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Yamaguchi Y, Katata Y, Okawaki M, Sawaki A, Yamamura M. A Prospective Observational Study of Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer Using Zoledronate-Activated Killer (ZAK) Cells - An Analysis for Patients with Incurable Pancreatic Cancer. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:2307-2313. [PMID: 27127137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) using autologous zoledronate-activated killer (ZAK) cells has been performed for developing a novel modality of cancer treatment. In this study, data series from incurable pancreatic cancer were analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were treated with AIT using intravenous administration of ZAK cells every 3 to 4 weeks in combination with standard chemotherapy and possible clinical benefits were examined. RESULTS Seventy-five patients were treated. A median overall survival (OS) time of 6.7 months was achieved for all patients and 13.1 months for those treated 5 times or more, that increased to 14.6 and 18.3 months, respectively, when the previous treatment period of chemotherapy alone was included in the analysis. The disease control rate was 58.5 %. Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the survival and baseline value of lymphocyte percentage in white blood cell counts (p=0.031). CONCLUSION The data suggest that AIT using ZAK cells in combination with chemotherapy is safe and feasible and may be effective in prolonging survival for patients with incurable pancreatic cancer. The lymphocyte percentage at baseline may be a good biomarker for predicting the survival benefit of ZAK cell AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kawasaki Medical School and Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Katata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kawasaki Medical School and Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Okawaki
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kawasaki Medical School and Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Sawaki
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kawasaki Medical School and Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamura
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kawasaki Medical School and Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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2
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Abstract
Expanding highly cytotoxic lymphokine activated natural killer cells and cytokine induced killer T cells by Good Manufacturing Practice-quality cultures is an important step toward effective use of those killer cells to treat acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving stem cell transplantation. Elucidating how those killer cells recognize leukemia stem cells will be the next challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
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3
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Abe M, Matsuura T, Hyoki M, Abe I, Tanigawa K, Kaito K. [Examination of the patient serum presenting a CEA false high value after cancer immuno-cell therapy]. Rinsho Byori 2011; 59:763-769. [PMID: 21942086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
False positive elevation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was observed in a 65-year-old woman who was treated with dendritic cell therapy (DCT) and activated lymphocyte therapy (ALT) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Three months after the initiation of these therapies, her CEA value measured by AIA (TOSOH) began to increase without any evidence of worsening of cholangiocarcinoma. CEA was measured by several different methods, and only the result measured by AIA was high, indicating the presence of a false positive phenomenon. To clarify this phenomenon, we evaluated the patient's serum precisely. Gel filtration chromatography of her serum showed that CEA was detected in the elution fraction of IgG, which was different from the reference samples. Furthermore, this peak disappeared after incubation of patient's CEA and HBR-1. The immunoglobulin absorption test revealed that CEA value was decreased only after absorption of IgG and absorption tests using HBR-1 and MAK-absorbents showed a dramatic decrease in CEA value. These findings indicated the presence of IgG type human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA), which interfered the measurement by AIA. Although we could not identify the reason why HAMA was produced in this patient, the facts that the false positive phenomenon was observed after the initiation of DCT and ALT, and that CEA value decreased after theses therapies were discontinued, indicated that immuno-modulaton by DCT and ALT may have a close relationship to HAMA production. It was probable that DCT and ALT activated preexisting heterophile-antibody-producing cells, which stimulated HAMA production. The incidence of such false positive reaction of CEA by HAMA in patients with DCT and ALT was low, but as the number of the patient with immuno-cell therapy increases, the incidence of such phenomenon surely increases. Because HAMA reacts to all types of immunoassay, careful attention should be paid to the evaluation of laboratory findings in patients undergoing with such immuno-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Abe
- Central Clinical Laboratory, Jikei University Hospital, Minato ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Begley J, Vo DD, Morris LF, Bruhn KW, Prins RM, Mok S, Koya RC, Garban HJ, Comin-Anduix B, Craft N, Ribas A. Immunosensitization with a Bcl-2 small molecule inhibitor. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:699-708. [PMID: 18807035 PMCID: PMC11030969 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several tumor immunotherapy approaches result in a low percentage of durable responses in selected cancers. We hypothesized that the insensitivity of cancer cells to immunotherapy may be related to an anti-apoptotic cancer cell milieu, which could be pharmacologically reverted through the inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in cancer cells. ABT-737, a small molecule inhibitor of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-w and Bcl-x(L), was tested for the ability to increase antitumor immune responses in two tumor immunotherapy animal models. The addition of systemic therapy with ABT-737 to the immunization of BALB/c mice with tumor antigen peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) resulted in a significant delay in CT26 murine colon carcinoma tumor growth and improvement in survival. However, the addition of ABT-737 to either a vaccine strategy involving priming with TRP-2 melanoma antigen peptide-pulsed DC and boosting with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing the same melanoma antigen, or the adoptive transfer of TCR transgenic cells, did not result in superior antitumor activity against B16 murine melanoma. In vitro studies failed to demonstrate increased cytotoxic lytic activity when testing the combination of ABT-737 with lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells, or the death receptor agonists Fas, TRAIL-ligand or TNF-alpha against the CT26 and B16 cell lines. In conclusion, the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 sensitized cancer cells to the antitumor effect of antigen-specific immunotherapy in a vaccine model for the CT26 colon carcinoma in vivo but not in two immunotherapy strategies against B16 melanoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Biphenyl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitrophenols/therapeutic use
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Death Domain/agonists
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- fas Receptor/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Begley
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Dan D. Vo
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Lilah F. Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Kevin W. Bruhn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
| | - Robert M. Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Stephen Mok
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Hermes J. Garban
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Begonya Comin-Anduix
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Noah Craft
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, 11-934 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782 USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
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5
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Nakamura M, Wada J, Suzuki H, Tanaka M, Katano M, Morisaki T. Long-term outcome of immunotherapy for patients with refractory pancreatic cancer. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:831-836. [PMID: 19414316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal human cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of <5% . Although new chemotherapies have been used for pancreatic cancer, the outcome is still poor. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the outcome of immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients and revealed the potential of immunotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventeen pancreatic cancer patients underwent immunotherapy in the Kyushu University and the Yakuin CA Clinic. Six patients had postoperative recurrence, 11 were diagnosed as inoperable because of metastasis, 16 had prior chemotherapy and developed chemotherapy-resistant cancers, while 1 patient had no prior chemotherapy for recurrent cancer after surgical resection because of leukopenia. Immunotherapy was combined with chemotherapy in 11 patients and without chemotherapy in 6 patients. Immunotherapy was classified into two groups; combined dendritic cell (DC) vaccination and intravenous or peritoneal injection of activated lymphocytes (DC vaccine therapy), or injection of lymphokine-activated killer lymphocytes (LAK) alone (LAK therapy). RESULTS Immunotherapy of refractory pancreatic cancer resulted in a median survival of 9 months. Peritoneal metastasis tended to shorten the survival period. Combination immunotherapy and chemotherapy showed no obvious difference as compared to immunotherapy alone. DC vaccine therapy conferred a significantly better survival period than LAK alone. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that immunotherapy utilizing DC vaccination may prolong the survival of refractory pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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6
