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Binter AC, Bannier E, Simon G, Saint-Amour D, Ferré JC, Barillot C, Monfort C, Cordier S, Chevrier C, Pelé F. Prenatal exposure to glycol ethers and motor inhibition function evaluated by functional MRI at the age of 10 to 12 years in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. Environ Int 2019; 133:105163. [PMID: 31518935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are ubiquitously exposed to organic solvents, such as glycol ethers. Several studies suggest potential developmental neurotoxicity following exposure to glycol ethers with a lack of clarity of possible brain mechanisms. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between urinary levels of glycol ethers of women during early pregnancy and motor inhibition function of their 10- to 12-year-old children by behavioral assessment and brain imaging. METHODS Exposure to glycol ethers was assessed by measuring six metabolites in urine (<19 weeks of gestation) of 73 pregnant women of the PELAGIE mother-child cohort (France). Maternal urinary levels were classified as low, medium, or high. Children underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examinations during which motor inhibition function was assessed with a Go/No-Go task. Analyses were performed using linear regression for task performance and generalized linear mixed-effect models for brain activation, FWER-corrected for multiple testing at the spatial cluster level. Confounders were considered by restriction and a priori adjustment. RESULTS Higher maternal butoxyacetic acid (BAA) urinary concentrations were associated with poorer child performance (β = -1.1; 95% CI: -1.9, -0.2 for high vs low). There was also a trend for ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) towards poorer performance (β = -0.3; 95% CI: -0.7, 0.01). Considering inhibition demand, there were increased activity in occipital regions in association with moderate EAA (left cuneus) and moderate methoxyacetic acid (MAA) (right precuneus). When children succeeded to inhibit, high ethoxyethoxyacetic acid (EEAA) and moderate phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) levels were associated with differential activity in frontal cortex, involved in inhibition network. DISCUSSION Prenatal urinary levels of two glycol ether metabolites were associated with poorer Go/No-Go task performance. Differential activations were observed in the brain motor inhibition network in relation with successful inhibition, but not with cognitive demand. Nevertheless, there is no consistence between performance indicators and cerebral activity results. Other studies are highly necessary given the ubiquity of glycol ether exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Binter
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Elise Bannier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, VISAGES (Vision, action et gestion des informations en santé) - ERL U 1228, F-35000 Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Radiology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Grégory Simon
- ISTS EA 7466, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Ferré
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, VISAGES (Vision, action et gestion des informations en santé) - ERL U 1228, F-35000 Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Radiology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Christian Barillot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, VISAGES (Vision, action et gestion des informations en santé) - ERL U 1228, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Pelé
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414, Rennes, France
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Béranger R, Garlantézec R, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Rouget F, Trowbridge J, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Le Gléau F, Jourdin M, Multigner L, Cordier S, Chevrier C. Prenatal Exposure to Glycol Ethers and Neurocognitive Abilities in 6-Year-Old Children: The PELAGIE Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:684-690. [PMID: 27740510 PMCID: PMC5381990 DOI: 10.1289/ehp39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycol ethers (GE) are widely used organic solvents. Despite the potential neurotoxicity of several families of organic solvents, little is known about the impact of GE on the neurodevelopment of infants and children. OBJECTIVES We investigated the relation between urinary concentrations of GE metabolites in pregnant women and neurocognitive abilities in their 6-year-old children in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. METHODS Five GE metabolites were measured in first morning void urine samples of 204 French pregnant women in early pregnancy (< 19 weeks of gestation). Psychologists assessed the neurocognitive abilities of their 6-year-old children with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC) and the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY). We analyzed the results with linear (WISC) and Poisson regression models (NEPSY), adjusted for potential confounders, including child's stimulation at home. RESULTS GE metabolites were detected in 90-100% of maternal urine samples. The WISC Verbal Comprehension score was significantly lower for children with the highest tertile of urinary phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) [β (third vs. first tertile) = -6.53; 95% CI: -11.44, -1.62]. Similarly, the NEPSY Design Copying subtest score was lower in those with the highest tertile of urinary ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) [β (third vs. first tertile) = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.21, 0.00]. The other GE metabolites we studied were not significantly associated with WISC or NEPSY scores. