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Mahdavifard S, Nowruz N. Glutamine Defended the Kidneys Versus Lead Intoxication Via Elevating Endogenous Antioxidants, Reducing Inflammation and Carbonyl Stress, as well as Improving Insulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3141-3148. [PMID: 37776396 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Kidneys are primarily sensitive to lead (Pb) poisoning due to their cardinal role in lead excretion. Then, we studied the effect of glutamine (Gln) on lead nephrotoxicity in rats by assessing the histopathological and biochemical parameters (the renal NF-kβ expression, metabolic profile, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, methylglyoxal (MGO), and glyoxalase-I activity). Forty rats were allotted into four groups (ten rats in each): normal (N), Gln-treated N, Pb intoxication (Pbi), and Gln-treated Pbi. The treated groups took 0.1% Gln in drinking water for 1 month. To motivate lead poisoning, rats gained 50 mg/l lead acetate in drinking water for 1 month. Oxidative stress indices (total glutathione, its reduced and oxidized forms, their ratios, advanced protein oxidation products, malondialdehyde, and ferric ion reducing power) and inflammatory markers (renal nuclear factor-kβ expression, interleukin 1β level, and myeloperoxidase activity) were measured. Furthermore, metabolic profile (fasting blood sugar, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and atherogenic index) and renal dysfunction parameters were determined. Pb-induced renal histopathological alterations were investigated by a pathologist. In the kidney of Pbi rats, the glomerulus was damaged. Gln prevented kidney damage and reduced kidney dysfunction parameters. In addition, Gln decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in sera and kidney homogenates. In addition, it improved insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and carbonyl stress (p < 0.001). Gln guarded the kidneys versus lead intoxication by improving insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, elevating antioxidant markers, and diminishing inflammation and carbonyl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mahdavifard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Najafzadeh Nowruz
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Fang CW, Ning HC, Huang YC, Chiang YS, Chuang CW, Wang IK, Fan NC, Weng CH, Huang WH, Hsu CW, Yen TH. Trend in blood lead levels in Taiwanese adults 2005-2017. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260744. [PMID: 34855854 PMCID: PMC8638909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the trend of blood lead levels (BLLs) in Taiwanese adults and analyzed the variations in the BLL between Linkou (northern) and Kaohsiung (southern) hospital branches. Between 2005 and 2017, 3,804 adult participants received blood lead tests at the Linkou (n = 2,674) and Kaohsiung (n = 1,130) branches of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. The geometric mean of BLL was 2.77 μg/dL. The adult participants from the Kaohsiung branch were not only age older (49.8±14.1 versus 39.4±14.2 years; P<0.001) and male predominant (65.8 versus 41.7%; P<0.001) but also showed a higher BLL (4.45±3.93 versus 2.82±2.42 μg/dL; P<0.001) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (87.62±25.94 versus 93.67±23.88; P<0.001) than those from the Linkou branch. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the Kaohsiung branch [odds ratio (OR): 7.143; 95% confident interval (CI): 5.682–8.929; P<0.001], older age (OR: 1.008; 95% CI: 1.000–1.015; P = 0.043) and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR: 1.009; 95% CI: 1.004–1.014; P = 0.001) were significant predictors for BLL > 5 μg/dL. Therefore, this study confirmed a continuous decreasing trend in the BLL in Taiwan after banning leaded petrol in 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wan Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chen Ning
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shao Chiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - I-Kuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chia Fan
- Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Weng
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Kidney Research Center, Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Kidney Research Center, Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Hsu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Kidney Research Center, Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Kidney Research Center, Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Elgharabawy RM, Alhowail AH, Emara AM, Aldubayan MA, Ahmed AS. The impact of chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) on hemodynamic functions and oxidative stress in cardiac toxicity induced by lead oxide nanoparticles in male rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111324. [PMID: 33592547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common environmental pollutant, lead can induce toxicity in several organ systems. A range of industrial and/or household materials and products contain lead, and food/liquid ingestion and inhalation are the mechanisms through which lead is introduced into the human body. OBJECTIVE Since knowledge about the cardiac toxicity of acute lead nanoparticles is limited, this work sought to shed more light on the issue by investigating the therapeutic effects of chicory extract based on rat models to elevate cardiac functions and oxidative stress. METHODS Four research groups were used, each consisting of ten albino rats of male sex and adult age. The groups were: control group, chicory group, lead oxide nanoparticle group, and lead oxide nanoparticle + chicory group. RESULTS Compared to the control and chicory groups, the lead oxide nanoparticle group displayed a notable increase in heart functions and oxidative stress markers as well as alterations in cardiac histological structure. On the other hand, cardiac function modifications were counteracted through four-week administration of lead oxide nanoparticles alongside chicory. CONCLUSION Heart damage caused by lead oxide nanoparticles may be attenuated by chicory through scavenging of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M Elgharabawy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad H Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M Emara
