1
|
Wang J, Wei J, Zhou Y, Chen G, Ren L. Leonurine hydrochloride-a new drug for the treatment of menopausal syndrome: Synthesis, estrogen-like effects and pharmacokinetics. Fitoterapia 2022; 157:105108. [PMID: 34954263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the estrogen-like effects of Leonurine hydrochloride (Leo). First, we developed a total synthesis of Leo from 3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoic acid and the structure was confirmed through 1H NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). Then the estrogenic activity of Leo in vitro and in vivo was studied. The proliferation and proliferation inhibitory effects of Leo on MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells indicate that Leo exerts estrogen-like effects through estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β((ERβ) in vitro. Uterotrophic assay in juvenile mice showed that Leo has an estrogen-like effect in vivo, as it can promote the development of the uterus of juvenile mice, increase its uterine coefficient and the size of the uterine cavity, as well as the increased number of uterine glands and the thickened uterine wall. For further research, cyclophosphamide (CTX) was used to establish a mouse model of ovarian function decline. Through this model, we found that Leo can restore the estrous cycle of mice, increase the number of primordial and primary follicles in the ovaries of mice, and regulate the disordered hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPOA) axis of mice. Finally, the pharmacokinetics of Leo was studied and oral bioavailability of Leo was calculated to be 2.21%. Leo was synthesized and the estrogen-like effect in vitro and in vivo was confirmed as well as its pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Yaxin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Guoguang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 21009, China.
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 21009, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Javaid S, Saad SM, Zafar H, Malik R, Khan KM, Choudhary MI, Rahman AU. Thymidine phosphorylase and prostrate cancer cell proliferation inhibitory activities of synthetic 4-hydroxybenzohydrazides: In vitro, kinetic, and in silico studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227549. [PMID: 31986186 PMCID: PMC6984732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) plays a key role in many pathological complications, including angiogenesis which leads to cancer cells proliferation. Thus in search of new anticancer agents, a series of 4-hydroxybenzohydrazides (1–29) was synthesized, and evaluated for in vitro thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory activity. Twenty compounds 1–3, 6–14, 16, 19, 22–24, and 27–29 showed potent to weak TP inhibitory activities with IC50 values in the range of 6.8 to 229.5 μM, in comparison to the standards i.e. tipiracil (IC50 = 0.014 ± 0.002 μM) and 7-deazaxanthine (IC50 = 41.0 ± 1.63 μM). Kinetic studies on selected inhibitors 3, 9, 14, 22, 27, and 29 revealed uncompetitive and non-competitive modes of inhibition. Molecular docking studies of these inhibitors indicated that they were able to interact with the amino acid residues present in allosteric site of TP, including Asp391, Arg388, and Leu389. Antiproliferative (cytotoxic) activities of active compounds were also evaluated against mouse fibroblast (3T3) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines. Compounds 1, 2, 19, and 22–24 exhibited anti-proliferative activities against PC3 cells with IC50 values between 6.5 to 10.5 μM, while they were largely non-cytotoxic to 3T3 (mouse fibroblast) cells proliferation. Present study thus identifies a new class of dual inhibitors of TP and cancer cell proliferation, which deserves to be further investigated for anti-cancer drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Javaid
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (SJ); (KMK)
| | - Syed Muhammad Saad
- H. E. J., Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Zafar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rizwana Malik
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J., Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (SJ); (KMK)
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- H. E. J., Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta-ur Rahman
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- H. E. J., Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mbarik M, Poirier SJ, Doiron J, Selka A, Barnett DA, Cormier M, Touaibia M, Surette ME. Phenolic acid phenethylesters and their corresponding ketones: Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and stability in human blood and HepaRG cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00524. [PMID: 31523435 PMCID: PMC6743424 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, potent lipid mediators involved in inflammatory diseases, and both 5-LO and the leukotrienes are validated therapeutic targets. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an effective inhibitor of 5-LO and leukotriene biosynthesis but is susceptible to hydrolysis by esterases. In this study a number of CAPE analogues were synthesized with modifications to the caffeoyl moiety and the replacement of the ester linkage with a ketone. Several new molecules showed better inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis than CAPE in isolated human neutrophils and in whole blood with IC50 values in the nanomolar (290-520 nmol/L) and low micromolar (1.0-2.3 µmol/L) ranges, respectively. Sinapic acid and 2,5-dihydroxy derivatives were more stable than CAPE in whole blood, and ketone analogues were degraded more slowly in HepaRG hepatocyte cultures than esters. All compounds underwent modification consistent with glucuronidation in HepaRG cultures as determined using LC-MS/MS analysis, though the modified sinapoyl ketone (10) retained 50% of its inhibitory activity after up to one hour of incubation. This study has identified at least one CAPE analogue, compound 10, that shows favorable properties that warrant further in vivo investigation as an antiinflammatory compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Mbarik
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| | - Samuel J. Poirier
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| | - Jérémie Doiron
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| | - Ayyoub Selka
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| | | | - Marc Cormier
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| | - Marc E. Surette
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nazaré AC, Polaquini CR, Cavalca LB, Anselmo DB, Saiki MDFC, Monteiro DA, Zielinska A, Rahal P, Gomes E, Scheffers DJ, Ferreira H, Regasini LO. Design of Antibacterial Agents: Alkyl Dihydroxybenzoates against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3050. [PMID: 30301234 PMCID: PMC6213047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) causes citrus canker, affecting sweet orange-producing areas around the world. The current chemical treatment available for this disease is based on cupric compounds. For this reason, the objective of this study was to design antibacterial agents. In order to do this, we analyzed the anti-Xcc activity of 36 alkyl dihydroxybenzoates and we found 14 active compounds. Among them, three esters with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration values were selected; compounds 4 (52 μM), 16 (80 μM) and 28 (88 μM). Our study demonstrated that alkyl dihydroxybenzoates cause a delay in the exponential phase. The permeability capacity of alkyl dihydroxybenzoates in a quarter of MIC was compared to nisin (positive control). Compound 28 was the most effective (93.8), compared to compound 16 (41.3) and compound 4 (13.9) by percentage values. Finally, all three compounds showed inhibition of FtsZ GTPase activity, and promoted changes in protofilaments, leading to depolymerization, which prevents bacterial cell division. In conclusion, heptyl dihydroxybenzoates (compounds 4, 16 and 28) are promising anti-Xcc agents which may serve as an alternative for the control of citrus canker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Nazaré
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Roberto Polaquini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Lúcia Bonci Cavalca
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daiane Bertholin Anselmo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Marilia de Freitas Calmon Saiki
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Diego Alves Monteiro
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Aleksandra Zielinska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Eleni Gomes
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis Octavio Regasini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu C, Zhang H, Shi J, Zheng M, Xiang X, Huang F, Xiao J. Ultrasound irradiation promoted enzymatic alcoholysis for synthesis of monoglyceryl phenolic acids in a solvent-free system. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 41:120-126. [PMID: 29137734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoglyceryl phenolic acids (MPAs) were known as the natural hydrophilic antioxidants which could be used in different fields such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic etc. A novel enzymatic route of MPAs synthesis by the alcoholysis of phenolic acid ethyl esters with glycerol under ultrasound irradiation in solvent free system was developed. Optimization of reaction parameters shows that a high conversion of above 97.4% can be obtained under the following conditions: phenolic acid ethyl esters to glycerol molar ratio of 1:10, with 6% catalyst (Novozym 435), at 60°C and 200rpm, with ultrasound input of 250W, at 20kHz frequency. Compared to the conventional stirring method, the activation energy for phenolic acid ethyl esters conversion was decreased from 65.0kJ/mol to 32.1kJ/mol under ultrasound promotion; the apparent kinetic constant (Vm/Km) increased above 1.2-folds; the lipase amount decreased to 50%; the time required for the maximum conversion reduced up to 3-folds without damaging the lipase activity, which is the fastest report for enzymatic synthesis of MPAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China; Functional Oil Laboratory Associated By Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co. LTD, Guangzhou 51000, China.
