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Xin L. What China's mission to collect rocks from the Moon's far side could reveal. Nature 2024; 629:265-266. [PMID: 38689126 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
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2
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Nakanishi R, Ashi J, Okamura S, Yokoyama Y, Miyairi Y. Understanding paleo-earthquakes in the Kuril Trench based on Late-Holocene tsunami deposits in the distal region from wave sources, northern Hidaka, Hokkaido, Japan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298720. [PMID: 38630661 PMCID: PMC11023580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Geological evidence, such as tsunami deposits, is crucial for studying the largest rupture zone of the Kuril Trench in Hokkaido, Japan, due to its poor historical record. Although 17th-century tsunami deposits are widely distributed across Hokkaido, the presence of multiple wave sources during that period, including the collapse of Mt. Komagatake, complicates the correlation with their wave sources. Understanding the regional distribution of these tsunami deposits can provide valuable data to estimate the magnitude of megathrust earthquakes in the Kuril Trench. The northern part of Hidaka, Hokkaido, where tsunamis from multiple wave sources are expected to overlap, is distant from the Kuril Trench. To clarify the depositional history of tsunami deposits in such distal areas, evaluating the influence of the depositional environments on the event layer preservation becomes even more critical. We conducted field surveys in Kabari, located in the northern Hidaka region, identifying three sand layers from the 10th to the 17th century and two layers dating beyond 2.3 thousand years ago. The depositional ages of most sand layers potentially correlate with tsunami deposits resulting from the Kuril Trench earthquakes. Utilizing reconstructed paleo-sea level data, we estimated that most sand layers reached approximately 2 m in height. However, it is noteworthy that the latest sand layer from the 17th century exhibited an unusual distribution, more than 3 m in height. This suggests a different wave source as the Mt. Komagatake collapse. The discovery of multiple sand layers and their distributions is crucial to constraining the maximum magnitude of giant earthquakes in the Kuril Trench and understanding the volcanic tsunami events related to Mt. Komagatake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Juichiro Ashi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamura
- Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido Soil Research Co-operation, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yokoyama
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate Program on Environmental Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yosuke Miyairi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Shokoohi R, Khazaei M, Mostafaloo R, Khazaei S, Signes-Pastor AJ, Ghahramani E, Torkshavand Z. Systematic review and meta-analysis of arsenic concentration in drinking water sources of Iran. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:155. [PMID: 38592550 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have found arsenic contamination of drinking water in some parts of Iran, as in many other countries. Thus, a comprehensive systematic review is necessary to assess the distribution and concentration of arsenic in drinking water sources. For this purpose, articles published from the first identification until December 2023, were retrieved from various national and international databases. Of all the studies examined (11,726), 137 articles were selected for review based on their conceptual relationship to this survey. A review of the extracted studies presented that ICP methods (ICP-MS, ICP-OES, 56%) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS, 34.1%) were the two most commonly used techniques for the analysis of arsenic in water samples. The order of arsenic content in the defined study areas is descending, as follows: northwest ˃ southeast ˃ southwest ˃ northeast. A review of studies performed in Iran depicted that provinces such as Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, and Kerman have the highest arsenic concentrations in water resources. Accordingly, the maximum concentration of arsenic was reported in Rayen, Kerman, and ranged from < 0.5-25,000 µg/L. The primary cause of elevated arsenic levels in water resources appears to be geologic structure, including volcanic activity, biogeochemical processes, sulfur-bearing volcanic rocks, Jurassic shale, the spatial coincidence of arsenic anomalies in tube wells and springs, and, to some extent, mining activities. The findings of the presented survey indicate that it is essential to take serious measures at the national level to minimize the health risks of arsenic contamination from drinking water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shokoohi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khazaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Roqiyeh Mostafaloo
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Antonio J Signes-Pastor
- Unidad de Epidemiología de la Nutrición, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Esmaeil Ghahramani
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Department, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Torkshavand
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Li C, Wang L, Sun D, Chen Y. An ensemble framework-based approach for modeling stability of expansive soil slopes: fusion of machine learning algorithms and protection structure disease data. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:24375-24397. [PMID: 38441739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Slope failures lead to catastrophic consequences in numerous countries, so accurate slope stability evaluation is critical in geological disaster prevention and control. In this study, the type and characteristics of slope protection structure disease were determined through the field investigation of an expansive soil area, and this information is incorporated into the numerical simulations and works to develop prediction models of slope stability. Four base machine learning (ML) methods are used to capture the relationship between protection structure diseases and factor of safety (FOS). Further, with the help of stacked generalization (SG), four ML models are combined, and the final SG model is used to predict the FOS. The results show that ML methods can effectively utilize this information and achieve excellent prediction results. The proposed SG model exhibits superior accuracy and robustness in predicting FOS compared to other ML methods. With FOS as the regression variable, the main feature contributions are slope height (37.05%) > slip distance of retaining wall (25.43%) > expansive force (18.03%) > slope gradient (12.00%); the coupling relationship among features is also captured by the proposed model. It is concluded that the SG method is particularly suitable for slope stability modeling under small sample conditions. Besides, the SG-based model effectively captures the impact of protection structure diseases on slope stability, enhances the interpretability of the ML model, and provides a reference for the maintenance and repair of the protection structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Urban Railway Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Urban Railway Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - De'an Sun
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Naval Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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5
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Chalumeau C, Agurto-Detzel H, Rietbrock A, Frietsch M, Oncken O, Segovia M, Galve A. Seismological evidence for a multifault network at the subduction interface. Nature 2024; 628:558-562. [PMID: 38632482 PMCID: PMC11023936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Subduction zones generate the largest earthquakes on Earth, yet their detailed structure, and its influence on seismic and aseismic slip, remains poorly understood. Geological studies of fossil subduction zones characterize the seismogenic interface as a 100 m-1 km thick zone1-3 in which deformation occurs mostly on metres-thick faults1,3-6. Conversely, seismological studies, with their larger spatial coverage and temporal resolution but lower spatial resolution, often image the seismogenic interface as a kilometres-wide band of seismicity7. Thus, how and when these metre-scale structures are active at the seismic-cycle timescale, and what influence they have on deformation is not known. Here we detect these metres-thick faults with seismicity and show their influence on afterslip propagation. Using a local three-dimensional velocity model and dense observations of more than 1,500 double-difference relocated earthquakes in Ecuador, we obtain an exceptionally detailed image of seismicity, showing that earthquakes occur sometimes on a single plane and sometimes on several metres-thick simultaneously active subparallel planes within the plate interface zone. This geometrical complexity affects afterslip propagation, demonstrating the influence of fault continuity and structure on slip at the seismogenic interface. Our findings can therefore help to create more realistic models of earthquake rupture, aseismic slip and earthquake hazard in subduction zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Onno Oncken
- GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Monica Segovia
- Institute of Geophysics, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Audrey Galve
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, IRD, Géoazur, Valbonne, France
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6
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Rull V. The 'Anthropocene': alea iacta est : The proposal of the 'Anthropocene' as a new geological epoch has been submitted for formalization. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:939-943. [PMID: 38253687 PMCID: PMC10933251 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The proposal of the ‘Anthropocene’ as a new geological epoch, characterized by the anthropization of the Earth System, has finally been submitted for formalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentí Rull
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pg. del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Styczinski MJ, Glaser DM, Hooks M, Jia TZ, Johnson-Finn K, Schaible GA, Schaible MJ. Chapter 11: Astrobiology Education, Engagement, and Resources. Astrobiology 2024; 24:S216-S227. [PMID: 38498823 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Although astrobiology is a relatively new field of science, the questions it seeks to answer (e.g., "What is life?" "What does life require?") have been investigated for millennia. In recent decades, formal programs dedicated specifically to the science of astrobiology have been organized at academic, governmental, and institutional scales. Constructing educational programs around this emerging science relies on input from broad expertise and backgrounds. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of this field, career pathways in astrobiology often begin in more specific fields such as astronomy, geology, or biology, and unlike many other sciences, typically involve substantial training outside one's primary discipline. The recent origin of astrobiology as a field of science has led to strong collaborations with education research in the development of astrobiology courses and offers a unique instructional laboratory for further pedagogical studies. This chapter is intended to support students, educators, and early career scientists by connecting them to materials and opportunities that the authors and colleagues have found advantageous. Annotated lists of relevant programs and resources are included as a series of appendices in the supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Styczinski
