifelong physical, cognitive, emotional, social and behavioural symptoms associated with FVSD. Young adults and their parents desire further research regarding the condition along with improved support and health services in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khanom
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Paediatric Psychosocial Department, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - D Astill
- Foetal Anti-Convulsant Syndrome New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N Astill
- Foetal Anti-Convulsant Syndrome New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Cozens
- Organisation of Anti-Convulsant Syndromes, Caerphilly, Wales, UK
| | - B Mann
- Organisation of Anti-Convulsant Syndromes, Caerphilly, Wales, UK
| | - J Garratt
- Foetal Anti-Convulsant Syndrome New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R L Bromley
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Paediatric Psychosocial Department, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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Corfe-Tan J. Prescription of sodium valproate to women of childbearing potential in Southern District Mental Health Services in New Zealand. Australas Psychiatry 2023; 31:776-781. [PMID: 37632171 PMCID: PMC10725623 DOI: 10.1177/10398562231197286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the adherence to guidelines in the prescription of sodium valproate (SV) to women of childbearing potential (WOCP) in Southern District Mental Health Services (SMHS) in New Zealand (NZ). METHODS Electronic records of women aged 18-54 who were newly prescribed SV by SMHS between the 1st of January 2018 and the 31st of December 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Documentation of the following criteria was examined: pre-commencement pregnancy test, education education on the teratogenic potential of SV and/or the importance of avoiding unplanned pregnancy, information on contraception, and the rationale for prescribing SV over alternative treatments. RESULTS Among the 3065 WOCP who had contact with SMHS during the study period, 51 women were newly prescribed SV and at risk of pregnancy. Twenty-one women (41%) had a recorded reason for prescribing SV over alternative treatments, four women (8%) underwent a pre-commencement pregnancy test, 10 women (20%) received information about the teratogenic potential of SV and/or the importance of avoiding unplanned pregnancy, and 21 women (41%) had documentation regarding contraception. CONCLUSION The study findings indicate heterogeneous and suboptimal documentation of specific risks associated with SV use in WOCP in SMHS. Interventions are needed to improve prescribing and documentation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Corfe-Tan
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Rezende GCD, Noronha RCR, Ortiz HC, do Nascimento LAS, das Neves SC, Ventura Said YL, Cardoso AL, de Mescouto VA, Vilela MLB, do Nascimento VA, Coelho HRS, Leite Kassuya CA, Pedroso TF, Salvador MJ, Oliveira RJ. Absence of maternal-fetal adverse effects of Alternanthera littoralis P. Beauv. following treatment during pregnancy in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2023; 86:543-556. [PMID: 37340982 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2223624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternanthera littoralis P. Beauv is a plant native to Brazil that exhibits various beneficial activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the ethanol extract of Alternanthera littoralis (EEAl) on reproductive outcomes, embryofetal development, and DNA integrity of pregnant female mice. Pregnant Swiss female mice were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 10): controls were administered either 1% Tween 80 (vehicle), EEAl 100 mg/kg or EEAl 1000 mg/kg. Treatment was administered through gavage during the gestational period until day 18. On gestational days 16, 17, and 18, a peripheral blood sample from the tail vein was obtained for DNA integrity analysis (micronucleus test). After the last collection, animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Maternal organs and fetuses were collected, weighed, and subsequently analyzed. Reproductive outcome parameters were assessed by measurement of number of implants, live fetuses, and resorptions. Embryonic development was determined by adequacy of weight for gestational age as well as determination of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. Data demonstrated that EEAl did not produce maternal toxicity at either dose associated with no marked alterations in any of the reproductive outcome parameters including implantation sites, live/dead fetuses ratio, fetal viability, post-implantation losses, resorptions, and resorption rate. However, EEAl 1000 group reduced embryofetal development by lowering placental weight. In addition, there was an increase in the frequency of external and skeletal malformations in the EEAl 1000 group, which could not be attributed to extract exposure as these values were within control levels. Based upon our findings, evidence indicates that the EEAl at the concentrations employed in our study may be considered safe for use during pregnancy and extracts of this plant show potential for development of phytomedicines to be used in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Corbucci Danti Rezende
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Renata Coelho Rodrigues Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brasil
| | - Hudman Cunha Ortiz
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Silvia Cordeiro das Neves
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Yasmin Lany Ventura Said
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Adauto Lima Cardoso
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brasil
- Laboratório Genômica Integrativa, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu (IBB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Marcelo Luiz Brandão Vilela
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Henrique Rodrigues Scherer Coelho
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Taise Fonseca Pedroso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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Álvarez-Barrera L, Rodríguez-Mercado JJ, Mateos-Nava RA, Ocampo-Aguilera NA, Altamirano-Lozano MA. Vanadium(IV) oxide affects embryonic development in mice. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:1587-1596. [PMID: 35243760 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium(V) and vanadium(IV) are the predominant redox forms present in the environment, and epidemiological studies have reported that prenatal vanadium exposure is associated with restricted fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes. However, data about the toxic effects of vanadium(IV) oxide (V2 O4 ) on the development of mammals are still limited. Therefore, in this work, 4.7, 9.4, or 18.7 mg/kg body weight/injection/day V2 O4 was administered through an intraperitoneal (ip) injection to pregnant mice from gestational days 6 to 16. The results showed that V2 O4 produced maternal and embryo-fetal toxicity and external abnormalities in the offspring, such as malrotated and malpositioned hind limbs, hematomas and head injuries. Moreover, the skeletons of the fetuses presented reduced ossification of the cranial bones, including the frontal and parietal bones, corresponding to head injuries observed in the external assessment of the fetuses. These results demonstrate that administration of V2 O4 to pregnant females in the organogenesis period adversely affects embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Álvarez-Barrera
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN), Laboratorio 5, primer piso, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIEZ-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Campus II, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan José Rodríguez-Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN), Laboratorio 5, primer piso, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIEZ-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Campus II, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Aníbal Mateos-Nava
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN), Laboratorio 5, primer piso, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIEZ-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Campus II, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nydia Angélica Ocampo-Aguilera
