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Ali SG, Haseen U, Jalal M, Khan RA, Alsalme A, Ahmad H, Khan HM. Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from the Leaves of Aegle marmelos and Their Antimicrobial Activity and Photocatalytic Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:7499. [PMID: 38005229 PMCID: PMC10673068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaves of the Aegle marmelos plant were used for the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and further characterized by different techniques, including (Ultra Violet-Visible) UV-Vis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-Vis showed a peak at 330 nm, which may be due to the Surface Plasmon Resonance phenomenon. XRD analysis showed the crystalline nature of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). In contrast, SEM showed that nanoparticles were not aggregated or clumped, EDX showed the presence of elemental copper., and further, the TEM analysis revealed the average particle size of copper oxide nanoparticles to be 32 nm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) was found to be 400 µg/mL, whereas for Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Candida dubliniensis (C. dubliniensis) it was 800 µg/mL. The zone of inhibition in the well diffusion assay showed the antimicrobial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles, and it also showed that as the concentration of copper oxide nanoparticles increased, the zone of inhibition also increased. Further, the electron microscopic view of the interaction between copper oxide nanoparticles and C. albicans cells showed that CuO NPs were internalized and attached to the cell membrane, which caused changes in the cellular structure and caused deformities which eventually led to cell death. The prepared CuO NPs showed significant photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in the presence of sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Uzma Haseen
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Jalal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Rais Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hilal Ahmad
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Haris Manzoor Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Sharma M, Bains A, Sridhar K, Chawla P, Sharma M. Process optimization for spray dried Aegle marmelos fruit nanomucilage: Characterization, functional properties, and in vitro antibiofilm activity against food pathogenic microorganisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126050. [PMID: 37517760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, mucilage extraction from plant sources has been remarkably explored due to its potential applications. Several underutilized fruits such as Aegle marmelos are the potential source of mucilage that can be utilized for agri-food-pharma applications. Therefore, in this study, we explored vital functional and antimicrobial properties of Aegle marmelos nanomucilage. Spray drying conditions such as inlet temperature, feed flow, and atomization speed were optimized to assess the influence on yield and moisture content using response surface methodology. In addition, during the optimized spray drying conditions, the maximum mucilage yield was 16.23 % (w/w). The particle size (178.4 ± 5.06 nm) at the nanoscale, polydispersity index (0.432), and zeta potential (-16.4 ± 1.14 mV) confirmed the stability of the nanomucilage. Moreover, the spray-dried nanomucilage powder exhibited high thermal stability (55.70 J) and excellent industrially important techno-functional properties with water-holding capacity (8.01 ± 0.04 g/g), oil-holding capacity (3.43 ± 0.7 g/g), emulsifying capacity (91.50 ± 0.78 %), emulsifying stability (92.65 ± 0.46 %), solubility (89.36 ± 1.69 %), and foaming capacity (16.13 ± 0.41 %). Moreover, the powder showed strong antibiofilm activity against food-pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli (73.52 ± 1.14 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79.57 ± 1.23 %), with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.125 mg/mL and 1.562 mg/mL respectively. Overall, based on the above findings the spray-dried powder of Aegle marmelos fruit nanomucilage could be utilized as a potential functional ingredient in various food products formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Aarti Bains
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Technology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India.
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Tan B, Chiranthanut N, Chansakaow S, Sireeratawong S, Khonsung P, Nimlamool W, Takuathung MN, Lertprasertsuke N. Anti-inflammatory effects of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than remedy, consisting of dried fruits of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, Coriandrum sativum L., and Morinda citrifolia L. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 298:115639. [PMID: 35964822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Inflammation has been known to possess some essential roles in many diseases, especially those with chronic or severe conditions. Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than, a Thai traditional herbal remedy, has long been used to treat gastrointestinal sicknesses, fever, and severe illness caused by the deformities of Tridosha. In particular, this recipe has also been applied for inflammation-related conditions including gout and rheumatoid arthritis. The Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than recipe consists of dried fruits of three herbs including Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, Morinda citrifolia L., and Coriandrum sativum L. Each of these plant components of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than exhibited anti-inflammatory activities. However, anti-inflammatory effect of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than remedy has not been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory activities of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than extract (TS) against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS To study the effects of TS on acute inflammation, ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema, carrageenan- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced hind paw edema models were carried out. In addition, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation was performed to specify the inhibitory effects of TS on chronic inflammation. RESULTS The topical application of TS significantly inhibited EPP-induced ear edema in rats. In the carrageenan- and AA-induced paw edema models, the oral administration of TS significantly reduced paw volumes, compared to those of the control groups. In addition, the 7-day oral treatment of TS demonstrated a significant suppressive effect on cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation. CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed that TS possesses anti-inflammatory activities against acute and chronic inflammation. Our studies support the use of TS in traditional medicine, and the development of TS as a novel natural product for treating diseases associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China.