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - D M Glaser
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - M Hooks
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - T Z Jia
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - K Johnson-Finn
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | | | - M J Schaible
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yang L. Calculation and program realization of coal pillar setting parameters in Huainan mining area. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297990. [PMID: 38422034 PMCID: PMC10903822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Coal pillar retention plays a crucial role in ensuring safety and minimizing ground deformation in coal mining operations. However, accurately and efficiently determining the optimal size of protective pillars, reducing coal pillar pressure, and addressing challenges such as limited access to retention parameters, lengthy observation times, and high labor costs are challenges that must be addressed. In this paper, we presented a methodology using Huainan mine as a case study to address these challenges. The solution involves deriving the formula for coal pillar retention parameters based on the Three Regulations definition and requirements. The total least squares algorithm was integrated with surface observation station data and the MATLAB software platform to automate the coal pillar retention solution. Furthermore, a linear regression model of coal pillar retention-related parameters was established using the geological mining condition data. The proposed ELM neural network model was optimized using a genetic algorithm and combined with the linear regression model to establish a predictive model. The results demonstrated that the proposed machine learning algorithm attains the requisite level of accuracy for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- Surveying and Mapping Team, Huainan Jianfa Planning and Design Research Institute Co., Huainan, China
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9
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Erzin S. Using radial basis artificial neural networks to predict radiation hazard indices in geological materials. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:315. [PMID: 38416264 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The estimation of exposures to humans from the various sources of radiation is important. Radiation hazard indices are computed using procedures described in the literature for evaluating the combined effects of the activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides, namely, 238U, 232Th, and 40 K. The computed indices are then compared to the allowed limits defined by International Radiation Protection Organizations to determine any radiation hazard associated with the geological materials. In this paper, four distinct radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF-ANN) models were developed to predict radiation hazard indices, namely, external gamma dose rates, annual effective dose, radium equivalent activity, and external hazard index. To make RBF-ANN models, 348 different geological materials' gamma spectrometry data were acquired from the literature. Radiation hazards indices predicted from each RBF-ANN model were compared to the radiation hazards calculated using gamma spectrum analysis. The predicted hazard indices values of each RBF-ANN model were found to precisely align with the calculated values. To validate the accuracy and the adaptability of each RBF-ANN model, statistical tests (determination coefficient (R2), relative absolute error (RAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE)), and significance tests (F-test and Student's t-test) were performed to analyze the relationship between calculated and predicted hazard indices. Low RAE and RMSE values as well as high R2, NSE, and p-values greater than 0.95, 0.71, and 0.05, respectively, were found for RBF-ANN models. The statistical tests' results show that all RBF-ANN models created exhibit precise performance, indicating their applicability and efficiency in forecasting the radiation hazard indices of geological materials. All the RBF-ANN models can be used to predict radiation hazard indices of geological materials quite efficiently, according to the performance level attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Erzin
- Science Faculty, Physics Department, Dokuz Eylul University, 35390, İzmir, Turkey.
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10
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Gebreyohannes D, Getahun E, Jothimani M. Slope stability assessment in the seismically and landslide-prone road segment of Gerese to Belta, Rift Valley, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296807. [PMID: 38349918 PMCID: PMC10863894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Slope instability on several sections of the Gerese-Belta route in Southern Ethiopia poses a major risk to infrastructure and safety. This research was aimed at evaluating certain areas of the road susceptible to slope instability. Through intensive fieldwork including geological analysis, surveys, and testing, three crucial slope portions were determined. Both limit equilibrium and finite element calculations demonstrated that these sections are problematic under different circumstances. The slope modification analysis shows that the safety factor increases as bench widths and the number of benches increase. In the slope section D1S3, this factor reached 1.222 when two benches measuring 5 meters in width were used on slide 2D. This initially showed an unstable safety factor of 0.26. Three benches of the same width were used under slide 2D. This resulted in a safety factor of 1.219. At the slope section (D1S2), flattening of the slope angle from initial 45⁰ to 35⁰, 28⁰, 25⁰ and 18⁰ increases the factor of safety of the slope from initial 0.284 to 0.77, 0.89, 1.022, and 1.151 respectively under slide 2D analysis. At the slope section (D2S1), flattening the slope angle from initial 46⁰ to 35⁰, 25⁰, 23⁰, and 20⁰ increases the safety factor from initial 0.412 to 0.684, 0.920, 1.02, and 1.315 respectively. Based on the analysis of the study results, it can be concluded that the identified slope sections are susceptible to failure under actual field scenarios, depending on the conditions under which they are predicted to occur. According to this study, the Benching method is an economical method for mitigating soil slopes, as a result of which it was recommended to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gebreyohannes
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Getahun
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Muralitharan Jothimani
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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ENDO R, IWAHASHI J. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the landslides triggered by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, Japan. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2024; 100:123-139. [PMID: 38171809 PMCID: PMC10978968 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Great Kanto Earthquake that occurred in the southern part of Kanto district, Japan, on September 1, 1923, was reported to have triggered numerous landslides (over 89,080 slope failures over an area of 86.32 km2). This study investigated the relationship between the landslide occurrence caused by this earthquake and geomorphology, geology, soil, seismic ground motion, and coseismic deformation. We found that a higher landslide density was mainly related to a larger absolute curvature and a higher slope angle, as well as to several geological units (Neogene plutonic rock, accretionary prism, and metamorphic rocks). Moreover, we performed decision tree analyses, which showed that slope angle, geology, and coseismic deformation were correlated to landslide density in that order. However, no clear correlation was found between landslide density and seismic ground motion. These results suggest that landslide density was greater in areas of large slope angle or fragile geology in the area with strong shaking enough to trigger landslides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo ENDO
- Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko IWAHASHI
- Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Wang Z, Chen J, Lian Z, Li F, Pang L, Xin Y. Influence of buffer distance on environmental geological hazard susceptibility assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:9582-9595. [PMID: 38194173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous researches seldom studied the selection of buffer distance between geological hazards (positive samples) and non-geological hazards (negative samples), and its reasonable selection plays a very important role in improving the accuracy of susceptibility zoning, protecting the environment and reducing the cost of hazard management. Based on GIS technology and random forest (RF) and frequency-ratio random forest (FR-RF) models, this study innovatively explored the influence of randomly selected non-geological hazard samples outside different buffer distances on the susceptibility evaluation results, with buffer distances of 100 m, 500 m, 1000 m and 2000 m in sequence. The results show that through the confusion matrix and ROC curve test, the accuracy of the model increases first and then decreases with the increase of buffer distance. Both RF and FR-RF models have the highest accuracy when the buffer distance is 1000 m, and the accuracy of the RF model is generally higher than that of the FR-RF model under the same buffer distance. Similar attribute values of positive samples and randomly selected negative samples or "extreme" attribute values of negative samples are the main reasons for the differences in evaluation results of different buffer distances. According to the weight analysis of causative factors, the distance from road, the distance from river and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) are the main factors affecting the occurrence of hazards. The high and very high susceptibility areas in the study area are mainly distributed on both sides of roads and water systems, which are the key areas for hazard prevention and reduction. The HMC of RF-1000m decreased by 3.55% on average compared with other models. The results of this study improve the accuracy of geological hazard susceptibility assessment, maintain the safety of ecological environment, and provide a scientific basis for the selection of buffer distance index in local and surrounding areas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Wang
- Coal Geological Geophysical Exploration Surveying & Mapping Institute of Shanxi Province, JinZhong, 030600, China
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Protection of Natural Resources in Mining Cities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Jinzhong, 030600, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Lab of Resources, Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Jinzhong, 030600, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China.