| | - Xia Xiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China; Functional Oil Laboratory Associated By Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co. LTD, Guangzhou 51000, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Junyong Xiao
- Functional Oil Laboratory Associated By Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co. LTD, Guangzhou 51000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Teixeira J, Oliveira C, Amorim R, Cagide F, Garrido J, Ribeiro JA, Pereira CM, Silva AF, Andrade PB, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Development of hydroxybenzoic-based platforms as a solution to deliver dietary antioxidants to mitochondria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6842. [PMID: 28754950 PMCID: PMC5533782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been associated with metabolic and age-related diseases. Thus, the prevention of mitochondrial oxidative damage is nowadays a recognized pharmacological strategy to delay disease progression. Epidemiological studies suggested an association between the consumption of polyphenol-rich diet and the prevention of different pathologies, including diseases with a mitochondrial etiology. The development of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants based on dietary antioxidants may decrease mitochondrial oxidative damage. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of two new mitochondriotropic antioxidants based on hydroxybenzoic acids (AntiOxBENs). The results obtained showed that the novel antioxidants are accumulated inside rat liver mitochondria driven by the organelle transmembrane electric potential and prevented lipid peroxidation, exhibiting low toxicity. Some of the observed effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics resulted from an increase of proton leakage through the mitochondrial inner membrane. The new derivatives present a higher lipophilicity than the parent compounds (protocatechuic and gallic acids) and similar antioxidant and iron chelating properties. AntiOxBENs are valid mitochondriotropic antioxidant prototypes, which can be optimized and used in a next future as drug candidates to prevent or slow mitochondrial oxidative stress associated to several pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Teixeira
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park -University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Catarina Oliveira
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Amorim
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park -University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, 4200%, Portugal
| | - José A Ribeiro
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Pereira
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - António F Silva
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park -University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kawaguchi H, Sasaki K, Uematsu K, Tsuge Y, Teramura H, Okai N, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Katsuyama Y, Sugai Y, Ohnishi Y, Hirano K, Sazuka T, Ogino C, Kondo A. 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid production from sweet sorghum juice by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:410-417. [PMID: 26409852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of the bioplastic precursor 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-AHBA) from sweet sorghum juice, which contains amino acids and the fermentable sugars sucrose, glucose and fructose, was assessed to address the limitations of producing bio-based chemicals from renewable feedstocks. Recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strain KT01 expressing griH and griI derived from Streptomyces griseus produced 3,4-AHBA from the sweet sorghum juice of cultivar SIL-05 at a final concentration (1.0 g l(-1)) that was 5-fold higher than that from pure sucrose. Fractionation of sweet sorghum juice by nanofiltration (NF) membrane separation (molecular weight cut-off 150) revealed that the NF-concentrated fraction, which contained the highest concentrations of amino acids, increased 3,4-AHBA production, whereas the NF-filtrated fraction inhibited 3,4-AHBA biosynthesis. Amino acid supplementation experiments revealed that leucine specifically enhanced 3,4-AHBA production by strain KT01. Taken together, these results suggest that sweet sorghum juice is a potentially suitable feedstock for 3,4-AHBA production by recombinant C. glutamicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kengo Sasaki
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji Uematsu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yota Tsuge
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Teramura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Okai
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nakamura-Tsuruta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Katsuyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sugai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohnishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ko Hirano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Sazuka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Turumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sumii Y, Kotoku N, Fukuda A, Kawachi T, Sumii Y, Arai M, Kobayashi M. Enantioselective synthesis of dictyoceratin-A (smenospondiol) and -C, hypoxia-selective growth inhibitors from marine sponge. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:966-75. [PMID: 25659617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (+)-dictyoceratin-C (1) and (+)-dictyoceratin-A (smenospondiol) (2), hypoxia-selective growth inhibitors isolated from marine sponge, were executed. The absolute stereochemistry of the each compound was determined through the enantioselective total syntheses of them. It revealed that the unnatural enantiomers of them also exhibited the hypoxia-selective growth inhibitory activity against human prostate cancer DU-145 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sumii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kotoku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akinori Fukuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuta Sumii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motomasa Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li L, Zhang X, Zhang W, Li W, Sun WH, Redshaw C. Zinc 2-((2-(benzoimidazol-2-yl)quinolin-8-ylimino)methyl)phenolates: synthesis, characterization and photoluminescence behavior. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 118:1047-1055. [PMID: 24161867 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-(2-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)quinolin-8-yliminomethyl)phenol derivatives and their zinc complexes (C1-C5) were synthesized and fully characterized. The molecular structure of the representative complex C2 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed that the zinc was five-coordinated with the tetra-dentate ligand and a methanol bound to the metal to afford a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. The UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the organic compounds and their zinc complexes were measured and investigated in various solvents such as methanol, THF, dichloromethane, and toluene; significant influences by solvents were observed on their luminescent properties; red-shifts for the zinc complexes were clearly observed in comparison to the free organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Katayama S, Ohno F, Yamauchi Y, Kato M, Makabe H, Nakamura S. Enzymatic synthesis of novel phenol acid rutinosides using rutinase and their antiviral activity in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:9617-9622. [PMID: 24066689 DOI: 10.1021/jf4021703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel rutinosides of vanillic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid were prepared via a rutinase-catalyzed transglycosylation reaction. Reaction mixtures containing rutin, phenolic acid, and rutinase derived from tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ) seeds were incubated in 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) at 40 °C. The resulting rutinoside of each phenolic acid was purified by HPLC, and the structure was determined by NMR and FAB-MS analysis. Antiviral activity was determined using feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9, which is a typical norovirus surrogate. It was found that rutinosylation of the phenolic acids increased their antiviral activity against FCV, with the sinapic acid rutinoside being the most effective. These results will contribute to the development of antiviral agents against noroviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Katayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University , 8304 minamiminowamura, Ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu SB, Wu J, Yin Z, Zhang J, Long C, Kennelly EJ, Zheng S. Bioactive and marker compounds from two edible dark-colored Myrciaria fruits and the synthesis of jaboticabin. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:4035-4043. [PMID: 23597039 DOI: 10.1021/jf400487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) and false jaboticaba (Myrciaria vexator) fruits are two pleasant-tasting, dark-colored fruits, native to Brazil. They are rich sources of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, as well as less well known polyphenols such as depsides. These two fruits are very similar in morphology, but their taste profiles differ markedly. This study was focused on identifying the marker compounds between them using HPLC-PDA and LC-TOF-MS, combined with principal component analysis. As a result, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was found as the major anthocyanin in Myrciaria fruits. Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside was found to be the marker compound for jaboticaba, while cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-arabinose were two marker compounds distinguishing false jaboticaba. In addition, two ellagitannins, iso-oenothein C and oenothein C, were isolated and identified from both of these fruits for the first time. Jaboticabin, a minor bioactive depside, occurred in both fruits and, because of its potential to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was successfully synthesized in the laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Biao Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York , 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York, United States 10468
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo Y, Li G, Li G, Yan J, Yi J, Zhang G. Discovery and identification of 2-phenylethyl 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate as a natural lipid-lowering lead. Planta Med 2011; 77:2047-2049. [PMID: 21858759 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1280118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Guided by lipid-lowering assays, a new compound (1, 2-phenylethyl 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate) was isolated from the ethanolic extract of Geophila herbacea. The structure of 1 was determined unambiguously by spectral data interpretation and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Preliminary dose-dependency of 1 verified its lipid-lowering bioactivity in vitro. A facile chemical synthesis for 1 was performed to provide a practical approach for further studies on structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinggang Luo
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pan ZZ, Li HL, Yu XJ, Zuo QX, Zheng GX, Shi Y, Liu X, Lin YM, Liang G, Wang Q, Chen QX. Synthesis and antityrosinase activities of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:6645-6649. [PMID: 21595493 DOI: 10.1021/jf200990g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In insects, tyrosinase plays important roles in normal developmental processes, such as cuticular tanning, scleration, wound healing, production of opsonins, encapsulation and nodule formation for defense against foreign pathogens. Thus, tyrosinase may be regarded as a potential candidate for novel bioinsecticide development. A family of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates (C₆-C₉), new tyrosinsase inhibitors, were synthesized. Their inhibitory effects on the activity of tyrosinase have been investigated. The results showed all of them could inhibit the activity of tyrosianse effectively. The order of potency was nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C₉DB) > octyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C₈DB) > heptyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C₇DB) > hexyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C₆DB). The kinetic analysis of these four compounds on tyrosinase was taken to expound their inhibitory mechanism. The research of the control of insects in agriculture was taken as C₆DB for example. C₆DB could inhibit the development and molting of Plutella xylostella effectively. To clarify its insecticidal mechanism, we researched the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella treated with C₆DB by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed C₆DB could inhibit the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella as expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Catel Y, Aladedunye F, Przybylski R. Synthesis, radical scavenging activity, protection during storage, and frying by novel antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:11081-11089. [PMID: 20923149 DOI: 10.1021/jf102287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel antioxidants, derivatives of trolox, and selected phenolic acids have been prepared in good yields and fully characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and MS. Their antioxidant activities have been assessed by DPPH and ORAC assays, and during frying and accelerated storage tests. Novel phenolic compounds exhibited higher radical scavenging activities than both trolox and α-tocopherol. Trolox hydroxybenzoate showed a significantly higher protection than α-tocopherol under storage conditions. All new antioxidants performed better than α-tocopherol under frying conditions. Moreover, their outstanding thermal stability makes them more valuable than α-tocopherol for frying applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Catel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K3M4
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bhujbal NN, Bande OP, Dhavale DD. Catechuic acid and ethyl 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate from D-glucose. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:734-8. [PMID: 19268918 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of catechuic acid (1) and ethyl 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (2) from D-glucose-derived beta-ketoester is described. The polyhydroxylated beta-ketoester obtained from the hydrolysis of sugar beta-ketoester 3 was subjected to an aldol-type condensation to get 4 that on enolization, dehydration, and hydrogenation afforded ethyl 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (2). On the other hand, hydrogenation of aldol product 4 afforded polyhydroxylated keto-carbasugar 6, which on mild acid treatment and ester hydrolysis in basic media led to catechuic acid 1. Intermediate 4 is co-related to 3-dehydroshikimic acid, a biochemical intermediate from D-glucose in the synthesis of pro-catechuic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namdeo N Bhujbal
- Garware Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sullivan B, Gilmet J, Leisch H, Hudlicky T. Chiral version of the Burgess reagent and its reactions with oxiranes: application to the formal enantiodivergent synthesis of balanol. J Nat Prod 2008; 71:346-350. [PMID: 18205317 DOI: 10.1021/np0705357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient formal synthesis of a (-)-balanol intermediate ( 25a) from cyclohexadiene oxide was accomplished in eight steps. An asymmetric version of the Burgess reagent allows for an enantiodivergent approach to both enantiomers of balanol from a racemic starting material.