| | - Natthakarn Chiranthanut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Sunee Chansakaow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Seewaboon Sireeratawong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Parirat Khonsung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Wutigri Nimlamool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Mingkwan Na Takuathung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Nirush Lertprasertsuke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Kiratipaiboon C, Dasuni Wasana PW, Sukrong S, Ruangrungsri N, Towiwat P. Herbal root extracts in Ben-Cha-Moon-Yai remedy attenuated pain-like behaviors and inflammation through the opioid and prostaglandin systems. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 290:115088. [PMID: 35149131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ben-Cha-Moon-Yai (BMY) remedy used in Thai traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent compromises five herbal root extracts of equal weights: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa (AM), Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (OI), Dimocarpus longan Lour. (DL), Dolichandrone serrulata (Wall. ex DC.) Seem. (DS), and Walsura trichostemon Miq. (WT). AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the root extracts of all five species of BMY in experimental animal (mouse) models to ensure the rational use of herbal products in Thai traditional medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root extracts prepared by ethanol and water extraction were used for the biological assays in animal models at five dose levels: 25, 50,100,200 & 400 mg/kg. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated based on hot-plate latency, duration of paw licking induced by formalin, and abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid. Carrageenan- and prostaglandin-induced paw oedema models were used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS The oral administration of AM, DS and WT root extracts displayed significant analgesic effects in the hot-plate test, both phases (early and late) of formalin test and acetic-acid induced writhing test at different dose levels. OI and DL only produced significant analgesia in the late phase of the formalin test and writhing test. The pretreatment of animals with the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, reverse AM, DS and WT induced-antinociceptive activity. In both carrageenan and prostaglandin-induced paw oedema tests, all five herbal plant root extracts significantly reduced paw oedema at 3 h or more at different dose levels. Rotarod test results showed no effects of five herbal plant root extracts on the balance and the motor coordination at the highest dose level evaluated (400 mg/kg). CONCLUSION The root extracts of AM, DS, and WT possess both central and peripheral anti-nociceptive properties, while OI and DL possess only peripheral analgesic properties. All five root extracts own anti-inflammatory properties, which might be due to their activity on the prostaglandin system. Altogether these findings ensure the rational use of BMY remedy in Thai traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanin Kiratipaiboon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Peththa Wadu Dasuni Wasana
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Galle, 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcording of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 103300, Thailand
| | - Nijsiri Ruangrungsri
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasarapa Towiwat
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Chellappandian M, Senthil-Nathan S, Karthi S, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Ali AM, Veerabahu C, Elshikh MS, Al Farraj DA. Larvicidal and repellent activity of N-methyl-1-adamantylamine and oleic acid a major derivative of bael tree ethanol leaf extracts against dengue mosquito vector and their biosafety on natural predator. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:15654-15663. [PMID: 34636011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa belongs to the family Rutaceae is generally known as "bael fruit tree" occuring across the south Asian countries. The current investigation screened the main derivatives from crude ethanolic extracts of the Bael tree leaf and evaluated activity effects on the larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti (L.) Dengue vector mosquito and a non-target aquatic predator. The GC-MS results showed that the peak area was found to be profound in N-methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide (N-M 1a) followed by oleic acid (OA) with 63.08 and 11.43% respectively. The larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae and the crude Ex-Am showed prominent mortality rate (93.60%) at the maximum dosage of 100 ppm. The mortality rate of N-M 1a and OA was occurred at 10 ppm (97.73%) and 12 ppm (95.4%). The repellent activity was found to be prominent at crude Ex-Am (50 ppm) as compared to the pure compounds (N-m 1a and OA) with maximum protection time up to 210 min. The non-target screening of Ex-Am, N-M 1a, and OA on mosquito predator Tx. splendens showed that they are scarcely toxic even at the maximum dosage of 1000 ppm (34.13%), 100 ppm (27.3%), and 120 ppm (31.3%) respectively. Thus, the present investigation clearly proved that the crude Ex-Am and their major derivatives Nm 1-a and OA showed their acute larval toxicity as well as potential mosquito repellent against the dengue mosquito and eco-safety against the mosquito predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthiah Chellappandian
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
- PG and Research Department of Botany, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India.
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
| | | | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Department of Zoology, Post Graduate and Research Centre, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Wayne Brian Hunter
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Ajmal M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology , College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dunia A Al Farraj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
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Pal DB, Tiwari AK, Prasad N, Srivastava N, Almalki AH, Haque S, Gupta VK. Thermo-chemical potential of solid waste seed biomass obtained from plant Phoenix dactylifera and Aegle marmelos L. Fruit core cell. Bioresour Technol 2022; 345:126441. [PMID: 34852282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores thermo-chemical potential of two biomasses namely; Phoenix dactylifera seed (PDS) and Aegle marmelos L core (AMP). These biomasses contain high amount of cellulose and exhibit heating value of 3-18 MJ/kg. The thermal kinetic of both the biomasses have been extensively studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at four different heating rates 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min. Kinetic analysis was carried out using three model-free techniques including Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Starink. The average activation energy has been found to be 173.75, 172.94 and 170.71 kJ/mol, for PDS whereas 170.26, 167.24 and 164.80 kJ/mol, for AMP analyzed through KAS, FWO and Starink methods, respectively. Further, among all these models, the Starink model exhibits better result for the biofuels potential point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bahadur Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nirupama Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atiah H Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Hawiah, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; BursaUludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, 16059 Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Paramasivam B, Somasundaram K. Selection of smart fuel opus for diesel engine depending on their fuel characteristics: an intelligent hybrid decision-making approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:62216-62234. [PMID: 34184231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Internal combustion engines are the inevitable prime movers in the contemporary engineering era. The suitability of proper bio-fuel and their blends plays a vital role in engine behaviour. This study aims to select smart fuel opus depending on Aegle marmelos (AM) fuel properties with nano additive blends for diesel engines by using intelligent hybrid decision-making tools. Physicochemical properties of CuO and novel graphene nano sheets added bio-oil combinations were studied. The assessment of an appropriate blend depends on the analysis of fuel properties. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) integrated with Grey relational analysis (GRA) was employed for optimum fuel blend selection. The FAHP model was used to identify the criteria weights, whereas GRA was hired to rank alternative fuel blends. Pairwise analysis and ranking of the alternatives were compared to get the optimum fuel blend through FAHP and GRA amalgamation. The addition of nanoparticles enhanced engine performance and reduced emission. The obtained ascending order of preference of the bio-oil blends from FAHP and GRA analysis is AC15G15>AG30>AC30>A10>A20. From FAHP, GRA, and engine test results, it is observed that AC15G15 opus is the most suitable fuel blend for diesel engines. Lower fuel consumption (0.37 kg/kW hr) and emissions (CO level of 0.21%, which is 0.34% for diesel, HC value of 134 ppm, which is 184 ppm for diesel) of AC15G15 aids in contributing towards a green and clean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baranitharan Paramasivam
- Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 015, India.
