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Hölzl-Armstrong L, Nævisdal A, Cox JA, Long AS, Chepelev NL, Phillips DH, White PA, Arlt VM. In vitro mutagenicity of selected environmental carcinogens and their metabolites in MutaMouse FE1 lung epithelial cells. Mutagenesis 2020; 35:453-463. [PMID: 33399867 PMCID: PMC7846080 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemicals in commerce or under development must be assessed for genotoxicity; assessment is generally conducted using validated assays (e.g. Tk mouse lymphoma assay) as part of a regulatory process. Currently, the MutaMouse FE1 cell mutagenicity assay is undergoing validation for eventual use as a standard in vitro mammalian mutagenicity assay. FE1 cells have been shown to be metabolically competent with respect to some cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes; for instance, they can convert the human carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene into its proximate mutagenic metabolite. However, some contradictory results have been noted for other genotoxic carcinogens that require two-step metabolic activation (e.g. 2-acetylaminofluorene and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline). Here, we examined three known or suspected human carcinogens, namely acrylamide, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), together with their proximate metabolites (i.e. glycidamide, N-OH-PhIP and N-OH-4-ABP), to aid in the validation of the FE1 cell mutagenicity assay. Assessments of the parent compounds were conducted both in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation mixture S9; assessments of the metabolites were in the absence of S9. The most potent compound was N-OH-PhIP -S9, which elicited a mutant frequency (MF) level 5.3-fold over background at 5 µM. There was a 4.3-fold increase for PhIP +S9 at 5 µM, a 1.7-fold increase for glycidamide -S9 at 3.5 mM and a 1.5-fold increase for acrylamide +S9 at 4 mM. Acrylamide -S9 elicited a marginal 1.4-fold MF increase at 8 mM. Treatment with PhIP -S9, 4-ABP ±S9 and N-OH-4-ABP -S9 failed to elicit significant increases in lacZ MF with any of the treatment conditions tested. Gene expression of key CYP isozymes was quantified by RT-qPCR. Cyp1a1, 1a2 and 1b1 are required to metabolise PhIP and 4-ABP. Results showed that treatment with both compounds induced expression of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 but not Cyp1a2. Cyp2e1, which catalyses the bioactivation of acrylamide to glycidamide, was not induced after acrylamide treatment. Overall, our results confirm that the FE1 cell mutagenicity assay has the potential for use alongside other, more traditional in vitro mutagenicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hölzl-Armstrong
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nævisdal
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Julie A Cox
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra S Long
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikolai L Chepelev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
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Choi SY, Ko A, Kang HS, Hwang MS, Lee HS. Association of urinary acrylamide concentration with lifestyle and demographic factors in a population of South Korean children and adolescents. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:18247-18255. [PMID: 31041702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05037-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) has been identified as probably carcinogenic to humans and thus represents a potential public health threat. This study aimed to determine the urinary concentrations of AA and N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) in a nationally representative sample (n = 1025) of children and adolescents (age range 3-18 years) in South Korea. The AA and AAMA detection rates and geometric mean concentrations were 97%, 19.1 ng/mL, and 98.7%, 26.4 ng/mL, respectively. Although urinary AA levels did not vary widely by age (17.2 ng/mL at 3-6 years, 19.9 ng/mL at 7-18 years), the urinary concentration of AAMA increased with age (18.3 ng/mL at 3-6 years, 30.4 ng/mL at 7-18 years). A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the urinary levels of AA and AAMA varied significantly by sex, with the adjusted proportional changes indicating rates of 1.47- to 1.48-fold higher at 3-6 years and 1.36- to 1.68-fold higher at 7-18 years among males relative to females. Furthermore, the urinary levels of AA and AAMA correlated with the consumption of certain foods (doughnuts, hotdogs, popcorn, and nachos) among male subjects aged 7-18 years. The urinary concentrations of AA and AAMA increased significantly with the smoking status and passive smoking exposure, with adjusted proportional changes of 1.51 to 1.71-fold higher among smokers relative to non-smokers in the age range of 7-18 years. Exposure to smoking for > 30 min led to adjusted proportional increases in AA and AAMA of 1.51 and 1.77 times in the non-smoking group aged 3-6 years and a 1.52-fold increase in AAMA in the non-smoking group aged 7-18 years. In conclusion, the urinary levels of AA and AAMA were found to associate with age, sex, smoking, and food consumption in a population of Korean children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Choi
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drugs Residue Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahra Ko
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 361-709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Seung Kang
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drugs Residue Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 361-709, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung-Sil Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 361-709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 361-709, Republic of Korea.
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Takumi S, Shimono T, Ikema S, Hotta Y, Chigwechokha PK, Shiozaki K, Sugiyama Y, Hashimoto M, Furukawa T, Komatsu M. Overexpression of carboxylesterase contributes to the attenuation of cyanotoxin microcystin-LR toxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 194:22-27. [PMID: 28163251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR is a hepatotoxin produced by several cyanobacteria. Its toxicity is mainly due to a inhibition of protein phosphatase, PP1 and PP2A. Previously, we used a cell line stably expressing uptake transporter for microcystin-LR, OATP1B3 (HEK293-OATP1B3 cells). In this study, to determine whether overexpression of carboxylesterase (CES), which degrades ester-group and amide-group, attenuates the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR, we generated the HEK293-OATP1B3/CES2 double-transfected cells. HEK293-OATP1B3/CES2 cells showed high hydrolysis activity of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), which is an authentic substrate for esterase. CES activity in HEK293-OATP1B3/CES2 cells was approximately 3-fold higher than that in the HEK293-OATP1B3 cells. HEK293-OATP1B3/CES2 cells (IC50: 25.4±7.7nM) showed approximately 2.1-fold resistance to microcystin-LR than HEK293-OATP1B3 cells (IC50: 12.0±1.5nM). Moreover, the CES inhibition assay and microcystin-agarose pull down assay showed the possibility of the interaction between CES2 and microcystin-LR. Our results indicated that the overexpression of CES2 attenuates the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR via interaction with microcystin-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takumi
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Domestic Science, Kagoshima Women's College, Kagoshima 890-8565, Japan
| | - Tai Shimono
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikema
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Hotta
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Petros K Chigwechokha
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Sugiyama
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashimoto
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Clinical Pharmacy, Matsuyama University, 790-8578, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 890-8544 Kagoshima, Japan; Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masaharu Komatsu
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056 Kagoshima, Japan.
