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Hislop J, Song Q, Keshavarz F K, Alavi A, Schoenberger R, LeGraw R, Velazquez JJ, Mokhtari T, Taheri MN, Rytel M, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Watkins S, Stolz D, Kiani S, Sozen B, Bar-Joseph Z, Ebrahimkhani MR. Modelling post-implantation human development to yolk sac blood emergence. Nature 2024; 626:367-376. [PMID: 38092041 PMCID: PMC10849971 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Implantation of the human embryo begins a critical developmental stage that comprises profound events including axis formation, gastrulation and the emergence of haematopoietic system1,2. Our mechanistic knowledge of this window of human life remains limited due to restricted access to in vivo samples for both technical and ethical reasons3-5. Stem cell models of human embryo have emerged to help unlock the mysteries of this stage6-16. Here we present a genetically inducible stem cell-derived embryoid model of early post-implantation human embryogenesis that captures the reciprocal codevelopment of embryonic tissue and the extra-embryonic endoderm and mesoderm niche with early haematopoiesis. This model is produced from induced pluripotent stem cells and shows unanticipated self-organizing cellular programmes similar to those that occur in embryogenesis, including the formation of amniotic cavity and bilaminar disc morphologies as well as the generation of an anterior hypoblast pole and posterior domain. The extra-embryonic layer in these embryoids lacks trophoblast and shows advanced multilineage yolk sac tissue-like morphogenesis that harbours a process similar to distinct waves of haematopoiesis, including the emergence of erythroid-, megakaryocyte-, myeloid- and lymphoid-like cells. This model presents an easy-to-use, high-throughput, reproducible and scalable platform to probe multifaceted aspects of human development and blood formation at the early post-implantation stage. It will provide a tractable human-based model for drug testing and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hislop
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qi Song
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kamyar Keshavarz F
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amir Alavi
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rayna Schoenberger
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan LeGraw
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tahere Mokhtari
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Naser Taheri
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Rytel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donna Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samira Kiani
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Berna Sozen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Okubo T, Rivron N, Kabata M, Masaki H, Kishimoto K, Semi K, Nakajima-Koyama M, Kunitomi H, Kaswandy B, Sato H, Nakauchi H, Woltjen K, Saitou M, Sasaki E, Yamamoto T, Takashima Y. Hypoblast from human pluripotent stem cells regulates epiblast development. Nature 2024; 626:357-366. [PMID: 38052228 PMCID: PMC10849967 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies using cultures of human embryos together with single-cell RNA-seq analyses have revealed differences between humans and mice, necessitating the study of human embryos1-8. Despite the importance of human embryology, ethical and legal restrictions have limited post-implantation-stage studies. Thus, recent efforts have focused on developing in vitro self-organizing models using human stem cells9-17. Here, we report genetic and non-genetic approaches to generate authentic hypoblast cells (naive hPSC-derived hypoblast-like cells (nHyCs))-known to give rise to one of the two extraembryonic tissues essential for embryonic development-from naive human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Our nHyCs spontaneously assemble with naive hPSCs to form a three-dimensional bilaminar structure (bilaminoids) with a pro-amniotic-like cavity. In the presence of additional naive hPSC-derived analogues of the second extraembryonic tissue, the trophectoderm, the efficiency of bilaminoid formation increases from 20% to 40%, and the epiblast within the bilaminoids continues to develop in response to trophectoderm-secreted IL-6. Furthermore, we show that bilaminoids robustly recapitulate the patterning of the anterior-posterior axis and the formation of cells reflecting the pregastrula stage, the emergence of which can be shaped by genetically manipulating the DKK1/OTX2 hypoblast-like domain. We have therefore successfully modelled and identified the mechanisms by which the two extraembryonic tissues efficiently guide the stage-specific growth and progression of the epiblast as it establishes the post-implantation landmarks of human embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Okubo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicolas Rivron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mio Kabata
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Katsunori Semi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - May Nakajima-Koyama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruko Kunitomi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Belinda Kaswandy
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Knut Woltjen
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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3
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Oldak B, Wildschutz E, Bondarenko V, Comar MY, Zhao C, Aguilera-Castrejon A, Tarazi S, Viukov S, Pham TXA, Ashouokhi S, Lokshtanov D, Roncato F, Ariel E, Rose M, Livnat N, Shani T, Joubran C, Cohen R, Addadi Y, Chemla M, Kedmi M, Keren-Shaul H, Pasque V, Petropoulos S, Lanner F, Novershtern N, Hanna JH. Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells. Nature 2023; 622:562-573. [PMID: 37673118 PMCID: PMC10584686 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to study human post-implantation development remains limited owing to ethical and technical challenges associated with intrauterine development after implantation1. Embryo-like models with spatially organized morphogenesis and structure of all defining embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of the post-implantation human conceptus (that is, the embryonic disc, the bilaminar disc, the yolk sac, the chorionic sac and the surrounding trophoblast layer) remain lacking1,2. Mouse naive embryonic stem cells have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation structured stem-cell-based embryo models with spatially organized morphogenesis (called SEMs)3. Here we extend those findings to humans using only genetically unmodified human naive embryonic stem cells (cultured in human enhanced naive stem cell medium conditions)4. Such human fully integrated and complete SEMs recapitulate the organization of nearly all known lineages and compartments of post-implantation human embryos, including the epiblast, the hypoblast, the extra-embryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layer surrounding the latter compartments. These human complete SEMs demonstrated developmental growth dynamics that resemble key hallmarks of post-implantation stage embryogenesis up to 13-14 days after fertilization (Carnegie stage 6a). These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. This SEM platform will probably enable the experimental investigation of previously inaccessible windows of human early post implantation up to peri-gastrulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Oldak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Emilie Wildschutz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladyslav Bondarenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mehmet-Yunus Comar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Shadi Tarazi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Viukov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thi Xuan Ai Pham
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahd Ashouokhi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dmitry Lokshtanov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francesco Roncato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Ariel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Max Rose
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Livnat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tom Shani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carine Joubran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roni Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Muriel Chemla
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Kedmi
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Petropoulos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre, Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Axe Immunopathologie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Center for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noa Novershtern
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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4
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Weatherbee BAT, Gantner CW, Iwamoto-Stohl LK, Daza RM, Hamazaki N, Shendure J, Zernicka-Goetz M. Pluripotent stem cell-derived model of the post-implantation human embryo. Nature 2023; 622:584-593. [PMID: 37369347 PMCID: PMC10584688 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The human embryo undergoes morphogenetic transformations following implantation into the uterus, but our knowledge of this crucial stage is limited by the inability to observe the embryo in vivo. Models of the embryo derived from stem cells are important tools for interrogating developmental events and tissue-tissue crosstalk during these stages1. Here we establish a model of the human post-implantation embryo, a human embryoid, comprising embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. We combine two types of extraembryonic-like cell generated by overexpression of transcription factors with wild-type embryonic stem cells and promote their self-organization into structures that mimic several aspects of the post-implantation human embryo. These self-organized aggregates contain a pluripotent epiblast-like domain surrounded by extraembryonic-like tissues. Our functional studies demonstrate that the epiblast-like domain robustly differentiates into amnion, extraembryonic mesenchyme and primordial germ cell-like cells in response to bone morphogenetic protein cues. In addition, we identify an inhibitory role for SOX17 in the specification of anterior hypoblast-like cells2. Modulation of the subpopulations in the hypoblast-like compartment demonstrates that extraembryonic-like cells influence epiblast-like domain differentiation, highlighting functional tissue-tissue crosstalk. In conclusion, we present a modular, tractable, integrated3 model of the human embryo that will enable us to probe key questions of human post-implantation development, a critical window during which substantial numbers of pregnancies fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A T Weatherbee