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal urine concentrations of two GE metabolites were associated with lower WISC Verbal Comprehension Index scores and NEPSY Design Copying subscale scores, respectively, at age 6 years. PhAA is the primary metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol (EGPhE), which is commonly found in cosmetics, and precursors of EAA are frequently used in cleaning agents. Additional research is needed to confirm our findings and further explore potential effects of prenatal GE exposures on neurocognitive performance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Béranger
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Garlantézec
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- University Hospital Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaïd Le Maner-Idrissi
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication (CRPCC EA 1285), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Lacroix
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication (CRPCC EA 1285), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Rouget
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Jessica Trowbridge
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Charline Warembourg
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Florent Le Gléau
- LABOCEA (Laboratoire public Conseil, Expertise et Analyse), Plouzané, France
| | - Marylène Jourdin
- LABOCEA (Laboratoire public Conseil, Expertise et Analyse), Plouzané, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Poet T, Ball N, Hays SM. Deriving Biomonitoring Equivalents for selected E- and P-series glycol ethers for public health risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 219:88-100. [PMID: 26475513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycol ethers are a widely used class of solvents that may lead to both workplace and general population exposures. Biomonitoring studies are available that have quantified glycol ethers or their metabolites in blood and/or urine amongst exposed populations. These biomonitoring levels indicate exposures to the glycol ethers, but do not by themselves indicate a health hazard risk. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) have been created to provide the ability to interpret human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context. The BE is defined as the concentration of a chemical or metabolite in a biological fluid (blood or urine) that is consistent with exposures at a regulatory derived safe exposure limit, such as a tolerable daily intake (TDI). In this exercise, we derived BEs for general population exposures for selected E- and P-series glycol ethers based on their respective derived no effect levels (DNELs). Selected DNELs have been derived as part of respective Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Regulation of Chemicals (REACh) regulation dossiers in the EU. The BEs derived here are unique in the sense that they are the first BEs derived for urinary excretion of compounds following inhalation exposures. The urinary mass excretion fractions (Fue) of the acetic acid metabolites for the E-series GEs range from approximately 0.2 to 0.7. The Fues for the excretion of the parent P-series GEs range from approximately 0.1 to 0.2, with the exception of propylene glycol methyl ether and its acetate (Fue = 0.004). Despite the narrow range of Fues, the BEs exhibit a larger range, resulting from the larger range in DNELs across GEs. The BEs derived here can be used to interpret human biomonitoring data for inhalation exposures to GEs amongst the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torka Poet
- Summit Toxicology, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Nicholas Ball
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, United States
| | - Sean M Hays
- Summit Toxicology, Allenspark, CO, United States.
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Abstract
Background
The sevoflurane degradation product compound A is nephrotoxic in rats. In contrast, patient exposure to compound A during sevoflurane anesthesia has no clinically significant renal effects. The mechanism for this difference is incompletely understood. One possibility is that the metabolism and toxicity of compound A in humans is prevented by sevoflurane. However, the effect of sevoflurane on compound A metabolism and nephrotoxicity is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of sevoflurane on the metabolism and renal toxicity of compound A in rats.
Methods
Male rats received 0.25 mmol/kg intraperitoneal compound A, alone and during sevoflurane anesthesia (3%, 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration, for 3 h). Compound A metabolites in urine were quantified, and renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, urine volume, osmolality, protein excretion, and renal tubular histology.
Results
Sevoflurane coadministration with compound A inhibited compound A defluorination while increasing relative metabolism through pathways of sulfoxidation and beta-lyase-catalyzed metabolism, which mediate toxicity. Sevoflurane coadministration with compound A increased some (serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, and necrosis) but not other (urine volume, osmolality, and protein excretion) indices of renal toxicity.