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Li Y, Zhang J, Mao X, Wu Y, Liu G, Song L, Li Y, Yang J, You Y, Cao X. High-sensitivity chemiluminescent immunoassay investigation and application for the detection of T-2 toxin and major metabolite HT-2 toxin. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:818-822. [PMID: 27185279 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-2 toxin is a widely distributed mycotoxin in cereals. HT-2 toxin is the major metabolite, which is also a contaminant in cereals. T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin have been identified as having carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic properties. To reduce the risk of contamination, a rapid, highly sensitive and inexpensive assay for the detection is required. RESULTS In this study a high-sensitivity chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunoassay (CL-ELISA) of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin was developed. With the help of the chemiluminescent substrate, this protocol showed a highly sensitive character with an IC50 as low as 33.28 ng mL-1 and 27.27 ng mL-1 for T-2 and HT-2, respectively. In addition, this method had no cross-reaction with other structurally related mycotoxins. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the developed CL-ELISA could be applied for the detection of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in actual samples without complicated steps. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xin Mao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
- Hua Hai Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Wu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Gongzhen Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jining 272033, P.R. China
| | - Liting Song
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yanli You
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xuelin Cao
- Logistics University Of People's Armed Police Forced Brigade Two, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
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Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Wolkoff P. Re-evaluation of the WHO (2010) formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline for cancer risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:35-61. [PMID: 27209488 PMCID: PMC5225186 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) established an indoor air quality guideline for short- and long-term exposures to formaldehyde (FA) of 0.1 mg/m3 (0.08 ppm) for all 30-min periods at lifelong exposure. This guideline was supported by studies from 2010 to 2013. Since 2013, new key studies have been published and key cancer cohorts have been updated, which we have evaluated and compared with the WHO guideline. FA is genotoxic, causing DNA adduct formation, and has a clastogenic effect; exposure-response relationships were nonlinear. Relevant genetic polymorphisms were not identified. Normal indoor air FA concentrations do not pass beyond the respiratory epithelium, and therefore FA's direct effects are limited to portal-of-entry effects. However, systemic effects have been observed in rats and mice, which may be due to secondary effects as airway inflammation and (sensory) irritation of eyes and the upper airways, which inter alia decreases respiratory ventilation. Both secondary effects are prevented at the guideline level. Nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia were observed inconsistently among studies; new updates of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) cohort confirmed that the relative risk was not increased with mean FA exposures below 1 ppm and peak exposures below 4 ppm. Hodgkin's lymphoma, not observed in the other studies reviewed and not considered FA dependent, was increased in the NCI cohort at a mean concentration ≥0.6 mg/m3 and at peak exposures ≥2.5 mg/m3; both levels are above the WHO guideline. Overall, the credibility of the WHO guideline has not been challenged by new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Damgård Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Leal AJ, Rodrigues EM, Leal PL, Júlio ADL, Fernandes RDCR, Borges AC, Tótola MR. Changes in the microbial community during bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 48:342-351. [PMID: 28034596 PMCID: PMC5470457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to verify the changes in the microbial community during bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil. Microbial inoculants were produced from successive additions of gasoline to municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) previously fertilized with nitrogen-phosphorous. To obtain Inoculant A, fertilized MSWC was amended with gasoline every 3 days during 18 days. Inoculant B received the same application, but at every 6 days. Inoculant C included MSWC fertilized with N–P, but no gasoline. The inoculants were applied to gasoline-contaminated soil at 10, 30, or 50 g/kg. Mineralization of gasoline hydrocarbons in soil was evaluated by respirometric analysis. The viability of the inoculants was evaluated after 103 days of storage under refrigeration or room temperature. The relative proportions of microbial groups in the inoculants and soil were evaluated by FAME. The dose of 50 g/kg of inoculants A and B led to the largest CO2 emission from soil. CO2 emissions in treatments with inoculant C were inversely proportional to the dose of inoculant. Heterotrophic bacterial counts were greater in soil treated with inoculants A and B. The application of inoculants decreased the proportion of actinobacteria and increased of Gram-negative bacteria. Decline in the density of heterotrophic bacteria in inoculants occurred after storage. This reduction was bigger in inoculants stored at room temperature. The application of stored inoculants in gasoline-contaminated soil resulted in a CO2 emission twice bigger than that observed in uninoculated soil. We concluded that MSWC is an effective material for the production of microbial inoculants for the bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Jaime Leal
- Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edmo Montes Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Ambiental e Biodiversidade, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Lopes Leal
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Ambiental e Biodiversidade, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Daniela Lopes Júlio
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Ambiental e Biodiversidade, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Rocha Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Ambiental e Biodiversidade, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Chaer Borges
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Ambiental e Biodiversidade, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério Tótola
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Ambiental e Biodiversidade, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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das Neves RNP, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Fernandes E, Soares E, de Bastos ML, de Pereira ML. Protective Activity of Hesperidin and Lipoic Acid Against Sodium Arsenite Acute Toxicity in Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:527-35. [PMID: 15603538 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490502566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the toxic effects of sodium arsenite, As(III), in mice and the protective effect of 2 antioxidants, hesperidin and lipoic acid, against the observed As(III)-induced toxicity. In each study, mice were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control, antioxidant, antioxidant + arsenite, and arsenite. Animals were first injected with the vehicle or 25 mg antioxidant/kg BW. After 30 minutes they received an injection of 10 mg arsenite/kg BW or 0.9% NaCl. Two hours after the first injection, the liver, kidney, and testis were collected for histological evaluation. Liver samples were also taken for quantification of arsenic. In mice exposed only to As(III), various histopathological effects were observed in the liver, kidneys, and testes. In mice pretreated with either hesperidin or lipoic acid, a reduction of histopathologic effects on the liver and kidneys was observed. No protective effects were observed in the testes for either of the 2 studied antioxidants. In conclusion, hesperidin and lipoic acid provided protective effects against As(III)-induced acute toxicity in the liver and kidneys of mice. These compounds may potentially play an important role in the protection of populations chronically exposed to arsenic.
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Souza T, Jennen D, van Delft J, van Herwijnen M, Kyrtoupolos S, Kleinjans J. New insights into BaP-induced toxicity: role of major metabolites in transcriptomics and contribution to hepatocarcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1449-58. [PMID: 26238291 PMCID: PMC4873527 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitous carcinogen resulting from incomplete combustion of organic compounds and also present at high levels in cigarette smoke. A wide range of biological effects has been attributed to BaP and its genotoxic metabolite BPDE, but the contribution to BaP toxicity of intermediary metabolites generated along the detoxification path remains unknown. Here, we report for the first time how 3-OH-BaP, 9,10-diol and BPDE, three major BaP metabolites, temporally relate to BaP-induced transcriptomic alterations in HepG2 cells. Since BaP is also known to induce AhR activation, we additionally evaluated TCDD to source the expression of non-genotoxic AhR-mediated patterns. 9,10-Diol was shown to activate several transcription factor networks related to BaP metabolism (AhR), oxidative stress (Nrf2) and cell proliferation (HIF-1α, AP-1) in particular at early time points, while BPDE influenced expression of genes involved in cell energetics, DNA repair and apoptotic pathways. Also, in order to grasp the role of BaP and its metabolites in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis, we compared expression patterns from BaP(-metabolites) and TCDD to a signature set of approximately nine thousand gene expressions derived from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. While transcriptome modulation by TCDD appeared not significantly related to HCC, BaP and BPDE were shown to deregulate metastatic markers via non-genotoxic and genotoxic mechanisms and activate inflammatory pathways (NF-κβ signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction). BaP also showed strong repression of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. Altogether, this study provides new insights into BaP-induced toxicity and sheds new light onto its mechanism of action as a hepatocarcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezinha Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitsingel 50, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Danyel Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Herwijnen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Soterios Kyrtoupolos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Krais AM, Speksnijder EN, Melis JPM, Indra R, Moserova M, Godschalk RW, van Schooten FJ, Seidel A, Kopka K, Schmeiser HH, Stiborova M, Phillips DH, Luijten M, Arlt VM. The impact of p53 on DNA damage and metabolic activation of the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene: effects in Trp53(+/+), Trp53(+/-) and Trp53(-/-) mice. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:839-51. [PMID: 25995008 PMCID: PMC4785204 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is one of the most important cancer genes. Previous findings have shown that p53 expression can influence DNA adduct formation of the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in human cells, indicating a role for p53 in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1-mediated biotransformation of BaP in vitro. We investigated the potential role of p53 in xenobiotic metabolism in vivo by treating Trp53(+/+), Trp53(+/-) and Trp53(-/-) mice with BaP. BaP-DNA adduct levels, as measured by (32)P-postlabelling analysis, were significantly higher in liver and kidney of Trp53(-/-) mice than of Trp53(+/+) mice. Complementarily, significantly higher amounts of BaP metabolites were also formed ex vivo in hepatic microsomes from BaP-pretreated Trp53(-/-) mice. Bypass of the need for metabolic activation by treating mice with BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide resulted in similar adduct levels in liver and kidney in all mouse lines, confirming that the influence of p53 is on the biotransformation of the parent compound. Higher BaP-DNA adduct levels in the livers of Trp53(-/-) mice correlated with higher CYP1A protein levels and increased CYP1A enzyme activity in these animals. Our study demonstrates a role for p53 in the metabolism of BaP in vivo, confirming previous in vitro results on a novel role for p53 in CYP1A1-mediated BaP metabolism. However, our results also suggest that the mechanisms involved in the altered expression and activity of the CYP1A1 enzyme by p53 in vitro and in vivo are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Krais
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ewoud N Speksnijder
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P M Melis
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roger W Godschalk
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-J van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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10