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos W Gantner
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa K Iwamoto-Stohl
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Riza M Daza
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Hamazaki
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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5
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Duarte P, Brattig Correia R, Nóvoa A, Mallo M. Regulatory changes associated with the head to trunk developmental transition. BMC Biol 2023; 21:170. [PMID: 37553620 PMCID: PMC10408190 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of vertebrate embryos is characterized by early formation of the anterior tissues followed by the sequential extension of the axis at their posterior end to build the trunk and tail structures, first by the activity of the primitive streak and then of the tail bud. Embryological, molecular and genetic data indicate that head and trunk development are significantly different, suggesting that the transition into the trunk formation stage involves major changes in regulatory gene networks. RESULTS We explored those regulatory changes by generating differential interaction networks and chromatin accessibility profiles from the posterior epiblast region of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)7.5 and E8.5. We observed changes in various cell processes, including several signaling pathways, ubiquitination machinery, ion dynamics and metabolic processes involving lipids that could contribute to the functional switch in the progenitor region of the embryo. We further explored the functional impact of changes observed in Wnt signaling associated processes, revealing a switch in the functional relevance of Wnt molecule palmitoleoylation, essential during gastrulation but becoming differentially required for the control of axial extension and progenitor differentiation processes during trunk formation. We also found substantial changes in chromatin accessibility at the two developmental stages, mostly mapping to intergenic regions and presenting differential footprinting profiles to several key transcription factors, indicating a significant switch in the regulatory elements controlling head or trunk development. Those chromatin changes are largely independent of retinoic acid, despite the key role of this factor in the transition to trunk development. We also tested the functional relevance of potential enhancers identified in the accessibility assays that reproduced the expression profiles of genes involved in the transition. Deletion of these regions by genome editing had limited effect on the expression of those genes, suggesting the existence of redundant enhancers that guarantee robust expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a global view of the regulatory changes controlling the switch into the axial extension phase of vertebrate embryonic development. It also revealed mechanisms by which the cellular context influences the activity of regulatory factors, channeling them to implement one of several possible biological outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rion Brattig Correia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Nóvoa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Moisés Mallo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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6
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Bergmann S, Penfold CA, Slatery E, Siriwardena D, Drummer C, Clark S, Strawbridge SE, Kishimoto K, Vickers A, Tewary M, Kohler TN, Hollfelder F, Reik W, Sasaki E, Behr R, Boroviak TE. Spatial profiling of early primate gastrulation in utero. Nature 2022; 609:136-143. [PMID: 35709828 PMCID: PMC7614364 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation controls the emergence of cellular diversity and axis patterning in the early embryo. In mammals, this transformation is orchestrated by dynamic signalling centres at the interface of embryonic and extraembryonic tissues1-3. Elucidating the molecular framework of axis formation in vivo is fundamental for our understanding of human development4-6 and to advance stem-cell-based regenerative approaches7. Here we illuminate early gastrulation of marmoset embryos in utero using spatial transcriptomics and stem-cell-based embryo models. Gaussian process regression-based 3D transcriptomes delineate the emergence of the anterior visceral endoderm, which is hallmarked by conserved (HHEX, LEFTY2, LHX1) and primate-specific (POSTN, SDC4, FZD5) factors. WNT signalling spatially coordinates the formation of the primitive streak in the embryonic disc and is counteracted by SFRP1 and SFRP2 to sustain pluripotency in the anterior domain. Amnion specification occurs at the boundaries of the embryonic disc through ID1, ID2 and ID3 in response to BMP signalling, providing a developmental rationale for amnion differentiation of primate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Spatial identity mapping demonstrates that primed marmoset PSCs exhibit the highest similarity to the anterior embryonic disc, whereas naive PSCs resemble the preimplantation epiblast. Our 3D transcriptome models reveal the molecular code of lineage specification in the primate embryo and provide an in vivo reference to decipher human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher A Penfold
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erin Slatery
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dylan Siriwardena
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charis Drummer
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Clark
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stanley E Strawbridge
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keiko Kishimoto
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Alice Vickers
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mukul Tewary
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Timo N Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Wolf Reik
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten E Boroviak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Raina D, Bahadori A, Stanoev A, Protzek M, Koseska A, Schröter C. Cell-cell communication through FGF4 generates and maintains robust proportions of differentiated cell types in embryonic stem cells. Development 2021; 148:dev199926. [PMID: 34651174 PMCID: PMC8602943 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, reproducible proportions of differentiated cell types are specified from populations of multipotent precursor cells. Molecular mechanisms that enable both robust cell-type proportioning despite variable initial conditions in the precursor cells, and the re-establishment of these proportions upon perturbations in a developing tissue remain to be characterized. Here, we report that the differentiation of robust proportions of epiblast-like and primitive endoderm-like cells in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures emerges at the population level through cell-cell communication via a short-range fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) signal. We characterize the molecular and dynamical properties of the communication mechanism and show how it controls both robust cell-type proportioning from a wide range of experimentally controlled initial conditions, as well as the autonomous re-establishment of these proportions following the isolation of one cell type. The generation and maintenance of reproducible proportions of discrete cell types is a new function for FGF signaling that might operate in a range of developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Schröter
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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8
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Plöger R, Viebahn C. Expression patterns of signalling molecules and transcription factors in the early rabbit embryo and their significance for modelling amniote axis formation. Dev Genes Evol 2021; 231:73-83. [PMID: 34100128 PMCID: PMC8213660 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The anterior-posterior axis is a central element of the body plan and, during amniote gastrulation, forms through several transient domains with specific morphogenetic activities. In the chick, experimentally proven activity of signalling molecules and transcription factors lead to the concept of a 'global positioning system' for initial axis formation whereas in the (mammotypical) rabbit embryo, a series of morphological or molecular domains are part of a putative 'three-anchor-point model'. Because circular expression patterns of genes involved in axis formation exist in both amniote groups prior to, and during, gastrulation and may thus be suited to reconcile these models, the expression patterns of selected genes known in the chick, namely the ones coding for the transcription factors eomes and tbx6, the signalling molecule wnt3 and the wnt inhibitor pkdcc, were analysed in the rabbit embryonic disc using in situ hybridisation and placing emphasis on their germ layer location. Peripheral wnt3 and eomes expression in all layers is found initially to be complementary to central pkdcc expression in the hypoblast during early axis formation. Pkdcc then appears - together with a posterior-anterior gradient in wnt3 and eomes domains - in the epiblast posteriorly before the emerging primitive streak is marked by pkdcc and tbx6 at its anterior and posterior extremities, respectively. Conserved circular expression patterns deduced from some of this data may point to shared mechanisms in amniote axis formation while the reshaping of localised gene expression patterns is discussed as part of the 'three-anchor-point model' for establishing the mammalian body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Plöger
