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Montes García JF, Vaca S, Delgado NL, Uribe-García A, Vázquez C, Sánchez Alonso P, Xicohtencatl Cortes J, Cruz Cordoba A, Negrete Abascal E. Mannheimia haemolytica OmpP2-like is an amyloid-like protein, forms filaments, takes part in cell adhesion and is part of biofilms. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2311-2321. [PMID: 29974354 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica causes respiratory disease in cattle. Amyloid proteins are a major component of biofilms; they aid in adhesion and confer resistance against several environmental insults. The amyloid protein curli is highly resistant to protease digestion and physical and chemical denaturation and binds Congo red (CR) dye. The purpose of this study was to characterize an approximately 50-kDa CR-binding amyloid-like protein (ALP) expressed by M. haemolytica. This protein resisted boiling and formic acid digestion and was recognized by a polyclonal anti-Escherichia coli curli serum, suggesting its relationship with amyloid proteins. Immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy showed that antibodies bound long, thin fibers attached to the bacterial surface. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that these fibers are M. haemolytica OmpP2-like proteins. The purified protein formed filaments in vitro, and antiserum against it reacted positively with biofilms. An in silico analysis of its amino acid sequence indicated it has auto-aggregation properties and eight amyloid peptides. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies generated against this ALP diminished the adhesion of ATCC 31612 and BA1 M. haemolytica strains to A549 human epithelial cells, indicating its participation in cell adhesion. ALP expressed by M. haemolytica may be important in its pathogenicity and ability to form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Montes García
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Vaca
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Norma L Delgado
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alina Uribe-García
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Candelario Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, BUAP, Apdo. Postal 1622, 72560, Puebla, Mexico
| | - P Sánchez Alonso
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, BUAP, Apdo. Postal 1622, 72560, Puebla, Mexico
| | - J Xicohtencatl Cortes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - A Cruz Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - E Negrete Abascal
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Fragkoudis R, Dixon-Ballany CM, Zagrajek AK, Kedzierski L, Fazakerley JK. Following Acute Encephalitis, Semliki Forest Virus is Undetectable in the Brain by Infectivity Assays but Functional Virus RNA Capable of Generating Infectious Virus Persists for Life. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050273. [PMID: 29783708 PMCID: PMC5977266 DOI: 10.3390/v10050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted RNA viruses which generally cause acute disease including mild febrile illness, rash, arthralgia, myalgia and more severely, encephalitis. In the mouse, peripheral infection with Semliki Forest virus (SFV) results in encephalitis. With non-virulent strains, infectious virus is detectable in the brain, by standard infectivity assays, for around ten days. As we have shown previously, in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, infectious virus is detectable for months in the brain. Here we show that in MHC-II-/- mice, with no functional CD4 T-cells, infectious virus is also detectable in the brain for long periods. In contrast, in the brains of CD8-/- mice, virus RNA persists but infectious virus is not detectable. In SCID mice infected with SFV, repeated intraperitoneal administration of anti-SFV immune serum rapidly reduced the titer of infectious virus in the brain to undetectable, however virus RNA persisted. Repeated intraperitoneal passive transfer of immune serum resulted in maintenance of brain virus RNA, with no detectable infectious virus, for several weeks. When passive antibody transfer was stopped, antibody levels declined and infectious virus was again detectable in the brain. In aged immunocompetent mice, previously infected with SFV, immunosuppression of antibody responses many months after initial infection also resulted in renewed ability to detect infectious virus in the brain. In summary, antiviral antibodies control and determine whether infectious virus is detectable in the brain but immune responses cannot clear this infection from the brain. Functional virus RNA capable of generating infectious virus persists and if antibody levels decline, infectious virus is again detectable.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Immune Sera/isolation & purification
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, SCID
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Semliki forest virus/growth & development
- Semliki forest virus/immunology
- Semliki forest virus/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viral Plaque Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Rennos Fragkoudis
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
- The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Catherine M Dixon-Ballany
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Adrian K Zagrajek
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and the Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - John K Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and the Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
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McKinney DA, Strand MR, Brown MR. Evaluation of ecdysteroid antisera for a competitive enzyme immunoassay and extraction procedures for the measurement of mosquito ecdysteroids. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 253:60-69. [PMID: 28866256 PMCID: PMC5646215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysteroid hormones regulate several aspects of insect development and reproduction. The predominant ecdysteroids produced by insects including mosquitoes are ecdysone (E) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The ability to measure E and 20E titers is essential for many studies, but few sensitive, low cost options are currently available for doing so. To address this deficiency, we developed a new enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). In the first part of the study, we compared the affinity of two new antisera named EAB25 and EAB27 to other available ecdysteroid antisera. EAB25 had a 27-fold higher affinity for 20E than E, while EAB27 had a four-fold higher affinity for 20E. In the second part of the study, EIA protocols were developed for analyzing E and 20E produced by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Results indicated that pelts from fourth instar larvae and ovaries from blood-fed, adult females produced E and 20E. Methanol extraction in the presence of magnesium from whole body samples altered antibody recognition of E and 20E by EIA. However, extraction with 1-butanol and two organic/water phase separations eliminated this problem and improved assay performance. We conclude the new antisera used in the EIA provide a low-cost, flexible, and sensitive method for measuring E and 20E in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A McKinney
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Wu H, Wang C, Jiang C, Xie Y, Liu L, Song Y, Ma X, Wu Y. Localization and characterization of two putative TMH family proteins in Chlamydia psittaci. Microbiol Res 2015; 183:19-25. [PMID: 26805615 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci), an obligate intracellular agent of psittacosis, causes an atypical pneumonia in humans. The transmembrane head proteins (TMH) of C. psittaci, putatively belong to the Inc family and presumably play similar roles. CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 were the putative TMH proteins of C. psittaci. To identify these two proteins, antisera were raised with fusion proteins which were prokaryotic expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. By immunofluorescence assay, CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 were localized in the inclusion membrane of C. psittaci-infected cells. By RT-PCR and western blot analysis to detect the temporal expression, CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 were detected as early as 12h post-infection (p.i.) and 6h p.i., separately; meanwhile, in secretions monitored with immunofluorescence assay, these proteins were observed in the inclusion membrane at 18h p.i. and remained in the inclusion membrane throughout the growth cycle. CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 could specifically be recognized by the antiserum of C. psittaci but failed to react with the antiserums of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae, which is consistent with the fact that they had no significant orthologs in C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. These results revealed that CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846, the putative TMH family proteins, might be unique to C. psittaci and could be used to diagnose the infection caused by C. psittaci. Moreover, CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 could induce the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in THP-1 cells, which might contribute to chlamydia-induced inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chuanhao Jiang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Liangzhuan Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying Song