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Chen CY, Cheng CY, Chen CK, Hsieh MC, Lin ST, Ho KY, Li JW, Lin CP, Chung YC. Hexavalent chromium removal and bioelectricity generation by Ochrobactrum sp. YC211 under different oxygen conditions. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2016; 51:502-508. [PMID: 26889692 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1128731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation is an environmentally friendly method of reducing heavy metal concentration and toxicity. A chromium-reducing bacterial strain, isolated from the vicinity of an electroplate factory, was identified as Ochrobactrum sp. YC211. The efficiency and capacity per time of Ochrobactrum sp. YC211 for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal under anaerobic conditions were superior to those under aerobic conditions. An acceptable removal efficiency (96.5 ± 0.6%) corresponding to 30.2 ± 0.8 mg-Cr (g-dry cell weight-h)(-1) was achieved by Ochrobactrum sp. YC211 at 300 mg L(-1) Cr(VI). A temperature of 30°C and pH 7 were the optimal parameters for Cr(VI) removal. By examining reactivated cells, permeabilized cells, and cell-free extract, we determined that Cr(VI) removal by Ochrobactrum sp. YC211 under anaerobic conditions mainly occurred in the soluble fraction of the cell and can be regarded as an enzymatic reaction. The results also indicated that an Ochrobactrum sp. YC211 microbial fuel cell (MFC) with an anaerobic anode was considerably superior to that with an aerobic anode in bioelectricity generation and Cr(VI) removal. The maximum power density and Cr(VI) removal efficiency of the MFC were 445 ± 3.2 mW m(-2) and 97.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. Additionally, the effects of coexisting ions (Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), SO4(2-), and Cl(-)) in the anolyte on the MFC performance and Cr(VI) removal were nonsignificant (P > 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first report to compare Cr(VI) removal by different cells and MFC types under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Chen
- a Department of Tourism and Leisure , Hsing Wu University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yu Cheng
- b Department of Biological Science and Technology , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuo Chen
- c Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Hsieh
- b Department of Biological Science and Technology , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ting Lin
- b Department of Biological Science and Technology , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ying Ho
- b Department of Biological Science and Technology , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Jo-Wei Li
- b Department of Biological Science and Technology , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pei Lin
- b Department of Biological Science and Technology , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chien Chung
- b Department of Biological Science and Technology , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
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11
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Arshad MN, Nisar MA, Khurshid M, Hussain SZ, Maqsood U, Asghar MT, Nazir J. Molecular basis of arsenite (As⁺³)-induced acute cytotoxicity in human cervical epithelial carcinoma cells. Libyan J Med 2015; 10:26875. [PMID: 25922308 PMCID: PMC4412877 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v10.26875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid industrialization is discharging toxic heavy metals into the environment, disturbing human health in many ways and causing various neurologic, cardiovascular, and dermatologic abnormalities and certain types of cancer. The presence of arsenic in drinking water from different urban and rural areas of the major cities of Pakistan, for example, Lahore, Faisalabad, and Kasur, was found to be beyond the permissible limit of 10 parts per billion set by the World Health Organization. Therefore the present study was initiated to examine the effects of arsenite (As(+3)) on DNA biosynthesis and cell death. METHODS After performing cytotoxic assays on a human epithelial carcinoma cell line, expression analysis was done by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and flow cytometry. RESULTS We show that As(+3) ions have a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect through the activation of the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. In contrast to previous research, the present study was designed to explore the early cytotoxic effects produced in human cells during exposure to heavy dosage of As(+3) (7.5 µg/ml). Even treatment for 1 h significantly increased the mRNA levels of p21 and p27 and caspases 3, 7, and 9. It was interesting that there was no change in the expression levels of p53, which plays an important role in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that sudden exposure of cells to arsenite (As(+3)) resulted in cytotoxicity and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis resulting from up-regulation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Atif Nisar
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan;
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Zajif Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umer Maqsood
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Jawad Nazir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Krais AM, Mühlbauer KR, Kucab JE, Chinbuah H, Cornelius MG, Wei QX, Hollstein M, Phillips DH, Arlt VM, Schmeiser HH. Comparison of the metabolic activation of environmental carcinogens in mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:34-43. [PMID: 25230394 PMCID: PMC4258613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We compared mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and fibroblasts (MEFs) for their ability to metabolically activate the environmental carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) and aristolochic acid I (AAI), measuring DNA adduct formation by (32)P-postlabelling and expression of xenobiotic-metabolism genes by quantitative real-time PCR. At 2 μM, BaP induced Cyp1a1 expression in MEFs to a much greater extent than in ES cells and formed 45 times more adducts. Nqo1 mRNA expression was increased by 3-NBA in both cell types but induction was higher in MEFs, as was adduct formation. For AAI, DNA binding was over 450 times higher in MEFs than in ES cells, although Nqo1 and Cyp1a1 transcriptional levels did not explain this difference. We found higher global methylation of DNA in ES cells than in MEFs, which suggests higher chromatin density and lower accessibility of the DNA to DNA damaging agents in ES cells. However, AAI treatment did not alter DNA methylation. Thus mouse ES cells and MEFs have the metabolic competence to activate a number of environmental carcinogens, but MEFs have lower global DNA methylation and higher metabolic capacity than mouse ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Krais
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl-Rudolf Mühlbauer
- Research Group Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jill E Kucab
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Chinbuah
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Cornelius
- Research Group Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Quan-Xiang Wei
- Research Group Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monica Hollstein
- Research Group Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Research Group Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Ceccaroli C, Pulliero A, Geretto M, Izzotti A. Molecular fingerprints of environmental carcinogens in human cancer. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2015; 33:188-228. [PMID: 26023758 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of specific molecular changes (fingerprints) is important to identify cancer etiology. Exploitable biomarkers are related to DNA, epigenetics, and proteins. DNA adducts are the turning point between environmental exposures and biological damage. DNA mutational fingerprints are induced by carcinogens in tumor suppressor and oncogenes. In an epigenetic domain, methylation changes occurs in specific genes for arsenic, benzene, chromium, and cigarette smoke. Alteration of specific microRNA has been reported for environmental carcinogens. Benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium, coal, and wood dust hits specific heat-shock proteins and metalloproteases. The multiple analysis of these biomarkers provides information on the carcinogenic mechanisms activated by exposure to environmental carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ceccaroli
- a Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa , Italy
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14
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Zhang F, Guo Z, Zhong H, Wang S, Yang W, Liu Y, Wang S. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in response to water activity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3187-207. [PMID: 25421810 PMCID: PMC4247253 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6113187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is one of the most important producers of carcinogenic aflatoxins in crops, and the effect of water activity (aw) on growth and aflatoxin production of A. flavus has been previously studied. Here we found the strains under 0.93 aw exhibited decreased conidiation and aflatoxin biosynthesis compared to that under 0.99 aw. When RNA-Seq was used to delineate gene expression profile under different water activities, 23,320 non-redundant unigenes, with an average length of 1297 bp, were yielded. By database comparisons, 19,838 unigenes were matched well (e-value < 10−5) with known gene sequences, and another 6767 novel unigenes were obtained by comparison to the current genome annotation of A. flavus. Based on the RPKM equation, 5362 differentially expressed unigenes (with |log2Ratio| ≥ 1) were identified between 0.99 aw and 0.93 aw treatments, including 3156 up-regulated and 2206 down-regulated unigenes, suggesting that A. flavus underwent an extensive transcriptome response during water activity variation. Furthermore, we found that the expression of 16 aflatoxin producing-related genes decreased obviously when water activity decreased, and the expression of 11 development-related genes increased after 0.99 aw treatment. Our data corroborate a model where water activity affects aflatoxin biosynthesis through increasing the expression of aflatoxin producing-related genes and regulating development-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhenni Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Sen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bioenergy, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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15
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Abstract
An increasing number of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME) were identified among different ethnic groups. Some of these polymorphisms are associated with an increased cancer risk, while others remain equivocal. However, there is sufficient evidence that these associations become significant in populations overexposed to environmental carcinogens. Hence, genetic differences in expression activity of both Phase I and Phase II enzymes may affect cancer risk in exposed populations. In Lebanon, there has been a marked rise in reported cancer incidence since the 1990s. There are also indicators of exposure to unusually high levels of environmental pollutants and carcinogens in the country. This review considers this high cancer incidence by exploring a potential gene-environment model based on available DME polymorphism prevalence, and their impact on bladder, colorectal, prostate, breast, and lung cancer in the Lebanese population. The examined DME include glutathione S-transferases (GST), N-acetyltransferases (NAT), and cytochromes P-450 (CYP). Data suggest that these DME influence bladder cancer risk in the Lebanese population. Evidence indicates that identification of a gene-environment interaction model may help in defining future research priorities and preventive cancer control strategies in this country, particularly for breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan R Dhaini
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Balamand , Beirut , Lebanon
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16
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Kwack SJ, Kim DY, Kim YJ, Roh TH, Choi SM, Lim DS, Shin HS, Kim HS, Lee BM. Potential application of benzo(a)pyrene-associated adducts (globin or lipid) as blood biomarkers for target organ exposure and human risk assessment. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2014; 77:1491-1501. [PMID: 25343297 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.955904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the potential application of blood biomarkers as surrogate indicators of carcinogen-adduct formation in target-specific tissues, temporal formation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-associated DNA adducts, protein adducts, or lipid damage in target tissues such as lung, liver, and kidney was compared with globin adduct formation or plasma lipid damage in blood after continuous intraperitoneal (ip) injection of [(3)H]BaP into female ICR mice for 7 d. Following treatment with [(3)H]BaP, formation of [(3)H]BaP-DNA or -protein adducts in lung, liver, and kidney increased linearly, and persisted thereafter. This finding was similar to the observed effects on globin adduct formation and plasma lipid damage in blood. The lungs contained a higher level of DNA adducts than liver or kidneys during the treatment period. Further, the rate of cumulative adduct formation in lung was markedly greater than that in liver. Treatment with a single dose of [(3)H]BaP indicated that BaP-globin adduct formation and BaP-lipid damage in blood reached a peak 48 h after treatment. Overall, globin adduct formation and lipid damage in blood were significantly correlated with DNA adduct formation in the target tissues. These data suggest that peripheral blood biomarkers, such as BaP-globin adduct formation or BaP-lipid damage, may be useful for prediction of target tissue-specific DNA adduct formation, and for risk assessment after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Kwack