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Ikonomou L, Herriges MJ, Lewandowski SL, Marsland R, Villacorta-Martin C, Caballero IS, Frank DB, Sanghrajka RM, Dame K, Kańduła MM, Hicks-Berthet J, Lawton ML, Christodoulou C, Fabian AJ, Kolaczyk E, Varelas X, Morrisey EE, Shannon JM, Mehta P, Kotton DN. The in vivo genetic program of murine primordial lung epithelial progenitors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:635. [PMID: 32005814 PMCID: PMC6994558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent Nkx2-1-positive lung epithelial primordial progenitors of the foregut endoderm are thought to be the developmental precursors to all adult lung epithelial lineages. However, little is known about the global transcriptomic programs or gene networks that regulate these gateway progenitors in vivo. Here we use bulk RNA-sequencing to describe the unique genetic program of in vivo murine lung primordial progenitors and computationally identify signaling pathways, such as Wnt and Tgf-β superfamily pathways, that are involved in their cell-fate determination from pre-specified embryonic foregut. We integrate this information in computational models to generate in vitro engineered lung primordial progenitors from mouse pluripotent stem cells, improving the fidelity of the resulting cells through unbiased, easy-to-interpret similarity scores and modulation of cell culture conditions, including substratum elastic modulus and extracellular matrix composition. The methodology proposed here can have wide applicability to the in vitro derivation of bona fide tissue progenitors of all germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Michael J Herriges
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sara L Lewandowski
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Robert Marsland
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ignacio S Caballero
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - David B Frank
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Reeti M Sanghrajka
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Keri Dame
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Maciej M Kańduła
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Chair of Bioinformatics Research Group, Boku University, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Hicks-Berthet
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Matthew L Lawton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Constantina Christodoulou
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Eric Kolaczyk
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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10
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Zhang Z, Zwick S, Loew E, Grimley JS, Ramanathan S. Mouse embryo geometry drives formation of robust signaling gradients through receptor localization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4516. [PMID: 31586065 PMCID: PMC6778081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen signals are essential for cell fate specification during embryogenesis. Some receptors that sense these morphogens are known to localize to only the apical or basolateral membrane of polarized cell lines in vitro. How such localization affects morphogen sensing and patterning in the developing embryo remains unknown. Here, we show that the formation of a robust BMP signaling gradient in the early mouse embryo depends on the restricted, basolateral localization of BMP receptors. The mis-localization of receptors to the apical membrane results in ectopic BMP signaling in the mouse epiblast in vivo. With evidence from mathematical modeling, human embryonic stem cells in vitro, and mouse embryos in vivo, we find that the geometric compartmentalization of BMP receptors and ligands creates a signaling gradient that is buffered against fluctuations. Our results demonstrate the importance of receptor localization and embryo geometry in shaping morphogen signaling during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Steven Zwick
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ethan Loew
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Joshua S Grimley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Universal Cells, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Sharad Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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11
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Zheng Y, Xue X, Shao Y, Wang S, Esfahani SN, Li Z, Muncie JM, Lakins JN, Weaver VM, Gumucio DL, Fu J. Controlled modelling of human epiblast and amnion development using stem cells. Nature 2019; 573:421-425. [PMID: 31511693 PMCID: PMC8106232 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early human embryonic development involves extensive lineage diversification, cell-fate specification and tissue patterning1. Despite its basic and clinical importance, early human embryonic development remains relatively unexplained owing to interspecies divergence2,3 and limited accessibility to human embryo samples. Here we report that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in a microfluidic device recapitulate, in a highly controllable and scalable fashion, landmarks of the development of the epiblast and amniotic ectoderm parts of the conceptus, including lumenogenesis of the epiblast and the resultant pro-amniotic cavity, formation of a bipolar embryonic sac, and specification of primordial germ cells and primitive streak cells. We further show that amniotic ectoderm-like cells function as a signalling centre to trigger the onset of gastrulation-like events in hPSCs. Given its controllability and scalability, the microfluidic model provides a powerful experimental system to advance knowledge of human embryology and reproduction. This model could assist in the rational design of differentiation protocols of hPSCs for disease modelling and cell therapy, and in high-throughput drug and toxicity screens to prevent pregnancy failure and birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sicong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Zida Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathon M Muncie
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johnathon N Lakins
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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12
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Chen CY, Yu IS, Pai CH, Lin CY, Lin SR, Chen YT, Lin SW. Embryonic Cul4b is important for epiblast growth and location of primitive streak layer cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219221. [PMID: 31260508 PMCID: PMC6602292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cul4b-null (Cul4bΔ/Y) mice undergo growth arrest and degeneration during the early embryonic stages and die at E9.5. The pathogenic causes of this lethality remain incompletely characterized. However, it has been hypothesized that the loss of Cul4b function in extraembryonic tissues plays a key role. In this study, we investigated possible causes of death for Cul4b-null embryos, particularly in regard to the role of embryonic Cul4b. First, we show that the loss of embryonic Cul4b affects the growth of the inner cell mass in vitro and delays epiblast development during the gastrulation period at E6.5~E7.5 in vivo, as highlighted by the absence of the epiblastic transcription factor Brachyury from E6.5~E7.5. Additionally, at E7.5, strong and laterally expanded expression of Eomes and Fgf8 signaling was detected. Sectioning of these embryos showed disorganized primitive streak layer cells. Second, we observed that Mash2-expressing cells were present in the extraembryonic tissues of Cul4b-deficient embryos at E6.5 but were absent at E7.5. In addition, the loss of Cul4b resulted in decreased expression of cyclin proteins, which are required for the cell cycle transition from G1 to S. Taken together, these observations suggest that the embryonic expression of Cul4b is important for epiblast growth during E6.5~E7.5, and the loss of Cul4b results in either delayed growth of the epiblast or defective localization of primitive streak layer cells. As a result, the signaling activity mediated by the epiblast for subsequent ectoplacental cone development is affected, with the potential to induce growth retardation and lethality in Cul4bΔ/Y embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsueh Pai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Rung Lin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Nanotechnology and Center for Biomedical Technology, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - You-Tzung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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13
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De Los Angeles A, Okamura D, Wu J. Highly Efficient Derivation of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Preimplantation and Postimplantation Embryos in Serum-Free Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2005:29-36. [PMID: 31175643 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9524-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotency refers to the potential of cells to generate all cell types of the embryo proper. Pluripotency spans a spectrum of cellular states. At one polar extreme is naïve pluripotency, which is identified based on the potential to form germline chimeras. At the other polar extreme is primed pluripotency, in which pluripotent cells are primed to differentiate. Mouse naïve PS cells can be derived from preimplantation embryos. Primed epiblast stem (EpiS) cells are typically isolated from epiblasts of early postimplantation mouse embryos. In this chapter, we describe protocols for highly efficient derivation and propagation of murine naïve and primed PS cell lines in serum-free conditions from preimplantation and postimplantation embryos. We describe generation of mouse naïve PS cells using LIF and inhibitors of MEK and GSK3 kinases and of mouse primed PS cells using FGF2 and IWR1 compound which induces the stabilization of Axin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiji Okamura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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14