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Pitini V, Arrigo C, Naro C, Altavilla G. Interleukin-2 and Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cell Therapy in Patients with Relapsed B-Cell Lymphoma Treated with Rituximab. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5497. [PMID: 17875780 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Berdeja JG, Hess A, Lucas DM, O'Donnell P, Ambinder RF, Diehl LF, Carter-Brookins D, Newton S, Flinn IW. Systemic interleukin-2 and adoptive transfer of lymphokine-activated killer cells improves antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in patients with relapsed B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2392-9. [PMID: 17438098 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Murine models have shown that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can be improved with addition of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells to monoclonal antibodies. A pilot trial of rituximab and LAK cells in patients with rituximab-refractory CD20+ lymphoma was conducted to evaluate this approach. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ten patients received 3 million units/m2 of interleukin-2 (IL-2) i.v. qd on days 1 to 5 and leukapheresed on days 8, 9, and 10. The leukapheresis product was cultured with IL-2 for 48 h to produce LAK cells. Patients then received 375 mg/m2 i.v. rituximab and LAK cells on days 10, 11, and 12. The patients also received 3 million units/m2 of IL-2 i.v. for 5 days starting day 10. For safety purposes, the first three patients did not receive any LAK cell infusions. RESULTS The LAK cell infusions improved the ADCC activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes compared with pretreatment activity and prevented the decline in ADCC seen after infusion of rituximab alone. Therapy was well tolerated and the most clinically significant toxicities were fever and fatigue. Two patients achieved a partial remission and five had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS The results from these studies suggest that the addition of LAK cells to rituximab augments ADCC in patients with rituximab-refractory lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Leukapheresis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/therapy
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Recurrence
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Berdeja
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Despite successes in animals, cytokine gene expression selectively in human tumors is difficult to achieve owing to lack of efficient delivery methods. Since interleukin (IL)-2-activated natural killer (A-NK) and phytohemagglutinin and IL-2 activated killer T (T-LAK) cells, as previously demonstrated, localize and accumulate in murine lung tumor metastases following adoptive transfer, we transduced them to test their ability to deliver products of genes selectively to tumors. Assessments of transduction efficiency in vitro demonstrated that adenoviral transduction consistently resulted in high (>60%) transduction rates and substantial expression of transgenes such as GFP, Red2, luciferase, beta-galactosidase and mIL-12 for at least 4 days. In vivo experiments illustrated that Ad-GFP transduced A-NK and Ad-Red2 (RFP) transduced T-LAK or mIL-12 transduced A-NK cells localized 10-50-fold more or survived significantly better than mock transduced cells, respectively, within lung metastases than in the surrounding normal lung tissue. Most importantly, mIL-12 transduced A-NK cells provided a significantly greater antitumor response than non-transduced A-NK cells. Thus, adoptive transfer of A-NK and T-LAK cells represents an efficient method for targeting products of genes to tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goding
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Introna M, Franceschetti M, Ciocca A, Borleri G, Conti E, Golay J, Rambaldi A. Rapid and massive expansion of cord blood-derived cytokine-induced killer cells: an innovative proposal for the treatment of leukemia relapse after cord blood transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38:621-7. [PMID: 16980990 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have used a standardized 21-day expansion protocol to produce cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells starting from very small amounts of nucleated cells (approximately 15 x 10(6) cells) isolated from cord blood. Mononuclear cells are stimulated with anti CD3 (OKT3) and IFNgamma and then expanded with IL-2. Moreover, we show that washouts of cord blood units bags (at the end of the infusion) may be sufficient to yield almost 500 x 10(6) CIK by the same expansion protocol. CIK cells show strong cytotoxic activity against a variety of tumor target cell lines including B and T lymphomas and myeloid leukemias. More importantly, expanded cord blood-derived CIK cells are cytotoxic against fresh leukemic blasts and express perforin, granzyme and NKG2D molecule at high levels. The same in vitro protocol has already been used to expand CIK cells from peripheral blood of adult donors under GMP conditions and therefore these observations open up the possibility of imagining a future clinical application of leukemia relapse following cord blood transplantation with CIK cells obtained from the same cord blood unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Introna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Gene Therapy G. Lanzani, Division of Hematology, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.
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10
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Marin V, Dander E, Biagi E, Introna M, Fazio G, Biondi A, D'Amico G. Characterization of in vitro migratory properties of anti-CD19 chimeric receptor-redirected CIK cells for their potential use in B-ALL immunotherapy. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1219-29. [PMID: 16939815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo expanded cells enriched in CD3(+)CD56(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells with major histocompatibility-unrestricted cytotoxicity against several tumoral targets, except B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We redirected CIK cells cytotoxicity toward B-ALL with a chimeric receptor specific for the CD19 antigen and then explored if modified-CIK cells maintain the same chemotactic properties of freshly isolated NKT cells, whose trafficking machinery reflects their preferential localization into the sites of B-ALL infiltration. MATERIAL AND METHODS CIK cells were expanded ex vivo for 21 days and analyzed for expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors regulating adhesion and homing toward leukemia-infiltrated tissues. CIK cells were then transduced with the anti-CD19-zeta-internal ribosomal entry site-green fluorescent protein retroviral vector and characterized for their cytotoxicity against B-ALL cells in a (51)Cr-release assay and for their trafficking properties, including chemotactic activity, adhesion and transendothelial migration, and metalloproteases-dependent invasion of Matrigel. RESULTS Similarly to freshly isolated NKT cells, CD49d and CD11a were highly expressed on CIK cells. Moreover, CIK cells expressed CXCR4, CCR6, and CCR7 (mean expression 72%, 60%, and 32%, respectively), presenting chemotactic activity toward their respective ligands. Anti-CD19 chimeric receptor-modified CIK cells became cytotoxic against B-ALL cells (mean lysis, 60%) and showed, after exposure to a CXCL12 gradient, high capacity to adhere and transmigrate through endothelial cells and to invade Matrigel. CONCLUSION The potential capacity to localize into leukemia-infiltrated tissues of anti-CD19 chimeric receptor-redirected CIK cells, together with their ability to efficiently kill B-ALL cells, suggests that modified-CIK cells represent a valuable tool for leukemia immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virna Marin
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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11
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Takashima K, Fujiwara H, Inada S, Atsuji K, Araki Y, Kubota T, Yamagishi H. Tracking of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled LAK cells in mice carrying B16 melanoma metastases. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:3327-32. [PMID: 17094448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In adoptive immunotherapy, in vivo trafficking of adoptively transferred cells, including their accumulation at tumor sites, remains to be further investigated. Tracking of these cells by visualization is useful to clarify antitumor mechanisms and develop new modalities to enhance antitumor capacities. In the present study, an in vivo tracking study was performed using an adoptive transfer model of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells induced from green mice into C57/BL6 mice with B16 melanoma metastases. Green mice are green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice originating from C57/BL6 mice. All of the tissues, except for erythrocytes and hair, express green fluorescence under excitation light. Although LAK cells in combination with IL-2 potently suppressed pulmonary metastases with survival prolongation, very few LAK cells accumulated in tumor tissues compared to those localized in the spleen, as visualized by fluorescent microscopy and quantitated by flow cytometry. The present method using transfer of green mice-derived cells into parental tumor-bearing mice is simple because there is no need for in vitro labeling and is feasible for the in vivo tracking of effector cells in an adoptive immunotherapy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takashima
- Department of Surgery, Division of Digestive Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
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12