- a Department of Biochemistry and Health Science , College of Natural Sciences, Changwon National University , Changwon , Gyeongnam , South Korea
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17
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Cottingham KL, Karimi R, Gruber JF, Zens MS, Sayarath V, Folt CL, Punshon T, Morris JS, Karagas MR. Diet and toenail arsenic concentrations in a New Hampshire population with arsenic-containing water. Nutr J 2013; 12:149. [PMID: 24237880 PMCID: PMC3907042 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist on the contribution of dietary sources of arsenic to an individual's total exposure, particularly in populations with exposure via drinking water. Here, the association between diet and toenail arsenic concentrations (a long-term biomarker of exposure) was evaluated for individuals with measured household tap water arsenic. Foods known to be high in arsenic, including rice and seafood, were of particular interest. METHODS Associations between toenail arsenic and consumption of 120 individual diet items were quantified using general linear models that also accounted for household tap water arsenic and potentially confounding factors (e.g., age, caloric intake, sex, smoking) (n = 852). As part of the analysis, we assessed whether associations between log-transformed toenail arsenic and each diet item differed between subjects with household drinking water arsenic concentrations <1 μg/L versus ≥1 μg/L. RESULTS As expected, toenail arsenic concentrations increased with household water arsenic concentrations. Among the foods known to be high in arsenic, no clear relationship between toenail arsenic and rice consumption was detected, but there was a positive association with consumption of dark meat fish, a category that includes tuna steaks, mackerel, salmon, sardines, bluefish, and swordfish. Positive associations between toenail arsenic and consumption of white wine, beer, and Brussels sprouts were also observed; these and most other associations were not modified by exposure via water. However, consumption of two foods cooked in water, beans/lentils and cooked oatmeal, was more strongly related to toenail arsenic among those with arsenic-containing drinking water (≥1 μg/L). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that diet can be an important contributor to total arsenic exposure in U.S. populations regardless of arsenic concentrations in drinking water. Thus, dietary exposure to arsenic in the US warrants consideration as a potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roxanne Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joann F Gruber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Scot Zens
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Vicki Sayarath
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Carol L Folt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - J Steven Morris
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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18
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Robins KJ, Hooks DO, Rehm BHA, Ackerley DF. Escherichia coli NemA is an efficient chromate reductase that can be biologically immobilized to provide a cell free system for remediation of hexavalent chromium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59200. [PMID: 23527133 PMCID: PMC3596305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a serious and widespread environmental pollutant. Although many bacteria have been identified that can transform highly water-soluble and toxic Cr(VI) to insoluble and relatively non-toxic Cr(III), bacterial bioremediation of Cr(VI) pollution is limited by a number of issues, in particular chromium toxicity to the remediating cells. To address this we sought to develop an immobilized enzymatic system for Cr(VI) remediation. To identify novel Cr(VI) reductase enzymes we first screened cell extracts from an Escherichia coli library of soluble oxidoreductases derived from a range of bacteria, but found that a number of these enzymes can reduce Cr(VI) indirectly, via redox intermediates present in the crude extracts. Instead, activity assays for 15 candidate enzymes purified as His6-tagged proteins identified E. coli NemA as a highly efficient Cr(VI) reductase (kcat/KM = 1.1×105 M−1s−1 with NADH as cofactor). Fusion of nemA to the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase gene phaC from Ralstonia eutropha enabled high-level biosynthesis of functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoate granules displaying stable and active NemA on their surface. When these granules were combined with either Bacillus subtilis glucose dehydrogenase or Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase as a cofactor regenerating partner, high levels of chromate transformation were observed with only low initial concentrations of expensive NADH cofactor being required, the overall reaction being powered by consumption of the cheap sacrificial substrates glucose or formic acid, respectively. This system therefore offers promise as an economic solution for ex situ Cr(VI) remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Robins
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David O. Hooks
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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19
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Abstract
Human biomarker measurements in tissues including blood, breath, and urine can serve as efficient surrogates for environmental monitoring because a single biological sample integrates personal exposure across all environmental media and uptake pathways. However, biomarkers represent a "snapshot" in time, and risk assessment is generally based on long-term averages. In this study, a statistical approach is proposed for estimating long-term average exposures from distributions of spot biomarker measurements using intraclass correlations based upon measurement variance components from the literature. This methodology was developed and demonstrated using a log-normally distributed data set of urinary OH-pyrene taken from our own studies. The calculations are generalized for any biomarker data set of spot measures such as those from the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Studies (NHANES) requiring only spreadsheet calculations. A three-tiered approach depending on the availability of metadata was developed for converting any collection of spot biomarkers into an estimated distribution of individual means that can then be compared to a biologically relevant risk level. Examples from a Microsoft Excel-based spreadsheet for calculating estimates of the proportion of the population exceeding a given biomonitoring equivalent level are provided as an appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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20
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Siddens LK, Larkin A, Krueger SK, Bradfield CA, Waters KM, Tilton SC, Pereira CB, Löhr CV, Arlt VM, Phillips DH, Williams DE, Baird WM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as skin carcinogens: comparison of benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[def,p]chrysene and three environmental mixtures in the FVB/N mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:377-86. [PMID: 22935520 PMCID: PMC3483092 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was compared to dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) and combinations of three environmental PAH mixtures (coal tar, diesel particulate and cigarette smoke condensate) using a two stage, FVB/N mouse skin tumor model. DBC (4nmol) was most potent, reaching 100% tumor incidence with a shorter latency to tumor formation, less than 20 weeks of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion compared to all other treatments. Multiplicity was 4 times greater than BaP (400 nmol). Both PAHs produced primarily papillomas followed by squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ. Diesel particulate extract (1 mg SRM 1650b; mix 1) did not differ from toluene controls and failed to elicit a carcinogenic response. Addition of coal tar extract (1 mg SRM 1597a; mix 2) produced a response similar to BaP. Further addition of 2 mg of cigarette smoke condensate (mix 3) did not alter the response with mix 2. PAH-DNA adducts measured in epidermis 12 h post initiation and analyzed by ³²P post-labeling, did not correlate with tumor incidence. PAH-dependent alteration in transcriptome of skin 12 h post initiation was assessed by microarray. Principal component analysis (sum of all treatments) of the 922 significantly altered genes (p<0.05), showed DBC and BaP to cluster distinct from PAH mixtures and each other. BaP and mixtures up-regulated phase 1 and phase 2 metabolizing enzymes while DBC did not. The carcinogenicity with DBC and two of the mixtures was much greater than would be predicted based on published Relative Potency Factors (RPFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth K. Siddens
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
| | - Andrew Larkin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
| | - Sharon K. Krueger
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, USA
| | | | - Katrina M. Waters
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Susan C. Tilton
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Cliff B. Pereira
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Deptartment of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment & Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - David H. Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment & Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - William M. Baird
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, USA
- Superfund Research Center, Oregon State University, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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21
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Kucab JE, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Metabolic activation of diesel exhaust carcinogens in primary and immortalized human TP53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblasts. Environ Mol Mutagen 2012; 53:207-17. [PMID: 22351035 DOI: 10.1002/em.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of human tumors have a mutation in TP53. The pattern and spectra of TP53 mutations often differ between cancer types, perhaps due to different etiological factors. The Hupki (human TP53 knock-in) mouse embryo fibroblast (HUF) immortalization assay is useful for studying mutagenesis in the human TP53 gene by environmental carcinogens. Prior to initiating an immortalization assay, carcinogen treatment conditions must be optimized, which can require a large number of cells. As primary HUF cultures senesce within 2 weeks, restricting their use, we investigated whether immortalized HUFs retaining wild-type TP53 can be surrogates for primary HUFs in initial treatment optimization. DNA damage by eight compounds found in diesel exhaust, benzo[a]pyrene, 3-nitrobenzanthrone, 1-nitropyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 1,8-dinitropyrene, 6-nitrochrysene, and 3-nitrofluorene, was assessed by (32) P-postlabeling and the alkaline comet assay in primary HUFs and in an immortal HUF cell line J201. For most compounds, higher levels of DNA adducts accumulated in J201 cells than in primary HUFs. This difference was not reflected in the comet assay or by cell viability changes. Experiments in three additional immortal HUF cell lines (AAI49, U56, and E2-143) confirmed strong differences in DNA adduct levels compared with primary HUFs. However, these did not correlate with the protein expression of Nqo1 or Nat1/2, or with gene expression of Cyp1a1 or Cyp1b1. Our results show that using immortal HUFs as surrogates for primary HUFs in genotoxicity screening has limitations and that DNA adduct formation is the best measure of genotoxicity of the nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested in HUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kucab
- Institute of Cancer Research, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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22
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Sobol Z, Schiestl RH. Intracellular and extracellular factors influencing Cr(VI) and Cr(III) genotoxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen 2012; 53:94-100. [PMID: 22020802 DOI: 10.1002/em.20679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cr(VI) is a human and animal carcinogen. Cr(VI) does not interact directly with DNA and thus its genotoxicity is attributed to its intracellular reduction to Cr(III) via reactive intermediates. The resulting types of DNA damage can be grouped into two categories: (1) oxidative DNA damage and (2) Cr(III)-DNA interactions. This study examines the molecular mechanism of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) genotoxicity in an intact cell. A system screening for DNA deletions (DEL assay) was used to compare induction of chromosomal rearrangements in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae following Cr(VI) and Cr(III) exposure. Both forms of chromium induced DNA deletions albeit with different dose-response curves. N-acetylcysteine had a protective effect against Cr(VI) genotoxicity at high exposure doses but had no protective effect at lower doses or against Cr(III). An oxidative DNA damage repair mutant was hypersensitive to Cr(VI) only at high exposure and the mutant was not hypersensitive to Cr(III) exposure. These data imply that oxidative stress is involved in Cr(VI) genotoxicity at high exposure concentrations and not so in Cr(III). The Cr(III)-DNA interaction appears to be an important genotoxic lesion following Cr(VI) exposure at low-exposure concentrations. The CAN forward mutation assay revealed that within the concentration ranges used for this study, Cr(III) does not cause point mutations and Cr(VI) causes a mild but statistically significant increase in point mutation only at the highest concentration tested. This study reveals that DNA deletions occurring as a result of intrachromosomal homologous recombination are a useful endpoint for studying chromium genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Sobol