| | - Zechen Lian
- Shanxi Huajin Geotechnical Engineering CO., LTD, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Fei Li
- Inner Mongolia Shendong Tianlong Group CO., LTD, Ordos, 017000, China
| | - Lu Pang
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Yabo Xin
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
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13
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Neeway JJ, Emerson HP, Asmussen RM, Fujii Yamagata AL, Meyer PD. Review of intermediate-scale field tests in support of disposal of waste forms. Chemosphere 2024; 347:140625. [PMID: 37949192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear waste has been generated from commercial nuclear reactors and from past nuclear weapons production activities. The safe disposal of this waste generally is planned to involve emplacement of packaged spent nuclear fuel (SNF) into the subsurface or reprocessing the used nuclear fuel and producing a sparingly soluble mineral or glass. The high-level waste form(s) would then be packaged and sent to a geologic repository. High-level waste (HLW) is expected to be sent for deep geological disposal while the low-level waste (LLW) is to be stored in near-surface facilities. In order to design and manage a secure disposal site, the LLW and HLW waste forms must limit the release of radioactive materials to the surrounding environment for very long time periods. This stability is dependent on the waste form itself as well as the physical and chemical characteristics imposed by the surrounding engineered systems and geology. When studying the chemical durability of the waste form in a laboratory setting, it is not possible to capture all of the complex and coupled processes that the waste form would be subjected to in the disposal system. Intermediate-scale tests can improve understanding and close knowledge gaps that may arise when applying laboratory experiments to a larger scale. The present paper gives an overview of the literature available on the interactions of waste forms and the surrounding environment (engineered barriers and geological materials), as well as suggestions on overcoming existing uncertainties that may aid in more robust performance assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Neeway
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Hilary P Emerson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - R Matthew Asmussen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | | | - Philip D Meyer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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14
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Khambhammettu P, Renard P, Doherty J, White J, Killingstad M, Kladias M. Towards Improved Remedial Outcomes in Categorical Aquifers with an Iterative Ensemble Smoother. Ground Water 2024; 62:60-74. [PMID: 37945376 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Categorical parameter distributions consisting of geologic facies with distinct properties, for example, high-permeability channels embedded in a low-permeability matrix, are common at contaminated sites. At these sites, low-permeability facies store solute mass, acting as secondary sources to higher-permeability facies, sustaining concentrations for decades while increasing risk and cleanup costs. Parameter estimation is difficult in such systems because the discontinuities in the parameter space hinder the inverse problem. This paper presents a novel approach based on Traveling Pilot Points (TRIPS) and an iterative ensemble smoother (IES) to solve the categorical inverse problem. Groundwater flow and solute transport in a hypothetical aquifer with a categorical parameter distribution are simulated using MODFLOW 6. Heads and concentrations are recorded at multiple monitoring locations. IES is used to generate posterior ensembles assuming a TRIPS prior and an approximate multi-Gaussian prior. The ensembles are used to predict solute concentrations and mass into the future. The evaluation also includes an assessment of how the number of measurements and the choice of the geological prior determine the characteristics of the posterior ensemble and the resulting predictions. The results indicate that IES was able to efficiently sample the posterior distribution and showed that even with an approximate geological prior, a high degree of parameterization and history matching could lead to parameter ensembles that can be useful for making certain types of predictions (heads, concentrations). However, the approximate geological prior was insufficient for predicting mass. The analysis demonstrates how decision-makers can quantify uncertainty and make informed decisions with an ensemble-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Doherty
- Watermark Numerical Computing, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Tiedge TM, Meiklejohn KA. Assessing three soil removal methods for environmental DNA analysis of mock forensic geology evidence. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:52-59. [PMID: 37839019 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil is useful in criminal investigations as it is highly variable and readily transferred. Forensic geologists use several different techniques to removal soil from evidence prior to the analysis of inorganic components. There has been recent interest from the forensic science community to analyze environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) associated with soil to augment existing forensic analyses. Notably however, limited research has been conducted to compare commonly used soil removal methods for downstream eDNA analysis. In this study, three soil removal methods were assessed: picking/scraping, sonication, and swabbing. Three mock evidence types (t-shirts, boot soles, and trowels) were sampled in triplicate with each removal method (n = 27). Soil samples underwent DNA isolation, quantification, and amplification of four genomic barcode regions: 16S for bacteria, ITS1 for fungi, ITS2 for plants, and COI for arthropods. Amplicons were prepared into libraries for DNA sequencing on an Illumina® MiniSeq. DNA concentrations were highest in picked/scraped samples and were statistically significant compared with swabbed and sonicated samples. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified, and removal methods had no impact on the recovery of the total number of target ASVs. Additionally, when assessing each sample in multidimensional space, picked/scraped samples tended to cluster separately from swabbed and sonicated samples. The soil core used a reference in this study also clustered with the picked/scraped samples, indicating that these samples may be more reflective of the communities collected from soil cores. Based on these data, we identified that picking/scraping is an acceptable soil removal method for eDNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Tiedge
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly A Meiklejohn
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Nath NK, Gautam VK, Pande CB, Mishra LR, Raju JT, Moharir KN, Rane NL. Development of landslide susceptibility maps of Tripura, India using GIS and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:7481-7497. [PMID: 38159190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Landslides are one of the most extensive and destructive geological hazards on the globe. Tripura, a northeastern hilly state of India experiences landslides almost every year during monsoon season causing casualties and huge economic losses. Hence, it is required to assess the landslide susceptibility of the area that would support short- and long-term planning and mitigation. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) integrated with geospatial technology has been adopted for landslide susceptibility mapping in the state. Eight influencing factors such as slope, lithology, drainage density, rainfall, land use land cover, distance from rivers and roads, and soil type were selected to map the landslide susceptibility. Landslide susceptibility index (LSI) was found to vary from 6.205 during monsoon to 1.427 during post-monsoon season. The LSI values were classified into very high, high, moderate, low, and very low susceptibility. Landslide susceptibility maps for three different seasons, namely, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon, were prepared. The study showed that most of the areas of the state come under very low to moderate landslide susceptibility zones. Around 73.2% area of the state is found to be under low landslide-susceptible zones during the pre-monsoon season, around 62% area is prone to landslides with moderate susceptibility during the monsoon season, and 68.5% area comes under landslides with low susceptibility zones during the post-monsoon season. The results of this study may be referred to the engineers and planners for the assessment, control, and mitigation of landslides and the development of basic infrastructure in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Kumar Nath
- Department of Soil & Water Engineering, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Gautam
- Department of Soil & Water Engineering, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Chaitanya B Pande
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, M.H, India.
- New Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq.
| | - Leena Rani Mishra
- Department of Soil & Water Engineering, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Jaripiti T Raju
- Department of Soil & Water Engineering, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Kanak N Moharir
- Department of Earth Science, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nitin Liladhar Rane
- Vivekanand Education Society's College of Architecture, Chembur, Mumbai, India
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17
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Yang X, Fan X, Wang K, Zhou Z. Research on landslide susceptibility prediction model based on LSTM-RF-MDBN. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:1504-1516. [PMID: 38041734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of landslide disasters causes huge economic losses and casualties. Although many achievements have been made in predicting the probability of landslide disasters, various factors such as the scale and spatial location of landslide geological disasters should still be fully considered. Further research on how to quantitatively characterize the susceptibility of landslide geological disasters is necessarily important. To this end, taking the Wenchuan earthquake as the research area and extracting eight influencing factors, including terrain information entropy (Ht), lithology, distance from rivers, distance from faults, vegetation coverage (NDVI), distance from roads, peak ground motion acceleration (PGA), and annual rainfall, a landslide susceptibility prediction model was hereby established based on LSTM-RF-MDBN, a landslide susceptibility prediction map was drawn, and the spatial distribution characteristics of landslide disasters were analyzed. The results showed that (1) LSTM had good prediction results for the eight influencing factors, with an average prediction accuracy of 85%; (2) compared with models such as DNN and LR for predicting landslide disaster points, the AUC value of RF for predicting landslide point positions reached 0.88, presenting a higher accuracy compared to other models; (3) the AUC value of the landslide susceptibility prediction model based on LSTM-RF-MDBN reached 0.965, which had a high accuracy in predicting landslide susceptibility. Overall, the research results can provide a scientific basis for selecting the best strategy for landslide disaster warning, prevention, and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yang
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Xinyue Fan
- College of Management Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- College of Management Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
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18