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Liang N, Zhang L, Zhao H, Liu Z, Luo H, Lin Y, Liu X. [Cloning and expression of the prokaryotic expression vectors of phytoplasma immunodominant membrane protein A and preparation of its antiserum]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 29:625-628. [PMID: 23746247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct the prokaryotic expression vector of phytoplasma immunodominant membrane protein A (IdpA) in prokaryotic cell, express and purify the IdpA and prepare its antiserum. METHODS With the recombinant plasmid pMD18-T-IdpA as templates, IdpA gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a(+) by endonuclease reaction and T4 DNA ligase reaction. Then the recombinant plasmid pET-28a(+)-IdpA was transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3). After confirmed by PCR and double enzyme digestion, the recombinant protein IdpA was expressed under IPTG induction and purified. The purified product was used to immunize BALB/c mice to prepare its antiserum. IdpA-specific mouse antiserum was identified by ELISA and Westerrn blotting. RESULTS The prokaryotic vectors of pET-28a(+)-IdpA were constructed successfully and the recombinant protein IdpA was induced to express stably in the E.coli BL21. The purity of IdpA was up to over 90%. In the BALB/c mice immunized by the purified IdpA, the titre of IdpA-specific antiserum was as high as 1:320 000. CONCLUSION The recombinant protein IdpA was expressed successfully in E.coli and the IdpA-specific antiserum was prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Bu S, Wang H, Sun T, Liu W, Wang L, He H. [Expression and antiserum preparation of recombinant human antithrombin-III]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 29:174-177. [PMID: 23388336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To express recombinant antithrombin-III (AT-III) in an E.coli expression system, prepare the antiserum of AT-III and determine its titer. METHODS Gene segment of AT-III was acquired by cloning technology. Then prokaryotic expression plasmid pET32a(+)-AT-III was constructed and transformed into E.coli competent cells BL21. The cells were induced by IPTG to express AT-III. After purified, the product was used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Then antiserum was detected using indirect ELISA and Western blotting. RESULTS Specific bands appeared at about M(r); 77 000, indicating prokaryotic expression protein detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. From the rabbits immunized by the purified fusion protein, we aquired AT-III antiserum, of which the highest titer was 1:12 800 as shown by indirect ELISA. Western blotting showed the antiserum had the ability of specific binding to AT-III protein expressed by 293T and CHO or purified AT-III protein. CONCLUSION Antiserum of human AT-III has been prepared successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Bu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Li XP, Liu HH, Pu Y, Zhang FC, Li YJ. [Prokaryotic expression of recombinant prochymosin gene and its antiserum preparation]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 28:715-721. [PMID: 22768861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To optimize the prochymosin (pCHY) gene codons and express the gene in Escherichia coli (E.coli), and to prepare its antiserum and detect chymosin protein specifically. METHODS According to codon usage bias of E.coli, prochymosin gene sequence was synthesized based on the conserved sequences of prochymosin gene from bovine, lamb and camel, and then cloned into the plasmid pET-30a and pcDNA3-AAT-COMP-C3d3 (pcD-ACC), respectively. pET-30a-pCHY was expressed, as the detected antigen, in E.coli BL21(DE3) after IPTG induction. RT-PCR was used to detect prochymosin mRNA expression in liver from the mice injected pcDNA3-AAT-COMP-pCHY-C3d3(pACCC) by hydrodynamics-based transfection method. To prepare the antiserum of prochymosin, pACCC and GST-pCHY proteins were used to immunize New Zealand rabbits in accordance with DNA prime-protein boost strategy. Antibody levels were tested by ELISA. RESULTS Western blotting showed the molecular weight of His-pCHY protein was about 55 000, similar to the expected molecular size. ELISA demonstrated that the titer level of prochymosin antiserum was high. CONCLUSION Based on the codon optimization, we have obtained high-titer prochymosin antiserum through DNA vaccine vector pcD-ACC combined with DNA prime-protein boost strategy, similar to that by protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-ping Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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Wei CB, Wei YY, Yang Y, Liu SL, Hu HY, He Y. Prokaryotic expression of CP gene of Fritillary virus Y infecting Thunberg fritillary and antiserum preparation. Zhong Yao Cai 2011; 34:1498-502. [PMID: 22372135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare antiserum against Fritillary virus Y (FVY) CP for detecting FVY and study serological relationships with other viruses. METHODS Specific primer was designed according to Genbank (accession: AM039800) to amplify CP gene of FVY infecting Thunberg fritillary. Sequence relationship with other potyviruses was made by Blast. The CP gene was inserted into pSBET and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) plys E strain. The object protein was purified by 12% SDS-PAGE firstly and subsequently 5% - 20% gradient SDS-PAGE. The antiserum against the CP was raised in mouse and its specificity was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The reactivity of the antiserum produced to FVY CP was tested by Western blot against the over-expressed coat proteins of 17 potyviruses. The ability to combine with nature FVY particles was confirmed by ELISA analysis. RESULTS It shared 81.2% nucleotide acids identities with TrVY (Tricyrtis virus Y, AY 864850) CP gene, 68.1% with SMV-P (Soybean mosaic virus Pinellia strain, AJ507388. 2) CP gene and 67.2% with ZYMV (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Luan isolate) CP gene. The prepared antiserum was special to FVY CP, also reacted moderately to the expressed CP of SMV-P (Soybean mosaic virus Pinellia strain) and weakly to that of ZYMV (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Luan isolate). CONCLUSION The antibody could combine to nature FVY particles and the antiserum is suitable for FVY detection by ELISA in large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Bao Wei
- Western Anhui University, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology, Liu'an 237012, China.
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Zhou XF, Lu RF, Chen Q, Chu YD, Wang XQ, Qian TM, Gu XX. [The preparation of rabbit antiserum against gekko japonicus Hoxc10 and it's property identification]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011; 27:1110-1113. [PMID: 21968313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM Prepare the rabbit antiserum against gecko japonicus Hoxc10 and to identify its properties. METHODS Prokaryotic expression vector of g-Hoxc10 were constructed and then transform into E.coli (BL21). To make GST-g-Hoxc10 fusion protein in E.coli (BL21) under the optimized induction of Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG). The recombination proteins were purified using affinity chromatography. The purified fusion protein was inoculated into adult rabbits to develop antiserum. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were then performed to evaluate the feature of the prepared antiserum. RESULTS Prokaryotic expression vectors of g-Hoxc10 were successfully constructed. The soluble recombinant protein was highly expressed in E.coli BL21 and inoculated into adult rabbits to obtain high titer antiserum. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were then performed to evaluate the specificity of the prepared antiserum. CONCLUSION We successfully amplified and expressed the g-Hoxc10 in E.coli BL21. The purified fusion protein was inoculated into adult rabbits to develop antiserum. The obtained antiserum of g-Hoxc10 showed a high titer against Hoxc10 proteins. The protein and antiserum prepared in this study can be used for further research of the function investigation of Hoxc10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Wei CB, Yao HJ, Yang Y, Liu CY. [Prokaryotic expression of LMoV CP gene and preparation of its antiserum]. Zhong Yao Cai 2011; 34:1182-1186. [PMID: 22233031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare antiserum against the CP of Lilg mottle virus (LMoV). METHODS Specific primer was designed according to Genbank to amplify CP gene of LMoV of Fritillaria thumbergii and its sequence was analyzed. Then the CP gene was inserted into pSBET and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) plys E strain. The objective protein was purified by 12% SDS-PAGE firstly and subsequently 5% - 20% gradient SDS-PAGE. The antiserum against the CP was raised in mouse and their specificity was determined by Western blot. The ability to combine with nature LMoV particles was confirmed by ELISA analysis. RESULTS LMoV CP gene shared 95% - 99% nucleotide identities and 98% - 100% amino acid identities with the CP genes reported on Genbank. The antiserum was special to LMoV CP and IgG against LMoV could combine LMoV particles. CONCLUSION The antiserum prepared in this study is suitable for LMoV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Bo Wei
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Enginnering College, Western Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, China.