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Baillie-Johnson P, Voiculescu O, Hayward P, Steventon B. The Chick Caudolateral Epiblast Acts as a Permissive Niche for Generating Neuromesodermal Progenitor Behaviours. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:320-330. [PMID: 30517924 PMCID: PMC6469839 DOI: 10.1159/000494769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromesodermal progenitors (NMps) are a population of bipotent progenitors that maintain competence to generate both spinal cord and paraxial mesoderm throughout the elongation of the posterior body axis. Recent studies have generated populations of NMp-like cells in culture, which have been shown to differentiate to both neural and mesodermal cell fates when transplanted into either mouse or chick embryos. Here, we aim to compare the potential of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived progenitor populations to generate NMp behaviour against both undifferentiated and differentiated populations. We define NMp behaviour as the ability of cells to: (i) contribute to a significant proportion of the anterior-posterior body axis, (ii) enter into both posterior neural and somitic compartments, and (iii) retain a proportion of the progenitor population within the posterior growth zone. We compare previously identified ES cell-derived NMp-like populations to undifferentiated mouse ES cells and find that they all display similar potentials to generate NMp behaviour in vivo. To assess whether this competence is lost upon further differentiation, we generated anterior and posterior embryonic cell types through the generation of 3D gastruloids and show that NMp competence is lost within the anterior (Brachyury-negative) portion of the gastruloid. Together this suggests that in vitro-derived NMp-like cells maintain an ability to contribute to multiple germ layers that is also present within pluripotent ES cells, rather than acquiring a neuromesodermal competent state through differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baillie-Johnson
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Octavian Voiculescu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Hayward
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Steventon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
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15
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Abstract
In mice, primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of eggs and sperm, originate from pregastrulation postimplantation embryos. By contrast, the origin of human PGCs (hPGCs) has been less clear and has been difficult to study because of the technical and ethical constraints that limit direct studies on human embryos. In recent years, however, in vitro simulation models using human pluripotent stem cells, together with surrogate non-rodent mammalian embryos, have provided insights and experimental approaches to address this issue. Here, we review these studies, which suggest that the posterior epiblast and/or the nascent amnion in pregastrulation human embryos is a likely source of hPGCs, and that a different gene regulatory network controls PGCs in humans compared with in the mouse. Such studies on the origins and mechanisms of hPGC specification prompt further consideration of the somatic cell fate decisions that occur during early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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16
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Kirillova A, Genikhovich G, Pukhlyakova E, Demilly A, Kraus Y, Technau U. Germ-layer commitment and axis formation in sea anemone embryonic cell aggregates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1813-1818. [PMID: 29440382 PMCID: PMC5828576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711516115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust morphogenetic events are pivotal for animal embryogenesis. However, comparison of the modes of development of different members of a phylum suggests that the spectrum of developmental trajectories accessible for a species might be far broader than can be concluded from the observation of normal development. Here, by using a combination of microsurgery and transgenic reporter gene expression, we show that, facing a new developmental context, the aggregates of dissociated embryonic cells of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis take an alternative developmental trajectory. The self-organizing aggregates rely on Wnt signals produced by the cells of the original blastopore lip organizer to form body axes but employ morphogenetic events typical for normal development of distantly related cnidarians to re-establish the germ layers. The reaggregated cells show enormous plasticity including the capacity of the ectodermal cells to convert into endoderm. Our results suggest that new developmental trajectories may evolve relatively easily when highly plastic embryonic cells face new constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kirillova
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Center of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Center of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ekaterina Pukhlyakova
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Center of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrien Demilly
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Center of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yulia Kraus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Center of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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17
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Stirparo GG, Boroviak T, Guo G, Nichols J, Smith A, Bertone P. Integrated analysis of single-cell embryo data yields a unified transcriptome signature for the human pre-implantation epiblast. Development 2018; 145:dev158501. [PMID: 29361568 PMCID: PMC5818005 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell profiling techniques create opportunities to delineate cell fate progression in mammalian development. Recent studies have provided transcriptome data from human pre-implantation embryos, in total comprising nearly 2000 individual cells. Interpretation of these data is confounded by biological factors, such as variable embryo staging and cell-type ambiguity, as well as technical challenges in the collective analysis of datasets produced with different sample preparation and sequencing protocols. Here, we address these issues to assemble a complete gene expression time course spanning human pre-implantation embryogenesis. We identify key transcriptional features over developmental time and elucidate lineage-specific regulatory networks. We resolve post-hoc cell-type assignment in the blastocyst, and define robust transcriptional prototypes that capture epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages. Examination of human pluripotent stem cell transcriptomes in this framework identifies culture conditions that sustain a naïve state pertaining to the inner cell mass. Our approach thus clarifies understanding both of lineage segregation in the early human embryo and of in vitro stem cell identity, and provides an analytical resource for comparative molecular embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano G Stirparo
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Thorsten Boroviak
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Ge Guo
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Paul Bertone
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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18
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Shao Y, Taniguchi K, Townshend RF, Miki T, Gumucio DL, Fu J. A pluripotent stem cell-based model for post-implantation human amniotic sac development. Nat Commun 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28785084 PMCID: PMC5547056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the asymmetric amniotic sac-with the embryonic disc and amniotic ectoderm occupying opposite poles-is a vital milestone during human embryo implantation. Although essential to embryogenesis and pregnancy, amniotic sac development in humans remains poorly understood. Here, we report a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based model, termed the post-implantation amniotic sac embryoid (PASE), that recapitulates multiple post-implantation embryogenic events centered around amniotic sac development. Without maternal or extraembryonic tissues, the PASE self-organizes into an epithelial cyst with an asymmetric amniotic ectoderm-epiblast pattern that resembles the human amniotic sac. Upon further development, the PASE initiates a process that resembles posterior primitive streak development in a SNAI1-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observe asymmetric BMP-SMAD signaling concurrent with PASE development, and establish that BMP-SMAD activation/inhibition modulates stable PASE development. This study reveals a previously unrecognized fate potential of human pluripotent stem cells and provides a platform for advancing human embryology.Early in human embryonic development, it is unclear how amniotic sac formation is regulated. Here, the authors use a human pluripotent stem cell-based model, termed the post-implantation amniotic sac embryoid, to recapitulate early embryogenic events of human amniotic sac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ryan F Townshend
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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19