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN), Laboratorio 5, primer piso, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIEZ-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Campus II, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Agustín Altamirano-Lozano
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN), Laboratorio 5, primer piso, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIEZ-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Campus II, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Carotenuto R, Tussellino M, Ronca R, Benvenuto G, Fogliano C, Fusco S, Netti PA. Toxic effects of SiO 2NPs in early embryogenesis of Xenopuslaevis. Chemosphere 2022; 289:133233. [PMID: 34896176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of organisms to the nanoparticulate is potentially hazardous, particularly when it occurs during embryogenesis. The effects of commercial SiO2NPs in early development were studied, using Xenopus laevis as a model to investigate their possible future employment by means of the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus test (FETAX). The SiO2NPs did not change the survival but produced several abnormalities in developing embryos, in particular, the dorsal pigmentation, the cartilages of the head and branchial arches were modified; the encephalon, spinal cord and nerves are anomalous and the intestinal brush border show signs of suffering; these embryos are also bradycardic. In addition, the expression of genes involved in the early pathways of embryo development was modified. Treated embryos showed an increase of reactive oxygen species. This study suggests that SiO2NPs are toxic but non-lethal and showed potential teratogenic effects in Xenopus. The latter may be due to their cellular accumulation and/or to the effect caused by the interaction of SiO2NPs with cytoplasmic and/or nuclear components. ROS production could contribute to the observed effects. In conclusion, the data indicates that the use of SiO2NPs requires close attention and further studies to better clarify their activity in animals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Raffaele Ronca
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB)-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Fogliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Italian Institute of Technology, Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Martins RX, Vieira L, Souza JACR, Silva MGF, Muniz MS, Souza T, Queiroga FR, Machado MRF, da Silva PM, Farias D. Exposure to 2,4-D herbicide induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109110. [PMID: 34144256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide is the main ingredient in over 1500 commercially available products such as Weedestroy® AM40 and DMA® 4 IVM. Although the liver has been identified as one of the organs that are affected by this herbicide, reports on its hepatotoxic effects available in the literature are restricted to rats. Thus, there is a gap in information on other organisms that may be vulnerable to 2,4-D exposure, such as fish. Therefore, the present work aimed to assess the hepatotoxic potential of 2,4-D in fish using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as a model system. For this purpose, its acute toxicity to zebrafish embryos was assessed, as well as its sublethal effects (< LC50) on the activity of enzymes related to oxidative (GST, CAT and GPX) and metabolic (LDH) stress and liver parameters (AST, ALT and ALP) after 48 h of exposure. Morphological analyses of the liver were also assessed in zebrafish larvae. As a result, 2,4-D reduced larvae survival (LC50 15.010 mg/L in 96 h of exposure), induced malformations, altered the activity of LDH, GST and CAT enzymes and significantly increased the activity of all biomarkers for liver damage. Although no changes in the color or size of larval liver were observed, histopathological analysis revealed that treatment with 2,4-D caused severe changes in liver tissue, such as vacuolization of the cytosol, eccentric cell nucleus, loss of tissue architecture and cellular boundaries. Thus, the results showed that 2,4-D altered the enzymatic profile related to oxidative stress, and induces liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Xavier Martins
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vieira
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Costa Ribeiro Souza
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marília Guia Flor Silva
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marta Silva Muniz
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Souza
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Davi Farias
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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Babalola OO, Truter JC, Van Wyk JH. Lethal and Teratogenic Impacts of Imazapyr, Diquat Dibromide, and Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulations Using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 80:708-716. [PMID: 32901337 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, amphibians are experiencing widespread abnormalities and population declines. One potential contributor to these challenges is the use of pesticides, particularly aquatic herbicides applied to aquatic habitats inhabited by amphibians. Critical issues of concern are the potential toxicity and teratogenicity of these herbicides towards amphibians. Using the FETAX protocol, three globally used formulations, including diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), and imazapyr (Arsenal), were assessed for embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and growth inhibition. Developing Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed for 96 h at concentrations of 0.5-3.0 mg/L, 1.6-3.0 mg/L, and 20-45 mg/L for Midstream, Basta, and Arsenal respectively. The 96-h LC50 estimates were 0.83 mg/L acid equivalent (a.e.), 36 mg/L a.e., and 2.2 mg/L a.e., whereas the EC50 estimates were 0.24 mg/L a.e., 28.13 mg/L a.e., and 2.01 mg/L a.e. for the Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta formulations, respectively. These two estimates produced Teratogenic Index of 3.5, 1.3, and 1.1 for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, indicating a high risk of malformation induction by Midstream and moderate risk for Arsenal. Regarding growth inhibition, lowest observable effect concentrations of 0.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L were computed for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, producing the minimum concentration inhibiting growth (MCIG) ratios of 0.62, 0.69, and 0.89 for the three formulations. These MICG values are higher than the standard 0.30 growth inhibitors benchmark, suggesting that the formulations are not growth inhibitors at the evaluated concentrations. This study provides evidence of the embryotoxic and teratogenic status of Midstream and the embryotoxicity of Basta. There is a need to further characterise the physiological and ecological impacts of these formulations to ensure responsible use and the safety of amphibians and other wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Olusegun Babalola
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Johannes Christoff Truter
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Abstract
The “medical malpractice crisis” in the 1970s involved not only a greater number of suits, but also the emergence of new sorts of claims against medical practitioners. One such claim was the wrongful birth suit, where parents sued their physician on their own behalf for negligence that resulted in the birth of an unwanted child. A related claim, wrongful life, involved a suit brought on behalf of a defective infant against a physician or laboratory that failed to give correct information about a potential defect to the parents. These claims have been the subject of much controversy for judges and commentators.The debate over wrongful life suits involving “impaired” children continues. Courts in Michigan have recently rejected the wrongful life cause of action, while, in Washing ton, the action has been allowed. Some academic critics have also continued to oppose the wrongful life action. In a recent commentary in the pages of this journal, one critic wrote: “Wrongful life actions, by whatever name they may be called, accord with neither logic nor experience, and should not be allowed.”