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Tijerina-Kreuzer D, Swilley JS, Tran HV, Zhang J, West B, Yang C, Condon LE, Maxwell RM. Continental Scale Hydrostratigraphy: Basin-Scale Testing of Alternative Data-Driven Approaches. Ground Water 2024; 62:93-110. [PMID: 37768270 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Integrated hydrological modeling is an effective method for understanding interactions between parts of the hydrologic cycle, quantifying water resources, and furthering knowledge of hydrologic processes. However, these models are dependent on robust and accurate datasets that physically represent spatial characteristics as model inputs. This study evaluates multiple data-driven approaches for estimating hydraulic conductivity and subsurface properties at the continental-scale, constructed from existing subsurface dataset components. Each subsurface configuration represents upper (unconfined) hydrogeology, lower (confined) hydrogeology, and the presence of a vertical flow barrier. Configurations are tested in two large-scale U.S. watersheds using an integrated model. Model results are compared to observed streamflow and steady state water table depth (WTD). We provide model results for a range of configurations and show that both WTD and surface water partitioning are important indicators of performance. We also show that geology data source, total subsurface depth, anisotropy, and inclusion of a vertical flow barrier are the most important considerations for subsurface configurations. While a range of configurations proved viable, we provide a recommended Selected National Configuration 1 km resolution subsurface dataset for use in distributed large-and continental-scale hydrologic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackson S Swilley
- Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hoang V Tran
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Key Laboratory of VGE of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benjamin West
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Laura E Condon
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Reed M Maxwell
- Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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19
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Shankar VM, Rupa N, Rao RBB. Precision measurements of U3O8 and Ra(eU3O8) in uraniferous samples by gamma ray spectrometry using two HPGe coaxial P-type detectors (GCD30180 & GC5019 models)-a comparative study. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2023; 199:2495-2498. [PMID: 38126847 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The precision measurements of U3O8 and Ra(eU3O8) concentrations were evaluated in 23 geological rock samples by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry (HPGe) using two P-type HPGe detectors. The use of Detector 2 (DET2) (GC5019) has increased the sensitivity by a factor of two for both the measurements in comparison to Detector 1 (DET1) (GCD30180). The Minimum Detection Limit (MDL) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) for U3O8 in DET2 has increased significantly because of negligible background counts in 1.001 MeV ϒ energy peak (0.838% gamma yield). The MDL for Ra(eU3O8) measured by 0.609 MeV and 1.760 MeV has not improved significantly due to the high background counts in these energies whereas LOQ has improved appreciably. DET 2 has given higher level of confidence in reporting the analytical results with acceptable repeatability due to the decrease in uncertainty of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Madhavi Shankar
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Nagarbhavi, Bengaluru, India
| | - N Rupa
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Nagarbhavi, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Bala Bhaskara Rao
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Nagarbhavi, Bengaluru, India
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20
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Abstract
Accentuated by climate change, catastrophic wildfires are a growing, distributed global public health risk from inhalation of smoke and dust. Underrecognized, however, are the health threats arising from fire-altered toxic metals natural to soils and plants. Here, we demonstrate that high temperatures during California wildfires catalyzed widespread transformation of chromium to its carcinogenic form in soil and ash, as hexavalent chromium, particularly in areas with metal-rich geologies (e.g., serpentinite). In wildfire ash, we observed dangerous levels (327-13,100 µg kg-1) of reactive hexavalent chromium in wind-dispersible particulates. Relatively dry post-fire weather contributed to the persistence of elevated hexavalent chromium in surficial soil layers for up to ten months post-fire. The geographic distribution of metal-rich soils and fire incidents illustrate the broad global threat of wildfire smoke- and dust-born metals to populations. Our findings provide new insights into why wildfire smoke exposure appears to be more hazardous to humans than pollution from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alandra Marie Lopez
- Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Juan Lezama Pacheco
- Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Scott Fendorf
- Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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21
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Souza V, Travisano M, Eguiarte LE. The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1214-R1216. [PMID: 38052166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In the state of Coahuila, Mexico, there is a very special place, just 290 km from the border with Texas: the oasis in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin. Souza et al. describe how the geology of the basin has given rise to a unique chemistry and a community of organisms that have survived for eons and are found nowhere else on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Souza
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Michael Travisano
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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22
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Mougey T. Negotiating the norms of an international science: standardization work at the International Geological Congress, 1878-1891. Br J Hist Sci 2023; 56:435-451. [PMID: 37667912 DOI: 10.1017/s0007087423000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, geologists created the International Geological Congress (IGC) to achieve the methodological and terminological uniformity that they thought their science lacked. Their desire to standardize their practice and their use of the conference to do so was neither new nor unique. Although late nineteenth-century international conferences have been recognized as important arenas of standardization, relatively little is known of the ways in which conferences organized standardization negotiations. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring how the IGC practically and socially organized standardization work. It appears that the session hall was not the sole and not even the main stage of geological standard-setting. The standardization process was also enacted through comparative study and informal exchanges that regular visits to purpose-built comparative geological exhibitions made possible. Relying on a sophisticated apparatus of commissions and subcommittees, the IGC also socially organized standards negotiation beyond the space and time of the triennial sessions. By tracing the material, spatial and social practices engineered through the IGC to serve geological standardization, this article unboxes the conference process and in so doing enriches our understanding of the period's wave of standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mougey
- Centre Alexandre Koyré, UMR 8560, and LERMA Aix-Marseille Université (UR 853), France
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23
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Wang Z, Chen J, Chen W, Wan C, Liu Y, Huang J. Susceptibility assessment of environmental geological disasters in Liulin County based on RF: from the perspective of positive and negative sample proportion. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:122245-122261. [PMID: 37968480 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The rational selection of the proportion between geological disasters (positive samples) and non-geological disasters (negative samples) holds significant importance in enhancing the precision of geological disaster susceptibility assessment and maintaining the sustainable development of the ecological environment. This paper, using Liulin County as an example, employs correlation analysis to select appropriate evaluation factors. A Random Forest (RF) model, based on GIS technology, is used for susceptibility mapping. Sample ratios of 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 are applied. The results indicate that, through a confusion matrix test, the model's predictive performance reaches a "tipping point" at a sample ratio of 1:5. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve test shows that the 1:5 model performs best. Combining the proportion of susceptibility zones and disaster points, 1:5 is identified as the most suitable ratio for assessing geological disaster susceptibility in the study area. High and very high susceptibility zones are primarily concentrated in the central and northern regions alongside roads and rivers, making these areas key focuses for disaster prevention and reduction in Liulin County. The accuracy of the model's predictions increases with a greater number of samples, but it does not continue to rise indefinitely; accuracy declines after a critical threshold is crossed. These research findings complement prior studies, promote advances in geological disaster prevention technology, and maintain geological environmental stability, all of which are crucial for the local economy's stability and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Wang
- Coal Geological Geophysical Exploration Surveying & Mapping Institute of Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environment, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Changyuan Wan
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Yunyan Liu
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
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24
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Leroy B, Bellard C, Dias MS, Hugueny B, Jézéquel C, Leprieur F, Oberdorff T, Robuchon M, Tedesco PA. Major shifts in biogeographic regions of freshwater fishes as evidence of the Anthropocene epoch. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi5502. [PMID: 37976358 PMCID: PMC10656075 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Animals and plants worldwide are structured in global biogeographic regions, which were shaped by major geologic forces during Earth history. Recently, humans have changed the course of events by multiplying global pathways of introduction for nonindigenous species and propagating local species extirpations. Here, we report on how introductions and extirpations have changed the distributions of freshwater fishes worldwide and how it affected their natural biogeographic regions. We found major shifts in natural regions, with the emergence of an intercontinental region arising from the fusion of multiple faunas, which we named Pan-Anthropocenian Global North and East Asia (PAGNEA). The PAGNEA region is evocative of the Pangea supercontinent, as flows of introductions show that dispersal has become possible again across multiple continents, suggesting that human activities have superseded natural geological forces. Our results constitute evidence on the expected modification of biostratigraphic boundaries based on freshwater fish, which are abundant in the fossil record, thereby supporting the concept of the Anthropocene epoch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Leroy
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 8067), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, IRD, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Murilo S. Dias
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Bernard Hugueny
- UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Jézéquel
- UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Oberdorff
- UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Robuchon
- Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Pablo A. Tedesco
- UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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25
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Weber F. Oklo, our scientific adventure with R. Naudet. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2023; 199:2248-2250. [PMID: 37934998 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Following several years of studies of the Francevillian basin, I was a specialist of the Gabonese geology. Since the discovery of the Oklo phenomenon, I worked with Roger Naudet, Jean-Paul Pfiffelmann and François Gauthier-Lafaye on this exceptional scientific case. This article relates the beginning of this adventure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Weber
- CNRS UMR7517, Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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26