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Kraus YA, Markov AV. [The gastrulation in Cnidaria: A key to understanding phylogeny or the chaos of secondary modifications?]. Zh Obshch Biol 2016; 77:83-105. [PMID: 27266015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The data revealed by comparative embryology of the basal (diploblastic) metazoans is traditionally considered a valuable potential source of information on the origin and early evolution of the animal kingdom and its major clades. Special attention is paid to the fundamental morphogenetic process of gastrulation during which the cells of the early embryo differentiate into the germ layers and the primary body plan is formed. Comparative analysis of gastrulation in different cnidarian taxa reveals high level of intergroup, intragroup, and individual variation. With few exceptions, there is no robust correlation between the type of gastrulation and the taxon. Current data do not support the idea that morphogenetic processes underlying cnidarian gastrulation can be divided into several distinct types. Rather, there is a continuum of equifinal ontogenetic trajectories. In cnidarians, the mode of gastrulation apparently depends less on the macroevolutionary history of the species than on various evolutionary plastic features, such as the oocyte size, the amount of yolk, the number of cells at the blastula (or morula) stage, the presence of phototrophic symbionts, or the ecology of the larva. Thus, in cnidarians, morphogenetic basis of gastrulation contains only a very weak phylogenetic signal and can have only limited application in phylogenetic reconstructions. On the other hand, comparative studies of the ontogeny of the basal metazoans shed light on the general rules of the evolution of morphogenetic processes that is crucial for understanding the early history of the animal kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
In order to generate the tissues and organs of a multicellular organism, different cell types have to be generated during embryonic development. The first step in this process of cellular diversification is the formation of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis and various neural crest-derived tissues, the endoderm goes on to form the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary systems as well as many endocrine glands, and the mesoderm will form the notochord, axial skeleton, cartilage, connective tissue, trunk muscles, kidneys and blood. Classic experiments in amphibian embryos revealed the tissue interactions involved in germ layer formation and provided the groundwork for the identification of secreted and intracellular factors involved in this process. We will begin this review by summarising the key findings of those studies. We will then evaluate them in the light of more recent genetic studies that helped clarify which of the previously identified factors are required for germ layer formation in vivo, and to what extent the mechanisms identified in amphibians are conserved across other vertebrate species. Collectively, these studies have started to reveal the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying vertebrate germ layer specification and we will conclude our review by providing examples how our understanding of this GRN can be employed to differentiate stem cells in a targeted fashion for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas Bates
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Bell
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
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21
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Abstract
During embryonic development, tissues deform by a succession and combination of morphogenetic processes. Tissue compaction is the morphogenetic process by which a tissue adopts a tighter structure. Recent studies characterized the respective roles of cells' adhesive and contractile properties in tissue compaction. In this review, we formalize the mechanical and molecular principles of tissue compaction and we analyze through the prism of this framework several morphogenetic events: the compaction of the early mouse embryo, the formation of the fly retina, the segmentation of somites and the separation of germ layers during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Turlier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Gouti M, Metzis V, Briscoe J. The route to spinal cord cell types: a tale of signals and switches. Trends Genet 2015; 31:282-9. [PMID: 25823696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that control induction and elaboration of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) requires an analysis of the extrinsic signals and downstream transcriptional networks that assign cell fates in the correct space and time. We focus on the generation and patterning of the spinal cord. We summarize evidence that the origin of the spinal cord is distinct from the anterior regions of the CNS. We discuss how this affects the gene regulatory networks and cell state transitions that specify spinal cord cell subtypes, and we highlight how the timing of extracellular signals and dynamic control of transcriptional networks contribute to the correct spatiotemporal generation of different neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gouti
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Vicki Metzis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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23
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Pettinato G, Vanden Berg-Foels WS, Zhang N, Wen X. ROCK inhibitor is not required for embryoid body formation from singularized human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100742. [PMID: 25365581 PMCID: PMC4217711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a technology to form human embryoid bodies (hEBs) from singularized human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) without the use of the p160 rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) or centrifugation (spin). hEB formation was tested under four conditions: +ROCKi/+spin, +ROCKi/-spin, -ROCKi/+spin, and -ROCKi/-spin. Cell suspensions of BG01V/hOG and H9 hESC lines were pipetted into non-adherent hydrogel substrates containing defined microwell arrays. hEBs of consistent size and spherical geometry can be formed in each of the four conditions, including the -ROCKi/-spin condition. The hEBs formed under the -ROCKi/-spin condition differentiated to develop the three embryonic germ layers and tissues derived from each of the germ layers. This simplified hEB production technique offers homogeneity in hEB size and shape to support synchronous differentiation, elimination of the ROCKi xeno-factor and rate-limiting centrifugation treatment, and low-cost scalability, which will directly support automated, large-scale production of hEBs and hESC-derived cells needed for clinical, research, or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wendy S. Vanden Berg-Foels
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NZ); (XW)
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science (iNANO), Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (NZ); (XW)
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24
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Bjerke MA, Dzamba BJ, Wang C, DeSimone DW. FAK is required for tension-dependent organization of collective cell movements in Xenopus mesendoderm. Dev Biol 2014; 394:340-56. [PMID: 25127991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell movements are integral to biological processes such as embryonic development and wound healing and also have a prominent role in some metastatic cancers. In migrating Xenopus mesendoderm, traction forces are generated by cells through integrin-based adhesions and tension transmitted across cadherin adhesions. This is accompanied by assembly of a mechanoresponsive cadherin adhesion complex containing keratin intermediate filaments and the catenin-family member plakoglobin. We demonstrate that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a major component of integrin adhesion complexes, is required for normal morphogenesis at gastrulation, closure of the anterior neural tube, axial elongation and somitogenesis. Depletion of zygotically expressed FAK results in disruption of mesendoderm tissue polarity similar to that observed when expression of keratin or plakoglobin is inhibited. Both individual and collective migrations of mesendoderm cells from FAK depleted embryos are slowed, cell protrusions are disordered, and cell spreading and traction forces are decreased. Additionally, keratin filaments fail to organize at the rear of cells in the tissue and association of plakoglobin with cadherin is diminished. These findings suggest that FAK is required for the tension-dependent assembly of the cadherin adhesion complex that guides collective mesendoderm migration, perhaps by modulating the dynamic balance of substrate traction forces and cell cohesion needed to establish cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Bjerke
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O.Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Bette J Dzamba
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O.Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O.Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Douglas W DeSimone
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O.Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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25