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Yamaguchi Y, Hihara J, Hironaka K, Ohshita A, Okita R, Okawaki M, Matsuura K, Nagamine I, Ikeda T, Ohara M, Hamai Y. Postoperative immunosuppression cascade and immunotherapy using lymphokine-activated killer cells for patients with esophageal cancer: possible application for compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. Oncol Rep 2006; 15:895-901. [PMID: 16525677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological parameters were measured in order to elucidate a postoperative immunosuppression mechanism in transthoracic esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer. Moreover, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells were transferred just after the surgery to overcome the postoperative immunosuppression. Fifteen consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy were subjected to the postoperative measurement of immunological parameters. Ten patients who underwent open cholecystectomy served as controls. Heparinized venous blood was obtained pre- and postoperatively, and serum levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 and immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) were measured. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry for phenotype detection and by a mixed lymphocyte reaction for detecting concanavalin (Con)-A-induced or -non-induced suppressor activity. Another 29 consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy were randomly enrolled in a postoperative immunotherapy trial either with or without lymphokine-activated killer cells. It was found that, in the esophagectomy group, IL-6 and IL-10 increased postoperatively and peaked on day 1, followed by an increase in IAP, peaked again on day 4, with a profound decrease in helper and cytotoxic T-cell subsets, followed by increases in Con-A-induced (on day 7 or later) and spontaneous (on day 10) suppressor activities. These changes were minimal in the cholecystectomy group. LAK cell transfer restored the postoperative decrease in the helper and cytotoxic T-cell population, and there was a trend of reduction for postoperative remote infection such as pneumonia and surgical site infection in the LAK therapy group. Taken together, we would like to propose the existence of a postoperative immunosuppression cascade consisting of increases in cytokines and immunosuppressive proteins, decreases in helper and cytotoxic T-cell populations, and the development of suppressor T-cell activities in surgery for esophageal cancer. Postoperative adoptive transfer of LAK cells may be a novel clinical application in surgery for esophageal cancer as a means of treating this postoperative immunosuppressive condition that may be identical to the status of compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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13
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Slavin S. Allogeneic cell-mediated immunotherapy at the stage of minimal residual disease following high-dose chemotherapy supported by autologous stem cell transplantation. Acta Haematol 2005; 114:214-20. [PMID: 16269861 DOI: 10.1159/000088412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative clinical experience suggests that immunotherapy may be an effective tool for eradicating tumor cells resistant to maximum tolerated doses of chemotherapy and radiation. Immunotherapy is much more effective when applied at the stage of minimal residual disease, especially against slowly growing tumors because development of graft-versus-leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, or in a broader sense graft-versus-tumor effects renders immunotherapy more time consuming. Hence, eradication of rapidly growing bulky tumors may be difficult or impossible to achieve. Considering the fact that optimal immunotherapy may be accomplished in patients treated at the stage of minimal (MRD) disease, in patients with hematological malignancies and chemosensitive solid tumors a stage of MRD may be best achieved following administration of myeloablative high-dose chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy supported by autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT). Taken together, immunotherapy following autoSCT may provide an ideal combination for improving the cure rate of otherwise incurable cancers, especially if tumor cells may respond to cytokine-mediated immunotherapy or cell-mediated cytokine-activated immunotherapy. Following lymphocyte depletion in the course of autoSCT, adoptive transfer of alloreactive or tumor-reactive lymphocytes may be much more effective due to the preponderance of anticancer effector cells on the one hand, and elimination or depletion of the patient's regulatory cells that may downregulate anticancer effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Slavin
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Transplantation Research Center, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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14
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Leemhuis T, Wells S, Scheffold C, Edinger M, Negrin RS. A phase I trial of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for the treatment of relapsed Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11:181-7. [PMID: 15744236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported on the ex vivo generation of cytotoxic effector cells, termed cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, that have both in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in murine models. We now report on our efforts for the large-scale expansion of CIK cells and also present preliminary results from a phase I clinical trial. Nine patients with advanced Hodgkin disease (n = 7) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 2), all of whom had relapsed after an autologous transplantation, were treated with escalating doses of CIK cells (3 patients at each dose level of 1 x 10(9) , 5 x 10(9) , or 1 x 10(10) cells). The CIK cells were produced by culturing unselected cells from steady-state apheresis products with interferon gamma, OKT3, and interleukin 2. After 21 days in culture, with the addition of fresh media and interleukin 2 every 3 to 4 days, the median culture was 97% viable (range, 61%-100%), 98% CD3 + (range, 66%-99%), 76% CD8 + (range, 27%-96%), 23% CD4 + (range, 6%-78%), 20% CD3 + CD56 + (range, 8%-58%), and <1% CD16 + 56 + (range, 0.2%-7.7%). The CD3 + CD56 + cells have previously been shown to exhibit the most cytotoxic activity. The absolute number of CD3 + CD56 + cells typically expanded 290-fold (range, 3- to 4000-fold) under these culture conditions. In vitro cytotoxic activity was measured against a human B-cell tumor line (OCI-Ly8). At a 40:1 effector-target cell ratio, CIK cells killed 32% (range, 2%-69%) of the target cells. A total of 21 infusions were administered to 9 patients. The number of CIK cells infused ranged from 1.0 x 10(9) to 1.0 x 10(10) per treatment. Toxicity was minimal, and there were no immediate adverse reactions to the infusions. Two patients had partial responses, and 2 patients had stabilization of disease: 1 for more than 18 months. Considering that these were heavily pretreated patients with advanced hematologic malignancies, we believe that CIK cells expanded in this fashion may have utility for the treatment of high-risk patients with evidence of minimal residual disease after autologous transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Hodgkin Disease/complications
- Hodgkin Disease/therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/cytology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Transfusion/adverse effects
- Lymphocyte Transfusion/methods
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/complications
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Salvage Therapy/methods
- Transplantation, Autologous
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leemhuis
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, California, USA
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15
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Okamoto Y, Yamashita J. [Cellular immunotherapy for malignant glioma]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63 Suppl 9:557-62. [PMID: 16201581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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16
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Shapira MY, Hirshfeld E, Weiss L, Zeira M, Kasir J, Or R, Resnick IB, Slavin S. Mycophenolate mofetil does not suppress the graft-versus-leukemia effect or the activity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in a murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:383-8. [PMID: 15692848 PMCID: PMC11041982 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect is an essential component in the course of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). However, both prevention and treatment of established graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), including with drugs such as cyclosporine, can suppress GVL effects. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is becoming a standard of care in SCT recipients for better prevention of GVHD as well as for promoting stem cell engraftment. AIMS To evaluate the effect of MMF, an immunosuppressive drug increasingly used for prevention of GVHD, on disease recurrence following SCT in a preclinical animal model. Since GVL effects may be also induced by alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells, the goal was to investigate the effects of MMF on the activity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. METHODS MMF was administered by daily intraperitoneal injection starting at day 1 post-SCT. Cytotoxic LAK activity was measured by 5-h 35S-release assay, and GVL was tested by the appearance of BCL1 leukemia in a semi-mismatched (C57BL/6 donors to [BALB/c x C57BL/6] F1 recipients) murine model. RESULTS A dosage regimen of 28-200 mg/kg per day MMF had no negative effect on either cytotoxic LAK activity or GVL (as measured by finding of leukemic cells in recipient spleen by PCR or the appearance of clinical leukemia with adoptive transfer). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MMF does not impair GVL effects or reduce LAK cell activity in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Female
- Graft vs Leukemia Effect/drug effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mycophenolic Acid/administration & dosage
- Mycophenolic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Whole-Body Irradiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Shapira
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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17
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Abstract
A goal in cancer therapeutics is to develop targeted modalities that distinguish malignant from normal cells. T cells can discriminate diseased cells based on subtle alterations in peptides displayed in association with MHC molecules at the cell surface. Recent success using the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells has fueled optimism that this approach may find a place as a targeted therapy for some human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, D3-110, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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18