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Catlin NR, Stethem C, Bowman CJ, Campion SN, Nowland WS, Cappon GD. Knockout mouse models are predictive of malformations or embryo-fetal death in drug safety evaluations. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:138-143. [PMID: 33065206 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, understanding potential developmental toxicity from pharmaceutical exposures has been based on the results of ICH guideline studies in two species. However, support is growing for the use of weight of evidence approaches when communicating the risk of developmental toxicity, where the intended pharmacologic mode of action affects fundamental pathways in developmental biology or phenotypic data from genetically modified animals may increasingly be included in the overall assessment. Since some concern surrounds the use of data from knockout (KO) mice to accurately predict the risk for pharmaceutical modulation of a target, a deeper understanding of the relevance and predictivity of adverse developmental effects in KO mice for pharmacological target modulation is needed. To this end, we compared the results of embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies for 86 drugs approved by the FDA from 2017 to 2019 that also had KO mouse data available in the public domain. These comparisons demonstrate that data from KO mouse models are overall highly predictive of malformations or embryo-fetal lethality (MEFL) from EFD studies, but less so of a negative outcome in EFD studies. This information supports the use of embryo-fetal toxicity data in KO models as part of weight of evidence approaches in the communication of developmental toxicity risk of pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lazaros Kochilas
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Challa AP, Beam AL, Shen M, Peryea T, Lavieri RR, Lippmann ES, Aronoff DM. Machine learning on drug-specific data to predict small molecule teratogenicity. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 95:148-158. [PMID: 32428651 PMCID: PMC7577422 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women are an especially vulnerable population, given the sensitivity of a developing fetus to chemical exposures. However, prescribing behavior for the gravid patient is guided on limited human data and conflicting cases of adverse outcomes due to the exclusion of pregnant populations from randomized, controlled trials. These factors increase risk for adverse drug outcomes and reduce quality of care for pregnant populations. Herein, we propose the application of artificial intelligence to systematically predict the teratogenicity of a prescriptible small molecule from information inherent to the drug. Using unsupervised and supervised machine learning, our model probes all small molecules with known structure and teratogenicity data published in research-amenable formats to identify patterns among structural, meta-structural, and in vitro bioactivity data for each drug and its teratogenicity score. With this workflow, we discovered three chemical functionalities that predispose a drug towards increased teratogenicity and two moieties with potentially protective effects. Our models predict three clinically-relevant classes of teratogenicity with AUC = 0.8 and nearly double the predictive accuracy of a blind control for the same task, suggesting successful modeling. We also present extensive barriers to translational research that restrict data-driven studies in pregnancy and therapeutically "orphan" pregnant populations. Collectively, this work represents a first-in-kind platform for the application of computing to study and predict teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup P Challa
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37203, TN, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, United States; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville 20850, MD, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37212, TN, United States.
| | - Andrew L Beam
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville 20850, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Peryea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville 20850, MD, United States
| | - Robert R Lavieri
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37203, TN, United States
| | - Ethan S Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37212, TN, United States
| | - David M Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37203, TN, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37203, TN, United States; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville 37203, TN, United States
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Saban A, Deruelle P, Boisrame T. Ondansetron Use in Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations. JAMA 2020; 323:2097. [PMID: 32453360 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Saban
- Association de lutte contre l'hyperémèse gravidique (French Patient Organization Against Hyperemesis Gravidarum), Vouleme, France
| | - Philippe Deruelle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Boisrame
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S, Bateman BT. Ondansetron Use in Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations-Reply. JAMA 2020; 323:2097-2098. [PMID: 32453362 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista F Huybrechts
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sonia Hernandez-Diaz
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian T Bateman
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Geissbühler Y, Rezaallah B, Moore A. An alternative to product-specific pregnancy registries? PRIM; PRegnancy outcomes Intensive Monitoring. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 94:13-21. [PMID: 32169556 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patient safety during pregnancy is an important concern. This article presents a method of using an industry safety database to access prospective pregnancy cases. This method, termed here 'PRegnancy outcomes Intensive Monitoring' (PRIM) was developed for fingolimod (Gilenya ™), a treatment option for multiple sclerosis (MS), due to slow enrollment in the company pregnancy registry. The aim of PRIM was to enhance the process of pregnancy data collection and improve data quality, and in particular to enable estimation of the proportion of major congenital malformation and other pregnancy outcomes. To do this, the spontaneous reports of maternal exposure to fingolimod in pregnancy or in the eight weeks immediately before the last menstrual period of patients not enrolled in the pregnancy registry were identified. Follow up checklists were sent at four time points: initial pregnancy report, end of pregnancy, infant attained 3 and 12 months of age. These focused on core data required for derivation of programmed analyses. From 01 Mar 2014 to 28 Feb 2018, a total of 831 prospective maternal exposures with 843 infants were reported, with fetal outcomes reported in 459/843 (54.4 %) of those infants. This enabled the calculation of proportions of pregnancy cases with the main pregnancy outcomes and of fetal cases with malformation. The number of reported pregnancies was significantly higher in PRIM than in the registry, showing that structured use of pharmacovigilance data enables speedier assessment of risks of maternal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Geissbühler
- Evidence and Launch Excellence, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bita Rezaallah
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Chief Medical Office and Patient Safety, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alan Moore
- Quantitative Safety and Epidemiology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
This pharmacoepidemiology study uses Medicaid data to estimate associations between first-trimester use of intravenous ondansetron and risk of cardiac malformations and oral cleft in children of exposed mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista F. Huybrechts
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sonia Hernandez-Diaz
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Loreen Straub
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn J. Gray
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanmin Zhu
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Mogun
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian T. Bateman
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ernst LD. Do safer seizure medication choices during pregnancy result in fewer birth defects? Neurology 2019; 93:e935-e937. [PMID: 31451601 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bremer S, Cortvrindt R, Daston G, Eletti B, Mantovani A, Maranghi F, Pelkonen O, Ruhdel I, Spielmann H. 3.11. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:183-209. [PMID: 16194149 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bremer
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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Gnansia É. [Conditions are met for a first identification situation of an environmental teratogen]. Rev Prat 2019; 69:253-255. [PMID: 30983247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth Gnansia
- Médecin généticienne et épidémiologiste, présidente du conseil scientifique du Remera
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Rasmussen
- From the University of Florida College of Medicine and College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville (S.A.R.); and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (W.B., M.A.H.)
| | - Wanda Barfield
- From the University of Florida College of Medicine and College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville (S.A.R.); and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (W.B., M.A.H.)
| | - Margaret A Honein
- From the University of Florida College of Medicine and College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville (S.A.R.); and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (W.B., M.A.H.)