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Zhang Q, Bai BL, Liu XZ, Miao CY, Li HL. [Association of folate metabolism genes MTRR and MTHFR with complex congenital abnormalities among Chinese population in Shanxi Province, China]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2014; 16:840-845. [PMID: 25140779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association of polymorphisms in folate metabolism genes, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) gene and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, with complex congenital abnormalities and to further investigate its association with complex congenital abnormalities derived from three germ layers. METHODS A total of 250 cases of birth defects (with complex congenital abnormalities including congenital heart disease, neural tube defects, and craniofacial anomalies) in Shanxi Province, China were included in the study. MTRR single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs1801394) and MTHFR SNP (rs1801133) were genotyped by the SNaPshot method, and the genotyping results were compared with those of controls (n=420). RESULTS SNPs rs1801394 and rs1801133 were associated with multiple birth defects. For the recessive model, individuals with GG genotype at rs1801394 and CC genotype at rs1801133 had a relatively low risk of developing birth defects, so the two genotypes were protective factors against birth defects. The homozygous recessive genotype at rs1801133, which served as a protective factor, was associated with ectoderm- or endoderm-derived complex congenital abnormalities, while the homozygous recessive genotype at rs1801394, which served as a protective factor, was associated with ectoderm-, mesoderm- or endoderm-derived complex congenital abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Among the Chinese population in Shanxi Province, the SNPs in folate metabolism genes (MTRR and MTHFR) are associated with complex congenital abnormalities and related to ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development Nutrigenomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
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26
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Beck-Cormier S, Escande M, Souilhol C, Vandormael-Pournin S, Sourice S, Pilet P, Babinet C, Cohen-Tannoudji M. Notchless is required for axial skeleton formation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98507. [PMID: 24875805 PMCID: PMC4038589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cell survival is essential for proper embryonic development. In the mouse, Notchless homolog 1 (Drosophila) (Nle1) is instrumental for survival of cells of the inner cell mass upon implantation. Here, we analyze the function of Nle1 after implantation using the Meox2tm1(cre)Sor mouse that expresses the Cre recombinase specifically in the epiblast at E5.5. First, we find that NLE1 function is required in epiblast cells, as Nle1-deficient cells are rapidly eliminated. In this report, we also show that the Meox2Cre transgene is active in specific tissues during organogenesis. In particular, we detect high Cre expression in the vertebral column, ribs, limbs and tailbud. We took advantage of this dynamic expression profile to analyze the effects of inducing mosaic deletion of Nle1 in the embryo. We show that Nle1 deletion in this context, results in severe developmental anomalies leading to lethality at birth. Mutant embryos display multiple developmental defects in particular during axial skeletal formation. We also provide evidence that axial defects are due to an increase in apoptotic cell death in the somite at E9.5. These data demonstrate an essential role for Nle1 during organogenesis and in particular during axial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beck-Cormier
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie Escande
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Céline Souilhol
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Vandormael-Pournin
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sourice
- Institut National de la Santé et de la recherche Médicale, U791, LIOAD, STEP group “Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology”, Nantes, France
| | - Paul Pilet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la recherche Médicale, U791, LIOAD, STEP group “Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology”, Nantes, France
| | - Charles Babinet
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Cohen-Tannoudji
- Mouse Functional Genetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolutionary origin of gastrulation--defined as a morphogenetic event that leads to the establishment of germ layers--remains a vexing question. Central to this debate is the evolutionary relationship between the cell layers of sponges (poriferans) and eumetazoan germ layers. Despite considerable attention, it remains unclear whether sponge cell layers undergo progressive fate determination akin to eumetazoan primary germ layer formation during gastrulation. RESULTS Here we show by cell-labelling experiments in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica that the cell layers established during embryogenesis have no relationship to the cell layers of the juvenile. In addition, juvenile epithelial cells can transdifferentiate into a range of cell types and move between cell layers. Despite the apparent lack of cell layer and fate determination and stability in this sponge, the transcription factor GATA, a highly conserved eumetazoan endomesodermal marker, is expressed consistently in the inner layer of A. queenslandica larvae and juveniles. CONCLUSIONS Our results are compatible with sponge cell layers not undergoing progressive fate determination and thus not being homologous to eumetazoan germ layers. Nonetheless, the expression of GATA in the sponge inner cell layer suggests a shared ancestry with the eumetazoan endomesoderm, and that the ancestral role of GATA in specifying internalised cells may antedate the origin of germ layers. Together, these results support germ layers and gastrulation evolving early in eumetazoan evolution from pre-existing developmental programs used for the simple patterning of cells in the first multicellular animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagayasu Nakanishi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shunsuke Sogabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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28
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Seppanen E, Fisk NM, Khosrotehrani K. Pregnancy-acquired fetal progenitor cells. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 97:27-35. [PMID: 23432869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transfer and persistence of fetal progenitor cells into the mother throughout pregnancy has sparked considerable interest as a trafficking stem cell and immunological phenomenon. Indeed, the intriguing longevity of semi-allogeneic fetal microchimeric cells (FMC) in parous women raises questions over their potential clinical implications. FMC have been associated with both immune-modulatory roles and participation in maternal tissue repair. Although their influence on maternal health is as yet unresolved, FMC selectively home to damaged maternal tissues and often integrate, adopting site-appropriate phenotypes. FMC features, such as plasticity and persistence in their maternal host, suggest that they likely include pluripotent, or various multipotent and committed stem and progenitor cells. Recent efforts to determine what cell types are involved have established that FMC include cells of ectodermal, endodermal, mesodermal, and perhaps trophectodermal lineages. This review details FMC phenotypes and discusses how FMC themselves may be considered a naturally occurring stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seppanen
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld. 4029, Australia
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29
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Dondua AK, Kostiuchenko RP. [Concerning one obsolete tradition: does gastrulation in sponges exist?]. Ontogenez 2013; 44:357-363. [PMID: 25434204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of comparative-embryological and molecular-biological data leads to the conclusion that universal basic mechanisms of morphogenesis occurred first in the evolution of animals in the ancestors of modern sponges and eumetazoans, which served as a basis of different evolution of individual development in Parazoa and Eumetazoa lines. In the former, morphogenesis in early embryogenesis led to formation of the water-current system as a means for capturing and delivery of food particles to different parts of the animal. In the latter, morphogenetic movements manifested themselves as gastrulation, during which the germ layers and the digestive system formed. The morphogenetic movements of cells in Metazoa emerged independently of cell specification. They are primary relative to cell differentiation. Theunity of all Metazoa is based on the similarity of mechanisms of morphogenesis rather than on the presence of germ layers.
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30
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Marques L, Thorsteinsdóttir S. Dynamics of Akt activation during mouse embryo development: distinct subcellular patterns distinguish proliferating versus differentiating cells. Differentiation 2013; 86:48-56. [PMID: 23968884 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Akt is a highly conserved serine-threonine protein kinase which has been implicated in a wide variety of cellular functions, from the regulation of growth and metabolism, to activation of pro-survival pathways and cell proliferation, and promotion of differentiation in specific cell types. However, very little is known about the spatial and temporal pattern of Akt activity within cells and whether this pattern changes as cells enter and proceed in their differentiation programs. To address this issue we profiled Akt activation in E8.5-E13.5 mouse embryos and in C2C12 cells. We used a commercial antibody against Akt, phosphorylated on one of its activating residues, Thr-308, and performed high resolution confocal imaging of the immunofluorescence in labeled embryos. We observe strong Akt activity during mitosis in the dermomyotome, the neuroepithelium and some mesenchymal cells. This burst of activity fills the whole cell except for heterochromatin-positive areas in the nucleus. A surge in activity during mitosis is also observed in subconfluent C2C12 cells. Later on in the differentiation programs of skeletal muscle and neural cells, derivatives of the dermomyotome and neuroepithelium, respectively, we find robust, sustained Akt activity in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus. Concomitantly with skeletal muscle differentiation, Akt activity becomes concentrated in the sarcomeric Z-disks whereas developing neurons maintain a uniform cytoplasmic pattern of activated Akt. Our findings reveal unprecedented cellular and subcellular details of Akt activity during mouse embryo development, which is spatially and temporally consistent with proposed functions for Akt in mitosis and myogenic and neural differentiation and/or survival. Our results thus demonstrate a subcellular change in the pattern of Akt activation when skeletal muscle and neural progenitor cells cease dividing and progress in their differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Marques