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Shi Q, Hou XQ, Guo JX, Zhu H, Ma ZH. [Prokaryotic expression, purification of human papillomavirus type 16 E1 protein and preparation of it's antiserum]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011; 27:644-646. [PMID: 21651866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To express and purify the human papillomavirus type 16 E1 protein in E.coli and prepare the antibody against HPV-16 E1. METHODS HPV-16 E1 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pMAL-p2x, and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coil BL-21. We optimize the soluble expression condition of fusion protein by induction with different IPTG concentration and different temperature. The expressed fusion protein was purified by mahose affinity column Chromatography. To prepare the anti-serum, New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with purified HPV-16 E1 protein via hypodermic and volar. Western blot and ELISA analyzed the serum's specificity against HPV-16 E1 and serum titers. RESULTS Restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing showed HPV-16 E1 was cloned into the plasmid pMAL-p2x. Based on the optimization experiments, it concluded that the best soluble expression conditions for the HPV-16 E1 fusion protein involved addition of IPTG to a final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L and then further incubation at 28°C. The purity of the HPV-16 E1 fusion protein was over 95.7% after purification. ELISA and Western blotting showed the titers of the anti-serum were above 1:640 000, and the anti-serum can specifically bind with HPV-16 E1 protein. CONCLUSION We have ingathered the HPV-16 E1 fusion protein by expressing in E.coli and purifying, and the antibody against HPV-16 E1 was prepared with the fusion protein immunizing New Zealand white rabbits. This work will provide an antigen and detection antibody for further study on the HPV-16 E1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumchi 830046, China
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Feng YF, Liu QW, Ku ZQ, Wen JJ, Shan H, Huang Z. [Expression of VP0 protein of enterovirus 71 in Escherichia coli and generation of the corresponding polyclonal antibodies in guinea pigs]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011; 27:535-538. [PMID: 21557912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To obtain recombinant VP0 protein of enterovirus 71, and generate the corresponding VP0-specific polyclonal antibodies, for molecular detection and characterization of EV71. METHODS The VP0 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into vector pET26b to make pET-VP0 for the prokaryotic expression of VP0. The recombinant VP0 protein was expressed in E.coli BL21 harboring pET-VP0, purified from inclusion bodies, renatured, and subsequently used to immunize guinea pigs. The resultant antisera were evaluated for anti-VP0 titer, binding capacity and specificity by ELISA, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot assays. RESULTS Recombinant protein VP0 was efficiently produced in E.coli. Immunization of guinea pigs with recombinant VP0 elicited high-titer (1:10(6)) VP0-specific antibodies. Western blot analysis showed the resultant anti-VP0 sera reacted with E.coli-expressed VP0 as well as EV71 propagated in Vero cells. Moreover, the antisera positively recognized EV71 infected cells by immunofluorescence staining. CONCLUSION The recombinant VP0 and the corresponding polyclonal antibodies can be used to identify and characterize EV71, and therefore represent useful agents and tools for the development of new diagnostic methods and vaccines for EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-fang Feng
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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14
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Liu C, Gao Y, Ning C, Wu K, Oppert B, Guo Y. Antisera-mediated in vivo reduction of Cry1Ac toxicity in Helicoverpa armigera. J Insect Physiol 2010; 56:718-724. [PMID: 20035762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A functional assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin receptors in the midgut of lepidopteran insects will facilitate understanding of the toxin mode of action and provide effective strategies to counter the development of resistance. In this study, we produced anti-aminopeptidase (APN) and anti-cadherin sera with purified Cry1Ac toxin-binding APN or cadherin fragments from Heliocoverpa armigera. Antisera were evaluated for their effects on Cry1Ac toxicity through bioassays. Our results indicated that both the anti-APN and anti-cadherin sera reduced Cry1Ac toxicity in vivo, although cadherin antiserum reduced toxicity more than APN antiserum. These results suggest that both APN and cadherin are involved in Cry1Ac intoxication of H. armigera, evidence that the pore formation model may be representative of Cry1Ac toxin mode of action in this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
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15
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Hansen HE, Rubin B. Concentration of human anti HL-A antisera. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 80:154-6. [PMID: 4502351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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17
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Abstract
The protocols described in this unit can be used for generating and testing anti-peptide antisera, assuming that a scientist has already selected and conjugated peptides for experimental vaccines. Described are immunization and bleeding of experimental animals, a simple ELISA for antiserum screening, and affinity purification of the serum, including preparation of columns.
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18
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Li WS, Zhu SL, Wang PF, Zhang LF, Min TS, Huang WD. [Preparation and identification of immune serum against recombinant fusion protein of rhoptry 2 and major surface protein 1 from Toxoplasma gondii]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2007; 25:397-400. [PMID: 18441993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare and identify immune serum against the recombinant fusion protein of rhoptry 2 (ROP2) and major surface protein 1(P30) from Toxoplasma gondii. METHODS The constructed recombinant plasmid of pET28b/ROP2-P30 was transformed to a bacterium BL21-Codon Plus (DE3)-RIL strain and was expressed under IPTG induction. Cells were lysed by multiple rounds of sonication to obtain supernatant and inclusion body respectively. The inclusion body was washed with 2 mol/L and 4 mol/L urea to remove the nonspecific protein. The washed products dissolved in 8 mol/L urea were received by SDS-PAGE. Two rabbits were immunized with the fusion protein rROP2-P30 and sera from the rabbits were collected. Immune diffusion test, indirect ELISA and Western-blot were used to detect antibody titer and specificity of the immune serum against rROP2-P30. RESULTS Immune diffusion test demonstrated that specific immune serum were obtained. Indirect ELISA confirmed that the antibody titer in the serum reached 1:12 800 and the rROP2-P30 was recognized by specific IgG in this serum by Western-blot analysis. CONCLUSION Specific immune serum against the recombinant fusion protein rROP2-P30 has been prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-shu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325032, China
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19
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Reininger R, Varga EM, Zach M, Balic N, Lindemeier AD, Swoboda I, Grönlund H, van Hage M, Rumpold H, Valenta R, Spitzauer S. Detection of an allergen in dog dander that cross-reacts with the major cat allergen, Fel d 1. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:116-24. [PMID: 17210049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable proportion of animal-allergic patients are sensitized to both cat and dog allergens but knowledge about cross-reactive allergens in cat and dog dander is limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether dog dander contains an allergen that cross-reacts with the major cat allergen, Fel d 1. METHODS Recombinant Fel d 1 with the same immunological properties as natural Fel d 1 was used for quantitative (CAP) IgE competition experiments performed with sera obtained from cat-allergic patients (n=36). A Fel d 1 cross-reactive dog allergen was characterized by one- and two-dimensional immunoblotting using rFel d 1 for IgE inhibition experiments and with monospecific, polyclonal rabbit anti-recombinant Fel d 1 antibodies. RESULTS In 25% of Fel d 1-reactive cat-allergic patients, more than 50% inhibition of IgE reactivity to dog allergens was achieved with recombinant Fel d 1. An Fel d 1 cross-reactive 20 kDa allergen with a pI of approximately 3.4 was detected in dander extracts of several different dog breeds. CONCLUSION This is the first report demonstrating the presence of an Fel d 1-like allergen in dog dander extracts, which may be responsible for double positivity to cat and dog in serology. However, the clinical relevance of this cross-sensitization needs to be confirmed. These results are important for the diagnostic and therapeutic use of dog dander allergen extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reininger
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Dodson SE, Heilman CJ, Kahn RA, Levey AI. Production of antisera using fusion proteins. Curr Protoc Neurosci 2007; Chapter 5:Unit 5.7. [PMID: 18428660 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0507s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This unit details the use of bacterially produced fusion proteins for the production of antisera, allowing for the large-scale generation of affinity-purified antibodies to specific, targeted epitopes. The use of pET vectors containing a polyhistidine (His) or glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tag to construct bacterial expression plasmids are provided as prototypical examples of fusion protein methodology. The basic protocols provided in this unit describe: (1) transformation of E. coli for high-yield production of soluble fusion protein, (2) purification of soluble fusion proteins for use in immunization using chelated nickel or glutathione affinity chromatography (for His- and GST-tagged fusion proteins, respectively), (3) immunization of rabbits with purified fusion protein and collection of antisera, and (4) characterization of antisera for antibody specificity using immunoblotting techniques. Support protocols describe the purification of His-tagged insoluble fusion proteins for animal immunization and the construction and use of affinity columns for purifying antibodies using soluble fusion proteins.