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Pérez-Alvarez I, Islas-Flores H, Gómez-Oliván LM, Barceló D, López De Alda M, Pérez Solsona S, Sánchez-Aceves L, SanJuan-Reyes N, Galar-Martínez M. Determination of metals and pharmaceutical compounds released in hospital wastewater from Toluca, Mexico, and evaluation of their toxic impact. Environ Pollut 2018; 240:330-341. [PMID: 29751329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the activities inherent to medical care units, the hospital effluent released contains diverse contaminants such as tensoactives, disinfectants, metals, pharmaceutical products and chemical reagents, which are potentially toxic to the environment since they receive no treatment or are not effectively removed by such treatment before entering the drain. They are incorporated into municipal wastewater, eventually entering water bodies where they can have harmful effects on organisms and can result in ecological damage. To determine the toxicological risk induced by this type of eflluents, eight metals and 11 pharmaceuticals were quantified, in effluent from a hospital. Developmental effects, teratogenesis and oxidative stress induction were evaluated in two bioindicator species: Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus. FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus) was used to obtain the median lethal concentration (LC50), effective concentration inducing 50% malformation (EC50), teratogenic index (TI), minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG), and the types of malformation induced. Twenty oocytes in midblastula transition were exposed to six concentrations of effluent (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1%) and negative and positive (6-aminonicotinamide) controls. After 96 h of exposure, diverse biomarkers of oxidative damage were evaluated: hydroperoxide content, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. TI was 3.8 in X. laevis and 4.0 in L. catesbeianus, both exceed the value in the FETAX protocol (1.2), indicating that this effluent is teratogenic to both species. Growth inhibition was induced as well as diverse malformation including microcephaly, cardiac and facial edema, eye malformations, and notochord, tail, fin and gut damage. Significant differences relative to the control group were observed in both species with all biomarkers. This hospital effluent contains contaminants which represents a toxic risk, since these substances are teratogenic to the bioindicators used. The mechanism of damage induction may be associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzayana Pérez-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López De Alda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez Solsona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Livier Sánchez-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Delegación Gustavo a. Madero, México, DF, C.P. 07738, Mexico
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Catlin N, Waidyanatha S, Mylchreest E, Miller-Pinsler L, Cunny H, Foster P, Sutherland V, McIntyre B. Embryo-fetal development studies with the dietary supplement vinpocetine in the rat and rabbit. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:883-896. [PMID: 29460393 PMCID: PMC5980693 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplement and natural product use is increasing within the United States, resulting in growing concern for exposure in vulnerable populations, including young adults and women of child-bearing potential. Vinpocetine is a semisynthetic derivative of the Vinca minor extract, vincamine. Human exposure to vinpocetine occurs through its use as a dietary supplement for its purported nootropic and neuroprotective effects. To investigate the effects of vinpocetine on embryo-fetal development, groups of 25 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and 8 pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were orally administered 0, 5, 20, or 60 mg vinpocetine/kg and 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg daily from gestational day (GD) 6-20 and GD 7-28, respectively. Pregnant rats dosed with vinpocetine demonstrated dose-dependent increases in postimplantation loss, higher frequency of early and total resorptions, lower fetal body weights, and fewer live fetuses following administration of 60 mg/kg, in the absence of maternal toxicity. Additionally, the rat fetuses displayed dose-dependent increases in the incidences of ventricular septum defects and full supernumerary thoracolumbar ribs. Similarly, albeit at higher doses than the rats, pregnant rabbits administered vinpocetine displayed an increase in postimplantation loss and fewer live fetuses (300 mg/kg), in addition to significantly lower fetal body weights (≥75 mg/kg). In conclusion, vinpocetine exposure resulted in similar effects on embryo-fetal development in the rat and rabbit. The species differences in sensitivity and magnitude of response is likely attributable to a species difference in metabolism. Taken together, these data suggest a potential hazard for pregnant women who may be taking vinpocetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Catlin
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC
| | | | | | - Helen Cunny
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC
| | - Paul Foster
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC
| | - Vicki Sutherland
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC
| | - Barry McIntyre
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC
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Vani JM, de Carvalho Schweich L, de Oliveira KRW, Auharek SA, Cunha-Laura AL, Antoniolli-Silva ACMB, Nazario CED, Oliveira RJ. Evaluation of the effects of the larvicides temephos on reproductive performance, embryofetal development and DNA integrity of Swiss mice. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 148:22-27. [PMID: 29891373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temephos is considered the gold standard by the Ministry of Health for controlling the larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The present study evaluated the effects of Temephos larvicide on the reproductive performance, embryo-fetal development and DNA integrity of Swiss mice. This study used 30 pregnant female mice: 10 were controls treated with drinking water at a dosage of 0.1 mL/10 g (body weight - b.w., administered orally - a.o.), and 20 were treated with Temephos at doses of 0.0043 mg/kg and 0.043 mg/kg (b.w., a.o.) during the gestational period. Statistical analysis showed that Temephos did not alter the biometric or reproductive parameters. Comparing the weight of the fetus to the stage of pregnancy demonstrated that the 0.0043 mg/kg dosage increased the size of the fetuses. No external malformations were detected. However, the 0.043 mg/kg dosage induced changes in the sternum, with the main change being the center of the sternum, xiphoid processes and absence of the manubrium. The other skeletal and visceral alterations did not differ from the control group and are considered variants of normality. The analysis of head measurements showed an increase in the anterior/posterior measurements of the glabella, the external occipital protuberance and the biauricular plane. The circumference and area of the head did not present significant differences. The micronucleus test showed only a 0.043 mg/kg increase in 48 h. Thus, it is considered that Temephos has a low teratogenic and genotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Miron Vani
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta" - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Laynna de Carvalho Schweich
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta" - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Karla Regina Warszawski de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química - INQUI, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Laboratório de Combustiveis - LABCOM, Instituto de Química - INQUI, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Sarah Alves Auharek
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e do Mucuri - UFVJM, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréa Luiza Cunha-Laura
- Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Instituto de Biociências - INBIO, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Conceição Millan Brochado Antoniolli-Silva
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta" - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Domingues Nazario
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química - INQUI, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Laboratório de Combustiveis - LABCOM, Instituto de Química - INQUI, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica - CeTroGen, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - HUMAP, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta" - FAMED, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas - CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Perez-Miralles FC. Daclizumab in multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol 2018; 66:271-282. [PMID: 29645071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Daclizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD25 subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor, investigated as a disease-modifying therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The present review addresses how the drug was developed, the known mechanism of action of the drug and the up-to-date data of efficacy and safety. DEVELOPMENT Daclizumab has shown superiority in prevention of relapses against placebo and low-dose interferon beta-1a at a level that puts it on par with the rest of current first-line drugs. The effect on the progression of the disease and on neurodegeneration parameters, however, is not clear. On the other hand, it presents safety problems (mainly risk of autoimmunity phenomena including fulminant hepatopathy and encephalitis) that have supposed eventually its withdrawn from marketing. Daclizumab introduces a new mechanism of action through the blocking of a key interleukin in immune regulation and its effect on a population of cells with regulatory ability, such as the NK CD56(bright) cells. CONCLUSIONS Daclizumab has shown efficacy in slowing the inflammatory process of multiple sclerosis, although the appearance of potentially serious side effects has not allowed its use to significantly impact current clinical practice. The development of new drugs in multiple sclerosis must be contingent on maintaining or improving the risk-benefit profile with respect to those already in use.