- Department of Pathology, Geffen School of Medicine and School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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23
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Song MK, Kim YJ, Song M, Choi HS, Park YK, Ryu JC. Formation of a 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide metabolite of benz[a]anthracene with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in a human in vitro hepatocyte culture system. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 33:212-225. [PMID: 22236718 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that require metabolic activation to exert their carcinogenic effects. This study investigated the 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide formation of benz[a]anthracene (BA) and its toxic effects in a human in vitro hepatocyte culture system. Both mRNA and protein expression of metabolic enzymes which can activate PAHs to carcinogenic forms increased after BA exposure in HepG2 cells and our quantitative analysis showed that the formation of BA-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide in medium extracts increased in a time-dependent manner. We also performed several comparative studies which show that much lower concentrations of BA-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide had stronger cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than higher doses of BA. These results suggest that BA is activated as the major carcinogenic metabolite 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide, in human in vitro culture systems by metabolic enzymes and that this metabolite has stronger cytotoxic and genotoxic effects than its parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Song
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Republic of Korea
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24
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25
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Sagar S, Dwivedi A, Yadav S, Tripathi M, Kaistha SD. Hexavalent chromium reduction and plant growth promotion by Staphylococcusarlettae strain Cr11. Chemosphere 2012; 86:847-52. [PMID: 22169713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cr(VI), a mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant in industrial effluents, was effectively reduced by an indigenous tannery effluent isolate Staphylococcus arlettae strain Cr11 under aerobic conditions. The isolate could tolerate Cr(VI) up to 2000 and 5000 mg L(-1) in liquid and solid media respectively. S. arlettae Cr11 effectively reduced 98% of 100 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) in 24h. Reduction for initial Cr(VI) concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L(-1) was 98% and 75%, respectively in 120 h. The isolate was also positive for siderophore, indole acetic acid, ammonia and catalase production, phosphate solubilization and biofilm formation in the presence and absence of Cr(VI). The isolate showed halotolerance (10% NaCl) and cross tolerance to other toxic heavy metals such as Hg(2+), Ni(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+). Bacterial inoculation of Triticum aestivum in controlled petri dish and soil environment showed significant increase in percent germination, root and shoot length as well as dry and wet weight in Cr(VI) treated and untreated samples. This is the first report of simultaneous Cr(VI) reduction and plant growth promotion for a S. arlettae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Sahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India
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26
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Malta-Vacas J, Viegas S, Sabino R, Viegas C. Fungal and microbial volatile organic compounds exposure assessment in a waste sorting plant. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2012; 75:1410-1417. [PMID: 23095159 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.721175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the management of solid waste, pollutants over a wide range are released with different routes of exposure for workers. The potential for synergism among the pollutants raises concerns about potential adverse health effects, and there are still many uncertainties involved in exposure assessment. In this study, conventional (culture-based) and molecular real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) methodologies were used to assess fungal air contamination in a waste-sorting plant which focused on the presence of three potential pathogenic/toxigenic fungal species: Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, and Stachybotrys chartarum. In addition, microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) were measured by photoionization detection. For all analysis, samplings were performed at five different workstations inside the facilities and also outdoors as a reference. Penicillium sp. were the most common species found at all plant locations. Pathogenic/toxigenic species (A. fumigatus and S. chartarum) were detected at two different workstations by RTPCR but not by culture-based techniques. MVOC concentration indoors ranged between 0 and 8.9 ppm (average 5.3 ± 3.16 ppm). Our results illustrated the advantage of combining both conventional and molecular methodologies in fungal exposure assessment. Together with MVOC analyses in indoor air, data obtained allow for a more precise evaluation of potential health risks associated with bioaerosol exposure. Consequently, with this knowledge, strategies may be developed for effective protection of the workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malta-Vacas
- Higher School of Health Technology of Lisbon (ESTESL)/Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon (IPL), Lisbon, Portugal
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27
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Faraj SHE, Esfahany MN, Kadivar M, Zilouei H. Vinyl chloride removal from an air stream by biotrickling filter. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2012; 47:2263-2269. [PMID: 22934998 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.707551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A biofiltration process was used for degradation of vinyl chloride as a hazardous material in the air stream. Three biotrickling filters in series-parallel allowing uniform feed and moisture distribution all over the bed were used. Granular activated carbon mixed with compost was employed as carrier bed. The biological culture consisted of mixture of activated sludge from PVC wastewater treatment plant. Concurrent flow of gas and liquid was used in the bed. Results indicated that during the operation period of 110 days, the biotrickling bed was able to remove over 35% of inlet vinyl chloride. Maximum elimination capacity was calculated to be 0.56 g.m(-3).hr(-1). The amount of chlorine accumulated in the circulating liquid due to the degradation of vinyl chloride was measured to be equal to the vinyl chloride removed from the air stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Esmaeili Faraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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28
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Kumar S, Kokate RA, Sahu M, Chaudhary P, Sharma R, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC. Inhibition of mercapturic acid pathway-mediated disposal of 4-hydroxynonenal causes complete and sustained remission of human cancer xenografts in nude mice. Indian J Exp Biol 2011; 49:817-825. [PMID: 22126012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental electrophilic chemical carcinogens are detoxified via mercapturic acid pathway to be excreted as mercapturic acid derivatives. Mercapturic acid pathway is also involved in the metabolism of pro-apoptotic and toxic endogenous electrophiles such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). HNE is a common denominator in stress induced signaling and is a pro-apoptotic second messenger that affects cell cycle signaling in a concentration dependent manner. It can regulate signaling for apoptosis, differentiation, and gene expression by interacting with the transcriptional factors, transcriptional repressors, membrane receptors and other proteins. First two rate limiting enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway, GSTs that conjugate HNE to glutathione (GSH), and RLIP76 that excludes GHS-HNE conjugate from cells, regulate the intracellular concentration of HNE. Thus GSTs and RLIP76 can have a profound effect on cell cycle signaling. Our studies have established that increased HNE levels in cells promote apoptotic signaling while at decreased levels below its basal constituted levels HNE promote proliferation. A major outcome of these findings is that by blocking the mercapturic acid pathway mediated detoxification of HNE through the inhibition of RLIP76 catalyzed transport of GS-HNE, a complete remission of many human cancer xenografts in mice can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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29
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Diggs DL, Huderson AC, Harris KL, Myers JN, Banks LD, Rekhadevi PV, Niaz MS, Ramesh A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers: a perspective. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2011; 29:324-57. [PMID: 22107166 PMCID: PMC3247201 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2011.629974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the colon are most common in the Western world. In majority of these cases, there is no familial history and sporadic gene damage seems to play an important role in the development of tumors in the colon. Studies have shown that environmental factors, especially diet, play an important role in susceptibility to gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers. Consequently, environmental chemicals that contaminate food or diet during preparation become important in the development of GI cancers. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one such family of ubiquitous environmental toxicants. These pollutants enter the human body through consumption of contaminated food, drinking water, inhalation of cigarette smoke, automobile exhausts, and contaminated air from occupational settings. Among these pathways, dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Although many reviews and books on PAHs and their ability to cause toxicity and breast or lung cancer have been published, aspects on contribution of diet, smoking and other factors toward development of digestive tract cancers, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to PAHs have received much less attention. This review, therefore, focuses on dietary intake of PAHs in humans, animal models, and cell cultures used for GI cancer studies along with epidemiological findings. Bioavailability and biotransformation processes, which influence the disposition of PAHs in body and the underlying causative mechanisms of GI cancers, are also discussed. The existing data gaps and scope for future studies is also emphasized. This information is expected to stimulate research on mechanisms of sporadic GI cancers caused by exposure to environmental carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deacqunita L. Diggs
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Ashley C. Huderson
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Kelly L. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Jeremy N. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Leah D. Banks
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Perumalla V. Rekhadevi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Mohammad S. Niaz
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
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30
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Dreij K, Chaudhry QA, Jernström B, Morgenstern R, Hanke M. A method for efficient calculation of diffusion and reactions of lipophilic compounds in complex cell geometry. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23128. [PMID: 21912588 PMCID: PMC3166132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A general description of effects of toxic compounds in mammalian cells is facing several problems. Firstly, most toxic compounds are hydrophobic and partition phenomena strongly influence their behaviour. Secondly, cells display considerable heterogeneity regarding the presence, activity and distribution of enzymes participating in the metabolism of foreign compounds i.e. bioactivation/biotransformation. Thirdly, cellular architecture varies greatly. Taken together, complexity at several levels has to be addressed to arrive at efficient in silico modelling based on physicochemical properties, metabolic preferences and cell characteristics. In order to understand the cellular behaviour of toxic foreign compounds we have developed a mathematical model that addresses these issues. In order to make the system numerically treatable, methods motivated by homogenization techniques have been applied. These tools reduce the complexity of mathematical models of cell dynamics considerably thus allowing to solve efficiently the partial differential equations in the model numerically on a personal computer. Compared to a compartment model with well-stirred compartments, our model affords a more realistic representation. Numerical results concerning metabolism and chemical solvolysis of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogen show good agreement with results from measurements in V79 cell culture. The model can easily be extended and refined to include more reactants, and/or more complex reaction chains, enzyme distribution etc, and is therefore suitable for modelling cellular metabolism involving membrane partitioning also at higher levels of complexity.