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Yannelli JR, Wroblewski JM. On the road to a tumor cell vaccine: 20 years of cellular immunotherapy. Vaccine 2004; 23:97-113. [PMID: 15519713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy (CI), as we now know it, began in the early 1980s with the use of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) and progressed to the use of the immunologically specific, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). TIL were shown to be particularly effective against melanoma and it was in these trials that we learned the importance of immunologic specificity for tumor. With the identification and characterization of tumor antigens recognized by TIL, we now see the use of these antigens in various forms constituting vaccines. Investigators are using tumor antigens alone or in combination with dendritic cells (DCs), the body's most efficient and powerful antigen-presenting cell. Therapies are being delivered to many patients with different types of cancer in order to combat bulky disease, eliminate micro-metastatic disease, and provide a memory mechanism to fight tumor recurrence. This review will detail the past 18 years and present the developments that have been made in this therapy. Many believe that with continued development, immunotherapy will provide a fourth modality of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Yannelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Combs Building, Room 312, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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19
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Yamaguchi Y, Ohshita A, Kawabuchi Y, Ohta K, Shimizu K, Minami K, Hihara J, Miyahara E, Toge T. Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer using activated autologous lymphocytes--current status and new strategies. Hum Cell 2004; 16:183-9. [PMID: 15147038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2003.tb00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After the discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2), lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) sensitized with the mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture (MLTC) system have been conducted in adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) trials during past 15 years. Although the overall response rate of tumor shrinkage was marginal (9%), locoregional administration of TILs for malignant effusions was effective (77%) for a decrease or disappearance of the effusions even in terminally-ill patients, resulting in an improvement of QOL. Recent advances for molecular understanding of antigen presentation and recognition have promoted us to enhance the efficacy of AIT by using cultured dendritic cells (DCs) for generating antigen-specific CTLs in vitro. The peptide-pulsed DC-activated killer (PDAK) cells showed tumor recognition against antigen-expressing cells, and were efficiently propagated with the IL2 plus immobilized anti-CD3 antibody (IL-2/CD3) culture system. Clinical trials using PDAK cells against patients with lung metastases are now progressed, in which peptides suitable for generating CTLs were chosen in individual patients using the method designated as host-oriented peptide evaluation (HPOE) approach. Moreover, DCs were introduced with tumor-derived RNA, which was amplified with the T7 promoter system, and then were used for stimulating lymphocytes. The tumor RNA-introduced DC-activated killer (TRiDAK) cells showed tumor-specific interferon-gamma spots even in a patient in whom we failed to generate PDAK cells using DCs and peptides, suggesting that the clinical trial of AIT using TRiDAK cells is warranted for the treatment of patients with metastatic cancer. Thus, more understanding of antigen-presentation and -recognition mechanisms and immune regulation systems may promote clinical applications of AIT to establish a novel modality of cancer treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Forecasting
- Genetic Engineering/methods
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/trends
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- RNA, Neoplasm
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Transplantation, Autologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University.
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20
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Berezhnaya NM, Kovalchuk EV, Vinnichuk YD, Spivak SI, Belova OB. Experimental immunotherapy of mice with transplanted MC-rhabdomyosarcoma resistant to doxorubicin. Eksp Onkol 2004; 26:63-6. [PMID: 15112582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the sensitivity of doxorubicin (DOX) sensitive and DOX-resistant MC-rhabdomyosarcoma (MC-RMS) cells to the action of lymphokine-activated cells (LAC). RESULTS In vitro investigations showed that LAC received from the fraction of adherent lymphocytes possess the highest activity against DOX-resistant tumor cells, and LAC from lymphocytes of total pool--against DOX-resistant tumor cells pretreated with DOX at a low dose. Adoptive immunotherapy of MC-RMS in vivo showed the highest efficacy in the cases of LAC intratumoral injection and the one combined with intraperitoneal administration of DOX at a low dose (increase of survival time by 14% and 25%, respectively). CONCLUSION Adoptive in vivo therapy of DOX-resistant Mh-RMS is effective if LAC or their combination with DOX at a low dose are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel M Berezhnaya
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine.
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21
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Morecki S, Yacovlev E, Gelfand Y, Vilensky A, Slavin S. Allogeneic versus syngeneic killer splenocytes as effector cells for the induction of graft-versus-tumor effect. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2004; 10:40-8. [PMID: 14752778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of allogeneic versus syngeneic killer cells derived from normal or severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice was evaluated for induction of antitumor reaction in a murine model of mammary carcinoma. Tumor cells of H-2d origin were injected intravenously into H-2(d/b) mice 24 hours after total body irradiation (4 Gy). On the following day, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) splenocytes, derived from either minor (H-2d) or major (H-2b) histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched parental normal mice or MHC (H-2b)-mismatched SCID mice, were given intravenously. LAK cells of H-2d normal or SCID mice, syngeneic to the tumor, were inoculated in parallel. The results show that LAK cells derived from minor histocompatibility complex-mismatched or MHC-mismatched parental normal mice improved the probability of tumor-free survival as compared with LAK cells syngeneic to the tumor cells, but they aggravated the severity of graft-versus-host disease. SCID splenocytes serving as a source of natural killer (NK) cells were expanded and activated in vitro by rIL-2 to obtain a sufficient number of DX5+ CD3- CD8- NK cells (SCID-LAK). H-2b SCID-LAK cells did not cause graft-versus-host disease and significantly delayed tumor growth compared with syngeneic H-2d SCID-LAK cells, as indicated by tumor colony assays in vitro and adoptive transfer experiments. However, the graft-versus-tumor effect was not long lasting, and treated mice finally died of tumor. Our results show an advantage of allogeneic over syngeneic cell therapy for achieving a graft-versus-tumor effect by rIL-2-activated T cells and NK cells. Periodic repetition of NK treatments may be required to achieve more durable antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Morecki
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cancer Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy & Transplantation Research Center, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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22
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Abstract
Natural killer cells represent the predominant lymphoid cell in the peripheral blood for many months after allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplant and their role in immunity to pathogens during this period is established. However, following the largely unsuccessful trials of NK and IL-2 activated NK cells for the treatment of haematological malignancies in the 1980's and 90's, their role in tumour immunology was discredited. Over the past ten years we have come to understand some of the complex regulatory pathways involved in NK cell activation and we are now in a position to capitalise upon this knowledge. This review presents our current state of understanding of NK cell regulation and highlights the role of these cells in engraftment, graft-versus-host disease, anti-leukaemia activity and post-transplant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lowdell
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, UK.
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23
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Piso P, Aselmann H, von Wasielewski R, Dahlke MH, Klempnauer J, Schlitt HJ. Prevention of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Human Gastric Cancer Cells by Adjuvant-Type Intraperitoneal Immunotherapy in a SCID Mouse Model. Eur Surg Res 2003; 35:470-6. [PMID: 14593230 DOI: 10.1159/000073385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2003] [Accepted: 05/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed the effect of intraperitoneal immunotherapy in an animal model mimicking locoregional dissemination of tumor cells during resection of advanced tumors. METHODS We first established a tumor model with human gastric cancer cells (MKN-45) in the peritoneal cavity of CB-17-SCID mice. Three hours following the injection of tumor cells into the peritoneal cavity, mAb 17-1A alone and in combination with human LAK cells were given intraperitoneally at different dosages. The results were quantified by determining the weight of the peritoneal tumor masses. RESULTS After intraperitoneal administration of 17-1A mAb, a tumor reduction could be shown (median tumor mass after 10 microg mAb: 171 microg; after 100 microg: 130 microg) when compared with the control group (632 microg). Following a combined therapy with mAb and LAK cells, a statistically significant tumor reduction could be observed (after 10 microg mAb + 20-50 x 10(6) LAK cells: 80 microg; after 100 microg mAb + 20-50 x 10(6) LAK cells: 12 microg, p = 0.0005). With specific dosages of antibody and LAK cells it was even possible to achieve complete tumor clearance. CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal immunotherapy reduces the peritoneal tumor masses and can even prevent the peritoneal carcinomatosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Piso
- Klinik für Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.