Conclusions
Sevoflurane does not suppress compound A nephrotoxicity in rats in vivo. These results do not suggest that lack of nephrotoxicity in surgical patients exposed to compound A during sevoflurane anesthesia results from an inhibitory effect of sevoflurane on compound A metabolism and toxicity. Rather, these results are consistent with differences between rats and humans in compound A exposure and inherent susceptibility to compound A nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Abstract
A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), in conjunction with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection for use in the determination of six frequently used glycol ethers at the microg/l level is described. A 75 microm Carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane fiber was used to extract the analytes from an aqueous solution. Experimental HS-SPME parameters such as extraction temperature, extraction time, salt concentration and sample volume, were investigated and optimized by orthogonal array experimental designs. The relative standard deviations for the reproducibility of the optimized HS-SPME method varied from 1.48 to 7.59%. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves exceeded 0.998 in the microg/l range of concentration with at least two orders of magnitude. The method detection limits for glycol ethers in deionized water were in the range of 0.26 to 3.42 microg/l. The optimized method was also applied to the analysis of glycol ethers in urine and blood samples with the method detection limits ranged from 1.74 to 23.2 microg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Te Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 308, Taiwan
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Shih TS, Hsieh AT, Liao GD, Chen YH, Liou SH. Haematological and spermatotoxic effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in copper clad laminate factories. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57:348-52. [PMID: 10769301 PMCID: PMC1739947 DOI: 10.1136/oem.57.5.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) on haematology and reproduction in exposed workers. METHODS 53 Impregnation workers from two factories that make copper clad laminate with EGME as a solvent were recruited as the exposed group. Another group of 121 lamination workers with indirect exposure to EGME was recruited as the control group. Environmental monitoring of concentrations of EGME in air and biological monitoring of urinary methoxyacetic acid (MAA) concentrations were performed. Venous blood was collected for routine and biochemical analyses. Semen was collected from 14 workers exposed to EGME for sperm analysis and was compared with 13 control workers. RESULTS Results of haematological examination showed that the haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count in the male workers exposed to EGME were significantly lower than in the controls. The frequency of anaemia in the exposed group (26.1%) was significantly higher than in the control group (3.2%). However, no differences were found between the female workers exposed and not exposed to EGME. After adjustment for sex, body mass index, and duration of employment, red blood cell count was significantly negatively associated with air concentrations of EGME, and haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count were significantly negatively associated with urinary concentrations of MAA. The pH of semen in the exposed workers was significantly lower than in the control workers, but there were no significant differences in the sperm count or sperm morphology between the exposed and control groups. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that EGME is a haematological toxin, which leads to anaemia in the exposed workers. However, the data from this study did not support the theory of a spermatotoxic effect of EGME.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Shih
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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7
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Kharasch ED, Jubert C. Compound A uptake and metabolism to mercapturic acids and 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-fluoromethoxypropanoic acid during low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia: biomarkers for exposure, risk assessment, and interspecies comparison. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:1267-78. [PMID: 10551576 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199911000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane is degraded during low-flow anesthesia to fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether ("compound A"), which causes renal necrosis in rats but is not known to cause nephrotoxicity in surgical patients. Compound A is metabolized to glutathione S-conjugates and then to cysteine S-conjugates, which are N-acetylated to mercapturic acids (detoxication pathway), or metabolized by renal beta-lyase to reactive intermediates (toxification pathway) and excreted as 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-fluoromethoxypropanoic acid. This investigation quantified compound A metabolites in urine after low-flow sevoflurane administration, to assess relative flux via these two pathways. METHODS Patients (n = 21) with normal renal function underwent low-flow (11 min) sevoflurane anesthesia designed to maximize compound A formation. Inspiratory, expiratory, and alveolar compound A concentrations were quantified. Urine mercapturic acids and 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-fluoromethoxypropanoic acid concentrations were measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Sevoflurane exposure was 3.7 +/- 2.0 MAC-h. Inspired compound A maximum was 29 +/- 