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21
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Khripach VA, Sviridov OV, Priadko AG, Litvinovskaia RP, Drach SV, Matveentsev VD, Novik TV, Mikhaĭlopulo KI, Zhabinskiĭ VN, Zavadskaia MI, Aver'kova MA, Drachenova OA, Chashchina NM. Enzyme immunoassay of (24R)-brassinosteroids. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2007; 33:371-8. [PMID: 17682395 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162007030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are a new group of phytohormones that are widely distributed in plants and play an important role in the processes of plant growth and development. Physiological concentrations of brassinosteroids in plants are extremely low, and their analysis in organs and tissues is very difficult. This study is devoted to the chemical aspects of elaboration and to bioanalytical parameters of an immunoenzymatic system for quantitative determination of the phytohormones 24-epicastasterone and 24-epibrassinolide.
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22
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Abstract
Seladin-1 (KIAA0018) gene is the seventh most highlyexpressed gene in the adult adrenal gland, along with genes coding for steroidogenic enzymes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the localization of the Seladin-1 protein in control and ACTH-treated rat adrenal glands and to verify whether Seladin-1 is involved in secretion. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that Seladin-1 was localized principally in the zona fasciculata, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Expression of Seladin-1 was increased by ACTH treatment, in vivo and in culture conditions. Subcellular fractionation offasciculata cells showed that Seladin-1 was mainly present in the nucleus, membrane, and cytoskeleton fractions and, to a lesser extent, in the cytosol. ACTH treatment decreased Seladin-1 expression in the cytosol, with a concomitant increase in the nuclear fraction. In the glomerulosa and fasciculata cells in culture, ACTH induced a relocalization of Seladin-1 into specific nuclear regions. This ACTH-induced relocalization was abrogated by the pre-treatment of cells with 75 nM U18666A (an inhibitor of Seladin-1). In addition, fasciculata cells exhibited an increase in the basal level of steroid secretion when cultured in the presence of U18666A (25 and 75 nM), although ACTH-induced secretion was decreased. In summary, the present study demonstrates that the protein expression of Seladin-1 is more abundant in fasciculata cells than in glomerulosa cells and that the ACTH treatment increases both expression and nuclear localization of the protein. Results also suggest that depending on its cellular localization, the Delta24-reductase activity of Seladin-1 may play a major role in steroid secretion in the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Battista
- Service of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
The transcription factor Brn-1, which belongs to POU-domain family, has been shown to play critical roles in the development of the nervous system. A cDNA clone coding for a quail Brn-1 homologue, qBrn-1, was isolated. To investigate whether this gene plays a role in the development of the quail nervous system, an anti-N-terminal peptide antibody was prepared. The coding region for amino acids 1-79 (the N-terminal domain of qBrn-1) was subcloned into Trx fusion expression vector pET32c and introduced into the Escherichia coli Origami(DE3) cells for efficient expression. After purification, Trx-fused polypeptides, called Trx-qBrn-1N, were used to immunize the rabbits to prepare polyclonal antibodies against qBrn-1. The produced and purified antiserum showed specificity not only to the in vitro expressed qBrn-1, but also to the natural qBrn-1 in tissues. Immunolabeling on sections by the anti-qBrn-1 serum showed that qBrn-1 was specifically expressed in the developing spinal cord and kidney. This suggests that qBrn-1 may play some roles in the development of avian nervous system and kidney, and the preparation of anti-qBrn-1 polyclonal antibody will facilitate further detection of, and functional study on, qBrn-1 both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
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24
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Chow G, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Expression and cellular localization of human hyaluronidase-2 in articular chondrocytes and cultured cell lines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:849-58. [PMID: 16600643 PMCID: PMC3038780 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is debate whether hyaluronan (HA) can be enzymatically degraded within the extracellular matrix of cartilage and other tissues or whether its catabolism occurs strictly within the lysosomal compartment of chondrocytes and other cell types. Previous studies have suggested that one of the lysosomal hyaluronidases (hyaluronidase-2) can be expressed as a functionally-active glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked protein at the surface of mammalian cells. If this form of hyaluronidase expression occurs in chondrocytes, this could represent a possible mechanism for extracellular HA cleavage. Thus, which hyaluronidases are expressed and where was the objective of this study. METHODS mRNA for hyaluronidases was quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzymatic activity by HA zymograms. Recombinant forms of hyaluronidase-2 were generated and expressed in model cell lines. A peptide-specific polyclonal antiserum was prepared to localize endogenous human hyaluronidase-2 in human articular chondrocytes. RESULTS Hyaluronidase-2 is the principal mRNA transcript expressed by primary human articular chondrocytes as well as various model cell lines. Recombinant hyaluronidase-2, containing N-terminal or C-terminal epitope tags, was strictly localized intracellularly and not released by treatment with a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase. Endogenous hyaluronidase-2 expressed by human chondrocytes as well as HeLa cells could only be detected following detergent permeabilization of the plasma membranes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that on chondrocytes and other cell types examined, hyaluronidase-2 is not present or functional at the external plasma membrane. Thus, local turnover of HA is dependent on receptor-mediated endocytosis and delivery to low pH intracellular organelles for its complete degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Knudson
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Warren Knudson, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Tel: 1-312-942-7837; Fax: 1-312-942-3053;
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Nikolaou S, Hartman D, Nisbet AJ, Gasser RB. Haemonchus contortus: prokaryotic expression and enzyme activity of recombinant HcSTK, a serine/threonine protein kinase. Exp Parasitol 2006; 113:207-14. [PMID: 16500645 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the PAR-1/MARK serine/threonine protein kinase (STK) subfamily are important regulators of the cytoskeleton, and their characterization can provide insights into a number of critical processes relating to the development and survival of an organism. We previously investigated the mRNA expression for and organization of a gene (hcstk) representing HcSTK, an STK from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. In the present study, a recombinant form of HcSTK was expressed and characterized. Affinity-purified anti-HcSTK antibodies reacted with native HcSTK in protein homogenates extracted from third-stage larvae (L3) of H. contortus and were also used to immunolocalize the protein around the nuclei of ovarian and intestinal tissues of adult H. contortus. The enzyme activity of the recombinant HcSTK protein was also demonstrated. The findings show that recombinant HcSTK is a functional protein kinase, with activity directed to KXGS motifs, consistent with other members of the PAR-1/MARK STK subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sia Nikolaou
- Primary Industries Research Victoria (Animal Genetics and Genomics), 475 Mickleham Road, Attwood, Vic. 3049, Australia
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26
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Chand HS, Chaudhary R, Muralidhar K. A Reference Preparation of Buffalo Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone using Lectin Affinity Chromatography. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2005; 35:331-45. [PMID: 16239197 DOI: 10.1080/10826060500218198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An improved and cost effective method to isolate FSH from buffalo pituitary glands is described here. The buFSH activity was monitored throughout by a highly sensitive heterologous radioimmunoassay (sensitivity 0.2 ng oFSH/mL) and the in vivo biological activity of the final preparation was also established. A biologically active buFSH-enriched preparation with a moderate recovery (42%) was obtained. The yield of the final buFSH-enriched preparation was 26.5 mg/kg of buffalo pituitary gland. In SDS-PAGE, the purified buFSH resolved as a heterodimer of 30 kDa molecular size, with a 21 kDa presumptive alpha-subunit. This preparation was also characterized in terms of biological and some of its physicochemical properties. A high-titer antiserum to buFSH was also raised in rabbit using this preparation. The reagents generated, buFSH and buFSH-specific polyclonal antisera, have possible diagnostic and therapeutic usage for improvement of reproductive health of water buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S Chand
- Hormone Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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27
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Wang YR, Wei JG, Sun O, Ma KJ, Zhang XY, Znang YX, Han H. [Preparation of polyclonal antiserum against beta subunit of rabbit BK channel]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2005; 21:375-8. [PMID: 15862162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To prepare polyclonal antiserum against beta subunit of rabbit BK channel in mice. METHODS Gene encoding the intracellular fragment of rabbit BK channel's beta subunit was amplified by RT-PCR. The GST-beta fusion protein was expressed in E. coli. The fusion protein from PAGE gel was used to immunize BALB/c mice and prepare polyclonal antiserum. The specificity of antiserum was identified by ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS A unique band about 300 bp was amplified by RT-PCR and was verified to be BK channel beta subunit by DNA sequencing. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the M(r) of the fusion protein was about 37,000. The purity of GST-beta fusion protein was over 95%. The polyclonal antiserum against GST-beta fusion protein could recognize both GST-beta fusion protein and beta protein in rabbit tissues. The highest titer of the antiserum was about 1:128,000, as shown by Western blot and ELISA, respectively. CONCLUSION The gene encoding the intracellular fragment of rabbit BK channel's beta subunit has been cloned. The polyclonal antiserum against beta subunit of rabbit BK channel with high titer and specificity has been prepared successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-rong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Xi'an 710038, China.