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Maha A Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira S Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Nam SM, Choi SH, Cho HJ, Seo JS, Choi M, Nahm SS, Chang BJ, Nah SY. Ginseng Gintonin Attenuates Lead-Induced Rat Cerebellar Impairments during Gestation and Lactation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030385. [PMID: 32131481 PMCID: PMC7175158 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin, a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, improves brain functions and protects neurons from oxidative stress. However, little is known about the effects of gintonin against Pb-induced brain maldevelopment. We investigated the protective effects of gintonin on the developing cerebellum after prenatal and postnatal Pb exposure. Pregnant female rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, Pb (0.3% Pb acetate in drinking water), and Pb plus gintonin (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Blood Pb was increased in dams and pups; gintonin treatment significantly decreased blood Pb. On postnatal day 21, the number of degenerating Purkinje cells was remarkably increased while the number of calbindin-, GAD67-, NMDAR1-, LPAR1-immunoreactive intact Purkinje cells, and GABA transporter 1-immunoreactive pinceau structures were significantly reduced in Pb-exposed offspring. Following Pb exposure, gintonin ameliorated cerebellar degenerative effects, restored increased pro-apoptotic Bax, and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl2. Gintonin treatment attenuated Pb-induced accumulation of oxidative stress (Nrf2 and Mn-SOD) and inflammation (IL-1β and TNFα,), restoring the decreased cerebellar BDNF and Sirt1. Gintonin ameliorated Pb-induced impairment of myelin basic protein-immunoreactive myelinated fibers of Purkinje cells. Gintonin attenuated Pb-induced locomotor dysfunctions. The present study revealed the ameliorating effects of gintonin against Pb, suggesting the potential use of gintonin as a preventive agent in Pb poisoning during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Hee-Jung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Jin Seok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Minsuk Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-4154
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Goel AD, Chowgule RV. Outbreak investigation of lead neurotoxicity in children from artificial jewelry cottage industry. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:30. [PMID: 31077132 PMCID: PMC6511187 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lead neurotoxicity is a known phenomenon, it can often be missed at a primary or secondary care level especially if detailed environmental exposure history is missed. METHODS This is an outbreak investigation where we observed 15 pediatric cases with neurologic signs and symptoms clustered in a slum area known for an unorganized artificial jewelry industry. Their clinical, biochemical, and epidemiological features were compared with 14 other children from the same region reporting with non-neurological symptoms who were considered as unmatched controls. RESULTS Cases with neurological manifestations had a higher in-house lead smelting activity [OR 7.2 (95% CI 1.4-38.3)] as compared to controls. Toddlers below 3 years of age were more vulnerable to the effects of lead. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes that many focal sources of lead poisoning still remain especially in the unorganized sector. In cases presenting with unexplained neurotoxicity, specific occupational and environmental inquiry for chemical poisoning, with special consideration for lead, should be actively pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil D Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
| | - Rohini V Chowgule
- Indian Institute of Environmental Medicine, Kasturba Hospital Mumbai, Building no. 12, Mumbai, India
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Okesola MA, Ajiboye BO, Oyinloye BE, Ojo OA. Effect of Zingiber officinale on some biochemical parameters and cytogenic analysis in lead-induced toxicity in experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:255-262. [PMID: 30558515 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1558321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to toxic elements is greatly unavoidable in our daily activities due to several routes of coming in contact with these elements. Thus lead (Pb), is one of the major causes of health hazard in human. In this study, evaluation of Zingiber officinale as mitigating measure against Pb induced biochemical and cytogenic toxicity in albino rats was investigated. Experimental rats were grouped into five with five animals per group, group I serves as control and groups 2-5 were induced intraperitoneal with lead acetate dissolved in distilled water at 3 mg/kg body weight whereas group 3-5 were orally administered with 200 mg/kg vitamin C, 200 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg of Z. officinale, respectively for 7 d. The obtained results show that aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lipid peroxidation, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) and catalase (CAT) were reduced progressively in Pb alone induced rats. Hematological parameters showed a progressive reduction (p < 0.05) in lead acetate alone rats. There were significant changes in micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) frequency, and oxidative damages in the bone marrow cells from lead acetate alone induced rats, although, mitotic index scores in these cells were reduced gradually (p < 0.05). The altered parameters were significantly reversed toward the levels observed in normal control rats administered with vitamin C and aqueous extract of Z. officinale. Hence, these results suggest that Z. officinale roots might contain therapeutic potential that can ameliorate the hazard effect of lead acetate poison.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye
- b Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine Research Laboratories , Afe Babalola University , Ado-Ekiti , Nigeria
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- b Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine Research Laboratories , Afe Babalola University , Ado-Ekiti , Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- b Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine Research Laboratories , Afe Babalola University , Ado-Ekiti , Nigeria
- c Department of Biochemistry , University of Ilorin , Ilorin , Nigeria