| | - Kumanan Somasundaram
- Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 015, India
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Aung HT, Zar T, Sein MM, Komori Y, Vidari G, Takaya Y. Constituents of Aegle marmelos from Myanmar. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2021; 23:844-850. [PMID: 32851864 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1804378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five compounds (1-5), including three coumarins (1-3) and two alkaloids (4,5) were isolated during the first investigation of the stem bark of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa. collected in Myanmar. Their structures were determined by NMR spectra analysis. Among them, 7´-O-ethylmarmin (1) and 2-O-ethyltembamide (5) were identified as new compounds. Skimmianine (4) showed moderate cytotoxicity against a HeLa cell line, and 7´-O-ethylmarmin (1), marmin (2), and (+)-epoxyaurapten (3) displayed weak radical scavenging activity according to a DPPH scavenging assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hnin Thanda Aung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mandalay, Mahaaungmyae Township, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Thu Zar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mandalay, Mahaaungmyae Township, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Myint Myint Sein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mandalay, Mahaaungmyae Township, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Yumiko Komori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Faculty of Science, Department of Medical Analysis, Tishk International University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Yoshiaki Takaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Somu C, Karuppiah H, Sundaram J. Antiviral activity of seselin from Aegle marmelos against nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection in the larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 245:112155. [PMID: 31449858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Indian medicine has utilized Aeglemarmelos (L.) Corr. commonly called as bael in several indigenous systems against various diseases. Bioactive components isolated from various plant parts of A. marmelos were used in ethno-medicine. More precisely they are known for its antiviral property against various human and animal viruses. AIM OF THE STUDY The study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of A.marmelos against Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). MATERIALS AND METHODS Among the various crude extracts tested, hexane extracts of leaves of A. marmelos with promising anti-BmNPV activity was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation based on column chromatography. Out of 40 fractions obtained from the fractionation, fractions showing similar TLC profiles were pooled into 14 fractions. A fraction with potential activity was used to purify a molecule with anti-BmNPV activity. This molecule was characterized through structural and functional analyses. RESULTS The functionally and structurally characterized molecule in the fraction with prospective anti-BmNPV activity revealed a single crystal compound 'seselin' (8, 8-dimethyl pyrido oxazine-2-one). CONCLUSION It is therefore understood that this seselin compound could be used as a natural medicine for the management of NPV infection in the silkworm larvae under commercial conditions after suitable field evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Somu
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Hilda Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Janarthanan Sundaram
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
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Rajan S, Satish S, Shankar K, Pandeti S, Varshney S, Srivastava A, Kumar D, Gupta A, Gupta S, Choudhary R, Balaramnavar VM, Narender T, Gaikwad AN. Aegeline inspired synthesis of novel β3-AR agonist improves insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo models of insulin resistance. Metabolism 2018. [PMID: 29524448 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In our drug discovery program of natural product, earlier we have reported Aegeline that is N-acylated-1-amino-2- alcohol, which was isolated from the leaves of Aeglemarmelos showed anti-hyperlipidemic activity for which the QSAR studies predicted the compound to be the β3-AR agonist, but the mechanism of its action was not elucidated. In our present study, we have evaluated the β3-AR activity of novel N-acyl-1-amino-3-arylopropanol synthetic mimics of aegeline and its beneficial effect in insulin resistance. In this study, we have proposed the novel pharmacophore model using reported molecules for antihyperlipidemic activity. The reported pharmacophore features were also compared with the newly developed pharmacophore model for the observed biological activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Based on 3D pharmacophore modeling of known β3AR agonist, we screened 20 synthetic derivatives of Aegeline from the literature. From these, the top scoring compound 10C was used for further studies. The in-slico result was further validated in HEK293T cells co-trransfected with human β3-AR and CRE-Luciferase reporter plasmid for β3-AR activity.The most active compound was selected and β3-AR activity was further validated in white and brown adipocytes differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Insulin resistance model developed in hMSC derived adipocytes was used to study the insulin sensitizing property. 8 week HFD fed C57BL6 mice was given 50 mg/Kg of the selected compound and metabolic phenotyping was done to evaluate its anti-diabetic effect. RESULTS As predicted by in-silico 3D pharmacophore modeling, the compound 10C was found to be the most active and specific β3-AR agonist with EC50 value of 447 nM. The compound 10C activated β3AR pathway, induced lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation and increased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in human adipocytes. Compound 10C induced expression of brown adipocytes specific markers and reverted chronic insulin induced insulin resistance in white adipocytes. The compound 10C also improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in 8 week HFD fed C57BL6 mice. CONCLUSION This study enlightens the use of in vitro insulin resistance model close to human physiology to elucidates the insulin sensitizing activity of the compound 10C and edifies the use of β3AR agonist as therapeutic interventions for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Rajan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Sabbu Satish
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sukanya Pandeti
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sanchita Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Rakhi Choudhary
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jaspur Road, Kashipur, Uttatarkhand 244713, India
| | - Vishal M Balaramnavar
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jaspur Road, Kashipur, Uttatarkhand 244713, India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India; Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anil N Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India.