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Depression During Pregnancy. J Midwifery Womens Health 2017; 62:779-80. [PMID: 29149511 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
CLINICAL QUESTION Is maternal use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy associated with major congenital malformations in children? BOTTOM LINE Certain antiepileptic drugs were associated with increased rates of congenital malformations (eg, spina bifida, cardiac anomalies). Lamotrigine (2.31% in 4195 pregnancies) and levetiracetam (1.77% in 817 pregnancies) were associated with the lowest risk and valproate was associated with the highest risk (10.93% in 2565 pregnancies) compared with the offspring of women without epilepsy (2.51% in 2154 pregnancies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Bromley
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, England
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, England
| | - Jennifer Weston
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, England
| | - Anthony G Marson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England
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HARLEY JD. GROSS CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS IN SIBLINGS OF CHILDREN WITH GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE-DEFICIENT ERYTHROCYTES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:204-6. [PMID: 14194837 DOI: 10.1111/imj.1964.13.3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Akhtar MS, Tahir M. Folic Acid Effect on Artemether-Induced Cardiac Anomalies in Mice Embryos. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2017; 27:532-535. [PMID: 29017665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of folic acid in preventing the adverse effects of artemether, on fetal heart in Albino mice. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Anatomy, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, from July 2011 to January 2012. METHODOLOGY Eighteen pregnant Albino mice were randomly divided into three groups A, B, and C of six mice each. The control group Awas treated with intramuscular injection of solvent arachis oil 10.7 mg/kg, group B was given intramuscular injection of artemether 10.7 mg/kg, and group C was given intramuscular injection of artemether 10.7 mg/kg and folic acid 4.93 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.1 ml. of distilled water orally, from 6th to 10th day of pregnancy. On 18th gestational day, the mice were sacrificed, and dissected to deliver live fetuses of group A(n=46), group B (n=16), and group C (n=20) were delivered. After dissection of the fetuses, the hearts were isolated and fixed in 10% formalin and processed in a usual way for histological examination with the light microscope after H&E staining, using X4, X10, and X40 objectives. The sections were evaluated for presence of septal defects, thickness of ventricular and atrial septa was calculated by micrometery. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 18 was used. RESULTS Post-Hoc Tukey's test indicated statistically significant difference in mean atrial septal thickness between groups Aand B (p < 0.001), groups B and C (p=0.015), and insignificant difference between groups Aand C (p=0.178). There was statistically significant thinning of ventricular septa between groups Aand B (p < 0.001), groups B and C (p < 0.001), and groups Aand C (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Folic acid protected the toxic effects of artemether on the development of heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Tahir
- Department of Anatomy, University of Health Sciences, Lahore
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Song R, Lin H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Feng W. Effects of methimazole and propylthiouracil exposure during pregnancy on the risk of neonatal congenital malformations: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180108. [PMID: 28671971 PMCID: PMC5495385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exposure to different antithyroid drugs during pregnancy on the incidence of neonatal congenital malformations. Methods A meta-analysis was performed to compare the incidence of neonatal congenital malformations after exposure to different antithyroid drugs during pregnancy. Twelve studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception until January 2017. Study designs included case–control studies, prospective cohort studies, and retrospective cohort studies. Results Twelve studies involving 8028 participants with exposure to different antithyroid drugs during pregnancy were included in this study; however, only 10 studies involving 5059 participants involved exposure to different antithyroid drugs exactly during pregnancy. Our results indicated that exposure to methimazole (MMI)/carbimazole (CMZ) only during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of neonatal congenital malformations compared to no antithyroid drug exposure (OR 1.88; 95%CI 1.33 to 2.65; P = 0.0004). No differences were observed between propylthiouracil (PTU) exposure and no antithyroid drug exposure only during pregnancy (OR 0.81; 95%CI 0.58 to 1.15; P = 0.24). Exposure to MMI/CMZ only during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of neonatal congenital malformations compared to that associated with exposure to PTU (OR 1.90; 95%CI 1.30 to 2.78; P = 0.001). Conclusion For pregnant women with hyperthyroidism, exposure to MMI/CMZ significantly increased the incidence of neonatal congenital malformations compared to exposure to PTU and no antithyroid drug exposure; however, no differences were observed between PTU exposure and no antithyroid drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hepu Lin
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XYZ); (WYF)
| | - Wanyu Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XYZ); (WYF)
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Ungewitter E, Rotgers E, Bantukul T, Kawakami Y, Kissling GE, Yao HHC. From the Cover: Teratogenic Effects of in Utero Exposure to Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)-Phthalate (DEHP) in B6:129S4 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:8-19. [PMID: 28123099 PMCID: PMC6074946 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine exposure to phthalates is known to cause disorders of male reproductive function including androgen insufficiency, decreased fertility, and germ cell defects in rodents. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on fetal development of the B6:129S4 mouse strain. Time-mated pregnant C57BL/6 dams were exposed to 0, 5, 250, or 500 mg/kg DEHP with corn oil as the vehicle via oral gavage from embryonic days (E)7 to 16. Survival and gross morphology of the pups were analyzed one day after the last treatment. Anogenital distance (AGD) and testicular cell functions were examined in male embryos to confirm the known effects of phthalate exposure. DEHP exposure significantly reduced the survival rate of fetuses in the 250 and 500 mg/kg dosage groups compared with the control and 5 mg/kg groups. Exposure to 250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP was teratogenic and induced exencephaly and limb malformations such as polydactyly in the B6:126S4 embryos. No gross malformations were observed in control or 5 mg/kg DEHP groups. In male embryos, exposure to both 5 and 250 mg/kg DEHP in utero was sufficient to induce the formation of multinucleated germ cells in the testes and widespread changes in mRNA expression of germ cell, interstitium and Sertoli cell-associated genes. These findings reveal that intrauterine DEHP exposure has a strong teratogenic, and lethal impact on the fetuses of B6:129S4 mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Gennetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Grigoriadis S, Peer M. Largest study to date shows overall use of antipsychotics in pregnancy does not appear to significantly increase the risk of congenital malformations. Evid Based Ment Health 2017; 20:e7. [PMID: 28292779 PMCID: PMC10688528 DOI: 10.1136/eb-2016-102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Grigoriadis
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miki Peer
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sorensen D, Sackett A, Urban DJ, Maier J, Vargesson N, Sears KE. A new mammalian model system for thalidomide teratogenesis: Monodelphis domestica. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:126-132. [PMID: 28130151 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