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Hernández G, Villanueva-Ibarra CA, Maldonado-Vega M, López-Vanegas NC, Ruiz-Cascante CE, Calderón-Salinas JV. Participation of phospholipase-A 2 and sphingomyelinase in the molecular pathways to eryptosis induced by oxidative stress in lead-exposed workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 371:12-19. [PMID: 30928402 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The increment of eryptosis in lead-exposed workers has been associated with oxidative stress, having as the main mediator [Ca2+]i. However, other molecules could participate as signals, such as PLA2 and SMase, which have been proposed to increase PGE2 and ceramides, both involved in the increment of PS externalization due to osmotic stress. To study the role of these enzymes in lead intoxication, we studied 30 lead exposed workers and 27 non-lead exposed individuals. We found, compared to non-exposed subjects, lead intoxication characterized by high blood lead concentration (median = 39.1 μg/dL), and low δ-ALAD activity (median = 348 nmol of porphobilinogen/h/mL); oxidative stress with high lipid peroxidation (median = 1.31 nmol of malondialdehyde/mL) and low TAC (median = 370 mM Trolox equivalents); a higher enzymatic activity of PLA2 (median = 518 AFU/mg) and SMase (median = 706 AFU/mg) and higher eryptosis (median = 0.92% PS externalization). Correlation and conditional probability analyses permit to associate oxidative stress and eryptosis with high PLA2 activity. However, high SMase activity was only associated with PLA2 activity. The role of these enzymes in the signal path to eryptosis induced by oxidative stress in lead-exposed workers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Hernández
- Section Methodology of Science, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-IPN (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - María Maldonado-Vega
- Planning, Teaching and Research Department, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Claudia-Estefania Ruiz-Cascante
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Odontológicas y de la Salud, Salud en el Trabajo, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José-Víctor Calderón-Salinas
- Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-IPN (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Xia J, Lu L, Jin C, Wang S, Zhou J, Ni Y, Fu Z, Jin Y. Effects of short term lead exposure on gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism in adult zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 209:1-8. [PMID: 29574035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most prevalent toxic, nonessential heavy metals that has been associated with a wide range of toxic effects in humans and environmental animals. Here, effects of short time exposure to 10 and 30 μg/L Pb on gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism were analyzed in adult male zebrafish. We observed that both 10 and 30 μg/L Pb increased the volume of mucus in the gut. At phylum level, the abundance of α-Proteobacteria decreased significantly and the abundance of Firmicutes increased significantly in the gut when treated with 30 μg/L Pb for 7 days. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing for V3-V4 region revealed a significant change in the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in 30 μg/L Pb exposed group. A more depth analysis, at the genus level, discovered that 52 gut microbes identified by operational taxonomic unit analysis were changed significantly in 30 μg/L Pb treated group. Based on GC/MS metabolomics analysis, a total of 41 metabolites were significantly altered in 30 μg/L Pb treatment group. These changed metabolites were mainly associated with the pathways of glucose and lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism. In addition, we also confirmed that the transcription of some genes related to glycolysis and lipid metabolism, including Gk, Aco, Acc1, Fas, Apo and Dgat, decreased significantly in the liver of zebrafish when exposed to 30 μg/L Pb for 7 days. Our results observed that Pb could cause gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic metabolic disorder in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Xia
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Liang Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Cuiyuan Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jicong Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yingchun Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Ge Y, Chen L, Sun X, Yin Z, Song X, Li C, Liu J, An Z, Yang X, Ning H. Lead-induced changes of cytoskeletal protein is involved in the pathological basis in mice brain. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:11746-11753. [PMID: 29442309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead poisoning is a geochemical disease. On the other hand, lead is highly carcinogenic and exhibits liver and kidney toxicity. This element can also cross the blood-brain barrier, reduce learning and memory ability and damage the structure of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. To further investigate the mechanism of lead neurotoxicity, 4-week-old Kunming mice were used to explore the effects of different concentrations of Pb2+ (0, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 mM) for 9 days. In this study, pathological and ultrastructural changes in brain cells of the treated group were related to damages to mitochondria, chromatin and the nucleus. Lead content in blood was tested by atomic absorption spectroscopy, which showed high lead concentrations in the blood with increasing doses of lead. Distribution of lead in nerve cells was analysed by transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Data showed the presence of lead in nucleopores, chromatin and nuclear membrane of nerve cells in the treatment groups, whereas lead content increased with increasing doses of lead acetate. Finally, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting, which showed a reduction in MAP2 expression with increasing lead doses in the mouse brain. These findings suggest that acute lead poisoning can cause significant dose-dependent toxic effects on mouse brain function and can contribute to better understanding of lead-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Ge
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xianghe Sun
- Nanle Buteau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Puyang, 457400, China
| | - Zhihong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaochao Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhixing An
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Ozkaya A, Sahin Z, Kuzu M, Saglam YS, Ozkaraca M, Uckun M, Yologlu E, Comakli V, Demirdag R, Yologlu S. Role of geraniol against lead acetate-mediated hepatic damage and their interaction with liver carboxylesterase activity in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:80-87. [PMID: 28817314 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1364772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of geraniol (50 mg/kg for 30 d), a natural antioxidant and repellent/antifeedant monoterpene, in a rat model of lead acetate-induced (500 ppm for 30 d) liver damage was evaluated. Hepatic malondialdehyde increased in the lead acetate group. Reduced glutathione unchanged, but glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, as well as carboxylesterase activities decreased in geraniol, lead acetate and geraniol + lead acetate groups. 8-OhDG immunoreactivity, mononuclear cell infiltrations and hepatic lead concentration were lower in the geraniol + lead acetate group than the lead acetate group. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased in the Pb acetate group. In conclusion, lead acetate causes oxidative and toxic damage in the liver and this effect can reduce with geraniol treatment. However, we first observed that lead acetate, as well as geraniol, can affect liver carboxylesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ozkaya