14 ppm; area under the inspired concentration versus time curve (AUCinsp) was 78 +/- 58 ppm x h. Compound A dose, calculated from pulmonary uptake, was 0.39 +/- 0.35 mmol (4.8 +/- 4.0 micromol/kg) and correlated with AUCinsp (r2 = 0.84, P < 0.001). Mercapturic acids excretion was complete after 2 days, whereas 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-fluoromethoxypropanoic acid excretion continued for 3 days in some patients. Total (3-day) mercapturates and fluoromethoxypropanoic acid excretion was 95 +/- 49 and 294 +/- 416 micromol, respectively (1.2 +/- 0.6 and 3.6 +/- 5.0 micromol/kg). CONCLUSION Compound A doses during 3.7 MAC-h, low-flow sevoflurane administration in humans are substantially less than the threshold for renal toxicity in rats (200 micromol/kg). Compound A metabolites quantification may provide a biomarker for compound A exposure and relative metabolism via toxification and detoxication pathways. Compared with previous investigations, relative metabolic flux (fluoromethoxypropanoic acid/mercapturates) through the toxification pathway was sixfold greater in rats than in humans. Species differences in dose and metabolism may influence compound A renal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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8
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Iyer RA, Frink EJ, Ebert TJ, Anders MW. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase-dependent metabolism of compound A (2-[fluoromethoxy]-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene) in human subjects anesthetized with sevoflurane and in rats given compound A. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:611-8. [PMID: 9523802 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199803000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane undergoes Baralyme- or soda lime-catalyzed degradation in the anesthesia circuit to yield compound A (2-[fluoromethoxy]-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluroro-1-propene), which is nephrotoxic in rats and undergoes metabolism via the cysteine conjugate beta-lyase pathway in those animals. The objective of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that compound A undergoes beta-lyase-dependent metabolism in humans. METHODS Human volunteers were anesthetized with sevoflurane (1.25 minimum alveolar concentration, 3%, 2 l/min, 8 h) and thereby exposed to compound A. Urine was collected at 24-h intervals for 72 h after anesthesia. Rats, which served as a positive control, were given compound A intraperitoneally, and urine was collected for 24 h afterward. Human and rat urine samples were analyzed by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the presence of compound A metabolites. RESULTS Analysis of human and rat urine showed the presence of the compound A metabolites S-[2(fluoromethoxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N-acetyl-L- cysteine, (E)- and (Z)-S-[2-(fluoromethoxy)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propenyl]-N-acetyl- L-cysteine, 2-(fluoromethoxy)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanoic acid, 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid, and inorganic fluoride. The presence of 2-(fluoromethoxy)3,3,3-trifluoropropanoic acid and 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid in human urine was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS The formation of compound A-derived mercapturates shows that compound A undergoes glutathione S-conjugate formation. The identification of 2-(fluoromethoxy)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanoic acid and 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid in the urine of humans anesthetized with sevoflurane shows that compound A undergoes beta-lyase-dependent metabolism. Metabolite formation was qualitatively similar in both human volunteers anesthetized with sevoflurane, and thereby exposed to compound A, and in rats given compound A, indicating that compound A is metabolized by the beta-lyase pathway in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Iyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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9
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Malan TP, Sameshima T, Mata H, Frink EJ. Relationship of inspired anesthetic concentration to plasma concentration and urinary excretion of sevoflurane metabolites in rats. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:576-80. [PMID: 7653826 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199509000-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In patients, plasma concentrations of sevoflurane metabolites may be independent of inspired sevoflurane concentration over a defined dose range. In contrast, studies using rabbits have found that plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of fluoride ion are dose-dependent up to 3% inspired sevoflurane. We measured sevoflurane metabolite concentrations in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and related them to inspired sevoflurane concentrations. When plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of metabolites were measured in vivo, they were dependent on inspired anesthetic concentration at concentrations less than 1.25%, but became less dose-dependent at higher anesthetic concentrations. Sevoflurane metabolism by precision-cut liver slices in vitro became dose-independent at more than 10-30 microM sevoflurane. No evidence of substrate inhibition was observed. These data provide evidence that sevoflurane metabolite concentrations are almost independent of inspired anesthetic concentration over at least part of the clinically used concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Malan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724, USA