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24
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Sudo T, Kobayashi Y, Matsushita N, Shimizu K, Nakao M, Tanaka Y, Tanigawa K, Aruga A. [Phenotypical analysis of effector cells on nonspecific cancer cell therapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2003; 30:1817-20. [PMID: 14619528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the contributions of lymphocyte subpopulations in lymphokine activated killer (LAK) activity. LAK cells prepared from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors showed highly cytotoxic activities against target tumor cells. When CD16 and CD56 positive cells in LAK cells were depleted by magnetic cell sorting, their cytotoxic activities were dramatically decreased. In contrast, little change was observed by the depletion of CD3 positive cells, suggesting that CD16 and/or CD56 positive populations, but not CD3 positive populations, including natural killer (NK) cells are the major cell types involved in LAK activity. Indeed, NK-enriched LAK cells prepared by culturing PBMC with IL-2 and OK-432 showed a more potent LAK activity than conventional LAK cells and CD3-activated T cells. These results suggest that selective expansion and activation of CD16 and CD56 positive cells in LAK cells is a useful strategies to improve their anti-tumor potential in nonspecific immunotherapy, and possibly in combination therapy with other target immunotherapies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Sudo
- Dept. of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University
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25
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Kanazawa M, Mori Y, Yoshihara K, Iwadate M, Suzuki S, Endoh Y, Takita KI, Sekikawa K, Takenoshita S, Ogata T, Ohto H. [Effect of DC therapy combined with chemotherapy in advanced cancer cases]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2003; 30:1655-60. [PMID: 14619487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells, and have attracted attention in recent years from the viewpoint of DC vaccine therapy against cancer. However, the existence of an immunosuppressive state in cancer individuals leads to anergy and immunotolerance, which has been reported to be caused by T cell and DC immunosuppressive subsets or cytokines such as Th2, Tc2, CD4+CD25+, DC2 and IL-10 against Th1, Tc1, DC1 and IL-12. Therefore, DC therapy could be incompatible with severe chemotherapy. Conversely, there are some reports that indicate tumor specific cytotoxicity in DC therapy could be augmentedly un exposure to tumor antigen caused by apoptosis in combination radiation or chemotherapy. In this study we examined the usefulness of DC therapy combined with chemotherapy and BRM (PSK) administration by analyzing the immunocyte subsets and cytokines as well as the combination effect. The results indicate this method can be useful in advanced cancer patients.
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26
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Toh U, Yamana H, Kido K, Mine T, Fujii T, Horiuchi H, Sasatomi T, Ishibashi N, Yutani S, Fujita H, Shirouzu K. [Autologous tumor specific immunotherapy of refractory cancers with ex vivo-generated T cells stimulated by autologous tumor cell]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2003; 30:1566-70. [PMID: 14619465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autologous tumor-cell stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (AuTLs) were prepared from peripheral blood T cells and the T cells were activated ex vivo over a 2-week culturing process in the presence of IL-2 and autologous biopsied tumor-cells from advanced cancer patients. These AuTLs may have potential for efficacy as a locoregional therapy in patients with refractory cancer. METHODS Twenty-nine of 35 cancer patients (13 esophagus, 5 lung, 3 stomach, 4 breast, 1 melanoma) were enrolled in an early Phase II clinical trial. The patients received direct locoregional intratumoral injection of AuTLs biweekly through medical endoscope or intraarterial infusion reservoir system. Mean 0.25 x 10(9) AuTLs were injected 1 x /2 weeks for 6 weeks. RESULTS Adverse events related to AuTL were minimal. AuTLs specific for autologous tumor cells were observed in 12 of 29 patients. Seven of these 12 patients (58.3%) had partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD). In contrast, 8 of 23 (34.8%) remaining patients treated by non-specific AuTLs had SD. Infiltration of T effector cells was significantly increased on the biopsied tumor specimens in the immunohistological studies. Furthermore, 11 patients receiving systemic infusion of non-specific LAK/NK T cells without autologous tumor-cell stimulation only had 2 SDs (18.2%). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated the clinical potential of intra-peritumoral administration of AuTLs. Thus, locoregional immunotherapy with autologous tumor specific AuTLs may be more effective than systemic adoptive immunotherapy using intravenous infusion of autologous tumor non-specific LAK/NK T cells for the treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uhi Toh
- Dept. of Surgery, Kurume University, School of Medicine
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27
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Ravaud A. [Cell therapy in renal cell carcinoma]. Bull Cancer 2003; 90:711-21. [PMID: 14609761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular therapy in renal cell carcinoma has to be included in a strategy based on the known sensitivity to immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. Cellular therapy was previously initiated with Lymphokine Activated Killer cells (LAK) then Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL). Yet, major clinical evaluations are performed on dendritic cells and allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ravaud
- Service de cancérologie, hôpital Saint-André, CHU, 1, rue Jean Burguet, 33075 Bordeaux, France.
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28
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Hagihara M, Tsuchiya T, Hyodo O, Ueda Y, Tazume K, Masui A, Kanemura A, Yoshiba F, Takashimizu S, Matzusaki S, Kato S, Hotta T. Clinical effects of infusing anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes into patients with severe chronic active EBV infection. Int J Hematol 2003; 78:62-8. [PMID: 12894853 DOI: 10.1007/bf02983242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell therapy with autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) or lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells was performed in 2 adults with severe chronic active EBV infection (SCAEBV). The patient in case 1, who had complications of pancytopenia, high fever, and massive splenomegaly, was treated with 13 doses of LAK cell infusion followed by 4 doses of autologous CTL infusion. The patient in case 2, who had liver dysfunction due to natural killer cell-type infection, was treated with 4 doses of autologous CTL infusion. In case 1, the LAK cell infusions were effective in lowering the viral load and improving several biochemical parameters (lactate dehydrogenase, soluble interleukin 2 receptor) and resulted in complete amelioration of the high fever. Subsequent infusions of autologous CTLs reduced the viral load only temporarily and were accompanied by an increase in frequency of EBV-specific T-cells in the blood. However, the patient's main problem of pancytopenia was not resolved. In case 2, infusion of autologous CTLs did not improve the patient's hepatic dysfunction or viral load but caused a significant increase in autoantibody levels. Thus the effect of auto-CTL treatment was limited or deteriorative in SCAEBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Hagihara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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29
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Kawakami Y. [Cellular immunotherapy of cancer]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2003; 44:358-67. [PMID: 12884813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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30
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Kiselevskiĭ MV. [Adoptive immunotherapy in malignant tumors]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 2003:40-4. [PMID: 12608084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Presently, the biotherapy for cancer, involving activated cells of the immune system has been used on an expanding basis in clinical oncology. The stimulated recombinant preparations of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and of interferon on (INF), or so-called lymphoquin-activated killers (LAK), were found to be able to lyse the freely isolated tumor cells by avoiding any damage to the normal cells. An NCI randomized study (181 cases), held in 1990, showed that the combination of IL-2 with LAK was most effective as compared with the IL-2 therapy alone. Despite the fact that the immunotherapy basic research is focused on melanoma, renal cancer, colorectal cancer and lymphomas, there are published data related with an effective use of IL-2/LAK-therapy in patients with other localizations. The administration of IL-2 and LAK for exudative cancer forms in 78 patients led to clinical effects in 94.8% of cases. A maximum cytoreduction of tumor is one more way to enhance the efficacy of the immunotherapy; it ensures the establishment of a maximum correlation between the tumor cells and the killers. A combination of the methods of activation of specific and non-specific immunities should be regarded as the most promising trend in the development of biotherapy of tumors.