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Zafer Sahin
- b Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences , Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Muslum Kuzu
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Agri Ibrahim Cecen University , Agri , Turkey
| | - Yavuz Selim Saglam
- d Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozkaraca
- d Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Mirac Uckun
- e Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Ertan Yologlu
- f Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Veysel Comakli
- g School of Health , Agri Ibrahim Cecen University , Agri , Turkey
| | - Ramazan Demirdag
- g School of Health , Agri Ibrahim Cecen University , Agri , Turkey
| | - Semra Yologlu
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
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Abstract
Owing to its abundance on earth and its multiple uses by humans, lead (Pb) is a major toxicant that has threatened human health for millennia and continues to do so. There is no safe level of exposure, necessitating a nuanced approach to its control in the food we consume, the water we drink, and the air we breathe. Turnover in soft tissues is within days. In contrast, lead accumulates in bone and turns over with a half-life of about 30 years, though it can be mobilized from bone under physiological and pathophysiological conditions of bone resorption. Children are particularly vulnerable to lead exposure and suffer irreversible neurological deficits affecting learning ability and behavior. In adults, chronic effects of exposure to lead include elevated blood pressure, development of cancers, and, as suggested more recently, neurodegeneration. Some pathways of systemic and cellular metabolism of Pb(II) are known. However, except for its action in δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase, its molecular toxicology remains largely speculative in terms of specific targets. One major molecular mechanism seems to be the replacement of zinc with lead in zinc proteins with functional consequences. Calcium binding proteins are also being discussed as possible targets. However, the affinities of lead for calcium sites in proteins are orders of magnitude lower than those for zinc sites. Therefore, it remains to be shown whether lead at the concentrations occurring in tissues can replace calcium in proteins in vivo. Despite humans having recognized the hazards of lead exposure for a very long time, uncertainties remain as to the threshold for adverse effects on our health and the low levels of exposure during our lives as a risk factor for chronic disease.
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Caito S, Lopes ACBA, Paoliello MMB, Aschner M. Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs. Met Ions Life Sci 2017; 17:/books/9783110434330/9783110434330-016/9783110434330-016.xml. [PMID: 28731309 DOI: 10.1515/9783110434330-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of lead has been appreciated for centuries. Lead is a commonly used metal in industrialized nations, which results in the release of lead into the environment. Governmental agencies regulate the amount of lead permissible for workers to be exposed to; however, unregulated environmental lead exposure is a high concern. While essential metals have physiologic roles, there are no health benefits from lead intake. In this chapter, we discuss sources of lead exposure, the absorption, distribution, and elimination of lead from the human body, and molecular mechanisms of lead-induced toxicity. We also discuss the evidence on the association between lead exposure and blood pressure, and the influence of sociodemographic, lifestyle and environmental determinants of lead exposure in the general population. We highlight the effects on the nervous system, kidney, immune system, blood, reproductive system, and bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balani
- Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nagasathish Golla
- ESIC Superspeciality Hospital, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Shravan Mahankali
- ESIC Superspeciality Hospital, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Swarnalatha Seelam
- ESIC Superspeciality Hospital, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Salama SA, Arab HH, Maghrabi IA, Hassan MH, AlSaeed MS. Gamma-Glutamyl Cysteine Attenuates Tissue Damage and Enhances Tissue Regeneration in a rat Model of Lead-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:96-107. [PMID: 26767370 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a biohazardous metal that is commonly involved in human illness including renal injury. Although it is a non-redox reactive metal, lead-induced renal injury is largely based on oxidative stress. The current work aimed at exploring the possible protective effect of γ-glutamyl cysteine (γGC) against lead-induced renal injury. Rats were allocated to normal and γGC control groups, lead-treated group, and lead and γGC-treated group. γGC alleviated lead-induced renal injury as evidenced by attenuation of histopathological aberration, amelioration of oxidative injury as demonstrated by significant reduction in lipid and protein oxidation, elevation of total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione level. The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly elevated. γGC significantly decreased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β and the activity of the apoptotic marker caspase-3. In addition, γGC reduced kidney lead content, enhanced weight gain, and improved renal function as demonstrated by reduced serum levels of urea and creatinine. Importantly, γGC upregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, denoting enhanced renal regenerative capacity. Together, our findings highlight evidence for alleviating effects of γGC against lead-induced renal injury that is potentially mediated through diminution of oxidative tissue injury, reduction of inflammatory response, attenuation of apoptosis, and enhancement of renal regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Salama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751, Egypt.