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Mudi SR, Akhter M, Biswas SK, Muttalib MA, Choudhury S, Rokeya B, Ali L. Effect of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos fruit and leaf on glycemic, insulinemic and lipidemic status of type 2 diabetic model rats. J Complement Integr Med 2017; 14:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2016-0111/jcim-2016-0111.xml. [PMID: 28284036 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundAegle marmelos is a popular fruit plant in the Indian subcontinent, various parts of which are traditionally used against various illnesses including diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the underlying mechanisms of the antidiabetic effects of the plant are not clear, especially in type 2 DM. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of A. marmelos fruits (AMFE) and leaves (AMLE) on glycemic, lipidemic, insulinemic, insulin resistance and β-cell functional status of type 2 diabetic model rats. Methods An interventional study was designed using 20 type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 DM was induced in Long Evans rats by a single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (90 mg/kg body weight) to 48 h old pups. Three months after induction of diabetes, the rats were divided into three independent groups: water-treated control group (n=6), AMLE-treated group (n=7) and AMFE-treated group (n=7). The rats were fed with extracts or water for 21 consecutive days and blood samples were collected at days 0 and 21 after an overnight fast. Data were expressed as mean±SD and analyzed by paired t-test or ANOVA as appropriate. Results There were significantly lower blood glucose values in AMLE and AMFE groups at Endpoint compared to Baseline (mmol/l, mean±SD, Baseline vs. Endpoint, 7.04±1.0 vs. 6.06±0.92; p=0.032 and 7.04±0.97 vs. 5.87±0.93; p=0.047). There were also significantly lower serum insulin levels in AMLE and AMFE groups at Endpoint compared to Baseline (µIU/mL, mean±SD, Baseline vs. Endpoint, 14.02±5.48 vs. 7.57±2.90; p=0.026 and 11.54±4.83 vs. 6.58±4.36; p=0.008). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly improved both in AMLE and AMFE groups at Endpoint compared to Baseline (mean±SD, Baseline vs. Endpoint, 4.22±1.68 vs. 2.05±0.90; p=0.021 and 3.69±1.79 vs. 1.69±1.61; p=0.013). However, β-cell function or lipid profile did not show any significant alteration at Endpoint compared to Baseline in AMLE and AMFE groups. Conclusions Aqueous extracts of A. marmelos leaf and fruit have hypoglycemic property which seem to be mediated by lowering of insulin resistance. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the extracts of A. marmelos in human type 2 DM and provides strong impetus for further studies.
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Rahman AU, Imran H, Taqvi SIH, Sohail T, Yaqeen Z, Rehman ZU, Fatima N. Pharmacological rational of dry ripe fruit of Aegle marmelos L. as an anti-nociceptive agent in different painful conditions. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015; 28:515-519. [PMID: 25730807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of study is to investigate central and peripheral analgesic effects of methanolic extract of dry ripe fruit of Aegle marmelos Linn. Corea (Am. Cr) by two methods, tail flick test and acetic acid induced writhing test at 100, 250 and 500mg/kg doses in animal models. Analgesic activity against tail flick test revealed that Am. Cr induced significant increase in latency period in dose dependent manner i.e. 65.38% at 100mg/kg, 395.37% at 250mg/kg (p<0.01) and 459.25% at 500mg/kg (p<0.01) body weight at 1hr after drug delivery while at 2hr effect decreased i.e. 61.53% at 100mg/kg, 161.11% (p<0.01) at 250mg/kg and 165.74% (p<0.01) at 500mg/kg but interestingly again there is an elongation in latency period at 3hr i.e. 106.15% at 100mg/kg dose, 251.85% (p<0.01) at 250mg/kg and 293.51% (p<0.05) at 500mg/kg respectively. The standard drug Diclofenac sodium at the dose of 5mg/kg continuously increased the latency period but less significantly as compared to the test substance i.e. 79.43%, 113.08% and 222.42% (p<0.05) respectively. Acetic acid induced writhing test produced highest significant activity at the dose of 100mg/kg i.e. 89.83% (p<0.01) as compared to Diclofenic sodium (standard drug) at a dose of 5mg/kg body weight i.e 63.63% (p<0.01). It is concluded that dry ripe fruit of A. marmelos possesses significant dual analgesic activities i.e. central and peripheral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiq-ur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hina Imran
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Tehmina Sohail
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Yaqeen
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zakir-ur Rehman
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nudrat Fatima
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
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Sain S, Naoghare PK, Devi SS, Daiwile A, Krishnamurthi K, Arrigo P, Chakrabarti T. Beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide, isolated from Aegle marmelos, as the potent anti-inflammatory agents against lymphoma and neuroblastoma cells. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2014; 13:45-55. [PMID: 24484210 DOI: 10.2174/18715230113129990016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aegle marmelos (Indian Bael) is a tree which belongs to the family of Rutaceae. It holds a prominent position in both Indian medicine and Indian culture. We have screened various fractions of Aegle marmelos extracts for their anticancer properties using in vitro cell models. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze the biomolecules present in the Aegle marmelos extract. Jurkat and human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells were treated with different concentrations of the fractionated Aegle marmelos extracts. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that optimal concentration (50 µg/ml) of beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide fractions of Aegle marmelos extract can induce apoptosis in Jurkat cell line. cDNA expression profiling of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes was carried out using real time PCR (RT-PCR). Down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes (bcl-2, mdm2, cox2 and cmyb) and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes (bax, bak1, caspase-8, caspase-9 and ATM) in Jurkat and IMR-32 cells treated with the beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide fractions of Aegle marmelos extract revealed the insights of the downstream apoptotic mechanism. Furthermore, in-silico approach was employed to understand the upstream target involved in the induction of apoptosis by the beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide fractions of Aegle marmelos extract. Herein, we report that beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide isolated from Aegle marmelos can act as potent anti-inflammatory agents and modulators of a newly established therapeutic target, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide can induce apoptosis in lymphoma and neuroblastoma cells via modulation of 15-LOX (up-stream target) followed by the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - T Chakrabarti
- Environmental Health Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR, Nagpur, India.