From 1957 to 1962, thalidomide caused birth defects in >10,000 children. While the drug was pulled from the market, thalidomide is currently prescribed to treat conditions including leprosy. As a result, a new generation of babies with thalidomide defects is being born in the developing world. This represents a serious problem, as the mechanisms by which thalidomide disrupts development remain unresolved. This lack of resolution is due, in part, to the absence of an appropriate mammalian model for thalidomide teratogenesis. We test the hypothesis that opossum (Monodelphis domestica) is well suited to model human thalidomide defects. Results suggest that opossum embryos exposed to thalidomide display a range of phenotypes (e.g., heart, craniofacial, limb defects) and penetrance similar to humans. Furthermore, all opossums with thalidomide defects exhibit vascular disruptions. Results therefore support the hypotheses that opossums make a good mammalian model for thalidomide teratogenesis, and that thalidomide can severely disrupt angiogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sorensen
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amanda Sackett
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel J Urban
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer Maier
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W Gregory Drive, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Zhu J, Janesick A, Wu L, Hu L, Tang W, Blumberg B, Shi H. The unexpected teratogenicity of RXR antagonist UVI3003 via activation of PPARγ in Xenopus tropicalis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 314:91-97. [PMID: 27894914 PMCID: PMC5183475 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The RXR agonist (triphenyltin, TPT) and the RXR antagonist (UVI3003) both show teratogenicity and, unexpectedly, induce similar malformations in Xenopus tropicalis embryos. In the present study, we exposed X. tropicalis embryos to UVI3003 in seven specific developmental windows and identified changes in gene expression. We further measured the ability of UVI3003 to activate Xenopus RXRα (xRXRα) and PPARγ (xPPARγ) in vitro and in vivo. We found that UVI3003 activated xPPARγ either in Cos7 cells (in vitro) or Xenopus embryos (in vivo). UVI3003 did not significantly activate human or mouse PPARγ in vitro; therefore, the activation of Xenopus PPARγ by UVI3003 is novel. The ability of UVI3003 to activate xPPARγ explains why UVI3003 and TPT yield similar phenotypes in Xenopus embryos. Our results indicate that activating PPARγ leads to teratogenic effects in Xenopus embryos. More generally, we infer that chemicals known to specifically modulate mammalian nuclear hormone receptors cannot be assumed to have the same activity in non-mammalian species, such as Xenopus. Rather they must be tested for activity and specificity on receptors of the species in question to avoid making inappropriate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA
| | - Lijiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Cardoso-Vera JD, Islas-Flores H, SanJuan-Reyes N, Montero-Castro EI, Galar-Martínez M, García-Medina S, Elizalde-Velázquez A, Dublán-García O, Gómez-Oliván LM. Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:467-475. [PMID: 27644024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water is an increasingly deteriorated, limited natural resource due to population increase and industrialization. Also, the widespread use of pharmaceuticals in modern society leads to their presence in domestic, hospital and industrial effluents. Due to their analgesic properties, some of the most commonly used pharmaceuticals are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). High concentrations of one these products, diclofenac (DCF), have been detected in effluents and water bodies of different countries, including Mexico. Diverse studies show that trace amounts (ngL-1 to μgL-1) of this compound induce toxicity on aquatic organisms such as algae, microcrustaceans and fish. However, studies on its potential toxicity during development in species of commercial interest such as the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate DCF-induced teratogenesis and embryotoxicity in Xenopus laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species marketed as a nutritional meat source in Mexico, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Oocytes in mid-blastula transition were exposed for 96h to 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 62.5mgDCFL-1. The criteria evaluated were mortality, malformation and growth inhibition. The teratogenic index was 4.2 in L. catesbeianus, three-fold higher than the reference limit (1.5), and 3.9 in X. laevis. Diclofenac induced diverse malformations in both species, the most frequent of these being axial malformations in the tail and notochord, edema and stunted growth. Results indicate that DCF is a potentially teratogenic compound and is toxic during development in X. laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species which, due to its sensitivity, can be used to evaluate the toxicity of pharmaceutical products, using FETAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Daniel Cardoso-Vera
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Elena Irabella Montero-Castro
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Armando Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublán-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Diethylstilbestrol (DES): also harms the third generation. Prescrire Int 2016; 25:294-8. [PMID: 30758926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diethylstilbestrol(DES) is a synthet- ic nonsteroidal oestrogen and endo- crine disruptor that was used in the 1950s-1970s to prevent spontaneous abortion, despite its lack of proven efficacy. Millions of women worldwide took DES during pregnancy. In France, between 1951 and 1981, about 160 000 children were exposed to DES during the first trimester of their intrauterine life, and in some cases almost throughout the entire pregnancy. They are referred to as "DES daughters" and "DES sons". In 2010, in France, about 25 000 DES daughters were aged 33 to 40 years: pregnancies among these women are foreseeable until about 2020. In utero exposure to DES can have harmful effects. In particular, DES daughters have an increased risk of cancer and structural abnormalities of the uterus that can adversely affect their pregnancies. What are the consequences of tak- ing DES during pregnancy for the third generation, i.e. the children of DES children? To answer this question, we reviewed the available data in mid- 2016 using the standard Prescrire methodology. According to a retrospective study conducted in France by Réseau DES France, published in 2016, which included 4409 DES grandchildren (2228 girls and 2181 boys) and about 6000 controls, about one-quarter of DES grandchildren are born prematurely. Preterm delivery exposes neonates to serious neonatal complications, including neurosensory disorders, disabilities and increased neonatal mor- tality. The more premature the baby, the greater the risk of complications. In the Réseau DES France study, cerebral palsy was more frequent in the DES grandchildren group: 59/10 000, versus 6/10 000 in the control group. A study conducted in the United States in about 4500 DES daughters found that preterm delivery occurred at a frequency of about 26%, much higher than that reported in controls. Neonatal mortality was 8 times higher among DES grandchildren, and the risk of stillbirth was twice as high. Other smaller studies have also shown an increased risk of preterm birth. A cohort study conducted in about 5000 DES grandchildren found that the risk of malformations of any type was higher than in the unexposed control group. Epidemiological studies, conduct- ed in several countries, found an increased frequency of hypospadias in DES grandsons. The relative risk was about 5 in the largest study. Other, less robust studies found no statistically significant difference. Several studies in several countries have shown a twofold increase in the risk of oesophageal atresia or tracheo- oesophageal fistula in DES grandchildren. The data on congenital heart defects or musculoskeletal malformations are limited and uninformative. Epidemiological studies have not identified a significant increase in the risk of gynaecological anomalies or cancers in DES granddaughters. Limited data are available on the risk of malformations in the children of DES sons. The data obtained in rodents exposed to DES (and other endocrine disruptors) make it entirely plausible that in utero exposure to DES, in humans too, provokes epigenetic effects that are passed on to future generations not directly exposed to DES. In practice, these data should be discussed with DES daughters, their partners and healthcare teams so that appropriate monitoring, clinical man- agement and follow-up can be arranged for both mother and baby. The harms of taking DES during pregnancy last for decades and affect future generations.