- Divsion of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology and GTMR Unit, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hany H Arab
- Divsion of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology and GTMR Unit, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A Maghrabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Memy H Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, El-Madinah El-Munaworah, 30001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11231, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S AlSaeed
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
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Carmignani M, Felaco M, Boscolo P, Di Gioacchino M, Di Giampaolo L, Niu Q, Cesare P, Volpe AR. Clastogenic but Not Apoptotic Effects on Human Artery Endothelial Cells by Concentrations of Inorganic Lead Inhibiting Their Nitric Oxide Production. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:37-44. [PMID: 15345190 DOI: 10.1177/03946320040170s207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC 5156) were cultured as monolayers and exposed to concentrations of lead (as acetate, Pb) in the culture medium similar or lower than those commonly found in the blood of human beings occupationally or environmentally exposed to this element. Only at the concentration of 200 ng/mL, Pb reduced growth rate of HCAEC 5156 cells starting from the 3rd day and up to the 5th day of incubation. On the other hand, Pb (0.2, 2 and 200 ng/mL) increased concentration-dependently micronuclei formation in binucleated HCAEC5156 cells, as it was shown by the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN assay) carried out after 48 hours of exposure to the metal. However, Pb was unable, at all the above concentrations, to induce apoptosis in HCAEC 5156 cells following a 48 hour-exposure, as shown by an electrophoretic apoptotic DNA fragmentation test. Moreover, Pb (2 and 200 ng/mL) reduced significantly the concentration of nitric oxide (NO, determined analytically as L-citrulline) in both culture medium and cytosol of HCAEC 5156 cells following a 7 day-exposure to the element. Results were discussed also in relation to evidences of other studies reporting genotoxic and/or apoptotic effects of Pb on various cell types at very elevated dosages or concentrations. The observed clastogenic effects of Pb were explained through a series of mechanisms involving interactions between oxygen reactive species and NO and/or reduced NO synthesis in the endothelium, thus leading to a depressed NO bioavailability. This research first shows that Pb is provided with clastogenic but not apoptotic effects on cultured human endothelial cells. It was emphasized that such effects are induced by Pb concentrations similar to those commonly found in blood and tissues of laboratory animals showing Pb induced cardiovascular and/or neuropsychological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmignani
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
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PLOS ONE Staff. Correction: Water Spinach, Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), Ameliorates Lead Toxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143766. [PMID: 26600244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Dewanjee S, Dua TK, Khanra R, Das S, Barma S, Joardar S, Bhattacharjee N, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZE. Water Spinach, Ipomoea aquatic (Convolvulaceae), Ameliorates Lead Toxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139831. [PMID: 26473485 PMCID: PMC4608788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), an aquatic edible plant, is traditionally used against heavy metal toxicity in India. The current study intended to explore the protective role of edible (aqueous) extract of I. aquatica (AEIA) against experimentally induced Pb-intoxication. METHODS The cytoprotective role of AEIA was measured on mouse hepatocytes by cell viability assay followed by Hoechst staining and flow cytometric assay. The effect on ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, intracellular redox status were measured after incubating the hepatocytes with Pb-acetate (6.8 μM) along with AEIA (400 μg/ml). The effects on the expressions of apoptotic signal proteins were estimated by western blotting. The protective role of AEIA was measured by in vivo assay in mice. Haematological, serum biochemical, tissue redox status, Pb bioaccumulation and histological parameters were evaluated to estimate the protective role of AEIA (100 mg/kg) against Pb-acetate (5 mg/kg) intoxication. RESULTS Pb-acetate treated hepatocytes showed a gradual reduction of cell viability dose-dependently with an IC50 value of 6.8 μM. Pb-acetate treated hepatocytes exhibited significantly enhanced levels (p < 0.01) of ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation with concomitant depletion (p < 0.01) of antioxidant enzymes and GSH. However, AEIA treatment could significantly restore the aforementioned parameters in murine hepatocytes near to normalcy. Besides, AEIA significantly reversed (p < 0.05-0.01) the alterations of transcription levels of apoptotic proteins viz. Bcl 2, Bad, Cyt C, Apaf-1, cleaved caspases [caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9], Fas and Bid. In in vivo bioassay, Pb-acetate treatment caused significantly high intracellular Pb burden and oxidative pressure in the kidney, liver, heart, brain and testes in mice. In addition, the haematological and serum biochemical factors were changed significantly in Pb-acetate-treated animals. AEIA treatment restored significantly the evaluated-parameters to the near-normal position. CONCLUSION The extract may offer the protective effect via counteracting with Pb mediated oxidative stress and/or promoting the elimination of Pb by chelating. The presence of substantial quantities of flavonoids, phenolics and saponins would be responsible for the overall protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tarun K. Dua
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ritu Khanra
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Shilpa Das
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sujata Barma
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Swarnalata Joardar
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Niloy Bhattacharjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - M. Zia-Ul-Haq
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