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Abstract
The use of synthetic peptides to generate rabbit polyclonal anticatabolic neoepitope antibodies that can be used to study the presence of defined proteolytic cleavage sites in aggrecan is described. Principles of peptide design and methods for preparation and characterization of ovalbumin conjugates are presented along with approaches for the characterization and affinity purification of the resulting antisera. Limitations associated with the use of antipeptide antibodies to study authentic protein neoepitopes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mort
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Departments of Surgery and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Verhoelst CHJ, Darras VM, Roelens SA, Artykbaeva GM, Van der Geyten S. Type II iodothyronine deiodinase protein in chicken choroid plexus: additional perspectives on T3 supply in the avian brain. J Endocrinol 2004; 183:235-41. [PMID: 15525590 DOI: 10.1677/joe.1.05743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that type II iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is mostly present in the brain, where it maintains the homeostasis of thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Although intensive studies have been performed on activity and mRNA levels of the deiodinases, very little is known about their expression at the protein level due to the lack of specific antisera. The current study reports the production of a specific D2 polyclonal antiserum and its use in the comparison of D2 protein distribution with that of type I (D1) and type III (D3) deiodinase protein in the choroid plexus at the blood-brain barrier level. Immunocytochemistry showed very high D2 protein expression in the choroid plexus, especially in the epithelial cells, whereas the D1 and D3 proteins were absent. Furthermore, dexamethasone treatment led to an up-regulation of the D2 protein in the choroid plexus. The expression of D2 protein in the choroid plexus led to a novel insight into the working mechanism of the uptake and transport of thyroid hormones along the blood-brain barrier in birds. It is hypothesized that D2 allows the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to be converted into the active 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). Within the choroidal epithelial cells. T3 is subsequently bound to its carrier protein, transthyretin (TTR), to allow transport through the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons can thus not only be provided with a sufficient T3 level via the aid of the astrocytes, as was hypothesized previously based on in situ hybridization data, but also by means of T4 deiodination by D2, directly at the blood-brain barrier level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H J Verhoelst
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Shu XH, Li CG, Zhang HT, Chen JX, Tian YX, Yu LH, Cui XY. [Preparation and purification of the antibody against ribonuclease inhibitor]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2004; 20:572-4. [PMID: 15367350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To prepare and purify the antibody against ribonuclease inhibitor(RI). METHODS RI was extracted from human placenta and purified by affinity chromatography. Rabbits anti-RI antibody was obtained after immunization and then purified through rProtein A Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography column. The characters of the antibody was identified by SDS-PAGE, ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS An anti-RI antibody was obtained and purified. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purified anti-RI antibody has high purity. The results of Western blot and ELISA indicated that anti-RI antibody had high specificity and good stability. CONCLUSION The anti-RI antibody with high titer, high specificity and good stability has been acquired, which lays the foundation for further research on RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hong Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Xu XN, Li ZJ, Li YP. [Anti-endotoxin core glycolipid antibody: the preparation of immune serum of E. Coli J5]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2004; 16:358-60. [PMID: 15182450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare high titer anti-endotoxin core glycolipid (J5) antibody (CGL) for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock. METHODS Nontoxic bacterial vaccine (50 x 10(12)U/L) against E.Coli O111:B4 mutant strain J5 was prepared. J5 bacterial vaccine was injected into rabbits through ear marginal vein (saline as control preparation), one time pre three days, totally five times. Injected doses were as following: 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml, 0.6 ml, and 0.8 ml. One week after fifth injection, blood samples from heart were collected and immune serum was isolated. Indirect clotting test was used to determine the titer of antibody and cross reaction. RESULTS Among 12 immunized rabbits, titers of antibody against E. Coli J5 were exceeding 1:1 024 in 6 rabbits, and they had cross reaction with various kinds of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins. CONCLUSION The titer of anti-endotoxin core glycolipid (E.Coli J5) antibody prepared by us appears to be high, and it can combine with various kinds of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Nu Xu
- Key Lab for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
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Gutierrez-Ford C, Levay K, Gomes AV, Perera EM, Som T, Kim YM, Benovic JL, Berkovitz GD, Slepak VZ. Characterization of tescalcin, a novel EF-hand protein with a single Ca2+-binding site: metal-binding properties, localization in tissues and cells, and effect on calcineurin. Biochemistry 2004; 42:14553-65. [PMID: 14661968 DOI: 10.1021/bi034870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tescalcin gene is preferentially expressed during mouse testis differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that this gene encodes a 24 kDa Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-binding protein with one consensus EF-hand and three additional domains with EF-hand homology. Equilibrium dialysis with (45)Ca(2+) revealed that recombinant tescalcin binds approximately one Ca(2+) ion at physiological concentrations (pCa 4.5). The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of tescalcin was significantly reduced by Ca(2+), indicative of a conformational change. The apparent K(d) for Ca(2+) was 0.8 microM. A point mutation in the consensus EF-hand (D123A) abolished (45)Ca(2+) binding and prevented the fluorescence quenching, demonstrating that the consensus EF-hand alone mediates the Ca(2+)-induced conformational change. Tescalcin also binds Mg(2+) (K(d) 73 microM), resulting in a much smaller fluorescence decrease. In the presence of 1 mM Mg(2+), tescalcin's Ca(2+) affinity is shifted to 3.5 microM. These results illustrate that tescalcin should bind Mg(2+) constitutively in a quiescent cell, replacing it with Ca(2+) during stimulation. We also show that tescalcin is most abundant in adult mouse heart, brain, and stomach, as well as in HeLa and HL-60 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that tescalcin is present in the cytoplasm and nucleus, with concentration in membrane ruffles and lamellipodia in the presence of serum, where it colocalizes with the small guanosine triphosphatase Rac-1. Tescalcin shares sequence and functional homology with calcineurin-B homologous protein (CHP), and we found that tescalcin, like CHP, can inhibit the phosphatase activity of calcineurin A. Hence, tescalcin is a novel calcineurin B-like protein that binds a single Ca(2+) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gutierrez-Ford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Gullick
- Molecular Oncology Group, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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Szafranska B, Panasiewicz G, Majewska M, Beckers JF. Chorionic expression of heterogeneous products of the PAG (Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein) gene family secreted in vitro throughout embryonic and foetal development in the pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 43:497-516. [PMID: 15141435 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2004004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Porcine PAG (pPAG) are placental products of a multigene family that is strongly expressed in the chorionic epithelium (trophoblast and trophectoderm). The objective of this study was to define a pattern of the pPAG proteins, secreted in vitro by chorionic explants harvested on 16-77 days of pregnancy. Trophoblastic and trophectodermal explants were collected from pregnant (PR) gilts (n = 27) and used for protein in vitro production (8-261 h). Endometrial explants of luteal-phase gilts (E10, n = 4) and pseudopregnant gilts (PsE, n = 2) were used as negative controls for protein immunoblotting. Proteins (PR, E10, PsE) were isolated mainly from incubation media, fractionated, dialysed and separated by SDS-PAGE. Heterogeneous Western blotting with various polyclonal anti-PAG sera raised against bovine or ovine antigens (anti-bPAG, or anti-oPAG) initially identified the pPAG proteins. Such blotting of fractionated chorionic proteins allowed for the isolation of porcine antigens that were employed as immunogens to raise several homologous antisera (anti-pPAG). Crude antisera were adsorbed on endometrial extracts or proteins of non-PR pigs, to remove non-relevant antibodies. The patterns of pPAG proteins secreted in vitro varied throughout pregnancy (35-72 kDa). During implantation, approximately 43 kDa (Day 16) or approximately 68.1 kDa (Days 17-25) pPAG proteins were detected. During placentation and as pregnancy advanced (Days 31-77), approximately 72.3 kDa pPAG proteins were observed. The secretions of parallel multiple smaller proteins (35.4-47.2 kDa), presumably, as forms of processed pPAG precursors, increased with the progress of gestation. In conclusion, the pPAG protein family plays a very important role during implantation, placenta formation and embryonic/foetal development in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Szafranska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Oczapowskiego Str 1A/222, Poland.