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MESH Headings
- 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide/chemistry
- 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide/metabolism
- 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide/toxicity
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Carcinogens, Environmental/chemistry
- Carcinogens, Environmental/metabolism
- Carcinogens, Environmental/toxicity
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- DNA Adducts/drug effects
- Diffusion
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Intracellular Space/drug effects
- Intracellular Space/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Toxicity Tests/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Li K, Ren YW, Wan Y, Yin ZH, Wu W, Zhou BS. SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism and susceptibility of environment-related cancers: a meta analysis of 5,915 cases and 7,900 controls. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2597-605. [PMID: 21670965 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The common genetic polymorphism for SULT1A1 is Arg213His polymorphism, which may affect the sulfation process of various environmental carcinogens and thus is suggested to be related to susceptibility of several cancers. However, studies on the association between SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism and cancer susceptibility are inconsistent. To assess the relationship between Arg213His polymorphism and environmental-related cancers systematically, we performed a meta analysis from 20 case-control studies including 5,915 cases and 7,900 controls. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of risk, we found a significant association between SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism and environment-related cancers (for dominant model: OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07-1.39, P = 0.003). When stratified by ethnicity, a significant risk was observed in Asian cases, compared with controls (for dominant model: OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.17-2.43, P = 0.005). When we chose only smokers in our analysis, we also found a significantly increased risk between Arg213His polymorphism and susceptibility of environment-related cancers for participants exposed to a smoking environment. In conclusion, SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism, ethnicity, smoking may modulate environment-related cancer risk. Studies on gene-gene interactions in the sequential or concurrent metabolic pathway and gene-environment interactions need to be further conducted to explore the susceptibility of cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning Province, China
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Abstract
The anaerobic degradation potential at a chloroethene-contaminated site was investigated by operating two anoxic column aquifer microcosms enriched in iron(III). One column was fed with vinyl chloride (VC) only (column A) and one with VC and acetate (column B). In column A, after about 600 pore volume exchanges (PVEs), VC started to disappear and reached almost zero VC recovery in the effluent after 1000 PVEs. No formation of ethene was observed. In column B, effluent VC was almost always only a fraction of influent VC. Formation of ethene was observed after 800 PVEs and started to become an important degradation product after 1550 PVEs. However, ethene was never observed in stoichiometric amounts compared with disappeared VC. The average stable isotope enrichment factor for VC disappearance in column A was determined to be -4.3‰. In column B, the isotope enrichment factor shifted from -10.7 to -18.5‰ concurrent with an increase in ethene production. Batch microcosms inoculated with column material showed similar isotope enrichment factors as the column microcosms. These results indicated that two degradation processes occurred, one in column A and two in parallel in column B with increasing importance of reductive dechlorination with time. This study suggests that in addition to reductive dechlorination, other degradation processes such as anaerobic oxidation should be taken into account when evaluating natural attenuation of VC and that isotope analysis can help to differentiate between different pathways of VC removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo H M Smits
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil Environment Engeneering, Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Mohanty M, Pattnaik MM, Mishra AK, Patra HK. Chromium bioaccumulation in rice grown in contaminated soil and irrigated mine wastewater--a case study at South Kaliapani chromite mine area, Orissa, India. Int J Phytoremediation 2011; 13:397-409. [PMID: 21598771 DOI: 10.1080/15226511003753979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The level of chromium (Cr) contamination in soils and irrigated mine wastewater at South Kaliapani chromite mine region of Orissa, (India) were investigated. Chromium bioaccumulation in rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Khandagiri) irrigated with Cr+6 contaminated mine wastewater was analyzed along with its attenuation from mine wastewater. The levels of Cr+6 in irrigated mine wastewaters in successive rice grown plots were analyzed on 75 days and 100 days after transplantation of seedlings. Total chromium content in different parts of rice plants and soil samples from different plots was analyzed during harvesting stage (125 days after transplantation). Cr accumulation was significantly high in surface soils (0-20 cm) with a mean value of 11,170 mg kg(-1), but it decreased significantly after the crop harvest. About 70% to 90% reduction of Cr+6 levels was observed in irrigated mine wastewater when passed through successive rice plots. High bio-concentration of Cr in leaves with values ranging from 125-498 mg kg(-1) as compared to stem (25-400 mg kg(-1)) and grain (5-23 mg kg(-1)) was noticed. The reduction of Cr+6 levels is related to plant age, high biomass and area of water passage and was attributed to rhizofiltration technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mohanty
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India.
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Abstract
Infrared microspectroscopy (IMS) is emerging as an important analytical tool for the structural analysis of biological tissue. This report describes the use of IMS coupled to a synchrotron source combined with principal components analysis (PCA) to monitor the fate and effect of dinitrotoluenes in the roots of maize and sunflower plants. Infrared imaging revealed that maize roots metabolized 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,6-DNT. The DNTs and their derivative aromatic amines were predominantly associated with epidermis and xylem. Both isomers of DNT altered the structure and production of pectin and pectic polysaccharides in maize and sunflower plant roots. Infrared peaks diagnostic for aromatic amines were seen at the 5 mg L concentrations for both DNTs in maize and sunflower treated tissue. However, only infrared peaks for nitro groups, not aromatic amines, were present in the maize treated at 10 mg L For sunflower, the 10 mg L level was toxic and also produced very dark root systems making spectra difficult to obtain. Maize and sunflower seem unable to metabolize effectively at concentrations higher than about 5 mg L DNT in hydroponic solution. Based on the results of this study, IMS combined with PCA can be an effective means of determining the fate and metabolism of organic contaminants in plant tissue when isotopically labeled compounds are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dokken
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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35
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Homklin S, Ong SK, Limpiyakorn T. Biotransformation of 17α-methyltestosterone in sediment under different electron acceptor conditions. Chemosphere 2011; 82:1401-1407. [PMID: 21194723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
17α-Methyltestosterone (MT), an anabolic androgenic steroid, is used widely in inducing an all male population in aquaculture farming of fish, such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Current understanding of the occurrence and fate of MT in the sediments and the surrounding areas of the aquaculture ponds are very limited. Bioassay tests showed that MT was biotransformed under aerobic and sulfate-reducing conditions with a half-life of 3.8d and 5.3d, respectively, with complete disappearance of androgenic activity. However, under methanogenic condition, MT was found to biotransform but the androgenic activity continued to persist even after 45 d of incubation. In contrast, MT was found to transform slowly under iron(III)-reducing condition and was hardly transformed under nitrate-reducing condition. A possible reason for the lack of transformation of MT under nitrate-reducing condition is the presence of the methyl group at the C-17 position. The results of this study suggest that MT and its degradation products with androgenic activity may potentially accumulate in the sediments of fish farming ponds under iron(III)-reducing, nitrate-reducing and methanogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeda Homklin
- International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chung CJ, Pu YS, Chen YT, Su CT, Wu CC, Shiue HS, Huang CY, Hsueh YM. Protective effects of plasma alpha-tocopherols on the risk of inorganic arsenic-related urothelial carcinoma. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:1039-1045. [PMID: 21227482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic plays an important role in producing oxidative stress in cultured cells. To investigate the interaction between high oxidative stress and low arsenic methylation capacity on arsenic carcinogenesis, a case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship among the indices of oxidative stress, such as urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyquanine (8-OHdG), as well as plasma micronutrients and urinary arsenic profiles on urothelial carcinoma (UC) risk. Urinary 8-OHdG was measured using high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The urinary arsenic species were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and hydride generator-atomic absorption spectrometry. Plasma micronutrient levels were analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The present study showed a significant protective effect of plasma alpha-tocopherol on UC risk. Plasma alpha-tocopherol levels were significantly inversely related to urinary total arsenic concentrations and inorganic arsenic percentage (InAs%), and significantly positively related to dimethylarsinic acid percentage (DMA%). There were no correlations between plasma micronutrients and urinary 8-OHdG. Study participants with lower alpha-tocopherol and higher urinary total arsenic, higher InAs%, higher MMA%, and lower DMA% had a higher UC risk than those with higher alpha-tocopherol and lower urinary total arsenic, lower InAs%, lower MMA%, and higher DMA%. These results suggest that plasma alpha-tocopherol might modify the risk of inorganic arsenic-related UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chung