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Pan Y, Ni C, Fan J, Yang R, Han X, Huang Y. Characterization of the genesis and spatial variability in tectonic fractures in the Gaosong ore field (South China). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292023. [PMID: 37917722 PMCID: PMC10621981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines fractures in the Gaosong ore field to determine the main factors affecting the spatial variability in the fracture structure. The attributes of fractures, including the fracture orientation, intensity and intersection density, in the Wuzishan anticline and near the Lotus mountain fault in the Gaosong ore field in the GeJiu ore district were extracted by using a modified circular scanning line method. The fracture intensity and intersection density were analyzed based on the semivariance geostatistics function by using the volume of variation and the amount of relative variability. These parameters quantitatively describe the spatial variability in the fracture structure. The mean and standard variance of fracture intensity and intersection density in the ore field decrease with distance from the Lotus mountain fault, while the coefficient of variation increases. The spatial anisotropy is closely related to the axial direction of the Wuzishan anticline and the orientation of the Lotus mountain fault. The main factors affecting the spatial variability in the fault structure can be determined with the semivariance geostatistics function, and the results are useful for studying the geology of the mining area and can help to construct an accurate structural model to serve the needs of mine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Pan
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunzhong Ni
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianwei Fan
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongsen Yang
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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27
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Yadav M, Jindal MK, Bossew P, Ramola RC. Geological control of terrestrial background radiation in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:8379-8401. [PMID: 37615840 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were measured in soil samples from several areas of Garhwal Himalaya, Northern India, by gamma-ray spectrometry. In this region, which extends around the Himalayan Main Central Thrust, a tectonic line that separates several geological provinces, background levels of natural terrestrial radiation were assessed. The maximum levels of radium, 285 Bq/kg and 136 Bq/kg, respectively, were found in the Budhakedar and Uttarkashi regions, exceeding the world average value of 35 Bq/kg. The mean radiation levels were found to be different between the areas, which reflects the geological diversity in the region. The overall absorbed dose rate owing to radionuclide presence in the Uttarkashi area ranged from 79 to 188 nGyh-1, with an average of 118 nGyh-1. That is more than UNSCEAR's world-populated weighted average value of 59 nGyh-1. The present investigation indicated that the absorbed dose rates are greater in Uttarkashi and Budhakedar than in other places. The multiple comparison analysis between geology and absorbed dose rate shows that the geology of Uttarkashi and Budhakedar are statistically similar. According to several hazard indices, terrestrial background radiation is not of radiological concern in the investigated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjulata Yadav
- Department of Physics, S.S.S.T.S.R. Government Degree College, Nainidanda, Pauri, Garhwal, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Jindal
- Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Peter Bossew
- German Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - R C Ramola
- Department of Physics, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Badshahi Thaul Campus, Tehri, Garhwal, 249 199, India
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Kooch Y, Parsapour MK, Nouraei A, Kartalaei ZM, Wu D, Gómez-Brandón M, Lucas-Borja ME. The effect of silvicultural systems on soil function depends on bedrock geology and altitude. J Environ Manage 2023; 345:118657. [PMID: 37515882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil quality and function in forest environments are influenced by the interaction of soil-forming parameters and silvicultural systems. Hyrcanian forests were recently accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which extends across an area of approximately 1.8 million hectares and ascend to an elevation of 2800 m above sea level (m.a.s.l). In these woodlands, Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is the predominant tree species and could be observed at 700-1500 m.a.s.l., and occur on different parent rocks. Shelterwood and single-tree selection techniques have been the primary management methods for beech forests for the past forty years. Studies investigating the impacts of silvicultural systems have not yet been done on soil and forest floor features on different bedrock geology and altitudes. Therefore, in this study, we examined the influence of single-tree selection and shelterwood methods, 25 years after employing those methods, on soil quality and function compared to control areas (intact forests) in Hyrcanian beech stands. For this purpose, 15 forest floor (30 × 30 cm) and topsoil (0-10 cm depth) samples in each silvicultural systems (i.e., single-tree selection and shelterwood methods and control zones) × 4 regions (including Rasht, Nowshahr, Sari and Gorgan) × 4 altitude levels (with averages of 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 m.a.s.l.) were considered. According to our findings, the investigated forest regions, forest floor and soil characteristics across various locations spots could be separated by principal component analysis output, and more than 85% of the variance was explained by the first and second axes. The structural equation model showed that the region, altitude and silvicultural systems had an effective role in the changes in soil biological activities by influencing the forest floor, and the soil physicochemical features. Based upon the network model, the C/N ratio, the sand content, the soil aggregate stability, the available K, the fulvic acid, and the Acarina density were found to be prominent factors with regard to soil function. In the control sites, increased soil organic material fractions, microbial/enzyme and biota activities were detected, particularly at the lower altitudes of the Nowshahr site, which had geological formations of dolomite and calcic layers. Taken together, it seems that the single-tree method, commonly referred to as the close-to-nature technique produces more suitable conditions for soil functioning compared to the shelterwood management approach. Silvicultural systems, bedrock geology and altitude can have major detrimental effects on soil function and fertility, over the long-term, impacts may increase with harvest intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Kooch
- Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Kazem Parsapour
- Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Azam Nouraei
- Department of Sciences and Forest Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Mohmedi Kartalaei
- Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Donghui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | | | - Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja
- Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-02071, Albacete, Spain.
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Li F, Yu T, Huang Z, Yang Z, Hou Q, Tang Q, Liu J, Wang L. Linking health to geology-a new assessment and zoning model based on the frame of medical geology. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:7145-7159. [PMID: 36862270 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the growing concerns about the Earth's environment and human health, there has been a surge in research focused on the intersection of health and geology. This study quantitatively assesses the relationship between human health and geological factors using a new framework. The framework considers four key geological environment indicators related to health: soil, water, geological landform, and atmosphere. Results indicate that the atmospheric and water resource indicators in the study area were generally favorable, while the scores of geological landforms varied based on topography. The study also found that the selenium content in the soil greatly exceeded the local background value. Our research underscores the importance of geological factors on human health, establishes a new health-geological assessment model, and provides a scientific foundation for local spatial planning, water resource development, and land resource management. However, due to varying geological conditions worldwide, the framework and indicators for health geology may need to be adjusted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Li
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenzhong Huang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingye Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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Dresow M. Biased, Spasmodic, and Ridiculously Incomplete: Sequence Stratigraphy and the Emergence of a New Approach to Stratigraphic Complexity in Paleobiology, 1973-1995. J Hist Biol 2023; 56:419-454. [PMID: 37535224 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the emergence of a new approach to stratigraphic complexity, first in geology and then, following its creative appropriation, in paleobiology. The approach was associated with a set of models that together transformed stratigraphic geology in the decades following 1970. These included the influential models of depositional sequences developed by Peter Vail and others at Exxon. Transposed into paleobiology, they gave researchers new resources for studying the incompleteness of the fossil record and for removing biases imposed by the processes of sedimentary accumulation. In addition, they helped reconfigure the cultural landscape of paleobiology, consolidating a growing emphasis on fieldwork and eroding the barrier that had been erected in the 1970s between "paleontology" and "paleobiology." This paper traces these developments, paying special attention to the simulation models of stratigraphic paleobiologist Steven Holland. It also considers how the integration of sequence and event stratigraphy and paleobiology has begun to influence long-running discussions of incompleteness and bias in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Dresow
- Department of Philosophy & Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Zhang F, Yang T. Stability and probabilistic assessment of a large asymmetric bedding slope with a weak interlayer. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2023; 30:107811-107826. [PMID: 37740801 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The mining of open-pit mines has a significant influence on the surrounding ecological environment and safety. Once the slope of an open pit is unstable, it will bring extremely severe disasters to the surrounding environment. The south slope of the Fushun West open-pit mine is a large bedding slope with weak interlayer and asymmetrical features between the eastern and western regions. The different deformation mechanisms are worth further discussion, and the deformation mechanism of the eastern region needs to be systematically investigated. In this study, a comprehensive method combining a numerical model, the limit equilibrium method, and a probabilistic approach is used. The different deformation mechanisms of the slope are explored. Thereafter, the sensitivity of the geometric and mechanical parameters of the slope is determined. Finally, the probability of failure (PF) and slope stability are evaluated. The results illustrate that the difference in geological characteristics and constraint conditions is the fundamental reason for the difference in deformation features of the slope. The sensitivity analysis results show that the friction angle of the weak layer exhibits the most sensitivity and that the unit weight is irrelevant to the slope stability. Taking the friction angle of the weak layer as a variable, when the thickness of the basalt layer is less than 140 m and the height of the slope is more than 360 m, the PF of the slope reaches a high value. When the inclination of the weak layer exceeds 30°, the PF of the slope increases to a high value. When the Ru coefficient exceeds 0.2, the slope presents a high PF. The results illustrate that decision-makers should pay attention to the strength degradation, transitional mining of the basalt layer, and establish a good drainage system. The comprehensive method can also provide an effective way to assess the stability and PF of similar large-scale bedding slopes under complex geological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Roads and Railway Engineering Safety Control, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, 050043, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, China.