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10
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Bonin MA, Ashley DL, Cardinali FL, McCraw JM, Wooten JV. Measurement of methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-butyl alcohol in human blood by purge-and-trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using an isotope-dilution method. J Anal Toxicol 1995; 19:187-91. [PMID: 7564298 DOI: 10.1093/jat/19.3.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an isotope-dilution method for measuring methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in whole human blood using a purge-and-trap gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. The labeled analogues for MTBE and TBA were [2H12]methyl tert-butyl ether and [2H9]-tert-butyl alcohol, respectively. Volatiles were removed from the blood by direct helium purging of the liquid; were trapped on a Tenax trap; and were desorbed, cryofocused, and chromatographed on a DB-624 capillary column that was connected directly to the ion source of a mass spectrometer. Detection was by mass analysis using a double-focusing magnetic-sector mass spectrometer operating in the full-scan mode at the medium mass resolution of 3000. For the isotope-dilution method, the minimum detection limits in blood (5-10 mL) are 0.01 microgram/L for MTBE and 0.06 microgram/L for TBA. The isotope-dilution method proved to be a big improvement in recovery, reproducibility, and sensitivity over our previous analytical method, which used the labeled ketone, [4-2H3]-2-butanone, as the internal standard for both MTBE and TBA. The isotope-dilution method has sufficient sensitivity for monitoring blood levels of MTBE and TBA in populations exposed to oxygenated fuels containing MTBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bonin
- Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA
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11
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Komsta E, Chu I, Villeneuve DC, Benoit FM, Murdoch D. Tissue distribution metabolism and excretion of 2,2',4,4',5-pentachlorodiphenyl ether in the rat. Arch Toxicol 1988; 62:258-62. [PMID: 3149180 DOI: 10.1007/bf00332484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of 14C-2,2',4,4',5-pentachlorodiphenyl ether (PCDE) were studied in the rat. Radioactivity was distributed in all tissues examined, with the highest concentrations being found in the fat followed by the skin, liver, kidney and muscle. Most of the radioactivity found in the tissues was due to unchanged PCDE. Decay of PCDE in the blood was fitted to a four-compartment pharmacokinetic model, and the last compartment had a half-life of 5.8 days. A total of 55% and 1.3% of an orally administered dose was excreted in feces and urine, respectively, in 7 days. More than 64% of the fecal radioactivity was due to unchanged PCDE, while hydroxylated PCDE accounted for 23%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Komsta
- Bureau of Chemical Hazards, Environmental Health Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Kenig MD. Spectrophotometric determination of the stability of clavulanic acid and its ether and amine derivatives in serum and urine. Analyst 1988; 113:761-4. [PMID: 3414965 DOI: 10.1039/an9881300761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Joshi SV, Pathak JD. Indican, ethereal and other forms of S eliminated in 24 hours urine by elderly Indian subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1983; 27:200-2. [PMID: 6421732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Average daily excretion of Indican in urine of 42 healthy elderly men, av. age 69.9 +/- 5.0 years, (60 observations) was 60.7 +/- 17.4 mg/24 hrs. This is slightly higher than reported values for younger subjects. Average ethereal S elimination by Indian subjects has varied from 72-150 mg/day. Indican is the chief ethereal S eliminated in urine. Other forms of S excreted by elderly subjects were: Inorganic S 720 +/- 150 mg; Ethereal S 74 +/- 22 mg. Indican in them was 53.8 +/- 17.4 mg. This shows that the remaining 20 mg or about 1/4 of the ethereal S is eliminated in urine in other forms. Relationship with age, diet, common disorders along with findings in literature etc. are discussed.
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Abstract
Male albino rats were exposed to butylcellosolve (n-butoxyethanol). Collected urine was found to contain a characteristic metabolite, identified as n-butoxyacetic acid by mass spectrometry. The identity of the compound was confirmed by synthesis.
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15
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Brash AR, Baillie TA. A comparison of t-butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives for the characterization of urinary metabolites of prostaglandin F2alpha by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1978; 5:346-56. [PMID: 656559 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
t-Butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of a series of methylated prostaglandin F2alpha metabolites have been compared with respect to their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties. The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives had considerably higher retention indices (approximately 2.2 C units per silyl group) than their trimethylsilyl ether counterparts when analysed on the (non-polar) OV-1 stationary phase. Electron impact induced fragmentation patterns were strongly dependent upon the type of silyl ether employed and on the nature of the prostaglandin omega sidechain; the mass spectra of pairs of t-butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were found to differ appreciably in several respects and to afford complementatary structural information.