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cameron KS, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of nickel-induced genotoxicity and carcinogenicity: a literature review. Rev Environ Health 2011; 26:81-92. [PMID: 21905451 PMCID: PMC3172618 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2011.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nickel, a naturally occurring element that exists in various mineral forms, is mainly found in soil and sediment, and its mobilization is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil. Industrial sources of nickel include metallurgical processes such as electroplating, alloy production, stainless steel, and nickel-cadmium batteries. Nickel industries, oil- and coal-burning power plants, and trash incinerators have been implicated in its release into the environment. In humans, nickel toxicity is influenced by the route of exposure, dose, and solubility of the nickel compound. Lung inhalation is the major route of exposure for nickel-induced toxicity. Nickel can also be ingested or absorbed through the skin. The primary target organs are the kidneys and lungs. Other organs such as the liver, spleen, heart, and testes can also be affected to a lesser extent. Although the most common health effect is an allergic reaction, research has also demonstrated that nickel is carcinogenic to humans. The focus of the present review is on recent research concerning the molecular mechanisms of nickel-induced genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. We first present a background on the occurrence of nickel in the environment, human exposure, and human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyuna S. Cameron
- Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | | | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
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Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a known carcinogen commonly found in drinking water. An emerging body of evidence suggests that exposure to inorganic As may be associated with nonmalignant respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between As exposure at levels seen in the United States and prevalence of asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and respiratory symptoms.Urinary As was collected from 5365 participants from the combined 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts. Two methods to adjust for organic As component were incorporated into the statistical model. Linear and logistic regression models compared urinary As adjusted for organic As with diagnoses of obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory symptoms.Geometric mean concentration of urinary As were not significantly different between participants with and those without asthma, chronic bronchitis,and emphysema. Odds of having asthma was 0.71 for participants with the highest quintile of urinary As (≥ 17.23 μg/dl) when compared to the lowest quintile (≤ 3.52 μg/dl). A significant association was found between increasing urinary As concentration and decreasing age, male gender, and non-"white" race.A significant association between urinary As and obstructive pulmonary disease and symptoms was not demonstrated in the U.S. population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Amster
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lokhande VH, Srivastava S, Patade VY, Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Nikam TD, Suprasanna P. Investigation of arsenic accumulation and tolerance potential of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Chemosphere 2011; 82:529-534. [PMID: 21074240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L., a facultative halophyte, is considered a suitable candidate for the phytoremediation of metals. An investigation of As accumulation and tolerance was conducted in Sesuvium plants upon exposure to As(V) (100-1000 μM) for 30 d. Plants demonstrated a good growth even after prolonged exposure (30 d) to high As(V) concentrations (1000 μM) and a significant As accumulation (155 μg g⁻¹ dry weight) with a bioaccumulation factor of more than ten at each concentration. The results of shoot and root dry weight, malondialdehyde accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, and total soluble proteins demonstrated that plants did not experience significant toxicity even at 1000 μM As(V) after 30 d. However, metabolites (total non-protein thiols and cysteine) and enzymes (serine acetyltransferase, cysteine synthase and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase) of thiol metabolism, in general, remained either unaffected or showed slight decline. Hence, plants tolerated high As(V) concentrations without an involvement of thiol metabolism as a major component. Taken together, the results indicate that plants are potential As accumulator and may find application in the re-vegetation of As contaminated sites.
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40
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Masood F, Malik A. Hexavalent chromium reduction by Bacillus sp. strain FM1 isolated from heavy-metal contaminated soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 86:114-9. [PMID: 21181113 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A Cr(VI) reducing bacterial strain FM1 was isolated from heavy metal contaminated agricultural soil irrigated with tannery effluents of Jajmau, Kanpur (India), and was identified as Bacillus sp. on the basis of biochemical methods and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. FM1 strain was found to be resistant to some toxic heavy metals (Cr(VI), Cr(III), Cu²+, Co²+, Cd²+, Ni²+ and Zn²+) up to several fold concentrations to the normal levels occurring in highly polluted region. FM1 was resistant to very high concentration of Cr(VI) (1,000 mg/L) and completely reduced 100 mg/L Cr(VI) within 48 h. Factors (pH, temperature, initial Cr(VI) concentration) affecting Cr(VI) reduction under culture condition were also evaluated. Reduction was optimum at 37 °C and pH 8. Cr(VI) reduction was enhanced by addition of glucose. The presence of heavy metal cations, such as Cu²+, Co²+, Cd²+, Ni²+ and Zn²+ showed differential effect on reduction. Since strain FM1 could grow in the presence of significant concentrations of metals and due to high Cr(VI) reduction ability, this bacterium may be potentially applicable in Cr(VI) detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Masood
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Tripathi P, Kumar A, Dave R, Mishra S, Singh R, Sharma D, Rai UN, Chakrabarty D, Trivedi PK, Adhikari B, Bag MK, Dhankher OP, Tuli R. Arsenate exposure affects amino acids, mineral nutrient status and antioxidants in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:9542-9. [PMID: 21077666 DOI: 10.1021/es101716h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Simulated pot experiments were conducted on four rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes (Triguna, IR-36, PNR-519, and IET-4786) to examine the effects of As(V) on amino acids and mineral nutrient status in grain along with antioxidant response to arsenic exposure. Rice genotypes responded differentially to As(V) exposure in terms of amino acids and antioxidant profiles. Total amino acid content in grains of all rice genotypes was positively correlated with arsenic accumulation. While, most of the essential amino acids increased in all cultivars except IR-36, glutamic acid and glycine increased in IET-4786 and PNR-519. The level of nonprotein thiols (NPTs) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) increased in all rice cultivars except IET-4786. A significant genotypic variation was also observed in specific arsenic uptake (SAU; mg kg(-1)dw), which was in the order of Triguna (134) > IR-36 (71) > PNR-519 (53) > IET-4786 (29). Further, application of As(V) at lower doses (4 and 8 mg L(-1) As) enhanced the accumulation of selenium (Se) and other nutrients (Fe, P, Zn, and S), however, higher dose (12 mg L(-1) As) limits the nutrient uptake in rice. In conclusion, low As accumulating genotype, IET-4786, which also had significantly induced level of essential amino acids, seems suitable for cultivation in moderately As contaminated soil and would be safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dwivedi
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow-226001, India
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42
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Haynes RC. Another mechanism behind cadmium toxicity: impaired NAT-dependent pathway alters chemical biotransformation. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:a543. [PMID: 21123145 PMCID: PMC3002214 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.118-a543a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Jin YO, Mattes TE. A quantitative PCR assay for aerobic, vinyl chloride- and ethene-assimilating microorganisms in groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:9036-9041. [PMID: 21033659 DOI: 10.1021/es102232m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a known human carcinogen that is primarily formed in groundwater via incomplete anaerobic dechlorination of chloroethenes. Aerobic, ethene-degrading bacteria (etheneotrophs), which are capable of both fortuitous and growth-linked VC oxidation, could be important in natural attenuation of VC plumes that escape anaerobic treatment. In this work, we developed a quantitative, real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for etheneotrophs in groundwater. We designed and tested degenerate qPCR primers for two functional genes involved in aerobic, growth-coupled VC- and ethene-oxidation (etnC and etnE). Primer specificity to these target genes was tested by comparison to nucleotide sequence databases, PCR analysis of template DNA extracted from isolates and environmental samples, and sequencing of qPCR products obtained from VC-contaminated groundwater. The assay was made quantitative by constructing standard curves (threshold cycle vs log gene copy number) with DNA amplified from Mycobacterium strain JS60, an etheneotrophic isolate. Analysis of groundwater samples from three different VC-contaminated sites revealed that etnC abundance ranged from 1.6 × 10(3) - 1.0 × 10(5) copies/L groundwater while etnE abundance ranged from 4.3 × 10(3) - 6.3 × 10(5) copies/L groundwater. Our data suggest this novel environmental measurement method will be useful for supporting VC bioremediation strategies, assisting in site closure, and conducting microbial ecology studies involving etheneotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Oh Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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44
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Mathur N, Singh J, Bohra S, Bohra A, Vyas A. Removal of chromium by some multipurpose tree seedlings of Indian thar desert. Int J Phytoremediation 2010; 12:798-804. [PMID: 21166349 DOI: 10.1080/15226510903390494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the potential of chromium (Cr) phytoaccumulatory capabilities of four tree species viz., Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Tecomella undulata, and Salvadora persica Possibility of enhancement of Cr uptake by citric acid and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) amendments were also tried. Cr is a major pollutant of the environment. Chromium can exist in oxidation states from III to VI, but the most stable and common forms of Cr are trivalent and hexavalent species. Cr(VI) was more toxic to the tree growth in terms of collar diameter (CD) increment in all the tree species than Cr(lll). Roots accumulated more Cr than shoots in all the tree species. There was more than 10 fold increase in root Cr content in comparison with shoot Cr content in all the trees at all the concentration of Cr and all sources of Cr. Citric acid significantly increased the Cr content in the tissues of roots in all the species under both speciation of Cr. The highest increase in Cr content brought by 20 mM citric acid addition was in A. latifolia Results suggest that Anogeissus latifolia is a potential Cr accumulator with citric acid as soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Mathur
- Microbial Biotechnology and Biofertilizer Laboratory, Department of Botany, J N V University, Jodhpur, India
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45