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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31
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Zigler KS, Raff RA. A shift in germ layer allocation is correlated with large egg size and facultative planktotrophy in the echinoid Clypeaster rosaceus. Biol Bull 2013; 224:192-199. [PMID: 23995743 DOI: 10.1086/bblv224n3p192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Egg size is a correlate of larval evolution in marine embryos. Comparing species with different egg sizes that develop via similar larvae reveals the flexibility and the constraints underlying larval forms. Clypeaster rosaceus is an echinoid that develops via a facultatively planktotrophic pluteus larva. Unlike most echinoids that develop via plutei, C. rosaceus (1) has a larger egg, with a correspondingly smaller ratio of surface area to volume, and (2) forms a large left coelom early in development. Given these characteristics, we predicted underlying changes in the allocation of embryonic tissues to germ layers. With a low surface-to-volume ratio, the C. rosaceus pluteus likely requires relatively less ectoderm than a typical pluteus, whereas the early formation of a large left coelom likely requires relatively more mesoderm than a typical pluteus. We tested this hypothesis by examining the cell lineage of C. rosaceus. We found that the boundary between ectoderm and endoderm in C. rosaceus has shifted relative to echinoids with more typical planktotrophic plutei and extends to or above the third cleavage plane at the equator of the embryo. This indicates a smaller proportional allocation to ectoderm and a larger proportional allocation to endomesoderm compared to echinoids with smaller egg sizes. On the basis of this observation, we develop a new model for the transition from obligate planktotrophy to lecithotrophy. We argue that species with larger eggs may allocate proportionally more tissue to structures selected for accelerated development. In the case of C. rosaceus, the larval cell lineage apportions more cells to endomesoderm and less to ectoderm due to the smaller surface-to-volume ratio of its larger eggs and the early formation of a large left coelom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk S Zigler
- Department of Biology, Sewanee: The University of the South, Tennessee 37383, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Specific cells within the early mammalian embryo have the capacity to generate all somatic lineages plus the germline. This property of pluripotency is confined to the epiblast, a transient tissue that persists for only a few days. In vitro, however, pluripotency can be maintained indefinitely through derivation of stem cell lines. Pluripotent stem cells established from the newly formed epiblast are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), whereas those generated from later stages are called postimplantation epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). These different classes of pluripotent stem cell have distinct culture requirements and gene expression programs, likely reflecting the dynamic development of the epiblast in the embryo. In this chapter we review current understanding of how the epiblast forms and relate this to the properties of derivative stem cells. We discuss whether ESCs and EpiSCs are true counterparts of different phases of epiblast development or are culture-generated phenomena. We also consider the proposition that early epiblast cells and ESCs may represent a naïve ground state without any prespecification of lineage choice, whereas later epiblasts and EpiSCs may be primed in favor of particular fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Institute University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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33
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McDonel P, Demmers J, Tan DW, Watt F, Hendrich BD. Sin3a is essential for the genome integrity and viability of pluripotent cells. Dev Biol 2011; 363:62-73. [PMID: 22206758 PMCID: PMC3334623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sin3a/HDAC co-repressor complex is a critical regulator of transcription networks that govern cell cycle control and apoptosis throughout development. Previous studies have identified Sin3a as essential for embryonic development around the time of implantation, during which the epiblast cell cycle is uniquely structured to achieve very rapid divisions with little tolerance of DNA damage. This study investigates the specific requirement for Sin3a in the early mouse embryo and shows that embryos lacking Sin3a suffer unresolved DNA damage and acute p53-independent apoptosis specifically in the E3.5–4.5 epiblast. Surprisingly, Myc and E2F targets in Sin3a-null ICMs are downregulated, suggesting a central but non-canonical role for Sin3a in regulating the pluripotent embryonic cell cycle. ES cells deleted for Sin3a mount a DNA damage response indicative of unresolved double-strand breaks, profoundly arrest at G2, and undergo apoptosis. These results indicate that Sin3a protects the genomic integrity of pluripotent embryonic cells and governs their unusual cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McDonel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David W.M. Tan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Fiona Watt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Brian D. Hendrich
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
- Corresponding author at: Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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Zoldan J, Karagiannis ED, Lee CY, Anderson DG, Langer R, Levenberg S. The influence of scaffold elasticity on germ layer specification of human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9612-21. [PMID: 21963156 PMCID: PMC3313669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are critical to embryogenesis, specifically, in the lineage-specification gastrulation phase, whereupon the embryo is transformed from a simple spherical ball of cells to a multi-layered organism, containing properly organized endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm germ layers. Several reports have proposed that such directed and coordinated movements of large cell collectives are driven by cellular responses to cell deformations and cell-generated forces. To better understand these environmental-induced cell changes, we have modeled the germ layer formation process by culturing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) on three dimensional (3D) scaffolds with stiffness engineered to model that found in specific germ layers. We show that differentiation to each germ layer was promoted by a different stiffness threshold of the scaffolds, reminiscent of the forces exerted during the gastrulation process. The overall results suggest that three dimensional (3D) scaffolds can recapitulate the mechanical stimuli required for directing hESC differentiation and that these stimuli can play a significant role in determining hESC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Zoldan
- H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emmanouil D. Karagiannis
- H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Y. Lee
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
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Li Y, Yokohama-Tamaki T, Tanaka TS. Short-term serum-free culture reveals that inhibition of Gsk3β induces the tumor-like growth of mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21355. [PMID: 21731714 PMCID: PMC3121758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present evidence that the tumor-like growth of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is suppressed by short-term serum-free culture, which is reversed by pharmacological inhibition of Gsk3β. Mouse ESCs maintained under standard conditions using fetal bovine serum (FBS) were cultured in a uniquely formulated chemically-defined serum-free (CDSF) medium, namely ESF7, for three passages before being subcutaneously transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Surprisingly, the mESCs failed to produce teratomas for up to six months, whereas mESCs maintained under standard conditions generated well-developed teratomas in five weeks. Mouse ESCs cultured under CDSF conditions maintained the expression of Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2 and SSEA1, and differentiated into germ cells in vivo. In addition, when mESCs were cultured under CDSF conditions supplemented with FBS, or when the cells were cultured under CDSF conditions followed by standard culture conditions, they consistently developed into teratomas. Thus, these results validate that the pluripotency of mESCs was not compromised by CDSF conditions. Mouse ESCs cultured under CDSF conditions proliferated significantly more slowly than mESCs cultured under standard conditions, and were reminiscent of Eras-null mESCs. In fact, their slower proliferation was accompanied by the downregulation of Eras and c-Myc, which regulate the tumor-like growth of mESCs. Remarkably, when mESCs were cultured under CDSF conditions supplemented with a pharmacological inhibitor of Gsk3β, they efficiently proliferated and developed into teratomas without upregulation of Eras and c-Myc, whereas mESCs cultured under standard conditions expressed Eras and c-Myc. Although the role of Gsk3β in the self-renewal of ESCs has been established, it is suggested with these data that Gsk3β governs the tumor-like growth of mESCs by means of a mechanism different from the one to support the pluripotency of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tamaki Yokohama-Tamaki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tetsuya S. Tanaka