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Zhan B, Liu Y, Badamchian M, Williamson A, Feng J, Loukas A, Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ. Molecular characterisation of the Ancylostoma-secreted protein family from the adult stage of Ancylostoma caninum. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:897-907. [PMID: 12906874 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Ancylostoma-secreted proteins are a family of nematode-specific cysteine-rich secreted proteins belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein superfamily. Previously we reported that third stage infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum produce two different Ancylostoma-secreted proteins, a single and double-domain Ancylostoma-secreted protein, designated as Ancylostoma-secreted protein-1 and Ancylostoma-secreted protein-2, respectively. Here we report that adult A. caninum hookworms produce and release four additional Ancylostoma-secreted proteins (Ancylostoma-secreted protein-3-6). Using antiserum against adult excretory/secretory products, Ancylostoma-secreted protein cDNAs were isolated from cDNA expression libraries. Immunolocalisation experiments using specific antisera indicated that the single-domain Ac-Ancylostoma-secreted protein-3 is located in the adult pharyngeal and oesophageal glands. Ac-Ancylostoma-secreted protein-4, Ancylostoma-secreted protein-5 and Ancylostoma-secreted protein-6 are composed of two pathogenesis-related protein domains linked in tandem as a heterodimorphic repeat. Ac-Ancylostoma-secreted protein-4 is localised to the cuticular surface of the adult hookworm, whereas Ac-Ancylostoma-secreted protein-5 was found in the intestinal brush border membrane, and Ancylostoma-secreted protein-6 in the cephalic and excretory glands. All of the adult Ancylostoma-secreted proteins were identified in excretory/secretory products of adult hookworms by Western blotting and are presumably released by the parasite. None of the adult Ancylostoma-secreted proteins were detected by immunoblotting in L3 extracts, although mRNAs of Ac-Ancylostoma-secreted protein-3 and Ac-Ancylostoma-secreted protein-4 were present in the larval stage. The functions of the adult Ancylostoma-secreted proteins are unknown, although the secretion of multiple family members by the adult suggests an important role in the establishment or maintenance of the parasitic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Ross Hall, Room 736, 2300 Eye Street NW, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Hoane JS, Carruthers VB, Striepen B, Morrison DP, Entzeroth R, Howe DK. Analysis of the Sarcocystis neurona microneme protein SnMIC10: protein characteristics and expression during intracellular development. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:671-9. [PMID: 12814647 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystis neurona, an apicomplexan parasite, is the primary causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Like other members of the Apicomplexa, S. neurona zoites possess secretory organelles that contain proteins necessary for host cell invasion and intracellular survival. From a collection of S. neurona expressed sequence tags, we identified a sequence encoding a putative microneme protein based on similarity to Toxoplasma gondii MIC10 (TgMIC10). Pairwise sequence alignments of SnMIC10 to TgMIC10 and NcMIC10 from Neospora caninum revealed approximately 33% identity to both orthologues. The open reading frame of the S. neurona gene encodes a 255 amino acid protein with a predicted 39-residue signal peptide. Like TgMIC10 and NcMIC10, SnMIC10 is predicted to be hydrophilic, highly alpha-helical in structure, and devoid of identifiable adhesive domains. Antibodies raised against recombinant SnMIC10 recognised a protein band with an apparent molecular weight of 24 kDa in Western blots of S. neurona merozoites, consistent with the size predicted for SnMIC10. In vitro secretion assays demonstrated that this protein is secreted by extracellular merozoites in a temperature-dependent manner. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of SnMIC10 showed a polar labelling pattern, which is consistent with the apical position of the micronemes, and immunoelectron microscopy provided definitive localisation of the protein to these secretory organelles. Further analysis of SnMIC10 in intracellular parasites revealed that expression of this protein is temporally regulated during endopolygeny, supporting the view that micronemes are only needed during host cell invasion. Collectively, the data indicate that SnMIC10 is a microneme protein that is part of the excreted/secreted antigen fraction of S. neurona. Identification and characterisation of additional S. neurona microneme antigens and comparisons to orthologues in other Apicomplexa could provide further insight into the functions that these proteins serve during invasion of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Hoane
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 108 Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
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Mastichiadis C, Christofidis I, Koupparis MA, Willetts C, Kakabakos SE. Solid-phase fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of mesotrione--a novel triketone herbicide--in water with direct measurement of the fluorescence onto the solid support. Analyst 2003; 128:404-10. [PMID: 12741648 DOI: 10.1039/b210419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward, low-cost fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) for the determination of the new triketone herbicide mesotrione has been developed and optimized. The protein-mesotrione conjugate, immobilized on white opaque microtitration wells competes with the mesotrione in the sample or standard for the limited binding sites of a liquid phase anti-mesotrione antibody. The assay is based on the measurement of fluorescence intensity directly onto the solid support, using a fluorescein labeled second antibody and a fluorescence plate reader. To stabilize and enhance the fluorescence signal a glycerine-based treatment of the microtitration wells was included in the protocol. The detection limit of the assay is 40 ng 1(-1) (4 pg per well), the working range extends up to 9 microg l(-1), whereas the within and between run CVs are 0.7-4.2% and 2.1-5.5%, respectively. To evaluate the assay specificity, the cross-reactivities of two mesotrione metabolites: 4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid and 2-amino-4-methylsulfonyl-benzoic acid and several other compounds similar in structure to mesotrione such as: fomesafen, prosulfocarb, fluazinam, sulcotrione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 2-acetyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione were assessed. Most of the substances tested presented very low ( < 0.05%) cross-reactivity values with the exception of sulcotrione that cross-reacted 23% in the mesotrione assay. The assay was used for the determination of mesotrione in bottled natural waters fortified with the analyte and in a commercial herbicide formulation, namely CALLISTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Mastichiadis
- Institute of Radioisotopes and Radiodiagnostic Products, Immunoassay Laboratory, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
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Joshi SA, Shaikh S, Ranpura S, Khole VV. Postnatal development and testosterone dependence of a rat epididymal protein identified by neonatal tolerization. Reproduction 2003; 125:495-507. [PMID: 12683920 DOI: 10.1530/rep.0.1250495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A rat epididymal protein of 27 kDa was identified using neonatal tolerization. This study reports the production and characterization of a polyclonal antiserum to this protein. ELISA was used to demonstrate that this antiserum reacts strongly with epididymal sperm proteins, but has little or no reactivity with testicular proteins. Western blot analysis revealed that this polyclonal antiserum recognized a 27 kDa protein extracted from the corpus epididymidis as well as from spermatozoa from the corpus and cauda epididymides, and immunostaining revealed the presence of the protein in the corpus to cauda epididymides. Stronger reactivity was observed in the supranuclear region and stereocilla of principal cells of the corpus epididymidis and in the luminal content of the corpus and cauda epididymides. The testicular section showed no reactivity. Treatment with the antiserum resulted in time- and dose-dependent agglutination of rat spermatozoa. By indirect immunofluorescence, the antiserum localized proteins in the mid-piece region of rat spermatozoa. Studies were carried out to determine the age at which the protein first became apparent during postnatal development. The protein was expressed from day 40 onwards, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. The androgen regulation of this protein was ascertained by castration and supplementation studies. Expression of this protein showed a decline starting at day 14 after castration and by day 21 the protein was absent; however, androgen replacement resulted in the reappearance of the protein. The results of these studies indicate that the protein identified is specific to the epididymis, and is regulated by development and androgens. The importance of epididymis-specific proteins that are regulated by androgens in sperm maturation is discussed, and the need to ascertain the sequence of the protein and clone the cognate gene is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Joshi