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31
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Edinger M, Cao YA, Verneris MR, Bachmann MH, Contag CH, Negrin RS. Revealing lymphoma growth and the efficacy of immune cell therapies using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Blood 2003; 101:640-8. [PMID: 12393519 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutics have achieved success in the treatment of a variety of malignancies, however, relapse of disease from small numbers of persistent tumor cells remains a major obstacle. Advancement of treatment regimens that effectively control minimal residual disease and prevent relapse would be greatly accelerated if sensitive and noninvasive assays were used to quantitatively assess tumor burden in animal models of minimal residual disease that are predictive of the human response. In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is an assay for the detection of small numbers of cells noninvasively and enables the quantification of tumor growth within internal organs. Fusion genes that encode bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter proteins effectively couple the powerful in vivo capabilities of BLI with the subset-discriminating capabilities of fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We labeled 2 murine lymphoma cell lines with dual function reporter genes and monitored radiation and chemotherapy as well as immune-based strategies that employ the tumorcidal activity of ex vivo-expanded CD8(+) natural killer (NK)-T cells. Using BLI we were able to visualize the entire course of malignant disease including engraftment, expansion, metastasis, response to therapy, and unique patterns of relapse. We also labeled the effector NK-T cells and monitored their homing to the sites of tumor growth followed by tumor eradication. These studies reveal the efficacy of immune cell therapies and the tempo of NK-T cell trafficking in vivo. The complex cellular processes in bone marrow transplantation and antitumor immunotherapy, previously inaccessible to investigation, can now be revealed in real time in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Edinger
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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32
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Kawai K. [Cell therapy for renal cell carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2002; 29:1745-51. [PMID: 12402424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an immunogenic tumor that has shown some response to cytokine-therapy and other types of immune-based treatment. Since the advent of lymphocyte culture techniques in the 1980s, clinical trials of lymphokine-activatedkiller cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes have been conducted. Although these approaches have not shown apparent benefit compared to the standard cytokine therapy, further trials are ongoing using dendritic cell or gene-modified tumor vaccines in order to induce a tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell response in vivo. Recently, several investigators have indicated that RCC is susceptible to a graft-versus-tumor effect promoted by allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. This article reviews the clinical results of these cell therapies for metastaic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305-8575, Japan
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33
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Kountouras J, Boura P, Kouklakis G. Locoregional immunochemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49:1109-12. [PMID: 12143214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a disease with a poor and dismal prognosis, and all forms of currently available conventional therapies are rarely beneficial. However, in recent years, combined targeting locoregional immunochemotherapy has been reported with very promising results. Adoptive immunotherapy with LAK cells (lymphokine-activated killer cells) and recombinant interleukin-2 is becoming one of the new modalities to reconstitute the depressed immune status of the tumor-bearing host. Interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12 induce cytolytic activity of LAK and natural killer cells and are considered for cellular activation to locoregional immunotherapy before, after resection or even in unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas. Spleen is a suitable organ for LAK cell induction because it has densely packed lymphocytes. The strategy of administration of both interleukin-2 and gamma-interferon into the spleen for in vivo immunostimulation is based on the well-known synergism of the above cytokines. LAK cells have cytotoxic activity against a variety of tumor cells. In particular, LAK cells exhibit efficacy against lung and liver malignant lesions, as suggested by their trafficking pattern; activated killer cells injected i.v. into humans appeared in the lung early and were subsequently rapidly redistributed to the liver and spleen. Lipiodol-Urografin emulsion is probably an ideal cytokine/anti-cancer drug carrier suitable for the combined locoregional immunochemotherapy because during its preferential retention in the vascular network of the spleen and tumor, a gradual release of both immuno- and chemotherapeutical drugs bound to emulsion droplets is achieved ensuring a prolong half life for these drugs. Recent data point to the potential of considering intratumoral or intravascular use of adenovirus carrying interleukin-12 gene, and/or p53-based gene therapy as possible therapeutic strategies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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34
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Kawamura M. [Adjuvant immunotherapy for lung cancer]. Nihon Rinsho 2002; 60 Suppl 5:459-62. [PMID: 12101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Kawamura
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University
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35
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Yahara N, Oka M. [Immunotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2002; 29:390-7. [PMID: 11915728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
To treat unresectable pancreatic cancer, we have performed cell therapies using lymphokine-activated killer cell, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with autologous tumor cells, and CTL recognizing MUC1 induced by MLC with an allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells line, YPK-1. CTL therapy was effective in some cases. We also performed cell therapy using MUC1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (MUC1-DCs) and MUC1-CTLs. This therapy was effective in one of three cases so far. Cancer peptide vaccine therapy trials for unresectable pancreatic cancer are also ongoing. Cell therapy and peptide vaccine therapy may be promising approaches for unresectable pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Yahara
- Dept. of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology (Surgery II), Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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36
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Elias L, Hunt WC. A literature analysis of prognostic factors for response and quality of response of patients with renal cell carcinoma to interleukin-2-based therapy. Oncology 2002; 61:91-101. [PMID: 11528247 DOI: 10.1159/000055359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize prognostic factors for response of advanced renal cell carcinoma to interleukin-2-based regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data compiled from 80 published series were examined for associations between patient characteristics and outcomes. RESULTS Response rates were highest in trials utilizing interleukin-2 combinations. Longer median survivals were associated with high percentages of patients with nephrectomy, good performance status, with publication year, response rates, and inversely with median ages. Associations of performance status and prior nephrectomy with response rates were detected in trials with individual patient details. The response rate was higher for patients older than the median age of patients entering each trial, and also higher for males. Among responders, attainment of complete response was associated with fewer sites of involvement. Pooled response duration of patients reported to have complete responses exhibited durability, but no correlation with prognostic factors. Selection factors may have influenced apparent differences between types of regimens. We confirm the potential for durable remissions from interleukin-2-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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37
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Irjala H, Salmi M, Alanen K, Grénman R, Jalkanen S. Vascular adhesion protein 1 mediates binding of immunotherapeutic effector cells to tumor endothelium. J Immunol 2001; 166:6937-43. [PMID: 11359855 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can be used as an immunotherapeutic tool to treat cancer. Success of this therapy depends on the homing and killing capacity of in vitro-activated and -expanded TIL. Vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) is an endothelial molecule that mediates binding of lymphocytes to vessels of inflamed tissue. Here, we studied whether VAP-1 is involved in binding of TIL, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, and NK cells to vasculature of the cancer tissue. We demonstrated that VAP-1 is expressed on the endothelium of cancer vasculature. The intensity and number of positive vessels varied greatly between the individual specimens, but it did not correlate with the histological grade of the cancer. Using an in vitro adhesion assay we showed that VAP-1 mediates adhesion of TIL, LAK, and NK cells to cancer vasculature. Treatment of the tumor sections with anti-VAP-1 Abs diminished the number of adhesive cells by 60%. When binding of different effector cell types was compared, it was evident that different cancer tissues supported the adhesion of TIL to a variable extent and LAK cells were more adhesive than TIL and NK cells to tumor vasculature. These data suggest that VAP-1 is an important interplayer in the antitumor response. Thus, by up-regulating the expression of VAP-1 in tumor vasculature, it can be possible to improve the effectiveness of TIL therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/analysis
- Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/biosynthesis
- Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/physiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood supply
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/chemistry
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- H Irjala
- National Public Health Institute and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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38
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Hayes RL, Arbit E, Odaimi M, Pannullo S, Scheff R, Kravchinskiy D, Zaroulis C. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 39:31-42. [PMID: 11418300 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The median survival for adults with recurrent primary malignant gliomas is 56 weeks following surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Generally, reoperation can extend the median survival an additional 26-32 weeks. We have developed an aggressive treatment program that utilizes low doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2) combined with ex vivo activated killer cells (LAK) infused via an indwelling catheter placed into the surgical resection cavity. Autologous leukocytes were collected during a standard 3-4 h, outpatient leukapheresis procedure, then activated ex vivo for 4-5 days with high doses of IL-2. The treatment protocol consisted of two 2-week cycles of therapy over a 6-week period. Patients with stable disease or objective response on follow-up MRI scans were retreated at 3-month intervals. Acute and cumulative IL-2-related toxicities were observed, but limited, and included fever, headache and transient neurologic irritation. Corticosteroid levels and usage were strictly controlled during immunotherapy, although higher doses were used intermittently to mitigate toxicity. Biologic changes included lymphocytic infiltration, regional eosinophilia, tumor necrosis, and the localized production of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-12, demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. SUMMARY IL-2 plus autogeneic LAK cells can be safely administered intracavitary to treat high grade primary brain tumors with limited toxicity within the central nervous system. Six out of 28 patients had long-term survival of greater than 2 years post-reoperation plus immunotherapy with 2 patients alive over 8 years. The presence of a marked regional eosinophilia appeared to correlate with increased survival and may be predictive of a biologic and therapeutic response. Regional adoptive immune therapy was well tolerated and should be considered an option for patients with high-grade tumors refractive to standard therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Immunotherapy Program, Sanford R. Nalitt Institute for Cancer and Blood-Related Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, 256 Mason Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA.