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Ma T, Wu X, Cai Q, Wang Y, Xiao L, Tian Y, Li H. Lead Poisoning Disturbs Oligodendrocytes Differentiation Involved in Decreased Expression of NCX3 Inducing Intracellular Calcium Overload. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19096-110. [PMID: 26287169 PMCID: PMC4581288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poisoning has always been a serious health concern, as it permanently damages the central nervous system. Chronic Pb accumulation in the human body disturbs oligodendrocytes (OLs) differentiation, resulting in dysmyelination, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, Pb at 1 μM inhibits OLs precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation via decreasing the expression of Olig 2, CNPase proteins in vitro. Moreover, Pb treatment inhibits the sodium/calcium exchanger 3 (NCX3) mRNA expression, one of the major means of calcium (Ca2+) extrusion at the plasma membrane during OPCs differentiation. Also addition of KB-R7943, NCX3 inhibitor, to simulate Pb toxicity, resulted in decreased myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and cell branching. Ca2+ response trace with Pb and KB-R7943 treatment did not drop down in the same recovery time as the control, which elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration reducing MBP expression. In contrast, over-expression of NCX3 in Pb exposed OPCs displayed significant increase MBP fluorescence signal in positive regions and CNPase expression, which recovered OPCs differentiation to counterbalance Pb toxicity. In conclusion, Pb exposure disturbs OLs differentiation via affecting the function of NCX3 by inducing intracellular calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Battalion 7 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiyan Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yanping Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Abstract
The present study investigates the protective efficacy of stem bromelain against lead-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. There were six experimental groups; Group I was negative control, Group II was administered only 20 mg/kg of stem bromelain. Group III and V were orally exposed to 30 mg/kg/day and 60 mg/kg/day of lead acetate, respectively. Group IV and Group VI were exposed to both low and high dose of lead acetate, respectively, and treated with 20 mg/kg stem bromelain. The experimental period was 21 days. The end points evaluated were, lead accumulation in kidney, liver and spleen, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, serum malonaldehyde (MDA) cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Co-administration of stem bromelain with lead markedly reduced the lead accumulation in the kidney and spleen. The treatment of stem bromelain also reduced the serum MDA levels in the group exposed to lower dose of lead and serum triglyceride level in the group exposed to higher dose of lead. The lead-induced modulated levels of serum ALT and AST were also alleviated by bromelain treatment. Our key findings suggest a chelating potential of stem bromelain for combating lead toxicity and oxidative stress. Bromelain represents a novel approach to the treatment of metal toxicity and metabolic disorders with a limited therapeutic window.
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Lv C, Xu Y, Wang J, Shao X, Ouyang J, Li J. Dysplastic changes in erythroid precursors as a manifestation of lead poisoning: report of a case and review of literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:818-823. [PMID: 25755780 PMCID: PMC4348912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysplastic changes in erythroid precursors occur not only in patients with hematologic diseases, but also those with other diseases. Here, we report on a patient that presented with dysplastic changes in erythroid precursors due to lead poisoning from the intake of Chinese folk remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglan Lv
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Drumtower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yueyi Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Drumtower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Drumtower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Shao
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Drumtower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Drumtower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Drumtower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Kaczyńska K, Walski M, Szereda-Przestaszewska M. Long-term ultrastructural indices of lead intoxication in pulmonary tissue of the rat. Microsc Microanal 2013; 19:1410-1415. [PMID: 23985218 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present research long-term pulmonary toxicity of lead was investigated in rats treated by intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate for three consecutive days (25 mg/kg per day). Five weeks after treatment average lead content in the whole blood was 0.41 μg/dL ± 0.05, in the lung homogenates it measured 3.35 μg/g ± 0.54, as compared to the control values of 0.13 ± 0.07 μg/dL and 1.03 μg/g ± 0.59, respectively. X-ray microanalysis of lung specimens displayed lead localized mainly within type II pneumocytes and macrophages. At the ultrastructural level the effects of lead toxicity were found in lung capillaries, interstitium, epithelial cells, and alveolar lining. Alveolar septa showed intense fibrosis, consisting of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts. Thinned alveolar septa had emphysematous tissue with some revealing signs of angiogenesis. Type II pneumocytes contained lamellar bodies with features of laminar destruction. Fragments of the surfactant layer were often detached from the alveolar epithelium. These findings indicate that 5 weeks after exposure, lead provokes reconstruction of the alveolar septa including fibrosis and emphysematous changes in the lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Laboratory of Respiratory Reflexes, Polish Academy of Sciences Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 02-106 Warsaw, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Poland
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Abstract
CONTEXT Artichoke, Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae), has many natural antioxidants and multiple pharmacological actions. Recent studies have shown that it has antitoxic activity. OBJECTIVE Lead (Pb) is a dangerous environmental toxicant that induces a broad range of dysfunctions in human. This study evaluated the protective effect of the hydroethanolic extract of artichoke against altered biochemical parameters in rats fed with lead-containing diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first (control) group received standard diet. The second, third and fourth groups received 500 mg lead/kg diet, 500 mg lead/kg diet plus 300 mg/kg b.w. artichoke extract daily, and 500 mg lead/kg diet plus 1 mg vitamin C/100 g b.w. daily for 6 weeks, respectively. Serum lead, lipoprotein profile, ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver histopathology assessments were conducted. RESULTS Serum lead, triglyceride (TG), VLDL, ALT, AST, ALP and MDA levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the artichoke-treated group (35.85, 38.26, 38.38, 21.90, 12.81, 26.86 and 46.91%, respectively) compared to lead-intoxicated rats without treatment. No significant change was observed in serum lead, ALP and ALT between artichoke and vitamin C-treated groups (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the liver histopathology in rats treated with artichoke showed a mild degree of lymphocyte infiltration that was relatively comparable to the control and vitamin C-treated groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results clearly show that the artichoke extract in lead-poisoned rats has suitable chelating properties for the reduction of blood lead levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Heidarian