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Andrade FHE, Figueiroa FC, Bersano PRO, Bissacot DZ, Rocha NS. Malignant mammary tumor in female dogs: environmental contaminants. Diagn Pathol 2010; 5:45. [PMID: 20587072 PMCID: PMC2909155 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-5-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors of female dogs have greatly increased in recent years, thus demanding rapid diagnosis and effective treatment in order to determine the animal survival. There is considerable scientific interest in the possible role of environmental contaminants in the etiology of mammary tumors, specifically in relation to synthetic chemical substances released into the environment to which living beings are either directly or indirectly exposed. In this study, the presence of pyrethroid insecticide was observed in adjacent adipose tissue of canine mammary tumor. High Precision Liquid Chromatography - HPLC was adapted to detect and identify environmental contaminants in adipose tissue adjacent to malignant mammary tumor in nine female dogs, without predilection for breed or age. After surgery, masses were carefully examined for malignant neoplastic lesions. Five grams of adipose tissue adjacent to the tumor were collected to detect of environmental contaminants. The identified pyrethroids were allethrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tetramethrin, with a contamination level of 33.3%. Histopathology demonstrated six female dogs (66.7%) as having complex carcinoma and three (33.3%) with simple carcinoma. From these tumors, seven (77.8%) presented aggressiveness degree III and two (22.2%) degree I. Five tumors were positive for estrogen receptors in immunohistochemical analysis. The contamination level was observed in more aggressive tumors. This was the first report in which the level of environmental contaminants could be detected in adipose tissue of female dogs with malignant mammary tumor, by HPLC. Results suggest the possible involvement of pyrethroid in the canine mammary tumor carcinogenesis. Hence, the dog may be used as a sentinel animal for human breast cancer, since human beings share the same environment and basically have the same eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda C Figueiroa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo RO Bersano
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Z Bissacot
- CEATOX - Botucatu Bioscience Institute (UNESP) - Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Noeme S Rocha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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46
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Liang CP, Jang CS, Liu CW, Lin KH, Lin MC. An integrated GIS-based approach in assessing carcinogenic risks via food-chain exposure in arsenic-affected groundwater areas. Environ Toxicol 2010; 25:113-123. [PMID: 19260046 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study presented an integrated GIS-based approach for assessing potential carcinogenic risks via food-chain exposure of ingesting inorganic arsenic (As) in aquacultural tilapia, milkfish, mullet, and clam in the As-affected groundwater areas. To integrate spatial information, geographic information system (GIS) was adopted to combine polygon-shaped features of aquacultural species with cell-shaped features of As contamination in groundwater. Owing to sparse measured data, Monte Carlo simulation and sequential indicator simulation were used to characterize the uncertainty of assessed parameters. Target cancer risks (TRs) of ingesting As contents at fish ponds were spatially mapped to assess potential risks to human health. The analyzed results reveal that clam farmed at the western coastal ponds and milkfish farmed at the southwestern coastal ponds have high risks to human health, whereas tilapia cultivated mainly at the inland ponds only has high risks at the 95th percentile of TR. Mullet in general has low risks to human health. Moreover, to decrease risks, this study suggests reducing the use of As-affected groundwater at clam and milkfish ponds due to high bioconcentration factor (BCF) of clam and inorganic As accumulation ratio of milkfish. The integrated GIS-based approach can provide fishery administrators with an effective management strategy at specific fish ponds with high risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ping Liang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 106, Republic of China
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47
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Góralczyk K, Hernik A, Czaja K, Struciński P, Korcz W, Snopczyński T, Ludwicki JK. [Organohalogen compounds--new and old hazards for people]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2010; 61:109-117. [PMID: 20839456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The organohalogen compounds (OCs, PCBs, PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have a widespread distribution in the environment. Their chemico-physical stability and lipophylic properties are responsible for their accumulation in the human body. The general human population is exposed to PCBs and OCs through foodstuffs, mainly food of animal origin. However the main source of the human exposure to PBDEs are also food and inhalation of dust or respirable phase of the indoor air The POPs from this group are present on different levels in human tissues (fat tissue, liver; placenta), and even in human blood and breast milk. The organohalogen compounds may cause endocrine disrupting (ED) effects as they have been shown to interact as antagonists or agonists with androgen, progesterone, and estrogen receptors. Most of them shows antiandrogenic, estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Góralczyk
- Zakład Toksykologii Srodowiskowej, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego-Państwowy Zakład Higieny, Warszawa.
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Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Vitali M, Scuri S, Baldoni E, Grappasonni I, Cocchioni M. Immunological pattern alteration in shoe, hide, and leather industry workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. Environ Toxicol 2009; 24:594-602. [PMID: 19051261 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to assess the effects of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] on shoe, leather, and hide industry workers, based on the assumption that Cr(VI) can behave as an environmental immunological "stressor." METHODS The immunological patterns of 84 male subjects were studied in relation to Cr(VI) hematic and urinary levels. Cr(VI) was measured through atomic absorption. Lymphocyte subsets, mitogen-mediated lymphocyte-proliferation, cytokine levels, and natural killer (NK) cytotoxic activity were also assayed. RESULTS The urinary levels of the total amount of Cr(VI) were significantly higher in a subgroup of exposed subjects (group B) than in the control or in the lower exposed (group A). In group B, Cr(VI) caused a decrease in the density of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and a increase of IL-6. Cr(VI) did not modify NK-mediated cytotoxicity, the plasmatic levels of inflammatory cytokines and related soluble receptors, and prostaglandin levels, while it tended to increase lymphocyte sensitivity to mitogens and the production of immunomodulant cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-2). The experimental addition of Cr(VI) to the in vitro lymphocyte culture determined a significant inhibition of phagocytosis percentage, index, and killing percentage. These effects were neutralized by exogenous IFN-gamma. CONCLUSION Cr(VI) could represent an environmental immunological stressor whose effects can be evaluated through laboratory surveys. The lymphocyte mitogen-induced proliferation, GR receptor on PBMC, and IL-6 plasma levels may represent a discriminating element between Cr(VI)-induced stress and other kinds of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Mignini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Università di Camerino, Camerino.
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Tang X, Bai Y, Duong A, Smith MT, Li L, Zhang L. Formaldehyde in China: production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects. Environ Int 2009; 35:1210-1224. [PMID: 19589601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde, an economically important chemical, is classified as a human carcinogen that causes nasopharyngeal cancer and probably leukemia. As China is the largest producer and consumer of formaldehyde in the world, the Chinese population is potentially at increased risk for cancer and other associated health effects. In this paper we review formaldehyde production, consumption, exposure, and health effects in China. We collected and analyzed over 200 Chinese and English documents from scientific journals, selected newspapers, government publications, and websites pertaining to formaldehyde and its subsequent health effects. Over the last 20 years, China's formaldehyde industry has experienced unprecedented growth, and now produces and consumes one-third of the world's formaldehyde. More than 65% of the Chinese formaldehyde output is used to produce resins mainly found in wood products - the major source of indoor pollution in China. Although the Chinese government has issued a series of standards to regulate formaldehyde exposure, concentrations in homes, office buildings, workshops, public places, and food often exceed the national standards. In addition, there have been numerous reports of formaldehyde-induced health problems, including poisoning and cancer. The lack of quality epidemiological studies and basic data on exposed populations emphasizes the need for more extensive studies on formaldehyde and its related health effects in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Tang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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50
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Hopf NB, Carreon T, Talaska G. Biological markers of carcinogenic exposure in the aluminum smelter industry--a systematic review. J Occup Environ Hyg 2009; 6:562-581. [PMID: 19629825 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903094810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure monitoring programs have been used in the aluminum smelter industry for decades to decrease the risk of cancer from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Biological monitoring of PAHs incorporates all routes of exposure. Measuring postshift urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP), a metabolite of pyrene, determines worker's daily PAH exposures, while measuring DNA adducts reflect chronic exposures to PAHs. We reviewed the scientific literature to identify changes over time in (1) 1OHP levels, (2) DNA adduct levels, and (3) other contributing factors associated with 1OHP and DNA adduct levels in the aluminum smelter industry. No trends were observed in 1OHP and DNA adduct levels. This could be due to variable selection of study populations and poorly identified job tasks that prevent comparison of jobs across plants and times, unassessed worker exposure variability, and the impact of cumulative exposures. Thus, it cannot be demonstrated that the use of biological monitoring to estimate PAH exposures has brought about an exposure reduction in the industry. Future studies should be aimed at follow-up in workplaces where dermal and inhalation exposure interventions have been employed. Inconsistent findings were also observed in the analysis of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and their effect on biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Hopf
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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