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rohani N, Canty L, Luu O, Fagotto F, Winklbauer R. EphrinB/EphB signaling controls embryonic germ layer separation by contact-induced cell detachment. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000597. [PMID: 21390298 PMCID: PMC3046958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primordial organization of the metazoan body is achieved during gastrulation by the establishment of the germ layers. Adhesion differences between ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm cells could in principle be sufficient to maintain germ layer integrity and prevent intermixing. However, in organisms as diverse as fly, fish, or amphibian, the ectoderm-mesoderm boundary not only keeps these germ layers separated, but the ectoderm also serves as substratum for mesoderm migration, and the boundary must be compatible with repeated cell attachment and detachment. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that localized detachment resulting from contact-induced signals at the boundary is at the core of ectoderm-mesoderm segregation. Cells alternate between adhesion and detachment, and detachment requires ephrinB/EphB signaling. Multiple ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors are expressed on each side of the boundary, and tissue separation depends on forward signaling across the boundary in both directions, involving partially redundant ligands and receptors and activation of Rac and RhoA. CONCLUSION This mechanism differs from a simple differential adhesion process of germ layer formation. Instead, it involves localized responses to signals exchanged at the tissue boundary and an attachment/detachment cycle which allows for cell migration across a cellular substratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Rohani
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Canty
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - François Fagotto
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Lim HJ, Han J, Woo DH, Kim SE, Kim SK, Kang HG, Kim JH. Biochemical and morphological effects of hypoxic environment on human embryonic stem cells in long-term culture and differentiating embryoid bodies. Mol Cells 2011; 31:123-32. [PMID: 21347709 PMCID: PMC3932683 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian reproductive tract is known to contain 1.5-5.3% oxygen (O(2)), but human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from preimplantation embryos are typically cultured under 21% O(2) tension. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of O(2) tension on the long-term culture of hESCs and on cell-fate determination during early differentiation. hESCs and embryoid bodies (EBs) were grown under different O(2) tensions (3, 12, and 21% O(2)). The expression of markers associated with pluripotency, embryonic germ layers, and hypoxia was analyzed using RTPCR, immunostaining, and Western blotting. Proliferation, apoptosis, and chromosomal aberrations were examined using BrdU incorporation, caspase-3 immunostaining, and karyotype analysis, respectively. Structural and morphological changes of EBs under different O(2) tensions were comparatively examined using azan- and hematoxylineosin staining, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mild hypoxia (12% O(2)) increased the number of cells expressing Oct4/Nanog and reduced BrdU incorporation and aneuploidy. The percentage of cells positive for active caspase-3, which was high during normoxia (21% O(2)), gradually decreased when hESCs were continuously cultured under mild hypoxia. EBs subjected to hypoxia (3% O(2)) exhibited well-differentiated microvilli on their surface, secreted high levels of collagen, and showed enhanced differentiation into primitive endoderm. These changes were associated with increased expression of Foxa2, Sox17, AFP, and GATA4 on the EB periphery. Our data suggest that mild hypoxia facilitates the slow mitotic division of hESCs in long-term culture and reduces the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities and apoptosis. In addition, hypoxia promotes the differentiation of EBs into extraembryonic endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Joung Lim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Sungnam 461-713, Korea
| | - Jiyou Han
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Woo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Suel-Kee Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Sungnam 461-713, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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Madan B, Madan V, Weber O, Tropel P, Blum C, Kieffer E, Viville S, Fehling HJ. The pluripotency-associated gene Dppa4 is dispensable for embryonic stem cell identity and germ cell development but essential for embryogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:3186-203. [PMID: 19332562 PMCID: PMC2682008 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01970-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dppa4 (developmental pluripotency-associated 4) has been identified in several high-profile screens as a gene that is expressed exclusively in pluripotent cells. It encodes a nuclear protein with an SAP-like domain and appears to be associated preferentially with transcriptionally active chromatin. Its exquisite expression pattern and results of RNA interference experiments have led to speculation that Dppa4, as well as its nearby homolog Dppa2, might play essential roles in embryonic stem (ES) cell function and/or germ cell development. To rigorously assess suggested roles, we have generated Dppa4-deficient and Dppa4/Dppa2 doubly deficient ES cells, as well as mice lacking Dppa4. Contrary to predictions, we find that Dppa4 is completely dispensable for ES cell identity and germ cell development. Instead, loss of Dppa4 in mice results in late embryonic/perinatal death and striking skeletal defects with partial penetrance. Thus, surprisingly, Dppa4-deficiency affects tissues that apparently never transcribed the gene, and at least some loss-of-function defects manifest phenotypically at an embryonic stage long after physiologic Dppa4 expression has ceased. Concomitant with targeted gene inactivation, we have introduced into the Dppa4 locus a red fluorescent marker (tandem-dimer red fluorescent protein) that is compatible with green fluorescent proteins and allows noninvasive visualization of pluripotent cells and reprogramming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Madan
- Institute of Immunology, University Clinics Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is essential for correct protein targeting and secretion. ER stress caused by accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins leads to disruption of cellular functions. We have investigated the effect of ER stress on Xenopus embryogenesis. ER stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) treatment of embryos resulted in defects affecting germ layer formation. We observed up-regulation of ER stress response genes, enhanced cytoplasmic splicing of xXBP1 RNA, and increased rate of apoptosis. In animal cap assays, TM treatment inhibited mesoderm formation induced by overexpression of activin/nodal RNA but did not affect mesoderm formation induced by functional activin protein, suggesting that dysfunction of ER caused a failure in activin/nodal processing and/or secretion. The observation that activin protein renders mesoderm formation under ER stress strengthens the role of activin/nodal for mesoderm induction. The results underline the functional significance of ER homeostasis in germ layer formation during Xenopus embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Asymmetries in the egg, established during oogenesis, set the stage for a cascade of intercellular signaling events leading to differential gene expression and subsequent tissue and organ formation. Maternally supplied Sox-type transcription factors have recently emerged as key components in the patterning of the early embryo and the regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation. In deuterostomes, B1-type Soxs are asymmetrically localized to the future animal/ectodermal region where they act to suppress mesendodermal, and favor neuroectodermal differentiation, while vegetally localized F-type Soxs are involved in mesendodermal differentiation. Here, we review past observations and present new data from studies on the clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Animally localized Sox3 acts to inhibit Nodal (Xnr5 and Xnr6) expression, and induces the expression of genes (Ectodermin, Xema, and Coco) whose products repress Nodal signaling. Vegetally localized Sox7 positively regulates Nodal (Xnr4, Xnr5, and Xnr6) expression, as well as the expression of genes involved in mesodermal (Xmenf, Slug, and Snail) and endodermal (Endodermin and Sox17beta) differentiation. Given the evolutionary strategy of using common regulatory networks, it seems likely that a homologous Sox-Axis is active during embryonic development in many metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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Schwartz SA, Kirsten WH. Effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on rat embryo cell cultures. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1974; 15:177-86. [PMID: 4210042 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Khan MZ, Mulherkar L. Studies on the morphogenetic effect of uridine on the post-nodal pieces of primitive streak of chick embryos using intracoelomic grafting technique. Rev Can Biol 1974; 33:9-13. [PMID: 4837123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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44
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Dubois R. [Localization of primordial germinal cells on the non-incubated chicken germ layers]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1969; 269:205-8. [PMID: 4982813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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45
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Sanyal S, Niu MC. Effects of RNA on the developmental potentiality of the posterior primitive streak of the chick blastoderm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:743-50. [PMID: 5219680 PMCID: PMC224223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.4.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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