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suresh Babu
- JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P S Chawla
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research at Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Minter
- Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Ye WF, Tian Y, Huang JY, Liao MH, Tao RR, Zhang GS, Lou YJ, Han F. [Effect of chronic lead exposure on expression of autophagy-associated proteins in rat hippocampus]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2012; 41:402-409. [PMID: 22927075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of chronic lead exposure on expression of autophagy-associated proteins in rat hippocampus. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group was given distilled water, lead-exposed groups were given 0.5 g/L (low-dose) or 2.0 g/L(high-dose) lead acetate solution in drinking water. The rat pups started to drink the lead content water until 60 d maturity. The lead contents in blood and brain samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The expressions of Beclin 1, LC3, LAMP2 and cathepsin B proteins were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with control group, the contents of lead were significantly higher in blood and hippocampus samples in chronic lead-exposed rats (P<0.01). Western blot showed that the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3-II/LC3-I increased significantly in high dose lead-exposed group compared with control group (P<0.05 or P<0.001). The confocal laser immunostaining results demonstrated that increased immunofluorescence staining of cathepsin B in hippocampal neurons compared with control animals. CONCLUSION The disturbance of autophagy-lysosome signaling molecules might be partially contribute to neurotoxicity of chronic lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-feng Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Abstract
Many existing cohort studies initially designed to investigate disease risk as a function of environmental exposures have collected genomic data in recent years with the objective of testing for gene-environment interaction (G × E) effects. In environmental epidemiology, interest in G × E arises primarily after a significant effect of the environmental exposure has been documented. Cohort studies often collect rich exposure data; as a result, assessing G × E effects in the presence of multiple exposure markers further increases the burden of multiple testing, an issue already present in both genetic and environment health studies. Latent variable (LV) models have been used in environmental epidemiology to reduce dimensionality of the exposure data, gain power by reducing multiplicity issues via condensing exposure data, and avoid collinearity problems due to presence of multiple correlated exposures. We extend the LV framework to characterize gene-environment interaction in presence of multiple correlated exposures and genotype categories. Further, similar to what has been done in case-control G × E studies, we use the assumption of gene-environment (G-E) independence to boost the power of tests for interaction. The consequences of making this assumption, or the issue of how to explicitly model G-E association has not been previously investigated in LV models. We postulate a hierarchy of assumptions about the LV model regarding the different forms of G-E dependence and show that making such assumptions may influence inferential results on the G, E, and G × E parameters. We implement a class of shrinkage estimators to data adaptively trade-off between the most restrictive to most flexible form of G-E dependence assumption and note that such class of compromise estimators can serve as a benchmark of model adequacy in LV models. We demonstrate the methods with an example from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico City to Neuro-Toxicants Study of lead exposure, iron metabolism genes, and birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Ibrahim NM, Eweis EA, El-Beltagi HS, Abdel-Mobdy YE. Effect of lead acetate toxicity on experimental male albino rat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:41-6. [PMID: 23569832 PMCID: PMC3609202 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of different doses of lead acetate (1/20, 1/40 and 1/60 of LD50) on body weight gain, blood picture, plasma protein profile and the function of liver, kidney and thyroid gland. METHODS Male albino rats were divided into four groups, the first group represented the health control animals, while the second, third and fourth groups were ingested orally with sub lethal doses of lead acetate (1/20, 1/40 and 1/60) of the oral LD50, respectively. One dose was ingested every two days during the experimental period (14 weeks) including the adaptation time. Blood was collected and used for all analysis. RESULTS The results showed that, the ingestion of Pb(2+) induced significant stimulation in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminease (AST) activity. Also, total soluble protein and albumin contents of plasma were significantly decreased, while the content of globulin was changed by the Pb(2+) treatments. The cholinesterase activity was inhibited, but the activities of alkaline and acid phosphates and lactate dehydrogenase were stimulated, while plasma glucose level was elevated as a result of lead acetate intoxication. In case of blood picture, Pb(2+) ingestion reduced the contents of hemoglobin and RBCs count of intoxicated rat's blood and the plasma levels of T3, T4 and blood WBCs count were decreased. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that lead acetate has harmful effect on experimental male albino rats. Therefore, the present work advises people to prevent exposure to the lead compound to avoid injurious hazard risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil M Ibrahim
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | - Esam A Eweis
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | - Hossam S El-Beltagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, P. Box 12613, Gamma St,. Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin E Abdel-Mobdy
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
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Abstract
There is a long history and an overwhelming amount of data on the toxicity of heavy metal compounds. Here a brief look is taken of some aspects of the toxicity of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, chosen for their historical importance and environmental significance, highlighting especially the contrast between the acute and chronic toxicity of purely inorganic species and their organic derivatives. For further details of other toxic metal compounds, the reader might like to consult "Elements of murder: a history of poison" by John Emsley (2005, Oxford University Press).