- School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, China.
| | - Tianhong Yang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning, China
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O'Callaghan J. This is what Earth's continents will look like in 250 million years. Nature 2023; 622:20. [PMID: 37749342 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
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Brinkworth A, Green E, Li Y, Oyston J, Ruta M, Wills MA. Bird clades with less complex appendicular skeletons tend to have higher species richness. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5817. [PMID: 37726273 PMCID: PMC10509246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Species richness is strikingly uneven across taxonomic groups at all hierarchical levels, but the reasons for this heterogeneity are poorly understood. It is well established that morphological diversity (disparity) is decoupled from taxonomic diversity, both between clades and across geological time. Morphological complexity has been much less studied, but there is theory linking complexity with differential diversity across groups. Here we devise an index of complexity from the differentiation of the fore and hind limb pairs for a sample of 983 species of extant birds. We test the null hypothesis that this index of morphological complexity is uncorrelated with clade diversity, revealing a significant and negative correlation between the species richness of clades and the mean morphological complexity of those clades. Further, we find that more complex clades tend to occupy a smaller number of dietary and habitat niches, and that this proxy for greater ecological specialisation correlates with lower species richness. Greater morphological complexity in the appendicular skeleton therefore appears to hinder the generation and maintenance of species diversity. This may result from entrenchment into morphologies and ecologies that are less capable of yielding further diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brinkworth
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AZ, UK.
| | - Emily Green
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Yimeng Li
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jack Oyston
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AZ, UK
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marcello Ruta
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Matthew A Wills
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AZ, UK
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Ekici G, Sayin U, Isik M, Kapan S, Demir A, Aydin Karaaslan H, Delikan A, Biyik R, Orhan H, Engin B, Tapramaz R, Ozmen A. Paramagnetic characterization of fossil mollusc shells at eastern part of the old Konya lake: its importance for EPR dating. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2023; 199:1632-1638. [PMID: 37721083 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Fossil mollusc shells are used for dating geological materials because they are well preserved throughout geological time. In this study, the radicals in the structure of fossil mollusc shells (Dreissena iconica, Valvata piscinalis, Bithynia tentaculate, Unio pictorum) collected from the Eastern Part of Old Konya Lake in Türkiye were investigated by EPR technique. For all fossil shells, microwave and temperature dependence of the signals were examined, and the signals suitable for dating are discussed. Characteristic features of intrinsic and impurity-related radicals were identified and the importance of paleontological evaluation of molluscs to get a reliable equivalent dose in EPR dating studies was emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ekici
- KTO Karatay University, Vocational School of Health Services, Opticianry Programme, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Ulku Sayin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye
- Selçuk University, Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Mesut Isik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Sevinc Kapan
- Faculty of Engineering, Geology Engineering Department Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Demir
- Faculty of Engineering, Geology Engineering Department Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
| | - Hulya Aydin Karaaslan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Arif Delikan
- Faculty of Engineering, Geology Engineering Department, Konya Teknik University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Recep Biyik
- Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hukmu Orhan
- Faculty of Engineering, Geology Engineering Department, Konya Teknik University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Birol Engin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Recep Tapramaz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Ayhan Ozmen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye
- Selçuk University, Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Konya, Türkiye
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Beheshtinia MA, Bahrami F, Fathi M, Asadi S. Evaluating and prioritizing the healthcare waste disposal center locations using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making method. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15130. [PMID: 37704751 PMCID: PMC10499883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare waste disposal center location (HCWDCL) impacts the environment and the health of living beings. Different and sometimes contradictory criteria in determining the appropriate site location for disposing of healthcare waste (HCW) complicate the decision-making process. This research presents a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method, named PROMSIS, to determine the appropriate HCWDCL in a real case. The PROMSIS is the combination of two well-known MCDM methods, namely TOPSIS and PROMETHEE. Moreover, fuzzy theory is used to describe the uncertainties of the problem parameters. To provide a reliable decision on selecting the best HCWDCL, a comprehensive list of criteria is identified through a literature review and experts' opinions obtained from the case study. In total, 40 criteria are identified and classified into five major criteria, namely economic, environmental, social, technical, and geological. The weight of the considered criteria is determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Then, the score of the alternative HCWDCLs in each considered criterion is obtained. Finally, the candidate locations for disposing of HCWs are ranked by the proposed fuzzy PROMSIS method. The results show that the most important criteria in ranking the alternatives in the studied case are economic, environmental, and social, respectively. Moreover, the sub-criteria of operating cost, transportation cost, and pollution are identified as the most important sub-criteria, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Bahrami
- Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Masood Fathi
- Division of Intelligent Production Systems, School of Engineering Science, University of Skövde, 54128, Skövde, Sweden.
- Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Uppsala University, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Shahla Asadi
- Department of Information Systems and Business Analytics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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Li J, Zhang S, Wang C, Jiang Z, Zheng J, Wang X, Lu T. Investigation on large-scale 3D seepage characteristics of a pumped-storage power station: a case study in Zhejiang Province, China. Water Sci Technol 2023; 88:1374-1393. [PMID: 37768742 PMCID: wst_2023_286 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Pumped-storage power stations (PSPSs) have higher requirements for anti-seepage compared with regular power stations. As a result, investigating the seepage distributions of PSPSs is particularly important. However, existing researches remain limited in assessing engineering needs such as ensuring the efficiency of a power station. Taking the Qingyuan PSPS as a typical case, this study aims to investigate the large-scale seepage field distribution while exploring the efficiency of the anti-seepage system. Considering the geological characteristics and structural location, a 3D finite element model is established. Based on the continuous medium model while combined with seepage control measures, the change in leakage while the anti-seepage system failed is further assessed. It is concluded that the operation status of anti-seepage measures will have a certain impact on the leakage volumes of each part. Using a comprehensive assessment, anti-seepage measures can effectively prevent seepage. When failure occurs on anti-seepage curtains, the leakage volume at the corresponding position will show an obvious growth. In summary, the findings of this study highlight the significance of avoiding excessive leakage caused by anti-seepage structure failure, the effective operation of anti-seepage measures must be ensured. The abovementioned results can provide scientific support for the seepage optimization design of PSPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China E-mail:
| | - Sherong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- China Water Resources Beifang Investigation, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- China Water Resources Beifang Investigation, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Le Minh N, Truyen PT, Van Phong T, Jaafari A, Amiri M, Van Duong N, Van Bien N, Duc DM, Prakash I, Pham BT. Ensemble models based on radial basis function network for landslide susceptibility mapping. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:99380-99398. [PMID: 37612559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Ensemble learning techniques have shown promise in improving the accuracy of landslide models by combining multiple models to achieve better predictive performance. In this study, several ensemble methods (Dagging, Bagging, and Decorate) and a radial basis function classifier (RBFC) were combined to predict landslide susceptibility in the Trung Khanh district of the Cao Bang Province, Vietnam. The ensemble models were developed using a geospatial database containing 45 historical landslides (1074 points) and thirteen influencing variables characterizing the topography, geology, land use/cover, and human activities of the study area. The performance of the models was evaluated based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and several other performance metrics, including positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity (SST), specificity (SPF), accuracy (ACC), and root mean square error (RMSE). The Bagging-RBFC model with PPV = 86%, NPV = 95%, SST = 95%, SPF = 87%, ACC = 91%, RMSE = 0.297, and AUC = 98% was found to be the most accurate model for the prediction of landslide susceptibility, followed by the Dagging-RBFC, Decorate-RBFC, and single RBFC models. The study demonstrates the efficacy of ensemble learning techniques in developing reliable landslide predictive models, which can ultimately save lives and reduce infrastructure damage in landslide-prone regions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Le Minh
- Institute of Geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham The Truyen
- Institute of Geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Phong
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Abolfazl Jaafari
- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, 1496793612, Iran
| | - Mahdis Amiri
- Department of Watershed & Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, 4918943464, Iran
| | - Nguyen Van Duong
- Institute of Geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Bien
- North Vietnam Geological Mapping Division, No 10, Hong Tien Street, Longbien, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dao Minh Duc
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Indra Prakash
- Geological Survey of India, Gandhinagar, 82010, India
| | - Binh Thai Pham
- University of Transport and Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Olivares Sandoval O. Colima volcano's archive of observations: The invention of a geological history from Johann Mortiz Rugendas to Paul Waitz. Endeavour 2023; 47:100884. [PMID: 37806077 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2023.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In 1936 the Austrian geologist Paul Waitz published a seminal bibliographical, historical essay on Colima volcano, Mexico. His article exemplifies well the paths by which geology became what Lorraine Daston has termed sciences of the archive, that is, the manner in which scientific disciplines became concerned with archival work. Waitz's historical description of studies of Colima volcano built a genealogy of observations, ultimately constructing a history of the volcano itself. By bringing attention not only to Waitz's discourse but also to his treatment of visual objects, such as pictorial and photographic landscapes, my article points out how long-term aesthetics, such as the picturesque and the sublime, functioned as tropes which enabled a standardized perception, essential to visualize a clear history of scientific observations, from the landscape paintings of the nineteenth-century artist Johann Moritz Rugendas to Waitz's own photographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Olivares Sandoval
- Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Coyoacán, Mexico.