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Kumari KDKP, Weerakoon TCS, Handunnetti SM, Samarasinghe K, Suresh TS. Anti-inflammatory activity of dried flower extracts of Aegle marmelos in Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151:1202-1208. [PMID: 24389030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Almost all part of the plant Aegle marmelos (Bael tree) has been used in the traditional medicine systems of Asian countries to treat various diseases over many centuries. The water extract of the dried flowers of Aegle marmelos is a commonly used beverage among Sri Lankan population in rural areas. Although extensive investigations done on many parts of the plant there are no experimental data available on the extracts of flowers. Anti-inflammatory effect of the water extract of dried flowers of Aegle marmelos (WEAM) was evaluated in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory effect of the WEAM was evaluated by inhibition of the rat paw oedema, induced by carrageenan. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by the inhibition of production of nitric oxide (NO) by rat peritoneal cells, infiltration of rat peritoneal cells, anti-histamine effect, membrane stabilization activity, the antioxidant capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the WEAM. RESULTS The maximum percentage inhibition of paw oedema was exhibited by the dose of 200 mg/kg at 2 h. The WEAM showed a significant increment of rat peritoneal cell infiltration, inhibition of NO production by rat peritoneal cells and inhibition of wheal formation on the skin of the rat after injection of histamine. The WEAM protected the erythrocyte membrane from heat-induced lysis in a dose-dependent manner and showed a significant anti-oxidant effect and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. CONCLUSION The WEAM possesses significant anti-inflammatory effect by multiple mechanisms in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D K P Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawilla, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - T C S Weerakoon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawilla, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - S M Handunnetti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka
| | - K Samarasinghe
- Department of Pathology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawilla, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - T S Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawilla, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
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Das SK, Roy C. The protective role of Aegle marmelos on aspirin-induced gastro-duodenal ulceration in albino rat model: a possible involvement of antioxidants. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:188-94. [PMID: 22626798 PMCID: PMC3371421 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.96452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Gastro duodenal ulcer is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Several Indian medicinal plants have been traditionally and extensively used to prevent different diseases. In the present research studies, Bael fruit (Aegle marmelos (AM), family: Rutaceae) which are also called as Bilva in ancient Sanskrit was used as a herbal drug and its antioxidative role in aspirin- induced gastroduodenal ulceration in albino rat was evaluated using essential biochemical parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mucosal thickness (MT), ulcer index (UI), different biochemical parameters, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in all the groups, to study the possible involvement of antioxidants with gastroduodenal protection. RESULTS A significant decrease in MT, SOD and CAT activities and GSH level and a significant increase in UI, AST, ALT, and ALP activities and LPO level were observed in aspirin treated stomach and duodenum of albino rats. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with AM fruit pulp extract for 14 consecutive days showed the reverse effects of aspirin suggesting gastro-duodenal protective and anti- ulcerogenic properties of AM through its antioxidant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal K. Das
- Department of Physiology, Krishnath College, University of Kalyani, Berhampore, Murshidabad, India
| | - Chandan Roy
- Department of Physiology, Katwa College, University of Burdwan, P.O. Katwa, District. Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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Pratheepa V, Ramesh S, Sukumaran N. Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Pharm Biol 2010; 48:1224-1239. [PMID: 20818950 DOI: 10.3109/13880201003713598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aquatic organisms (especially fish) require potent defense mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogen invasion and disease formation. The use of immunostimulants in fish culture can prevent the diseases through augmentation of both specific and non-specific immunity. OBJECTIVE A study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of different dietary doses of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae) leaf extract for the immune response and the disease resistance of the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio Linn. (Cyprinidae) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila Chester (Aeromonadaceae). MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Hematological, specific immune response, non-specific immune response and enzyme assay studies were performed on fish and were scrutinized after 50 days of feeding trial. RESULTS Fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila at a dose of 1.5 × 10(4) cells/mL through intraperitoneal injection, and the hematological changes, the immune response, the enzyme activity and the disease resistance of Cyprinus carpio against the pathogen were also studied for 20 days at 5-day intervals. DISCUSSION The results obtained from the study demonstrated that the fish fed with leaf extract of Aegle marmelos incorporated into feed significantly enhanced the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, phagocytic activity, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride assay, lysozyme, pathogen clearance and enzyme activity compared with the control group. The survivability was higher in the fish which consumed leaf extract-incorporated feed, and the fish group fed with 5 g diet showed highest percentage survival of the fish. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Aegle marmelos stimulates the immunity and makes the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio more resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pratheepa
- Department of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Sri Paramakalyani Center for Environmental Sciences, Alwarkurchi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Agrawal A, Verma P, Goyal PK. Chemomodulatory effects of Aegle marmelos against DMBA-induced skin tumorigenesis in Swiss albino mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11:1311-1314. [PMID: 21198283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aegle marmelos is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In the present study, cancer chemopreventive properties were evaluated on 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced skin papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice. A single topical application of DMBA, followed 2 weeks later by repeated application of croton oil till the end of the experiment ( i.e. 16 weeks) caused a 100% tumor incidence. In contrast, mice treated with the AME (50 mg/kg b. wt./animal/day) in the peri-initiational phase (i.e. 7 days before and 7 days after DMBA application; Group IV) and post-initiational phase (from the day of croton oil treatment till the end of the experiment; Group V), exhibited a significant reduction to 70 and 50% respectively. The cumulative number of papillomas after 16 weeks was 67 in the control group, but 26 and 23 in the animals treated with AME at peri-initiational and post-initiational stages, respectively. The tumor burden and tumor yield were significantly decreased (Group IV-3.7, 2.6; Group V- 4.6, 2.3) as compared to carcinogen treated control group (6.7, 6.7). The present study demonstrates the chemopreventive potential of Aegle marmelos fruit extract on DMBA induced skin tumorigenesis in mice.