Collapse
|
17
|
Masunari A, Tavares LC. A new class of nifuroxazide analogues: Synthesis of 5-nitrothiophene derivatives with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4229-36. [PMID: 17419064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been an increasing problem worldwide since the initial reports over 40 years ago. To examine new drug leads with potential antibacterial activities, 14 p-substituted benzoic acid [(5-nitro-thiophen-2-yl)-methylene]-hydrazides were designed, synthesized, and tested against standard and multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains by serial dilution tests. All compounds exhibited significant bacteriostatic activity and some of them also showed bactericidal activity. The results confirmed the potential of this class of compounds as an alternative for the development of selective antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Masunari
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Synthesis and biological activity of fungal metabolite, 4-hydroxy-3-(3'-methyl-2'-butenyl)-benzoic acid. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 17:543-545. [PMID: 18050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-3-(3'-methyl-2'-butenyl)-benzoic acid (HMBA) was previously isolated from Curvularia sp. KF119 as a cell-cycle inhibitor. However, the present study used a novel and practical synthetic method to prepare a large quantity of HMBA. The synthetic HMBA was found to inhibit the cell-cycle progression of HeLa cells with a comparable potency to the natural fungal metabolite. The inhibition of the cell-cycle progression by the synthetic HMBA involved both the activation of p21(WAFI) and the inhibition of cyclin Dl expression in the cells. Consequently, this new synthetic procedure provides an easy and convenient way to produce or manipulate the original fungal metabolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hye Kim
- Chemical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College ofEngineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Srivastava V, Darokar MP, Fatima A, Kumar JK, Chowdhury C, Saxena HO, Dwivedi GR, Shrivastava K, Gupta V, Chattopadhyay SK, Luqman S, Gupta MM, Negi AS, Khanuja SPS. Synthesis of diverse analogues of Oenostacin and their antibacterial activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:518-25. [PMID: 17035037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several diverse analogues of Oenostacin, a naturally occurring potent antibacterial phenolic acid derivative, have been synthesized. A small library with more than forty analogues having different aromatic rings and varied side chains has been achieved through solution phase synthesis. Some of these analogues, that is, 22, 23 and 42, possessed potent antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus having EC(50) ranging from 0.49 to 0.67 microM as compared to Oenostacin (EC(50)=0.12 microM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Srivastava
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uruma Y, Sugiura M, Harumoto T, Usuki Y, Iio H. Synthesis of fluorescent molecular probes specific for the receptor of blepharismone, a mating-inducing pheromone of the ciliate Blepharisma japonicum. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:1622-7. [PMID: 17189699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blepharismone (gamone 2) is a mating-inducing pheromone of the ciliate Blepharisma japonicum. N-Pyrenylbutyryl-blepharismone and N-biphenylacetyl-blepharismone, which are fluorescent derivatives of blepharismone, were synthesized as molecular probes for the gamone 2 receptor. Further, we proved that they have inhibitory activities against the blepharismone-induced monotypic pairing of B. japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Uruma
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dohi T, Morimoto K, Takenaga N, Goto A, Maruyama A, Kiyono Y, Tohma H, Kita Y. Direct Cyanation of Heteroaromatic Compounds Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents: In Situ Generation of PhI(III)−CN Species and Their Cyano Transfer. J Org Chem 2006; 72:109-16. [PMID: 17194088 DOI: 10.1021/jo061820i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine(III) reagents mediate the direct cyanating reaction of a wide range of electron-rich heteroaromatic compounds such as pyrroles 1, thiophenes 3, and indoles 5 under mild conditions (ambient temperature), without the need for any prefunctionalization. Commercially available trimethylsilylcyanide is usable as a stable and effective cyanide source, and the reaction proceeds in a homogeneous system. The N-substituent of pyrroles is crucial to avoid the undesired oxidative bipyrrole coupling process, and thus a cyano group was introduced selectively at the 2-position of N-tosylpyrroles 1 in good yields using the combination of phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA), TMSCN, and BF3.Et2O at room temperature. In the reaction mechanism, cation radical intermediates of heteroaromatic compounds are involved as a result of single electron oxidation, and the key to successful transformations seems to depend on the oxidation potential of the substrates used. Thus, the reaction was also successfully extended to other heteroaromatic compounds having oxidation potentials similar to that of N-tosylpyrroles such as thiophenes 3 and indoles 5. However, regioisomeric mixtures of the products derived from the reaction at the 2- and 3-positions were obtained in the case of N-tosylindole 5a. Further investigation performed in our laboratory provided insights into the real active iodine(III) species during the reaction; the reaction is induced by an active hypervalent iodine(III) species having a cyano ligand in situ generated by ligand exchange reaction at the iodine(III) center between trifluoroacetoxy group in PIFA and TMSCN, and effective cyanide introduction into heteroaromatic compounds is achieved by means of the high cyano transfer ability of the hypervalent iodine(III)-cyano intermediates. In fact, the reaction of N-tosylpyrrole 1a with a hypervalent iodine(III)-cyano compound (e.g., (dicyano)iodobenzene 8), in the absence of TMSCN, took place to afford the 2-cyanated product 2a in good yield, and an effective preparation of the intermediates is of importance for successful transformation. 1,3,5,7-Tetrakis[4-{bis(trifluoroacetoxy)-iodo}phenyl]adamantane 12, a recyclable hypervalent iodine(III) reagent, was also comparable in the cyanating reactions as a valuable alternative to PIFA, affording a high yield of the heteroaromatic cyanide by facilitating isolation of the cyanated products with a simple workup. Accordingly, after preparing the active hypervalent iodine(III)-CN species by premixing of a recyclable reagent 12, TMSCN, and BF3.Et2O for 30 min in dichloromethane, reaction of a variety of pyrroles 1 and thiophenes 3 provided the desired cyanated products 2 and 4 in high yields. The iodine compound 13, recovered by filtration after replacement of the reaction solvent to MeOH, could be reused without any loss of activity (the oxidant 12 can be obtained nearly quantitatively by reoxidation of 13 using m-CPBA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