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39
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Huang Y, Hayes RL, Wertheim S, Arbit E, Scheff R. Treatment of refractory recurrent malignant glioma with adoptive cellular immunotherapy: a case report. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 39:17-23. [PMID: 11418298 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the successful treatment of a patient with recurrent malignant glioma with adoptive cellular immunotherapy. The patient is a young adult with recurrent progressive disease refractory to aggressive multi-modality therapy including repetitive surgical resection, radiation, radiosurgery and chemotherapy. He received multiple courses of local administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in combination with a low dose of interleukin-2 (IL-2) through an Ommaya reservoir-catheter system. The side-effects of this treatment were limited and manageable. The patient achieved a complete remission, as demonstrated by MRI and confirmed by glucose-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging 11 months after initiation of immune therapy. Twenty-six months later, the patient is still in remission with improving performance status. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy utilizing autologous LAK cells with low dose IL-2 appears to be a safe and effective therapy for a subset of patients with primary, recurrent or progressive malignant glioma following conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Department of Medicine, Sanford R. Nalitt Institute for Cancer and Blood-Related Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, 256 Mason Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
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40
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Vallera DA. Gene therapy with immunotoxins. Methods Mol Biol 2001; 166:235-46. [PMID: 11217370 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-114-0:235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Transport
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Vallera
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Department of Therapeutic Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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41
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Kamanabrou D. [Treatment of metastasized malignant melanoma]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2001; 90:391-396. [PMID: 11305184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of stage IV melanoma is unfavourable compared to the curative surgical results in early stage. The median survival amounts to 8-10 months and only 1-2% of the patients will not relapse. Dacarbazine remains the reference standard treatment for metastatic melanoma. The modest activity of chemotherapy in stage IV has prompted investigators to consider combinations of multiagent chemotherapy, immunotherapy and biochemotherapy. Promising treatment options are melanoma vaccines to obtain an efficient immunoresponse, the combination of chemotherapy with Interleukin (IL)-2 and Interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) as a way of improving response rates and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kamanabrou
- Abteilung für Internistische Onkologie, Fachklinik Hornheide
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42
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Ravaud A. [Cell therapy in solid tumors]. Bull Cancer 2001; 88:91-100. [PMID: 11182658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ravaud
- Institut Bergonié, Centre régional de lutte contre le cancer, 180, rue de Saint-Genès, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex
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43
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Ueda Y, Sonoyama T, Itoi H, Fujiwara H, Fuji N, Itoh T, Fujiki H, Yamashita T, Yoshimura T, Harada S, Okugawa K, Yamagishi H. [Locoregional adoptive immunotherapy using LAK cells and IL-2 against liver metastases from digestive tract cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2000; 27:1962-5. [PMID: 11086454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the clinical efficacy of locoregional and systemic adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) with or without interleukin-2 (IL-2) against solid metastatic lesions from digestive tract cancer. Eighteen patients, who were treated with more than 10(10) lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, were enrolled in this study. Seven of the 18 patients received hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of LAK cells with or without IL-2 against metastatic liver tumors (locoregional therapy group). The remaining 11 patients received systemic transfer of LAK cells with IL-2 against metastatic lesions located in organs other than the liver (systemic therapy group). Three of 7 locoregional therapy group patients showed clinically significant tumor regressions that were evaluated as being equivalent to partial response (PR). Two of the 11 systemic therapy group patients showed significant tumor regressions, but this response rate was much lower than that of the locoregional therapy group. The 2 effective cases in the systemic therapy group were esophageal cancer patients. Locoregional AIT with or without IL-2 against liver metastases from digestive tract cancer could be an effective therapeutic modality in some patients who are refractory to conventional therapies (e.g., chemotherapy and radiotherapy). It is necessary to find a new way to augment the anti-tumor effect of this therapy in combination with prior or concomitant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ueda
- Dept. of Digestive Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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44
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Nannmark U, Hokland ME, Agger R, Christiansen M, Kjaergaard J, Goldfarb RH, Bagge U, Unger M, Johansson BR, Albertsson PA, Basse PH. Tumor blood supply and tumor localization by adoptively transferred IL-2 activated natural killer cells. In Vivo 2000; 14:651-8. [PMID: 11125549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The circulatory pattern of IL-2 activated natural killer (A-NK) cells was studied in C57BL/6 mice bearing 10 day-old pulmonary and subcutaneous (s.c.) metastases of the B16 melanoma in order to evaluate the roles of the concentration of A-NK cells in the blood and of tumor blood flow on accumulation of A-NK cells in tumors. Kinetic studies of the presence of A-NK cells in peripheral blood after adoptive transfer revealed that these cells rapidly disappear from the blood. Via intravital microscopy of animals with exposed lung tissue, we have shown that the vast majority of transferred A-NK cells become efficiently arrested within the lung microcirculation at their first encounter with this organ, thereby explaining the fast disappearance of the cells from the bloodstream. Despite the low number of A-NK cells circulating in the blood, systemically injected A-NK cells (20 million per mouse) localized significantly (70-80 million cells/g) into most pulmonary metastases within 8-16 hours. In contrast, very few A-NK cells (< 0.2 million cells/g) were found in the s.c. metastases. Based on measurements of tumor blood flow (showing a classic inverse relationship between tumor size and tumor blood flow) and the blood concentration of A-NK cells, we estimated the highest intratumoral density of A-NK cells that theoretically can be generated by A-NK cells transported to the tumor by way of the blood. In s.c. tumors, the observed density of A-NK cells was at all times lower (10-50 fold) than the estimated density, indicating that only a few percent of the A-NK cells arriving at these tumors become retained in them. In contrast, the observed density of A-NK cells in pulmonary metastases was at all times higher (2-3 fold) than the estimated density. This finding indicates that A-NK cells might not reach the pulmonary metastases solely by way of the blood stream. In conclusion, i.v. injected A-NK cells become immediately entrapped in the lungs and, consequently, circulate poorly. While lung metastases become significantly infiltrated by i.v. injected A-NK cells, metastases in organs down-stream from the lungs become poorly infiltrated. We hypothesize that only a part of the A-NK cells found in lung metastases 8-16 hours following injection reach these metastases by way of the blood-vascular system. They might also migrate into the metastases from the surrounding normal lung tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/pathology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/transplantation
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microcirculation
- Skin Neoplasms/blood supply
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/secondary
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- U Nannmark
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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45
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Abstract
Malignant cells in the stem cell product have been shown to contribute to disease recurrence in patients who relapse after autologous transplantation. Immunologic methods of purging tumor cells from stem cell products focus on either removal of specific target cells or positive selection of HPC. mAb are the key component of many purging strategies and are employed both in vitro and in vivo. Cytotoxic cellular therapies are an emerging method of tumor cell eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berkahn
- Section of Bone Marrow Transplant and Cell Therapy, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- P Frost
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California 90095-1747, USA