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Sahare KN, Anandhraman V, Meshram VG, Meshram SU, Reddy MVR, Tumane PM, Goswami K. Anti-microfilarial activity of methanolic extract of Vitex negundo and Aegle marmelos and their phytochemical analysis. Indian J Exp Biol 2008; 46:128-131. [PMID: 18335811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, methanolic extracts of roots of Vitex negundo L. and extracts of leaves of Vitex negundo L., Ricinus communis L. and Aegle marmelos Corr. were explored for possible antifilarial effect against Brugia malayi microfilariae. It was observed that among the herbal extracts, root extract of Vitex negundo L. and leaves extract of Aegle marmelos Corr. at 100 ng/ml concentration showed complete loss of motility of microfilariae after 48 hr of incubation. Thin layer chromatography of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin and flavonoids in the roots of Vitex negundo L. and coumarin in the leaves of Aegle marmelos Corr.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Sahare
- P G Department of Microbiology & Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology Centre, RTM, Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India
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Venkatesh P, Shantala B, Jagetia GC, Rao KK, Baliga MS. Modulation of doxorubicin-induced genotoxicity by Aegle marmelos in mouse bone marrow: a micronucleus study. Integr Cancer Ther 2007; 6:42-53. [PMID: 17351026 DOI: 10.1177/1534735406298302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of various concentrations of Aegle marmelos (AME) on the doxorubicin (DOX)-induced genotoxic effects in mice bone marrow was studied. Treatment of mice with different concentrations of DOX resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic (MPCE) as well as normochromatic (MNCE) erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow. The frequencies of MPCE and MNCE increased with scoring time, and the greatest elevation for MPCE was observed at 48 hours post-DOX treatment, whereas a maximum increase in MNCE was observed at 72 hours post-DOX treatment. This increase in MPCE and MNCE was accompanied by a decline in the polychromatic erythrocytes-normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE/NCE) ratio, which showed a DOX-dose-dependent decline. Treatment of mice with 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 mg/kg body weight of AME, orally once daily for 5 consecutive days before DOX treatment, significantly reduced the frequency of DOX-induced micronuclei accompanied by a significant elevation in the PCE/NCE ratio at all scoring times. The greatest protection against DOX-induced genotoxicity was observed at 350 mg/kg AME. The protection against DOX-induced genotoxicity by AME may be due to inhibition of free radicals and increased antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponemone Venkatesh
- Department of Radiobiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India; Department of Human Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, 1919 West Taylor Street, MC 517, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612. USA.
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Shankarananth V, Balakrishnan N, Suresh D, Sureshpandian G, Edwin E, Sheeja E. Analgesic activity of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos leaves. Fitoterapia 2007; 78:258-9. [PMID: 17335994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The methanol extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos at a dose level of 200 and 300 mg/kg showed significant analgesic activity on acetic acid-induced writhing and tail flick test in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shankarananth
- Mandsaur Institute of Pharmacy, Mandsaur 458001 (M.P), India.
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Veerappan A, Miyazaki S, Kadarkaraisamy M, Ranganathan D. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an Indian medicinal plant. Phytomedicine 2007; 14:209-15. [PMID: 16860551 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to elucidate the toxicity of the widely used plant Aegle marmelos in rats. We have taken total alcoholic, total aqueous, whole aqueous and methanolic extracts isolated from the leaves of A. marmelos and studied their toxic effects. Acute, subacute and LD(50) values were determined in experimental rats. The dead animals were obtained from primary screening studies, LD(50) value determination experiments and acute studies subjected to postmortem studies. The external appearance of the dead animals, the appearance of the viscera, heart, lungs, stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, spleen and brain were carefully noted and any apparent and significant features or differences from the norm were recorded. Following the chronic administration of A. marmelos for 14 days, the vital organs such as heart, liver, kidney, testis, spleen and brain were carefully evaluated by histopathological studies and any apparent and significant changes or differences from the norm were studied. From the acute administration of A. marmelos, the LD(50) values were determined using graphical method. The hearts stopped in systolic stand-still in the acute experiments. There were no remarkable changes noticed in the histopathological studies after 50 mg/kg body wt of the extracts of A. marmelos when administered intraperitoneally for 14 days successively. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed. After calculation of LD(50) values using graphical methods, we found a broad therapeutic window and a high therapeutic index value for A. marmelos extracts. Intraperitoneal administration of the extracts of the leaves of A. marmelos at doses of 50, 70, 90 and 100 mg/kg body wt for 14 consecutive days to male and female Wistar rats did not induce any short-term toxicity. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the extracts of the leaves of A. marmelos have a high margin of drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Veerappan
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. A.L.M. Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kesari AN, Gupta RK, Singh SK, Diwakar S, Watal G. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Aegle marmelos seed extract in normal and diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 107:374-9. [PMID: 16781099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Aegle marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae) is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos seeds was administered orally at different doses (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) to normal as well as sub (fasting blood glucose (FBG) normal; glucose tolerance abnormal) and mild (FBG 120-250 mg/dl) diabetic rats. The dose of 250 mg/kg was found to be most effective dose and it decreases blood glucose level (BGL) by 35.1% in normal healthy rats after 6h of administration. The same dose also showed a marked reduction in BGL of 41.2% in sub and 33.2% in mild diabetic rats in glucose tolerance test (GTT) after 2 h. Treatment of severely (FBG >250 mg/dl) diabetic rats for 14 days with a dose of 250 mg/kg reduces the fasting blood glucose by 60.84% and urine sugar by 75% than their pretreatment levels. It brought about fall in level of total cholesterol (TC) by 25.49% with increase of 33.43% in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and decrease of 53.97 and 45.77% in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG), respectively. These results clearly indicate that aqueous seed extract of Aegle marmelos possess antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyut Narayan Kesari