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16
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Caddy B, Fish F, Tranter J. A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of diphenhydramine and related ethers. Analyst 1975; 100:563-6. [PMID: 1163792 DOI: 10.1039/an9750000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Gerskowitch VP, Russell RI. Tritiated glycerol triether as an oil phase marker in man. J Lipid Res 1974; 15:432-5. [PMID: 4855267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
3H-labeled glycerol triether has been suggested as a marker of the oil phase during digestion and absorption of a lipid test meal. This study examines the behavior of this isotope in the human alimentary tract. The results suggest that it is completely recovered from the gastrointestinal tract, and thus it remains solely with the oil phase of emulsions in vivo and with the oil phase of intestinal aspirates. (3)H-labeled glycerol triether may thus be an appropriate marker of the oil phase for use in human studies of lipid absorption.
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18
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19
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20
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Knuppen R, Haupt O, Breuer H. Isolation and identification of 2-hydroxyoestrone 3-methyl ether from the urine of pregnant women. Biochem J 1972; 128:1369-70. [PMID: 4643708 PMCID: PMC1174028 DOI: 10.1042/bj1281369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Rubin A, Rodda BE, Warrick P, Ridolfo AS, Gruber CM. Physiological disposition of fenoprofen in man. II. Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration. J Pharm Sci 1972; 61:739-45. [PMID: 5035782 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600610514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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23
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24
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25
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Pitrè D, Fumagalli L, Fonberg-Broczek M. Radiological contrast mediums. XIX. Urinary metabolites of iodoxanic acid in man. Farmaco Sci 1971; 26:882-90. [PMID: 5157787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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26
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27
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Nambara T, HoBae Y, Nokubo M. Analytical chemical studies on steroids. L. Determination of urinary metabolites of 16 -chloroestrone methyl ether by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1971; 60:418-21. [PMID: 5119430 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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29
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Bianchine JR, Calimlim LR, Morgan JP, Dujuvne CA, Lasagna L. Metabolism and absorption of L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971; 179:126-40. [PMID: 5285373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb46895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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30
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31
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32
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33
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34
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Ellison T, Snyder A, Bolger J, Okun R. Metabolism of orphenadrine citrate in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1971; 176:284-95. [PMID: 5568779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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35
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36
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Nicolau W, Muramoto E, de Assis LM, Pieroni RR, Ulhôa Cintra AB. SION, UNDER A HYPOGLICEMIC STIMULUS. AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 1969; 15:295-300. [PMID: 5307737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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38
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Fujimoto JM, Haarstad VB. The isolation of morphine ethereal sulfate from urine of the chicken and cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1969; 165:45-51. [PMID: 5782833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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39
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Mather RS, Common RH. Chromatographic identification of estriol and 16,17-epiestriol as constituents of the urine of the laying hen. Can J Biochem 1967; 45:531-9. [PMID: 6068013 DOI: 10.1139/o67-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Presumptive estriol and 16,17-epiestriol fractions were separated from laying hens' urine by subjecting the hydrophilic fraction of the urinary phenolic extract to successive thin-layer chromatography (t.l.c), alumina-column chromatography, further t.l.c, and finally, microsublimation. The presence of estriol in the presumptive estriol fraction was confirmed by comparison of the thin-layer chromatographic behaviors of the phenol and four derivatives thereof with the behaviors of reference estriol and four corresponding derivatives of this reference material each in three different solvent systems. The presence of 16,17-epiestriol in the presumptive 16,17-epiestriol fraction was confirmed by similar comparisons of the presumptive 16,17-epiestriol fraction and five derivatives thereof with reference 16,17-epiestriol and five corresponding derivatives each in three solvent systems; and chromatographic correspondences for two further derivatives were observed in one solvent system each.It is concluded that estriol and 16,17-epiestriol are normal constituents of hens' urine.
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Buhler DR. Metabolism of 3-alpha-hydroxy-5-beta-pregnane-11,20-dione-73H, cyclic 20-trimethylene acetal in man. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966; 115:478-87. [PMID: 5970475 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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41
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GABELEIN K. [Determination of urinary thioether, a new test for protein imbalance]. Hippokrates 1957; 28:475-6. [PMID: 13462431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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