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47
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Margolin KA. Interleukin-2 in the treatment of renal cancer. Semin Oncol 2000; 27:194-203. [PMID: 10768598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) administered in pharmacologic doses to renal cancer patients with intact organ function and good performance status induces durable complete responses in about 5% of patients and partial responses in an additional 10% to 15%. The mechanism of antitumor efficacy of IL-2 is closely related to its ability to expand and activate cytotoxic lymphocytes of the natural killer (NK)- and thymic (T)-cell subsets that express IL-2 receptors (IL-2R). There is also accumulating evidence that local or generalized effector cell dysfunction, which is characteristic of patients with advanced cancer, can be reversed with IL-2 exposure. The toxicities of IL-2 are mediated by cytokines and other small molecules secreted by IL-2R-expressing cells responding to the binding of this ligand. The common mechanism for IL-2-induced multiorgan dysfunction appears to be a capillary leak syndrome directly mediated by local production of nitric oxide by cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. To date, efforts to improve on the antitumor activity of IL-2 by the addition of IL-2-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cells) or cell subsets selected for proximity or potential antigen-specificity (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL]) have not led to improved therapeutic outcomes. Attempts to reduce the risks of IL-2 therapy (which could potentially allow for increased IL-2 administration) by blocking one or more of the known mediators of toxicity have also been disappointing. Current research is directed at developing combination regimens with additive or synergistic antitumor effects and incompletely overlapping toxicities, as well as the identification of tumor antigens that may be the target of more focused cellular therapies. The role of high-dose IL-2 in the adjuvant therapy of resected renal cancer at high risk of relapse is also under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Margolin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Cancer, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Kobari M, Egawa S, Shibuya K, Sunamura M, Saitoh K, Matsuno S. Effect of intraportal adoptive immunotherapy on liver metastases after resection of pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg 2000; 87:43-8. [PMID: 10606909 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with resected pancreatic cancer remains poor. This study evaluated the effect of adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) using intraportal infusion of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells after curative resection and intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) on advanced pancreatic cancer. METHODS Twenty-nine consecutive patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (Japan Pancreas Society stage III or IV) were divided into two groups. The control group (n = 17) underwent tumour resection and IORT. The treatment group (n = 12) underwent resection, IORT and intraportal infusion of LAK cells combined with recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2). The incidence of liver metastasis and the survival rate of these two groups were compared. RESULTS Although the overall survival between groups was not statistically different (P = 0.082), there were more patients (four) alive 3 years after operation in the test group (36 per cent versus zero), and the incidence of liver metastases in the treatment group was significantly lower (three of 12 versus ten of 15; P < 0.05). LAK therapy influenced survival positively in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION These preliminary observations suggest that AIT warrants further study as a possible adjuvant for patients undergoing curative resection and IORT for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kobari
- First Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Bordignon C, Carlo-Stella C, Colombo MP, De Vincentiis A, Lanata L, Lemoli RM, Locatelli F, Olivieri A, Rondelli D, Zanon P, Tura S. Cell therapy: achievements and perspectives. Haematologica 1999; 84:1110-49. [PMID: 10586214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cell therapy can be considered as a strategy aimed at replacing, repairing, or enhancing the biological function of a damaged tissue or system by means of autologous or allogeneic cells. There have been major advances in this field in the last few years. This has prompted the Working Group on Hematopoietic Cells to examine the current utilization of this therapy in clinical hematology. EVIDENCE AND INFORMATION SOURCES The method employed for preparing this review was that of informal consensus development. Members of the Working Group met three times, and the participants at these meetings examined a list of problems previously prepared by the chairman. They discussed the single points in order to reach an agreement on different opinions and eventually approved the final manuscript. Some of the authors of the present review have been working in the field of cell therapy and have contributed original papers in peer-reviewed journals. In addition, the material examined in the present review includes articles and abstracts published in journals covered by the Science Citation Index and Medline. STATE OF THE ART Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been used since the '70s mainly in end-stage patients with solid tumors, but the clinical benefits of these treatments has not been clearly documented. TIL are more specific and potent cytotoxic effectors than LAK, but only in few patients (mainly in those with solid tumors such as melanoma and glioblastoma) can their clinical use be considered potentially useful. Adoptive immunotherapy with donor lymphocyte infusions has proved to be effective, particularly in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, in restoring a state of hematologic remission after leukemia relapse occurring following an allograft. The infusion of donor T-cells can also have a role in the treatment of patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. However, in this regard, generation and infusion of donor-derived, virus specific T-cell lines or clones represents a more sophisticated and safer approach for treatment of viral complications occurring in immunocompromised patients. Whereas too few clinical trials have been performed so far to draw any firm conclusion, based on animal studies dendritic cell-based immunotherapy holds promises of exerting an effective anti-tumor activity. Despite leukemic cells not being immunogenic, induction on their surface of co-stimulatory molecules or generation of leukemic dendritic cells may induce antileukemic cytotoxic T-cell responses. Tumor cells express a variety of antigens and can be genetically manipulated to become immunogenic. The main in vitro and in vivo functional characteristics of marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with particular emphasis on their hematopoietic regulatory role are reviewed. In addition, prerequisites for clinical applications using culture-expanded mesenchymal cells are discussed PERSPECTIVES The opportuneness of using LAK cells or activated natural killer (NK) cells in hematologic patients with low tumor burden (e.g. after stem cell transplantation) should be further explored. Moreover the role of new cytokines in enhancing the antineoplastic activity of NK cells and the infusion of selected NK in alternative to CTL for graft versus leukemia (GVL) disease (avoiding graft versus host disease (GvHD) seems very promising. Separation of GVL from GvHD through generation and infusion of leukemia-specific T-cell clones or lines is one of the most intriguing and promising fields of investigations for the future. Likewise, strategies devised to improve immune-reconstitution and restore specific anti-infectious functions through either induction of unresponsiveness to recipient alloantigens or removal of alloreactive donor T-cells might increase the applicability and success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bordignon
- Institute of Hematology, S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Semino C, Martini L, Queirolo P, Cangemi G, Costa R, Alloisio A, Ferlazzo G, Sertoli MR, Reali UM, Ratto GB, Melioli G. Adoptive immunotherapy of advanced solid tumors: an eight year clinical experience. Anticancer Res 1999; 19:5645-9. [PMID: 10697634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive immunotherapy (AI) of cancer, based upon the injection of in vitro manipulated autologous lymphocytes is still in an experimental phase. Our group started different clinical trials of AI in early 1990, and, at present, some specific targets for this approach seem to have been identified. PATIENTS AND METHODS 296 patients with solid tumors (melanoma, kidney carcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, mesothelioma, neoplastic pleural effusion, and liver cancer) were treated with either locoregional or systemic adoptive immunotherapy (AI) using both LAK and TIL cells in combination with s.c. rIL-2. RESULTS The surgery/AI combination resulted in good clinical results, characterized by enhanced survival and long lasting disease free periods in a significant number of patients. CONCLUSIONS AI seems to be efficacious in the treatment of melanoma, lung and hepatic cancers. Further studies will expand the application of the treatment to other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Semino
- Laboratorio di Immunoterapia Cellulare, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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