- Alternative Therapeutics Unit, Drug Development Division, Medicinal Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
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Anandharajan R, Jaiganesh S, Shankernarayanan NP, Viswakarma RA, Balakrishnan A. In vitro glucose uptake activity of Aegles marmelos and Syzygium cumini by activation of Glut-4, PI3 kinase and PPARgamma in L6 myotubes. Phytomedicine 2006; 13:434-41. [PMID: 16716914 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of methanolic extracts of Aegles marmelos and Syzygium cumini on a battery of targets glucose transporter (Glut-4), peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3 kinase) involved in glucose transport. A. marmelos and S. cumini are anti-diabetic medicinal plants being used in Indian traditional medicine. Different solvent extracts extracted sequentially were analysed for glucose uptake activity at each step and methanol extracts were found to be significantly active at 100ng/ml dose comparable with insulin and rosiglitazone. Elevation of Glut-4, PPARgamma and PI3 kinase by A. marmelos and S. cumini in association with glucose transport supported the up-regulation of glucose uptake. The inhibitory effect of cycloheximide on A. marmelos- and S. cumini-mediated glucose uptake suggested that new protein synthesis is required for the elevated glucose transport. Current observation concludes that methanolic extracts of A. marmelos and S. cumini activate glucose transport in a PI3 kinase-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anandharajan
- Centre For Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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Saenphet K, Aritajat S, Saenphet S, Manosroi J, Manosroi A. Safety evaluation of aqueous extracts from Aegle marmelos and Stevia rebaudiana on reproduction of female rats. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2006; 37 Suppl 3:203-5. [PMID: 17547081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of a Thai medicinal plant, Aegle marmelos, and a non-caloric sweetener, Stevia rebaudiana, on the reproduction of female rats. Female rats were treated orally with aqueous extract of A. marmelos (6%) and S. rebaudiana at various concentrations (0, 0.2, 1, or 10%) for 60 days (1 ml/day) before mating. The control rats received only distilled water. At the end of the treatment period, treated females were mated with untreated males and the effects on reproduction were examined at day 14 of pregnancy. No notable abnormalities were observed in any of the pregnant rats. The number of corpus lutea, implanted and dead fetuses, as well as the sizes of the fetuses in the treated rats were not significantly different from those of the controls. Based on these results, it may be concluded that aqueous extracts of A. marmelos and S. rebaudiana at the concentrations used in this study do not alter the reproduction of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Saenphet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Rajadurai M, Prince PSM. Comparative effects of Aegle marmelos extract and alpha-tocopherol on serum lipids, lipid peroxides and cardiac enzyme levels in rats with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Singapore Med J 2005; 46:78-81. [PMID: 15678289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We demonstrate the effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract (AMLEt) and alpha-tocopherol on plasma lipids, lipid peroxides and marker enzymes in rats with isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction. METHODS Rats were pre-treated orally for 35 days with different doses of an aqueous AMLEt (50 mg/ kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) prior to ISO-induced myocardial infarction. The effects on creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, serum lipids and lipoproteins were studied. RESULTS Pre-treatment with AMLEt at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bodyweight for 35 days showed a significant effect on the activities of marker enzymes, lipid peroxides, lipids, lipoproteins and antioxidant enzymes in ISO-treated rats. The effect of AMLEt 200 mg/kg was found to be equal to the effect of alpha-tocopherol 60 mg/kg. CONCLUSION Aegle marmelos leaves possess antihyperlipidaemic effect in rats with ISO-induced myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajadurai
- Department of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arul V, Miyazaki S, Dhananjayan R. Studies on the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of the leaves of Aegle marmelos Corr. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96:159-163. [PMID: 15588665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2002] [Revised: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The serial extracts of the leaves of Aegle marmelos Corr. were investigated for anti-inflammatory property. The analgesic and antipyretic properties were also evaluated. The most of the extracts derived from the plant Aegle marmelos caused a significant inhibition of the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton-pellet granuloma in rats. The extracts also produced marked analgesic activity by reduction the early and late phases of paw licking in mice. A significant reduction in hyperpyrexia in rats was also produced by the most of the extracts. This study was established anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of the leaves of Aegle marmelos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerappan Arul
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. ALM Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Baliga MS. Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA Inhibits the Proliferation of Transplanted Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:58-64. [PMID: 15635164 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos (AME) was studied in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing Swiss albino mice. The spatial effect of various AME administration schedules showed that six-day administration increased the survival of tumor bearing mice. The best antineoplastic action of AME was obtained when AME administered through intraperitoneal route than the oral route at equimolar dose. Administration of AME once daily for six consecutive days to the tumor bearing mice caused a dose dependent remission of the tumor at 400 mg/kg body weight, where the greatest antitumor effect was observed and the higher doses showed toxic manifestations. A 24-d lengthening in life span was observed in EAC animals treated with 400 mg/kg AME. This dose of 400 mg/kg was considered as the best dose, where the animals survived up to 43 d post-tumor-cell inoculation as against no survivors in the saline treated control group. The antitumor activity when tested for different schedules for triple administrations, the best effect was observed for 1-2-3, followed by 1-3-5 and 1-5-9 days, respectively. Stage specific evaluation of AME inhibited the increase in body weight gain in animals due to tumor development during early stages only. The AME treatment resulted in a dose dependent elevation in the median survival time (MST) and average survival time (AST) up to 400 mg/kg AME and decline thereafter. The effective dose of 400 mg of AME is 1/6th of the LD50 dose, which increased the MST and AST up to 29 and 27 d, respectively. The acute toxicity study of AME showed that the drug was non-toxic up to a dose of 1750 mg/kg b. wt. The LD10 and LD50 was found to be 2000 and 2250 mg/kg.