- Hybridoma Division, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
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Abstract
Metastatic mammary tumors in rats were treated by laser immunotherapy. Tumors injected by a laserabsorbing dye and an immunoadjuvant were irradiated non-invasively by a near-infrared laser. The successfully cured rats developed a long-term resistance to repeated tumor challenges. Using the sera from cured rats as the source of primary antibodies, immune responses induced by laser immunotherapy were observed in both cellular and molecular levels using histochemical assays and Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei R Chen
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Engineering, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
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Fishbein WN, Merezhinskaya N, Foellmer JW. Relative distribution of three major lactate transporters in frozen human tissues and their localization in unfixed skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26:101-12. [PMID: 12115955 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the near-C-terminal peptides of human monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) 1, 2, and 4 coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Each antiserum reacted only with its specific peptide antigen and gave a distinct molecular weight band (blocked by preincubation with antigen) after chemiluminescence reaction on Western blots from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of tissue membrane proteins. Densitometry showed distinctive expression patterns for each MCT in a panel of 15 frozen human tissues, with the distribution of MCT1 >>MCT2>MCT4. Fluorescence microscopy of unfixed skeletal muscle using fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibody was correlated with reverse adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) stained sequential sections to identify fiber-type localization. MCT1 expression was high in the sarcolemma of type 1 fibers, modest to low in type 2a fibers, and almost absent in type 2b fibers. In contrast, MCT4 expression was low to absent in the membrane of most type 1 fibers, but high in most 2a and in all 2b fibers, favoring the view that their high lactate levels during work may be channeled in part to neighboring type 1 (and perhaps 2a) fibers for oxidation, thereby delaying fatigue. MCT2 expression was limited to the sarcolemma of a type 1 fiber subset, which varied from <5 to 40%, depending on the specific muscle under study. Quantitative chemiluminescent densitometry of 10 muscle biopsies for their MCT2 and MCT4 content, each normalized to MCT1, confirmed the unique variation of MCT2 expression with biopsy site. The application of these antibodies should add to the understanding of motor unit physiology, and may contribute to the muscle-biopsy assessment of low-level denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Fishbein
- Biochemical Pathology Division, Environmental and Toxicologic Pathology Department, Room M093C, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Alaska Avenue and 14th Street NW, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Tuomola M, Cooper KM, Lahdenperä S, Baxter GA, Elliott CT, Kennedy DG, Lövgren T. A specificity-enhanced time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for zeranol employing the dry reagent all-in-one-well principle. Analyst 2002; 127:83-6. [PMID: 11827402 DOI: 10.1039/b108671p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple dry chemistry time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TR-FIA) method was developed for the measurement of zeranol in bovine urine samples. The samples were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and a specificity-enhanced zeranol antibody was employed in the immunoassay. This resulted in a highly selective method, which had only negligible reactivity with Fusarium spp. toxins. The all-in-one-well dry chemistry concept made the assay very simple to use because all the assay-specific reagents were already present in the reaction wells in dry form. Only the addition of diluted sample extract was required to perform the competitive one-step TR-FIA and the results were available in less than 1 h. The analytical limit of detection (mean + 3s) for the immunoassay was 0.16 ng ml(-1) (n = 12) and the functional limit of detection for the whole method, estimated by the analysis of zeranol-free samples, was 1.3 ng ml(-1) (n = 20). The recovery of zeranol at the level of 2 ng ml(-1) was 99% (n = 18) and the within-assay variation ranged between 4.5 and 9.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Tuomola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland.
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Ohkuma H, Abe K, Ito M, Kokado A, Kambegawa A, Maeda M. Development of a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bisphenol A in serum. Analyst 2002; 127:93-7. [PMID: 11827404 DOI: 10.1039/b103515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol, bisphenol A (BPA), was derivatized to BPA-carboxymethylether (BPA-CME), BPA-carboxypropylether (BPA-CPE) and BPA-carboxybutylether (BPA-CBE), and then linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The BPA-BSA conjugates were injected into female New Zealand White rabbits, which then generated six kinds of polyclonal antibodies. In addition, BPA and bisphenol B (BPB)-enzyme conjugates were derivatized to BPA-CME, BPA-CPE, BPA-CBE, BPA-carboxyphenylether (CPhE) and BPB-CPE, and then linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and the specificity of the antibodies was confirmed by comparison with pre-immune serum and by competitive assays using different dilutions of BPA standards. Although anti-BPA antibodies cross-reacted with BPB by more than 13.6% at all dilutions used, cross-reaction with phthalates and phenols occurred only less than 0.1%. The combination with the highest sensitivity was obtained using anti-BPA-CME-BSA antibody and BPA-CPhE-HRP conjugate. ELISA successfully detected BPA in human serum at concentrations as low as 0.3 ng mL(-1), and over a measurable range of 0.3-100 ng mL(-1). Recovery tests were carried out by adding BPA to three kinds of human serum, and ranged from 89.7 to 97.3%, from 85.4 to 94.9% and from 81.9 to 97.4%, respectively. The correlation between the results from ELISA and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for BPA in spiked serum was r2 = 0.990, indicating that the proposed method is a potential tool for screening a large number of human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohkuma
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Fernetti C, Pascolo L, Podda E, Gennaro R, Stebel M, Tiribelli C. Preparation of an antibody recognizing both human and rodent MRP1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:1064-8. [PMID: 11689020 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the high level of identity among human, mouse, and rat MRP1 protein sequence, we produced a specific polyclonal antibody (MRP1-A23) against a synthetic polypeptide covering the C-terminus of the human protein. Western blot analysis showed a reactivity against human MRP1 similar to that obtained with the monoclonal QCRL1 antibody. Differently from other available antibodies against human MPR1, MRP1-A23 also detected both rat and mouse MRP1. No cross-reactivity was observed with either human or mouse MRP2 while MRP1-A23 weakly cross-reacted with rat MRP2 in the protein region ranging from 1512 to 1533 amino acids. These data indicate that MRP1-A23 allows specific MRP1 detection in both human and rodent tissues and may provide an important tool in the study of MRP1 expression and function in both experimental and clinical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernetti
- CSF and Department of BBCM, Centro Servizi Polivalenti d'Ateneo, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