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Abstract
It has been demonstrated that uranium is an embryo/fetal toxicant when given orally or subcutaneously to pregnant mice. On the other hand, maternal stress has been shown to enhance the developmental toxicity of a number of metals. In this study, maternal toxicity and developmental effects of a concurrent exposure to uranyl acetate dihydrate (UAD) and restraint stress were evaluated in rats. Four groups of pregnant animals were given subcutaneous injections of UAD at 0.415 and 0.830 mg/kg/day on Days 6 to 15 of gestation. Animals in two of these groups were also subjected to restraint for 2 hr/day during the same gestational days. Control groups included restrained and unrestrained pregnant rats not exposed to UAD. Cesarean sections were performed on gestation Day 20, and the fetuses were weighed and examined for malformations and variations. Maternal toxicity and embryotoxicity were noted at 0.830 mg/kg/day of UAD, while fetotoxicity was evidenced at 0.415 and 0.830 mg/kg/day of UAD by significant reductions in fetal body weight and increases in the total number of skeletally affected fetuses. No teratogenic effects were noted in any group. Maternal restraint enhanced uranium-induced embryo/fetal toxicity only at 0.830 mg/kg/day, a dose that was also significantly toxic to the dams. As in previous studies with other metals, maternal stress enhances uranium-induced developmental toxicity at uranium doses that are highly toxic to the dams; however, at doses that are less acutely toxic the role of maternal stress would not be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Albina
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Martino A, Towner MNW, Towner JE. Fetal Myelomeningocele After Maternal Methotrexate Administration: A Case Report. J Reprod Med 2016; 61:609-611. [PMID: 30230290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate supplementation in women of reproductive age has a well-established role in the prevention of neural tube defects. Methotrexate is a commonly used drug which functions by inhibiting normal folate metabolism in active cells. An association between fetal methotrexate exposure and myelomeningocele might be expected, considering this relationship. However, to our knowledge, no cases of myelomeningocele secondary to in utero methotrexate exposure have been reported. CASE We present the case of a gravid patient who, having received methotrexate for management of an ectopic pregnancy, was lost to follow-up and returned several weeks later carrying an intrauterine pregnancy. The fetus was found prenatally to be suffering from multiple congenital anomalies. At birth the infant demonstrated many of the abnormalities commonly associated with fetal methotrexate syndrome, including craniosynostosis and talipes equinovarus. Most interestingly, the newborn was also diagnosed with a lumbar myelomeningocele and concomitant type II Chiari malformation, as is often associated with such a neural tube defect. CONCLUSION Methotrexate exposure may impact the fetal risk of myelomeningocele. Patients should be counseled thoroughly on the importance of follow-up care.
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Sadler R, Maetam B, Edokpolo B, Connell D, Yu J, Stewart D, Park MJ, Gray D, Laksono B. Health risk assessment for exposure to nitrate in drinking water from village wells in Semarang, Indonesia. Environ Pollut 2016; 216:738-745. [PMID: 27400904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The levels of nitrate in 52 drinking water wells in rural Central Java, Indonesia were evaluated in April 2014, and the results were used for a health risk assessment for the local populations by using probabilistic techniques. The concentrations of nitrate in drinking water had a range of 0.01-84 mg/L, a mean of 20 mg/L and a medium of 14 mg/L. Only two of the 52 samples exceeded the WHO guideline values of 50 mg/L for infant methaemoglobinaemia. The hazard quotient values as evaluated against the WHO guideline value at the 50 and 95 percentile points were HQ50 at 0.42 and HQ95 at 1.2, respectively. These indicated a low risk of infant methaemoglobinaemia for the whole population, but some risk for the sensitive portion of the population. The HQ50 and HQ95 values based on WHO acceptable daily intake dose for adult male and female were 0.35 and 1.0, respectively, indicating a generally a low level of risk. A risk characterisation linking birth defects to nitrate levels in water consumed during the first three months of pregnancy resulted in a HQ50/50 values of 1.5 and a HQ95/5 value of 65. These HQ values indicated an elevated risk for birth defects, in particular for the more sensitive population. A sanitation improvement program in the study area had a positive effect in reducing nitrate levels in wells and the corresponding risk for public health. For example, the birth defect HQ50/50 values for a subset of wells surveyed in both 2014 and 2015 was reduced from 1.1 to 0.71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Sadler
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia.
| | - Brooke Maetam
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Edokpolo
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia.
| | - Des Connell
- School of Environment, Griffith University and Centre for Environment and Population Health, Nathan, 4111, Australia.
| | - Jimmy Yu
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia.
| | - Donald Stewart
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southbank, 4101, Australia.
| | - M-J Park
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southbank, 4101, Australia.