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Abstract
The radioprotective effect of an extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (AME), family Rutaceae, was investigated in mice exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation. Mice were administered orally AME 250 mg/kg b.wt. orally daily for 5 consecutive days before exposure to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 Gy of gamma-radiation. The animals were monitored daily up to 30 days after irradiation for the development of symptoms of radiation sickness or death. Treatment of mice with AME before irradiation reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness and delayed death compared to the irradiated controls given sterile physiological saline (SPS). AME provided protection against both gastrointestinal and hematopoietic toxicities. Reducing the administration schedule of AME to 1 or 3 consecutive days or increasing the schedule to 7 consecutive days was not as effective as 5 consecutive days of preradiation schedule. The administration of AME after irradiation was not effective, and no survivors could be reported 30 days after irradiation. The LD50/30 was found to be 8.1 Gy for the SPS + irradiation group and 9.7 Gy for the AME + irradiation group. The oral administration of AME resulted in an increase in radiation tolerance by 1.6 Gy, and the dose reduction factor was found to be 1.2. Preradiation treatment of mice with AME caused a significant depletion in lipid peroxidation followed by a significant elevation in glutathione concentration in the liver of mice 31 days after irradiation. The drug was nontoxic up to a dose of 6000 mg/kg b.wt., the highest drug dose that could be tested for acute toxicity.
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Upadhya S, Shanbhag KK, Suneetha G, Balachandra Naidu M, Upadhya S. A study of hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 48:476-80. [PMID: 15907058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves (AML) on diabetic rats. Male albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group I: Control; Group II: Diabetic rats; and Group III: Diabetic rats administered AML. Glucose, urea and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in plasma, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in erythrocytes were estimated in all the groups at the end of four weeks. There was a decrease in blood glucose at the end of four weeks in group III animals compared with group II, however it did not reach the control levels. There was an increase in erythrocyte GSH and a decrease in MDA in group III as compared to group II. The plasma GST levels were raised in diabetic rats when compared to controls. In the group III animals, there was a decrease in GST as compared to group II. Owing to hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties, AML may be useful in the long-term management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Upadhya
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal - 576 104
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Vimal V, Devaki T. Linear furanocoumarin protects rat myocardium against lipidperoxidation and membrane damage during experimental myocardial injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:393-400. [PMID: 15271422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity and the membrane effects of linear furanocoumarin marmesinin isolated from Aegle marmelose was evaluated during experimental myocardial injury. Isoproterenol (150 mg kg(-1) intraperitonially twice at an interval of 24 h) caused increase in the levels of serum marker enzymes via creatinekinase (CK), creatinekinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme, lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) and lactatedehydrogenase isoenzyme (LDH1). It also produced electrocardiographic changes such as increased heart rate, reduced R amplitude and ST elevation. Marmesinin at a dose of 200 mg kg(-1), when administered orally, demonstrated a decrease in serum enzyme levels and restored the electrocardiographic changes towards normalcy. Myocardial injury was accompanied by the disintegration of lipidperoxides and the impairment of natural scavengers. Marmesinin oral treatment for 2 days before and during isoproterenol administration decreased the effect of lipidperoxidation. It was also shown to have a membrane stabilizing action by inhibiting the release of beta-glucuronidase from the subcellular fractions. Thus, linear furanocoumarin marmesinin could have the protective effect against the damage caused by experimental myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vimal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has become a global epidemic. Modern medicines, despite offering a variety of effective treatment options, can have several adverse effects. Ayurveda, a science that uses herbal medicines extensively, originated in India. Of considerable interest is the adoption of Ayurveda by the mainstream medical system in some European countries (e.g., Hungary), emphasizing this modality is increasing worldwide recognition. From ancient times, some of these herbal preparations have been used in the treatment of diabetes. This paper reviews the accumulated literature for 10 Indian herbs that have antidiabetic activity and that have been scientifically tested. Few of these herbs, such as Momordica charantia, Pterocarpus marsupium, and Trigonella foenum greacum, have been reported to be beneficial for treating type 2 diabetes. Mechanisms such as the stimulating or regenerating effect on beta cells or extrapancreatic effects are proposed for the hypoglycemic action of these herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Saxena
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Badam L, Bedekar SS, Sonawane KB, Joshi SP. In vitro antiviral activity of bael ( Aegle marmelos Corr) upon human coxsackieviruses B1-B6. J Commun Dis 2002; 34:88-99. [PMID: 14768825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The in-vitro antiviral activity of a series of compounds in samples extracted from various parts of the Indian holy tree, Bael (Aegle marmelos corr.) were evaluated for their efficacy against human coxsackieviruses B1-B6. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for leaves (L1 and L2) stem and stem bark (S1, S2, S3 and S4) fruit (F1 and F2micro) root and root bark (R1 and R2) and pure compound, the marmelide were 1000 microg/ml (for L1 and L2), 1000 microg/ml (for S1, S2, S3 and S4), 1000 microg/ml (for F1) and 500 microg/ml (for F2) 250 microg/ml (for R1) and 500 microg/ml (for R2) and 62.5 microg/ml for marmelide respectively by plaque inhibition assay at 96 hrs. On the other hand, the corresponding value for Ribavirin, a standard antiviral drug, was 2000 microg/ml for the same viruses at the same time period. These concentrations did not exhibit any toxicity to Vero cells, the host subtoxic concentrations were 5000 microg/ml for leaf and stem fractions 2000 microg/ml for fruit fractions 500 and 1000 microg/ml for root fractions 250 microg/ml for marmelide and 2000 microg/ml for Ribavirin. The cytotoxic concentrations were 8000 microg/ml for leaf and stem compounds 4000 mg/ml for fruit; 1000 microg/ml and 2000 microg/ml for root 500 microg/ml for marmelide and 4000 microg/ml for ribavirin at 96 hrs. These were also confirmed by trypan blue dye exclusion test and further passaging of cells. Additionally pretreatment of host cells, virus inactivation, yield reduction and effect of time of addition assays against coxsackievirus B3 suggested that marmelide was most effective as a virucidal agent besides interfering at early events of its replicative cycle like adsorption, penetration, at various steps in single cycle growth curve and effect of time of addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Badam
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411 001
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GARESTIER R, PASTY D, PROVANSAL J. [Action of Aegle marmelos C. fruits on the growth in vitro of tubercles of Helianthus tuberosus L]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1962; 156:1482-7. [PMID: 13946567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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