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Chen F, Selinger Z, Marks P, Belinsky G, Tashjian AH. Production and characterization of an antiserum which recognizes the native receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:742-50. [PMID: 11453656 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite attempts in several laboratories, it has been difficult to prepare antiserum to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR). We have prepared a polyclonal anti-rat TRHR antiserum by immunization of rabbits with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminus of the TRHR. The specificity of the antiserum was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The affinity-purified antibody recognized a major broad band at 50-60 kDa and a minor broad band at 100-120 kDa in Western blot analysis of membrane proteins from TRHR-transfected, but not control, HEK293t cells. Binding to both bands was abolished by preincubation with the immunizing peptide but not control peptide. The approach was repeated with rat pituitary F4C1 cells, which lack endogenous TRHRs; membranes from F4C1 cells transfected with TRHR cDNA, but not control cells, showed specific binding by Western blot. Using laser confocal microscopy, the TRHR was visualized on the plasma membrane of transfected, but not control, F4C1 cells. Similar confocal findings were observed in TRHR-transfected HEK293t cells. Within 5 min after TRH addition, the TRHR signal translocated from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm of F4C1 cells transfected with TRHR cDNA. Ten minutes after TRH addition, the TRHR signal formed aggregates in the cytoplasm. Thirty minutes after TRH treatment, both cytoplasmic and plasma membrane localizations were observed, suggesting recycling of some TRHRs back to the plasma membrane. These observations are consistent with our previous findings using an epitope-tagged TRHR. In conclusion, we have prepared an antiserum that recognizes the native TRHR by Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bruno MK, Cohen SD. Detection of covalent binding. Curr Protoc Toxicol 2001; Chapter 2:Unit 2.3. [PMID: 23045043 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0203s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunochemical detection of xenobiotics covalently bound to cellular proteins can provide information about toxic mechanism and is more specific than the alternative radiochemical studies. Both immunoblotting and immunohistochemical methods are used to pinpoint the target protein(s) and to identify the tissue targets. Also included in this unit are protocols for synthesizing artificial antigens, immunizing suitable host species, and using noncompetitive and competitive ELISA assays to characterize the antibodies produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bruno
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Stern CA, Tiemeyer M. A ganglioside-specific sialyltransferase localizes to axons and non-Golgi structures in neurons. J Neurosci 2001; 21:1434-43. [PMID: 11222633 PMCID: PMC6762956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the tissue distribution and subcellular localization of ST3GalV (CMP-NeuAc:lactosylceramide alpha2,3 sialyltransferase/GM3 synthase) in the adult mouse, we generated two antisera against mouse ST3GalV that were designated CS2 (directed against amino acids K227-I272) and CS14 (directed against amino acids D308-H359). We previously reported that CS2 antiserum stains medial and trans-Golgi cisternae in all cell types investigated. In neural tissue, however, CS14 antiserum reveals a subpopulation of ST3GalV with a subcellular distribution complementary to CS2 antiserum. CS14 antiserum strongly stains axons in cortical, cerebellar, brainstem, and spinal cord tissue sections. The subcellular localization of neuronal ST3GalV is maintained in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons and in PC12 cells. In PC12 cells, ST3GalV localization evolves during NGF-induced differentiation such that a pool of enzyme leaves the Golgi for a distal compartment in conjunction with neurite outgrowth. In PC12 cells transfected with an epitope-tagged form of ST3GalV, staining for the epitope tag coincides with expression of endogenous enzyme. The non-Golgi pool of ST3GalV does not colocalize with markers for the trans-Golgi network, endosome, or synaptic vesicles, nor is it detected on the cell surface. Distinct subpopulations of ST3GalV imply that ganglioside synthesis can occur outside of the Golgi or, alternatively, that a portion of the total ST3GalV pool subserves a nonenzymatic function. Significantly fewer transfected cells were found in PC12 cultures treated with plasmid encoding ST3GalV than in cultures treated with control plasmid, indicating that the expression of ST3GalV in excess of endogenous levels results in either cell death or a decreased rate of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stern
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Shuto Y, Shibasaki T, Wada K, Parhar I, Kamegai J, Sugihara H, Oikawa S, Wakabayashi I. Generation of polyclonal antiserum against the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R): evidence that the GHS-R exists in the hypothalamus, pituitary and stomach of rats. Life Sci 2001; 68:991-6. [PMID: 11212874 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)01001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secretagogues (GHSs), which stimulate GH secretion, are synthetic compounds that act through the GHS receptor (GHS-R) which has been recently cloned. We raised an antiserum in a rabbit against a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 248-260 of the third intracellular loop of the rat GHS-R. A competitive immunoassay showed that the antiserum had a specific affinity for the target peptide. To confirm the specificity of the antiserum, the GHS-R cDNA was stably expressed in COS-7 cells. In Western blot analysis, the band was detected at 44 kDa in the extracts from COS-7 cells expressing GHS-R (COS-7/tf3-2) but not in those from wild-type COS-7 cells. Furthermore, while COS-7/tf3-2 cells were strongly immunostained for GHS-R, no GHS-R-like immunoreactivity was observed in wild-type COS-7 cells. Immunoreactive bands were also observed at approximately 46 kDa in the extracts from rat hypothalamus, pituitary and stomach by Western blot analysis. These studies are the first to show the existence of GHS-R protein in the stomach. The antiserum for the GHS-R is sensitive and specific, and it would be useful for clarifying the roles of GHS/ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shuto
- Department of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential use of Bacillus anthracis spores as a weapon of terror has rekindled interest in the rapid detection and identification of the spores of these bacteria. Prior efforts to utilize flow cytometry (FCM) for this purpose resulted in tedious and time-consuming protocols. Advances in rapid immunoassays suggest a reinvestigation of the use of FCM because this may allow for the development of a rapid and sensitive system for detection and/or identification of spores in suspect samples. METHODS In this study, antiserum was raised in goats using three different strains of B. anthracis spores as the immunogen. The resultant antibodies were purified, labeled with fluorescein, and evaluated for use in an immunoassay on a Coulter Epics XL flow cytometer. In the protocol that was developed, fluorescein-labeled antibodies are simply mixed with the sample, allowed to incubate, and then analyzed on the flow cytometer. Washes and centrifugation were eliminated. RESULTS The results showed that a rapid (5 min) and sensitive immunological analysis was feasible. The detection limit (approximately 10(3) colony-forming units [CFU]/ ml) varied with strain, but there was no difference in the detection limit between live and irradiated spores. In addition, the power of FCM was utilized to minimize false-positive reactions among similar species of Bacillus by placing constraints on scatter and fluorescence intensity. The data also suggest that scatter might be useful to determine spore viability. CONCLUSION This study shows that FCM may be an effective platform on which to perform immunological analysis for the detection and/or presumptive identification of B. anthracis spores. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Stopa
- The U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, USA.
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Shimada A, Kikuchi K, Noguchi J, Akama K, Nakano M, Kaneko H. Protamine dissociation before decondensation of sperm nuclei during in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes. J Reprod Fertil 2000; 120:247-56. [PMID: 11058440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between morphological changes and the dynamics of protamine in boar sperm chromatin during in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes matured in vitro was assessed. For this purpose, protamine was purified from boar sperm nuclei and an antiserum against protamine was developed. After affinity purification, the antiserum reacted exclusively with boar protamine during western blotting, showing no crossreactivity with core histones. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that only fully developed spermatid nuclei in boar testes stained strongly with the antiserum. When pig oocytes matured in vitro were fertilized in vitro, sperm penetration was observed in 37% of oocytes at 2 h after insemination and the penetration rate increased to 99% by 5 h after insemination, accompanied by an increase in polyspermic penetration. Paraffin wax sections of the inseminated oocytes were examined by immunohistochemical analysis with the antiserum. The proportion of condensed sperm nuclei that reacted with the antiserum was 87% of the sperm nuclei that penetrated by 2 h after insemination, and this decreased to 20 and 13% at 3 and 5 h after insemination, respectively. However, none of the decondensing sperm nuclei or male pronuclei reacted with the antiserum during the entire insemination period. These results indicate that a specific antiserum against boar protamine can be raised and, using this serum, it has been demonstrated that protamine is dissociated from boar sperm nuclei before decondensation during in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shimada
- Department of Genetic Resources II, National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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