| | - Darren Gray
- Department of Global Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Oshima Y, Okutsu I, Hamanaka I, Motomura T. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Accompanying Radial Dysplasia Due to Thalidomide Embryopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 31:342-4. [PMID: 16530898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We performed endoscopic carpal tunnel release in four hands in three patients suffering from radial dysplasia due to thalidomide embryopathy. Carpal canal pressure measurements results confirmed the diagnoses. All operations were successfully performed and resulted in no complications. Tingling sensation and sensory disturbances of the hands subsided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Tuccori M, Blandizzi C. SSRIs and birth defects: can a new statistical approach resolve old controversies? Evid Based Ment Health 2016; 19:e19. [PMID: 27102213 PMCID: PMC10699450 DOI: 10.1136/eb-2015-102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tuccori
- Unit of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Smits JEG, Bortolotti GR, Baos R, Blas J, Hiraldo F, Xie Q. Skeletal Pathology in White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) Associated With Heavy Metal Contamination in Southwestern Spain. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 33:441-8. [PMID: 16036861 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590953097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, a mine tailings dyke in southwestern Spain broke, flooding the Agrio-Guadiamar river system with acid tailings up to the borders of one of the largest breeding colony of white storks in the western Palearctic, Dehesa de Abajo. Over the following years, a high proportion of nestlings developed leg defects, prompting this study. Ten fledglings with leg deformities from the spill area were compared with 11 normal storks of the same year class from another region far from the spill. However, metals were analyzed as a continuum rather than by site, as reference birds also contained high levels of metals. Gross pathology of the legs was supported by histopathology, which showed that bone remodeling activity was greater in the deformed storks, which also had more irregular subperiosteal bone, and tended to have higher residual islets of cartilage in their metaphyses, which, in turn were related to metal contaminant residues. Both Ca and P in bone were affected independently by metals. Deformed birds had lower serum bone alkaline phosphatase. Bone malformations, measured by leg asymmetry, was only partially explained by bone metals, indicating that a combination of factors was involved with the abnormal development in these young storks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit E G Smits
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Boye A, Boampong VA, Takyi N, Martey O. Assessment of an aqueous seed extract of Parkia clappertoniana on reproductive performance and toxicity in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 185:155-161. [PMID: 26993051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The seeds of Parkia clappertoniana Keay (Family: Fabaceae) are extensively used in food in the form of a local condiment called 'Dawadawa' in Ghana and consumed by all class of people including sensitive groups such as pregnant women and children. Also, crudely pounded preparations of P. clappertoniana seeds are used as labor inducing agent in farm animals by local farmers across northern Ghana where nomadism is the livelihood of most indigenes. Ecologically, P. clappertoniana is extensively distributed across the savannah ecological zone of many African countries where just like Ghana it enjoys ethnobotanical usage. Although, many studies have investigated some aspects of the pharmacological activity of P. clappertoniana, none of these studies focused on the reproductive system, particularly its effects on reproductive performance and toxicity. To contribute, this study assessed the effect of aqueous seed extract of P. clappertoniana (PCE) on reproductive performance and toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats and ICR mice. METHODS After preparation of PCE, it was then tested on rodents at different gestational and developmental windows (1-7, 8-14, and 15-term gestational days) to assess the following: mating behavior, implantation rate, maternal and developmental toxicities. Generally, animals were randomly grouped into five and treated as follows: normal saline group (5ml/kg po), cytotec (misoprostol) group (200mg/kg po), folic acid group (5mg/kg po), and PCE groups (100, 200, and 500mg/kg po), however, these groupings were varied to suit the specific requirements of some parameters. For acute toxicity, animals were orally administered PCE (3 and 5g/kg for mice and rats respectively). RESULTS PCE-treated rats showed improved mating behavior compared to control rats. PCE improved implantation rate compared to misoprostol-treated rats. On the average, PCE-treated rats delivered termed live pubs at 21 days compared to that of folic acid-treated rats at 23 days. Also, PCE-treated rats showed no observable maternal and developmental toxicities compared to folic acid and control rats. PCE (3-5g/kg po) was orally tolerated in rodents. CONCLUSION Oral administration of Parkia clappertoniana seed extract improves reproductive performance in rodents with no observable maternal and developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, China.
| | - Victor Addai Boampong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Nutifafa Takyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine (CSRPM), Mampong-Akuapim, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Orleans Martey
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine (CSRPM), Mampong-Akuapim, Eastern Region, Ghana
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Allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Prescrire Int 2016; 25:101-2, 104. [PMID: 27186624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the first-choice drugs for allergic rhinitis are nasal or oral "non-sedating" antihistamines without antimuscarinic activity, in particular cetirizine, or loratadine after the first trimester.
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Rogers JE, Dasari A, Eng C. The Treatment of Colorectal Cancer During Pregnancy: Cytotoxic Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy Challenges. Oncologist 2016; 21:563-70. [PMID: 27000464 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Cancer diagnosed during pregnancy has increased because of delayed child-bearing and the known occurrence of age-dependent malignancies. Cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) in pregnancy have recently been reported. With the expected rise in CRC diagnosed in young adults coupled with the current trend of delayed child-bearing, CRC during pregnancy is likely to increase. Treating pregnant women with CRC by using antineoplastics presents a dilemma because there are many unknowns to guide treatment decisions. We review the issues regarding the use of 10 CRC-approved agents in pregnancy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Colorectal cancer (CRC) in pregnancy is likely to become more common because of the current population trend in delayed child-bearing and the increase in CRC incidence expected among young adults. Practitioners should become familiar with the challenges associated with systemic treatment of a pregnant patient with CRC. This review addresses concerns surrounding the 10 systemic agents approved for CRC to help provide treatment guidance when such a case arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Rogers
- Pharmacy Clinical Programs, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arvind Dasari
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cathy Eng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Defarge N, Takács E, Lozano VL, Mesnage R, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE, Székács A. Co-Formulants in Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Disrupt Aromatase Activity in Human Cells below Toxic Levels. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:E264. [PMID: 26927151 PMCID: PMC4808927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide formulations contain declared active ingredients and co-formulants presented as inert and confidential compounds. We tested the endocrine disruption of co-formulants in six glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), the most used pesticides worldwide. All co-formulants and formulations were comparably cytotoxic well below the agricultural dilution of 1% (18-2000 times for co-formulants, 8-141 times for formulations), and not the declared active ingredient glyphosate (G) alone. The endocrine-disrupting effects of all these compounds were measured on aromatase activity, a key enzyme in the balance of sex hormones, below the toxicity threshold. Aromatase activity was decreased both by the co-formulants alone (polyethoxylated tallow amine-POEA and alkyl polyglucoside-APG) and by the formulations, from concentrations 800 times lower than the agricultural dilutions; while G exerted an effect only at 1/3 of the agricultural dilution. It was demonstrated for the first time that endocrine disruption by GBH could not only be due to the declared active ingredient but also to co-formulants. These results could explain numerous in vivo results with GBHs not seen with G alone; moreover, they challenge the relevance of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value for GBHs exposures, currently calculated from toxicity tests of the declared active ingredient alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Defarge
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
- CRIIGEN, 81 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
| | - Eszter Takács
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022, Herman Ottó u. 15, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Verónica Laura Lozano
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
- CRIIGEN, 81 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
| | | | - Gilles-Eric Séralini
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
- CRIIGEN, 81 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
| | - András Székács
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022, Herman Ottó u. 15, Budapest, Hungary.
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