[reaction: see text] CRM646-A (1) and -B (2), two fungal glucuronides with a dimeric 2,4-dihydroxy-6-alkylbenzoic acid (orcinol p-depside) aglycone showing significant heparinase and telomerase inhibition activities, were synthesized for the first time. The successful approach involved construction of the phenol glucuronidic linkage, via coupling of the orsellinate derivative 27 with glucuronate bromide 7, before assembly of the phenolic ester linkage in the depside aglycone. Attempts via direct glycosylation of the depside aglycone derivatives were not successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Callahan BP, Lomino JV, Wolfenden R. Nanomolar inhibition of the enterobactin biosynthesis enzyme, EntE: synthesis, substituent effects, and additivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3802-5. [PMID: 16678412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydroxybenzohydroxamoyl adenylate (I) was prepared as a potential product analog inhibitor of EntE (EC# 2.7.7.58), a 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate AMP ligase from Escherichia coli that is required for the biosynthesis of enterobactin. This compound, obtained by the aqueous reaction of imidazole-activated adenosine 5'-phosphate and 2,3-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid, is a competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 4.5 x 10(-9)M. Deletion of the catecholic 3-OH group of (I), in compound (II), reduced inhibitory activity by a factor of 3.5, whereas, removal of both the 3-OH and 2-OH groups, in (III), reduced inhibitory activity by a factor of approximately 2000. Acetohydroxamoyl adenylate (IV), in which the entire catechol moiety of (I) is replaced by a hydrogen atom, gave <or= 10% inhibition at 6 x 10(-4)M, indicating a reduction in affinity by more than 10(5). The binding free energy of (I) is nearly equivalent to the sum of the corresponding values for adenosine 5'-phosphate and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Callahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Varughese S, Pedireddi VR. A Competitive Molecular Recognition Study: Syntheses and Analysis of Supramolecular Assemblies of 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid and Its Bromo Derivative with Some N-Donor Compounds. Chemistry 2006; 12:1597-609. [PMID: 16250059 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A molecular recognition study of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1) and its bromo derivative 4-bromo-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2) with the N-donor compounds 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (bpyee), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpyea), and 4,4'-bipyridine (bpy) is reported. Thus, the syntheses and structural analysis of molecular adducts 1 a-1 c (1 with bpyee, bpyea, and bpy, respectively) and 2 a-2 c (2 with bpyee, bpyea, and bpy, respectively) are discussed. In all these adducts, recognition between the constituents is established through either O--H...N and/or O--H...N/C--H...O pairwise hydrogen bonds. In all the adducts both OH and COOH functional groups available on 1 and 2 interact with the N-donor compounds, except in 2 a, in which only COOH (COO-) is involved in the recognition process. The COOH moieties in 1 a, 1 b, and 2 b form only single O--H...N hydrogen bonds, whereas in 1 c and 2 c, they form pairwise O--H...N/C--H...O hydrogen bonds. In addition, subtle differences in the recognition patterns resulted in the formation of cyclic networks of different dimensions. In fact, only 1 c forms a four-molecule cyclic moiety, as was already documented in the literature for this kind of assemblies. All complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The supramolecular architectures are quite elegant and simple, with stacking of sheets in all adducts, but a rather complex network with a threefold interpenetration pattern was found in 2 c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Varughese
- Solid State & Supramolecular Structural Chemistry Lab, Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
This is an environmentally friendly method in the field of electroorganic reactions under controlled potential electrolysis, without toxic reagents at a carbon electrode in an undivided cell which involves the (EC) mechanism reaction and comprises two steps alternatively; (i) electrochemical oxidation and (ii) chemical reaction. In particular, the electrochemical oxidation of 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of 2-phenyl-1,3-indandione has been studied in a water-acetonitrile (90 : 10) mixture. The research includes the use of a variety of experimental techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, controlled-potential electrolysis, and spectroscopic identification of products (FT-IR, (1)H-NMR, and MS spectrometry).
Collapse
|
26
|
Burke AJ, Maycock CD, Ventura MR. Stereoselective alkylation of tartrate derivatives. A concise route to (+)-O-methylpiscidic acid and natural analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2361-3. [PMID: 16763680 DOI: 10.1039/b606362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The lithium enolate of (2S,3S,5S,6S)-dimethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-5,6-dithiocarboxylate undergoes stereoselective mono- and/or dialkylations to afford two new stereogenic centers. The alkylation products obtained possessed a cis stereochemistry, which was confirmed by the synthesis of natural 4'-O-methylpiscidic acid dimethyl ester .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Burke
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fiuza SM, Gomes C, Teixeira LJ, Girão da Cruz MT, Cordeiro MNDS, Milhazes N, Borges F, Marques MPM. Phenolic acid derivatives with potential anticancer properties--a structure-activity relationship study. Part 1: methyl, propyl and octyl esters of caffeic and gallic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:3581-9. [PMID: 15186842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of polyphenolic acid derivatives, structurally related with the natural models caffeic and gallic acids, have been tested in human cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa). Simultaneous structural information was obtained for these compounds through theoretical ab initio methods. This study was conducted for the following esters: methyl caffeate (MC, 1), propyl caffeate (PC, 2), octyl caffeate (OC, 3), methyl gallate (MG, 4), propyl gallate (PG, 5) and octyl gallate (OG, 6). A significant growth-inhibition effect was assessed for some of these compounds, clearly dependent on their structural characteristics. Marked structure-activity relationships (SARs)--namely the number of hydroxyl ring substituents--were found to rule the biological effect of such systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Fiuza
- Research Unit Molecular Physical-Chemistry, Coimbra University, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sellarajah S, Lekishvili T, Bowring C, Thompsett AR, Rudyk H, Birkett CR, Brown DR, Gilbert IH. Synthesis of Analogues of Congo Red and Evaluation of Their Anti-Prion Activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5515-34. [PMID: 15481988 DOI: 10.1021/jm049922t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
No cure as of yet exists for any of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of analogues of Congo red and evaluation against a cellular model of infection, the SMB (scrapie mouse brain) persistently infected cell line, for their ability to inhibit the infectivity of the abnormal form of prion protein (PrP-res). The compounds have also been tested for their ability to inhibit the polymerization of PrPC by PrP-res. A number of analogues showed inhibition of PrP-res infectivity at nanomolar concentrations. Several analogues show promise; the most active compound, 2a, inhibits the formation of PrP-res in SMB cells with an EC50 of 25-50 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sellarajah
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Soenen DR, Zimpleman JM, Boger DL. Synthesis and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 3,6-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. J Org Chem 2003; 68:3593-8. [PMID: 12713365 DOI: 10.1021/jo020713v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3,6-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (2) and the scope of its reactivity in inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions are disclosed representing the first systematic study of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of 3,6-diacyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Soenen