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Karin BR, Krone IW, Frederick J, Hamidy A, Laksono WT, Amini SS, Arida E, Arifin U, Bach BH, Bos C, Jennings CK, Riyanto A, Scarpetta SG, Stubbs AL, McGuire JA. Elevational surveys of Sulawesi herpetofauna 1: Gunung Galang, Gunung Dako Nature Reserve. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15766. [PMID: 37637176 PMCID: PMC10448876 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indonesian island of Sulawesi has a unique geology and geography, which have produced an astoundingly diverse and endemic flora and fauna and a fascinating biogeographic history. Much biodiversity research has focused on the regional endemism in the island's Central Core and on its four peninsulas, but the biodiversity of the island's many upland regions is still poorly understood for most taxa, including amphibians and reptiles. Here, we report the first of several planned full-mountain checklists from a series of herpetological surveys of Sulawesi's mountains conducted by our team. In more than 3 weeks of work on Gunung Galang, a 2,254 m peak west of the city of Tolitoli, Sulawesi Tengah Province, on Sulawesi's Northern Peninsula, we recovered nearly fifty species of reptiles and amphibians, more than a dozen of which are either new to science or known but undescribed. The incompleteness of our sampling suggests that many more species remain to be discovered on and around this mountain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Karin
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Isaac W. Krone
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Frederick
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amir Hamidy
- Research Center for Biosystematics, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Tri Laksono
- Research Center for Biosystematics, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sina S. Amini
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Evy Arida
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Umilaela Arifin
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bryan H. Bach
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Collin Bos
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Charlotte K. Jennings
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Awal Riyanto
- Research Center for Biosystematics, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Simon G. Scarpetta
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alexander L. Stubbs
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jimmy A. McGuire
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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40
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Ramírez SR. Biogeography: The origin and spread of bee lineages. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R857-R860. [PMID: 37607480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Where and when bees originated and how they dispersed and diversified across ancient continents has remained ambiguous. A new study that combines phylogenetics with fossil data reconstructs the origin and diversification of bees across geological time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago R Ramírez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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41
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Halder S, Roy MB, Roy PK. Understanding the exchange process between ground and surface water using mini drive point piezometer and mathematical models to identify suitable managed aquifer recharge sites. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:92736-92767. [PMID: 37495812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, subsurface characteristics within the complex formation of the Shilabati basin system of West Bengal, India, extending over an area of 3888 km2, have been estimated using a cost-effective piezometer and MIKE FEFLOW package based on a steady-state numerical model. Pore size and fine particle content of streambeds are affected by two opposing flow contraptions. Such opposite flow conditions are likely to affect the hydraulic conductivity of the streambed. However, analogies of the hydraulic conductivity (Kh) of streambeds for losing and gaining streams have not been well documented in the recent past. The Kh value from the piezometer has been highest at the Dakshin Pairachali site (6.765 m/day), with the stream gaining water from the discharge of the local aquifer. Analysis of the stream-aquifer interaction using the FEFLOW model has allowed us to understand the groundwater water head of the basin ranging from 160.33 to 0.32 m.a.s.l (meters above sea level). The present study also constitutes the first attempt for the identification of suitable sites for the implementation of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) technology in West Bengal, India, to manage extreme drought events. The suitable sites have been identified by means of three fuzzy multi-criteria decision analysis based on nine criteria: river discharge, moisture content, porosity, drainage type, rainfall, land use type, geology, aquifer material, and hydraulic conductivity. To design a radial collector well and infiltration gallery for the selected site in an anisotropic, homogeneous, unconfined, and semi-infinite aquifer near a fully penetrating stream, a pumping test has been conducted to optimize a safe yield of 12.096 MLD (megaliters per day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Halder
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar Roy
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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42
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Pang G, Koper KD, Wu SM, Wang W, Lasbleis M, Euler G. Enhanced inner core fine-scale heterogeneity towards Earth's centre. Nature 2023; 620:570-575. [PMID: 37407825 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Earth's inner core acquires texture as it solidifies within the fluid outer core. The size, shape and orientation of the mostly iron grains making up the texture record the growth of the inner core and may evolve over geologic time in response to geodynamical forces and torques1. Seismic waves from earthquakes can be used to image the texture, or fabric, of the inner core and gain insight into the history and evolution of Earth's core2-6. Here, we observe and model seismic energy backscattered from the fine-scale (less than 10 km) heterogeneities7 that constitute inner core fabric at larger scales. We use a novel dataset created from a global array of small-aperture seismic arrays-designed to detect tiny signals from underground nuclear explosions-to create a three-dimensional model of inner core fine-scale heterogeneity. Our model shows that inner core scattering is ubiquitous, existing across all sampled longitudes and latitudes, and that it substantially increases in strength 500-800 km beneath the inner core boundary. The enhanced scattering in the deeper inner core is compatible with an era of rapid growth following delayed nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanning Pang
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Keith D Koper
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sin-Mei Wu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marine Lasbleis
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, UMR 6112, Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
- Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, Paris La Défense, France
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Gernon TM, Jones SM, Brune S, Hincks TK, Palmer MR, Schumacher JC, Primiceri RM, Field M, Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Keir D, Spencer CJ, Merdith AS, Glerum A. Rift-induced disruption of cratonic keels drives kimberlite volcanism. Nature 2023; 620:344-350. [PMID: 37495695 PMCID: PMC10727985 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Kimberlites are volatile-rich, occasionally diamond-bearing magmas that have erupted explosively at Earth's surface in the geologic past1-3. These enigmatic magmas, originating from depths exceeding 150 km in Earth's mantle1, occur in stable cratons and in pulses broadly synchronous with supercontinent cyclicity4. Whether their mobilization is driven by mantle plumes5 or by mechanical weakening of cratonic lithosphere4,6 remains unclear. Here we show that most kimberlites spanning the past billion years erupted about 30 million years (Myr) after continental breakup, suggesting an association with rifting processes. Our dynamical and analytical models show that physically steep lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries (LABs) formed during rifting generate convective instabilities in the asthenosphere that slowly migrate many hundreds to thousands of kilometres inboard of rift zones. These instabilities endure many tens of millions of years after continental breakup and destabilize the basal tens of kilometres of the cratonic lithosphere, or keel. Displaced keel is replaced by a hot, upwelling mixture of asthenosphere and recycled volatile-rich keel in the return flow, causing decompressional partial melting. Our calculations show that this process can generate small-volume, low-degree, volatile-rich melts, closely matching the characteristics expected of kimberlites1-3. Together, these results provide a quantitative and mechanistic link between kimberlite episodicity and supercontinent cycles through progressive disruption of cratonic keels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Gernon
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Stephen M Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sascha Brune
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thea K Hincks
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin R Palmer
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Rebecca M Primiceri
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - William L Griffin
- GEMOC ARC National Key Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne Y O'Reilly
- GEMOC ARC National Key Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Derek Keir
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Christopher J Spencer
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anne Glerum
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
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Cai L, Kreft H, Taylor A, Schrader J, Dawson W, Essl F, van Kleunen M, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Winter M, Weigelt P. Climatic stability and geological history shape global centers of neo- and paleoendemism in seed plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300981120. [PMID: 37459510 PMCID: PMC10372566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300981120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the distribution of geographically restricted and evolutionarily unique species and their underlying drivers is key to understanding biogeographical processes and critical for global conservation prioritization. Here, we quantified the geographic distribution and drivers of phylogenetic endemism for ~320,000 seed plants worldwide and identified centers and drivers of evolutionarily young (neoendemism) and evolutionarily old endemism (paleoendemism). Tropical and subtropical islands as well as tropical mountain regions displayed the world's highest phylogenetic endemism. Most tropical rainforest regions emerged as centers of paleoendemism, while most Mediterranean-climate regions showed high neoendemism. Centers where high neo- and paleoendemism coincide emerged on some oceanic and continental fragment islands, in Mediterranean-climate regions and parts of the Irano-Turanian floristic region. Global variation in phylogenetic endemism was well explained by a combination of past and present environmental factors (79.8 to 87.7% of variance explained) and most strongly related to environmental heterogeneity. Also, warm and wet climates, geographic isolation, and long-term climatic stability emerged as key drivers of phylogenetic endemism. Neo- and paleoendemism were jointly explained by climatic and geological history. Long-term climatic stability promoted the persistence of paleoendemics, while the isolation of oceanic islands and their unique geological histories promoted neoendemism. Mountainous regions promoted both neo- and paleoendemism, reflecting both diversification and persistence over time. Our study provides insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of biogeographical patterns in seed plants and identifies the areas on Earth with the highest evolutionary and biogeographical uniqueness-key information for setting global conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Cai
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Campus-Institute Data Science, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Amanda Taylor
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Julian Schrader
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Essl
- Division of Bioinvasions, Global Change & Macroecology, University Vienna, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz78464, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou318000, China
| | - Jan Pergl
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Campus-Institute Data Science, Göttingen37077, Germany
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45
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Bennett MM. Gravel grabs: The rocky foundations of Indigenous geologic power in the Arctic. Ambio 2023; 52:1184-1197. [PMID: 37148419 PMCID: PMC10247929 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Infrastructure development cannot take place without gravel, which is scarce in the North American Arctic. Conditioning where development can occur, the commodity has become the target of Indigenous actors seeking to secure land and resource bases and their material futures, too. In Alaska, decades of litigation pitting Indigenous surface versus subsurface corporate landholders has contested gravel's legal location. In Canada, contrastingly, Inuvialuit land claims negotiators successfully secured access to granular resources. In both locales, legal processes have resulted in certain Indigenous actors' accumulation of geologic power. Rooted in the subterranean, this power enables them to transform the surface of the Earth. Contributing to research on geologic power and political geology and drawing on fieldwork and a review of court cases, policy documents and reports, this article critiques how gravel has become an Arctic resource lucrative to local communities rather than global markets and a key source of Indigenous political and economic agency. Going forward, struggles over Indigenous rights may concern securing ownership over not only the land base, but the land column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M Bennett
- Department of Geography, University of Washington, Smith Hall 408, Box 353550, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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46
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Bezuidenhout J. Estimating geothermal and background radiation hotspots from primordial radionuclide concentrations in geology of South Africa. J Environ Radioact 2023; 259-260:107118. [PMID: 36646012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring radionuclides are the main generator of geothermal energy in the Earth's crust and mantle. The generated energy is consequently directly proportional to the concentrations of the three main naturally occurring radionuclides (uranium, thorium and potassium), which are primordial in origin. Concentrations of these naturally occurring radionuclides were extracted for all the different geological rock units in South Africa. The radionuclide concentrations were then mapped and integrated by using QGIS. The results were used to estimate and map the geothermal energy production rates for the rock units. The radionuclide concentrations in the rock units were also used to identify regions with high radiation background. These radiation hotspots were plotted and investigated. The estimated geothermal energy and background radiation hotspots were compared to measurements and projections of other studies and good corelations were found.
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47
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Liu H, Stumpf AJ, Lin YFF, Liu X. Distributed Thermal Response Multi-Source Modeling to Evaluate Heterogeneous Subsurface Properties. Ground Water 2023; 61:224-236. [PMID: 34859432 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A thorough assessment of thermal properties in heterogeneous subsurface is necessary in design of low-temperature borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). A distributed thermal response test (DTRT), which combines distributed temperature sensing (DTS) with a conventional thermal response test (TRT), was conducted in a U-bend geothermal loop installed in an open borehole at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to estimate thermal properties by analyzing the thermal response of different geologic materials while applying a constant heat input rate. Fiber-optic cables in the DTRT were deployed both inside the U-bend geothermal loop and in the center of the borehole to improve the accuracy of calculated heat-loss rates and borehole temperature profile measurements. To assess the subsurface thermal conductivity during the heating phase of the DTRT, a single-source model and a multi-source model, both based on the infinite line source method, were developed using the borehole temperature data and temperatures inside and along the outside of the loop, separately. The two models returned similar thermal conductivity values. The multi-source modeling has the advantage of predicting the thermal conductivity of heterogeneous geologic materials from borehole temperature profiles during the DTRT heating phase. In addition, based on the distributed thermal conductivity measured in the borehole, estimates were made for both radial thermal impacts and the rate of heat loss in the BHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Andrew J Stumpf
- Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Yu-Feng F Lin
- Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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48
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Sarkar S, Mukherjee A, Chakraborty M, Quamar MT, Duttagupta S, Bhattacharya A. Prediction of elevated groundwater fluoride across India using multi-model approach: insights on the influence of geologic and environmental factors. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:31998-32013. [PMID: 36459318 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated fluoride in groundwater is a severe problem in India due to its extensive occurrence and detrimental health impacts on the large population that thrives on groundwater. Although fluoride is primarily a geogenic pollutant, existing model-based studies lack the amalgamation of the influence of geologic factors, specifically tectonics, for identifying groundwater fluoride distribution. This drawback encourages the present study to investigate the association of the tectonic framework with fluoride in a multi-model approach. We have applied three machine learning models (random forest, boosted regression tree, and logistic regression) to predict elevated groundwater fluoride based on fluoride measurements across India. The random forest model outperformed other models with an accuracy of 93%. Tectonics was found to be one of the most important predictors alongside "depth to water table." Two major areas of high risk identified were the northwest parts and the south-southeast cratonic peninsular region. The random forest model also performed significantly well over the validation dataset. We estimate that nearly 257 million people are exposed to elevated fluoride risk in India. We endeavor that the findings of our study would be an effective tool for identifying the areas at risk of elevated fluoride and also assist in undertaking effective groundwater management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Sarkar
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Madhumita Chakraborty
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Tahseen Quamar
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Srimanti Duttagupta
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Animesh Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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Li Y, Liu H, Su L, Chen S, Zhu X, Zhang P. Developmental Features, Influencing Factors, and Formation Mechanism of Underground Mining-Induced Ground Fissure Disasters in China: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3511. [PMID: 36834206 PMCID: PMC9964551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mining-induced ground fissures are one of the major geological disasters affecting coal mines. In recent years, many effective monitoring methods have been developed to explore the developmental characteristics and nature of mining-induced ground fissures for being treated scientifically. This paper is mainly on the development law and mechanism of mining ground fissure research results which have been comprehensively combed, highlighting the development trend, including the formation condition, development features, influencing factors, and mechanical mechanism of mining-induced ground fissures. Outstanding issues are discussed and future research hot spots and trends are pointed out. The major conclusions include: (1) under the shallow coal mining condition, because the rock layer fault zone directly reaches the surface, the ground fissure usually develops seriously; (2) mining-induced ground fissures are generally divided into four types: tensile fissures, compression fissures, collapsed fissures, and sliding fissures; (3) mining-induced ground fissures are affected by the coupling effect of underground mining and surface topography. The main factors are geological mining conditions, surface deformation, and surface topography, including rock and soil structure, rock and soil mechanical properties, surface horizontal deformation, surface slope, and so on; and (4) to ensure the safety of underground mining, temporary ground fissures formed during the process of coal mining must be treated when ground fissures and rock ground fissures are connected. The results of this article make up for the deficiencies of the relevant research, provide the basis and direction for future research, and have universal applicability and scientific guiding significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lijuan Su
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Sidi Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Yang Y, Jing J, Tang Z. Impact of injection temperature and formation slope on CO 2 storage capacity and form in the Ordos Basin, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:15930-15950. [PMID: 36178651 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage capacity is the main criterion for assessing CO2 geological storage. Based on actual data from the Shiqianfeng formation in the Ordos Basin, three-dimensional (3D) models were built using the TOUGHVISUAL visualization software and simulated using the TOUGH2 integral finite difference modeling code with the ECO2N fluid property module to explore the impact of formation attributes (formation slope) and controllable factors (injection temperature) on CO2 storage capacity. A total of 16 schemes were designed, with four injection temperatures (24 ℃, 31 ℃, 38 ℃, and 45 ℃) and four formation slopes (0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°). Simulation results showed that the injection temperature and formation slope both had a significant influence on CO2 storage capacity. The impact of injection temperature on the total storage amount was more obvious than that of the impact of formation slope. A higher injection temperature resulted in a greater total storage amount. Increasing the formation slope and injection temperature increased the gas-phase, dissolved-phase, and total CO2 storage amounts in the upper left section of the injection well, but decreased them in the lower right part of the injection well. The impact of formation slope on the conversion rate from gas-phase CO2 to dissolved-phase CO2 was more obvious than the impact of injection temperature. A steeper formation slope resulted in a higher conversion rate. A smaller formation slope and a higher injection temperature should be selected to store CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Yang
- Wuhan Center, China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Jing Jing
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Normal University, 11 Cihu Road, Huangshi, 435002, China.
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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