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lampe JW, Biggers CK, Defauw JM, Foglesong RJ, Hall SE, Heerding JM, Hollinshead SP, Hu H, Hughes PF, Jagdmann GE, Johnson MG, Lai YS, Lowden CT, Lynch MP, Mendoza JS, Murphy MM, Wilson JW, Ballas LM, Carter K, Darges JW, Davis JE, Hubbard FR, Stamper ML. Synthesis and protein kinase inhibitory activity of balanol analogues with modified benzophenone subunits. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2624-43. [PMID: 12036372 DOI: 10.1021/jm020018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogues of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitory natural product balanol which bear modified benzophenone subunits are described. The analogues were designed with the goal of uncovering structure-activity features that could be used in the development of PKC inhibitors with a reduced polar character compared to balanol itself. The results of these studies suggest that most of the benzophenone features found in the natural product are important for obtaining potent PKC inhibitory compounds. However, several modifications were found to lead to selective inhibitors of the related enzyme protein kinase A (PKA), and several specific modifications to the polar structural elements of the benzophenone were found to provide potent PKC inhibitors. In particular, it was found that replacement of the benzophenone carboxylate with bioisosteric equivalents could lead to potent analogues. Further, a tolerance for lipophilic substituents on the terminal benzophenone ring was uncovered. These results are discussed in light of recently available structural information for PKA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Lampe
- Sphinx Laboratories, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 20 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rando DG, Sato DN, Siqueira L, Malvezzi A, Leite CQF, do Amaral AT, Ferreira EI, Tavares LC. Potential tuberculostatic agents. Topliss application on benzoic acid [(5-nitro-thiophen-2-yl)-methylene]-hydrazide series. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:557-60. [PMID: 11814842 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds such as nifuroxazide are used in many human enteropathogenic bacteria infections without causing an increase in the plasmidial antibiotic resistance of the aerobic Gram-negative intestinal Enterobacteriaceae. For these reasons, these compounds have been synthesized using the rational approach of Topliss' decision tree. Generally, this approach allows us to obtain the most active derivative from the series in a few steps. These compounds were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and the most active of the series identified. A new lead for potential tuberculostatic activity has been predicted and will be used in further QSAR studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Rando
- Fac. de Ciências Farmacêuticas, USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo-SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nomura E, Hosoda A, Taniguchi H. Synthesis and conformational property of tannin-like p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene 1,3-diesters stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8030-6. [PMID: 11722201 DOI: 10.1021/jo015780o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tannin-like p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene 1,3-digallate was synthesized, and its conformational property was investigated by dynamic (1)H NMR and X-ray crystallography. It was found that the 3-OH (or 5-OH) group of the galloyl group in p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene 1,3-digallate is placed at the position where an unusual nonbonded close contact is observed between the OH group and the aromatic ring of the galloyl group facing each other. The calixarene 1,3-diesters of various hydroxybenzoic acids were also prepared, and the conformational properties of those calixarenes were compared with that of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene 1,3-digallate. A significant contribution of the 3- and 5-OH groups in pendant groups toward the close contact was found. It was suggested that the conformation of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene 1,3-digallate was stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds including OH.O and OH-pi interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Nomura
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, 60 Ogura, Wakayama 649-6261, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The role of the active site metal in determining binding to 3-dehydroquinate synthase has been examined. Protocatechuic acid, catechol, and derivatives of these aromatics were synthesized that shared the common element of an ortho dihydroxylated benzene ring. Inhibition constants were determined for each aromatic as well as the variation of this inhibition as a function of whether Co(+2) or Zn(+2) was the active site metal ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823-1322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rudolph J, Theis H, Hanke R, Endermann R, Johannsen L, Geschke F. seco-Cyclothialidines: new concise synthesis, inhibitory activity toward bacterial and human DNA topoisomerases, and antibacterial properties. J Med Chem 2001; 44:619-26. [PMID: 11170652 DOI: 10.1021/jm0010623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
seco-Cyclothialidines are a promising class of bacterial DNA gyrase B subunit inhibitors. A new seco-cyclothialidine derivative containing a dioxazine moiety, BAY 50-7952, was synthesized through a new concise pathway. One key step of the synthesis is the straightforward formation of the 2-aminothiazole derivative of S-tritylcysteine. In biological tests, BAY 50-7952 and other known seco-cyclothialidines exhibited high and selective activity toward bacterial DNA gyrase and toward Gram-positive bacteria. The dioxazine moiety and other similar groups were found to be important for the ability of the seco-cyclothialidines to penetrate bacterial membranes. The opposite enantiomer ((S)-form) of BAY 50-7952 was also synthesized, and neither significant target activity nor in vitro antibacterial activity were found, suggesting a highly selective fit of the (R)-form. Despite promising in vitro activity, only poor activity was found in the murine infection model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rudolph
- Bayer AG, Central Research, Chemistry for Life Sciences, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
A new tannase substrate, protocatechuic acid p-nitrophenyl ester, 5, was synthesized using modern synthetic methods. The synthesis was designed to be performed by non-specialized chemists. It only involves four steps, three of which are protection-deprotection, and uses standard methods of separation and purification, such as recrystallization and column chromatography over silica. Under tannase action, protocatechuic acid p-nitrophenyl ester, 5, releases p-nitrophenol, which is easily measured spectrophotometrically either at 350 nm for pH values<6 or at 400 nm for pH values of 6-7 (yellow). The pH-response and the catalytic parameters of a crude Penicillium sp. tannase preparation were determined using 5 as substrate, thus showing the usefulness of this substrate in determining tannase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Iacazio
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Case 452, CNRS UPRESA 6116 Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, Marseille, France. Gilles.Iacazio@Micro bio.U-3mrs.fr
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Khaldy H, Escames G, León J, Vives F, Luna JD, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Comparative effects of melatonin, L-deprenyl, Trolox and ascorbate in the suppression of hydroxyl radical formation during dopamine autoxidation in vitro. J Pineal Res 2000; 29:100-7. [PMID: 10981823 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2000.290206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is the major pathogenic substrate of Parkinson's disease (PD). Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) have been used in the treatment of PD and at least one of them, i.e., deprenyl, also displays antioxidant activity. Dopamine (DA) autoxidation produces reactive oxygen species implicated in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. In this study we compared the effects of melatonin with those of deprenyl and vitamins E and C in preventing the hydroxyl radical (8OH) generation during DA oxidation. The rate of production of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (2,3-DHBA) in the presence of salicylate, an *OH scavenger, was used to detect the in vitro generation of *OH during iron-catalyzed oxidation of DA. The results showed a dose-dependent effect of melatonin, deprenyl and vitamin E in counteracting DA autoxidation, whereas vitamin C had no effect. Comparative analyses between the effect of these antioxidants showed that the protective effect of melatonin against DA autoxidation was significantly higher than that of the other compounds tested. Also, when melatonin plus deprenyl were added to the incubation medium, a potentiation of the antioxidant effect was found. These findings suggest that antioxidants may be useful in brain protection against toxicity of reactive oxygen species produced during DA oxidation, and melatonin, alone or in combination with deprenyl, may be an important component of the brain's antioxidant defenses to protect it from dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Khaldy
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
[reaction: see text]An efficient formal synthesis of the potent protein kinase C inhibitor (-)-balanol that relies on a modified asymmetric aminohydroxylation of the alpha,beta-unsaturated aryl ester (1) is reported. The aryl ester functionality and the dihydroquinyl alkaloid ligand system (DHQ)2-AQN are used to control the regio- and enantioselectivity of the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Masse
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Streamlined Synthesis, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
A concise synthesis of the hexahydroazepine moiety 13 of (-)-balanol 1 is described that comprises only eight steps and is distinctly shorter than all previous reported approaches to this particular compound. Sharpless epoxidation of divinylcarbinol 4 and ring closing alkene metathesis (RCM) reaction for the formation of the heterocyclic scaffold 9 constitute the key transformations of this sequence. The latter reaction is best achieved with catalytic amounts of the ruthenium indenylidene complex 18 recently reported. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that RCM can be successfully carried out even in the presence of an azido function provided that Schrock's molybdenum alkylidene complex Mo(=NAr)(=CHCMe2Ph)[OC(Me)(CF3)2]2 (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) is used as precatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tavares LC, Chisté JJ, Santos MG, Penna TC. Synthesis and biological activity of nifuroxazide and analogs. II. Boll Chim Farm 1999; 138:432-6. [PMID: 10622109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nifuroxazyde and six analogs were synthesized by varying the substitute from the para-position of the benzenic ring and the heteroatom of the heterocyclic ring. The MIC of seven resultant compounds was determined by serial dilutions, testing the ATCC 25923 strain of Staphylococcus aureus. A significant increase in the anti-microbial activity of thyophenic analogs, as compared with furanic and pyrrholic analogs, was observed. In addition, unlike the cyano and hydroxyl groups, the acetyl group promoted anti-microbial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Tavares
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
[formula: see text] The enantioselective formal synthesis of balanol, a potent protein kinase C inhibitor, was accomplished from D-serine utilizing a Pd-catalyzed equilibration of diastereomeric 5-vinyloxazolines to set the stereochemistry of the vicinal amino and hydroxyl groups. A ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis was employed to form the seven-membered nitrogen heterocyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105-5516, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Desideri N, Sestili I, Stein ML, Tramontano E, Corrias S, La Colla P. Synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase activity of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid flavon-3-yl esters. Antivir Chem Chemother 1998; 9:497-509. [PMID: 9865388 DOI: 10.1177/095632029800900606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid flavon-3-yl esters were synthesized in order to obtain compounds targeting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 integrase (IN). The esters were tested for anti-IN and anti-reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in enzyme assays and for anti-HIV-1, anti-proliferative and anti-topoisomerase activity in cell-based assays. In enzyme assays, the two gallic acid flavon-3-yl esters showed a notable IN inhibition (IC50 values were 8.3 and 9.1 microM, respectively), while the two caffeic acid flavon-3-yl esters exhibited a modest activity (IC50 75 and 60 microM, respectively). Replacement of hydroxyl groups resulted in loss of potency. Caffeic acid 3',4'-dichloroflavon-3-yl ester also inhibited the RT activity whereas it was not active on human topoisomerases. It therefore represents an interesting example of a compound specifically targeting more than one step of the virus replication cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Desideri
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The in vitro antiviral activity against picornaviruses (rhinovirus serotype 1B and 14, and poliovirus type 2) of new synthetic 3-hydroxyflavones, 3-acetoxyflavones, and substituted cinnamic and benzoic acid flavon-3-yl esters was evaluated. The maximum non-toxic concentration of compounds was determined in a human cell line (HeLa) suitable for the replication of the three viruses. Their antiviral potency was measured by a plaque reduction assay. Generally, rhinoviruses exhibited a higher sensitivity to the new flavonoids than poliovirus. Flavones, with sterically small substituents in position 3, showed good activity against both rhinoviruses tested. However, the introduction of bulky substituents in the same position resulted in analogues with a higher toxicity and often with a lower efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Conti
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hosmane RS, Peri SP, Bhadti VS, Macdonald VW. Bis[2-(4-carboxyphenoxy)carbonylethyl]phosphinic acid (BCCEP): a novel affinity reagent for the beta-cleft modification of human hemoglobin. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:767-83. [PMID: 9681142 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and hemoglobin cross-linking studies of a novel organic reagent, bis[2-(4-carboxyphenoxy)carbonylethyl]phosphinic acid (BCCEP, 1) have been reported. The reagent was designed with the aid of molecular modeling, employing crystal coordinates of human hemoglobin A0. It was synthesized in three steps commencing from 4-t-butoxycarbonylphenol. The tri-sodium salt of 1 was employed to cross-link human oxyHb. While SDS-PAGE analyses of the modified hemoglobin product pointed to the molecular mass range of 32 kDa, the HPLC analyse suggested that the cross-link had formed between the beta 1-beta 2 subunits. The oxygen equilibrium measurements of the modified hemoglobin at 37 degrees C showed significantly reduced oxygen affinity (P50 = 31.3 Torr) as compared with that of cell-free hemoglobin (P50 = 6.6 Torr). The sigmoidal shape of O2 curves of the modified Hb pointed to reasonable retainment of oxygen-binding cooperativity after the cross-link formation. Molecular dynamics simulation studies on the reagent-HbA0 complex suggested that the most likely amino acid residues involved in the cross-linking are N-terminus Val-1 or Lys-82 on one of the-chains, and Lys-144 on the other. These predictions were consistent with the results of MALDI-MS analyses of the peptide fragments obtained from tryptic digestion of the cross-linked product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21250, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Peri SP, Bhadti VS, Hosmane RS, Macdonald VW. Bis[2-(4-carboxyphenoxy)carbonylethyl]phosphinic acid (BCCEP): a new reagent for hemoglobin modification. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1997; 25:511-20. [PMID: 9352056 DOI: 10.3109/10731199709117448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and hemoglobin cross-linking studies of a novel organic reagent, bis[2-(4-carboxyphenoxy)carbonylethyl]phosphinic acid (BCCEP; 2) has been reported. The reagent was synthesized in four steps from hydroxybenzoic acid. The tri-sodium salt of BCCEP was employed to cross-link oxyHb, and the product was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The purified material was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, IEF, and HPLC analyses, which clearly showed the formation of covalent, intramolecular cross-links. While SDS-PAGE analyses of individual bands pointed to the molecular weight range of 32 kDa, the HPLC analyses suggested that the cross-links had formed between beta 1-beta 2 subunits. The oxygen equilibrium measurements and the Hill plots were performed on the purified bands to assess oxygen affinity as well as cooperativity of oxygen binding of the modified hemoglobins. All bands corresponding to modified hemoglobins showed significantly reduced oxygen affinity as compared with that of cell-free hemoglobin, as desired. The modified hemoglobins, however, exhibited somewhat reduced oxygen-binding cooperativity as contrasted with human stroma-free hemoglobin. Molecular dynamics simulation studies (Insight II/Discover/Biosym) on the Reagent-HbA0 complex suggested that the most likely amino acid residues involved in the cross-linking are Lys82 or N-terminal Val1 on one of the beta chains, and Lys144 on the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Peri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County 21250, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tavares LC, Penna TC, Amaral AT. Synthesis and biological activity of nifuroxazide and analogs. Boll Chim Farm 1997; 136:244-9. [PMID: 9164164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nifuroxazide and thirteen analogs were synthesized from substituted benzoic acids and minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined using the serial dilution tests, in three sequential steps. Nifuroxazide and chloramphenicol were used as reference standards. The tests were performed in TSB against the standard bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Tavares
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lai YS, Mendoza JS, Jagdmann GE, Menaldino DS, Biggers CK, Heerding JM, Wilson JW, Hall SE, Jiang JB, Janzen WP, Ballas LM. Synthesis and protein kinase C inhibitory activities of balanol analogs with replacement of the perhydroazepine moiety. J Med Chem 1997; 40:226-35. [PMID: 9003521 DOI: 10.1021/jm960497g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Balanol is a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor that is structurally composed of a benzophenone diacid, a 4-hydroxybenzamide, and a perhydroazepine ring. A number of balanol analogs in which the perhydroazepine moiety is replaced have been synthesized and their biological activities evaluated against both PKC and cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA). The results suggested that the activity and the isozyme/kinase selectivity of these compounds are largely related to the conformation about this nonaromatic structural element of the molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lai
- Sphinx Pharmaceuticals, A Division of Eli Lilly & Company, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schneider J, Weis R, Männer C, Kary B, Werner A, Seubert BJ, Riede UN. Inhibition of HIV-1 in cell culture by synthetic humate analogues derived from hydroquinone: mechanism of inhibition. Virology 1996; 218:389-95. [PMID: 8610466 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1996.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids are natural constituents of soil and ground water and mainly consist of mixtures of polycyclic phenolic compounds. A similar complex of compounds with a mean size of about 1000 Da, designated HS-1500, was synthesized by oxidation of hydroquinone. HS-1500 inhibited HIV-1 infection of MT-2 cells with an IC50 of 50-300 ng/ml and showed a mean cell toxicity of about 600 micrograms/ml. Inhibition of HIV-induced syncytium formation was observed at 10-50 micrograms/ml. Treatment of free and cell-attached HIV with HS-1500 irreversibly reduced its infectivity, whereas the susceptibility of target cells for the virus was not impaired by treatment prior to infection. The HIV envelope protein gp120SU bound to sepharose-coupled HS-1500 and could be eluted by high salt and detergent. HS-1500 interfered with the CD4-induced proteolytic cleavage of the V3 loop of virion gp120SU. Furthermore, binding of V3 loop-specific antibodies was irreversibly inhibited, whereas binding of soluble CD4 to gp120SU on virus and infected cells was not affected. In conclusion, our data suggest, that the synthetic humic acid analogue inhibits the infectivity of HIV particles by interference with a V3 loop-mediated step of virus entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schneider
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene der Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Koide K, Bunnage ME, Gomez Paloma L, Kanter JR, Taylor SS, Brunton LL, Nicolaou KC. Molecular design and biological activity of potent and selective protein kinase inhibitors related to balanol. Chem Biol 1995; 2:601-8. [PMID: 9383464 DOI: 10.1016/1074-5521(95)90124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases is involved in many cellular processes, and the unregulated activation of PKC has been implicated in carcinogenesis. PKC inhibitors thus have significant potential as chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, the fungal metabolite balanol was shown to be an exceptionally potent inhibitor of PKC. We previously developed a practical and efficient total synthesis of balanol. We set out to use this synthetic molecule, and several synthetic analogs, to probe the mechanism of PKC inhibition and to determine the effect of balanol on the activity of other protein kinases. RESULTS As well as inhibiting PKC, balanol is a potent inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), another protein serine/threonine kinase. Balanol does not, however, inhibit the Src or epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases. The inhibition of both PKC and PKA by balanol can be overcome by high concentrations of ATP, and molecular modeling studies suggest that balanol may function as an ATP structural analog. Although balanol discriminates rather poorly between PKC and PKA, only minor modifications to its molecular structure are required to furnish compounds that are highly specific inhibitors of PKA. CONCLUSIONS A number of balanol analogs have been designed and synthesized that, unlike balanol itself, exhibit dramatic selectivity between PKA and PKC. Thus, despite the substantial homology between the catalytic domains of PKA and PKC, there is enough difference to allow for the development of potent and selective inhibitors acting in this region. These inhibitors should be useful tools for analyzing signal transduction pathways and may also aid in the development of drugs with significant therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Koide
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Aromatic analogues of the EPSP synthase enzyme substrate (S3P), reaction intermediate (1), and product (EPSP) were synthesized from 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and were evaluated as inhibitors of E. coli EPSP synthase. These simple, synthetically accessible aromatic analogues are highly effective competitive inhibitors versus S3P with an apparent Ki for the tetrahedral intermediate analogue 4 of 160 +/- 40 nM. This demonstrates that a simple benzene ring is a quite suitable substitute for the complex shikimate ring in the design of EPSP synthase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Miller
- Life Sciences Research Center, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63198
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Daidone G, Raffa D, Maggio B, Plescia S, Matera M, Caruso A. Synthesis and evaluation of the analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of N,N'-bis(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-diaminoalkanes. Farmaco 1990; 45:285-92. [PMID: 2383344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of some N,N'-bis(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-diaminoalkanes 3 a-l were studied. The compounds were prepared very conveniently by fusion of phenyl salicylate 2 and diaminoalkanes 1 a-l. The pharmacological activities were influenced by the number of carbon atoms in the polimethylenic chain. Some derivatives were more effective and less gastrolesive than salicylamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Daidone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Parlermo
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|