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Ibrahim NM, Eweis EA, el-Beltagi HS, Abdel-Mobdy YE. The effect of lead acetate toxicity on experimental male albino rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:1120-32. [PMID: 21766233 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effect of Pb ion (lead acetate) was investigated using male albino rats, which was ingested at 1/20, 1/40, and 1/60 sublethal doses. Relative to normal control, the ingestion of Pb(2+) induced significant stimulation in ALT and AST activity. In addition, total soluble protein and albumin contents of plasma were decreased, while the content of globulin was changed by the Pb(2+) treatments. The cholinesterase activity was inhibited, but the activities of alkaline and acid phosphates as well as lactate dehydrogenase were stimulated as a result of lead acetate intoxication. These observations were gradually paralleled across the experiment dose of the three doses of intoxicated Pb(2+). In the case of blood picture, Pb(2+) ingestion significantly reduced the contents of hemoglobin and RBC count of intoxicated rat's blood, while the plasma levels of T3 and T4 and blood WBC count were insignificantly decreased or unchanged. All results of the present study showed that the Pb(2+) ingestion was more effective in the case of the high dose (1/20 LD(50)) than that of the low dose (1/60 LD(50)) ingestion relative to the normal healthy control. The results of the present work advice the need to avoid exposure of humans to the lead compound to avoid injurious hazard risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil M Ibrahim
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Kaczynska K, Walski M, Szereda-Przestaszewska M. Ultrastructural changes in lung tissue after acute lead intoxication in the rat. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 2011; 60:289-294. [PMID: 21606044 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary toxicity of lead was studied in rats after an intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Three consecutive days of treatment increased lead content in the whole blood to 2.1 µg/dl and in lung homogenate it attained 9.62 µg/g w.w. versus control values of 0.17 µg/dl and 0.78 µg/g w.w., respectively. At the ultrastructural level, the effects of lead toxicity were observed in lung capillaries, interstitium, epithelial cells and alveolar lining layer. Accumulation of aggregated platelets, leucocytic elements and monocytes was found within capillaries. Interstitium comprised a substantial number of collagen, elastin filaments and lipofibroblasts. Lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes contained phospolipid lamellae, which stratified into an irregular arrangement. Pulmonary alveoli were filled with macrophages. The extracellular lining layer of lung alveoli was partially destroyed. This study provided evidence that acute lead intoxication affects the whole lung parenchyma and by impairing production of the surfactant might disturb the regular respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczynska
- Laboratory of Respiratory Reflexes, PAS Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Pawinskiego Str. 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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32
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Foltinova J, Foltin V, Morvova M, Neu E, Simera M. Placenta and umbilical cord blood deserve attention. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2010; 31:47-55. [PMID: 20150885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work follows up with our already published results concerning consequences of lead on prenatal and postnatal development of child in connection with the rise of hyperkinetic syndrome (ADHD). This disease has in children increasing tendency all over the world. METHODS In our work we used a set of histological and histochemical methods, method of scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and statistical evaluation. RESULTS Our new method for proof of lead in placenta enabled us to show how lead is cumulated in syncytiotrophoblast. We have found release of lead from mother's erythrocytes in the intervillous space and receipt of lead by erythrocytes of fetus in the vessels of the villi of placenta. This finding enriches knowledge about relation between mother's erythrocytes, lead, calcium that is lead carrier, syncytiotrophoblast, and erythrocytes of fetus in the vessels of placental villi. We have proved that syncytiotrophoblast is the most frequent place for cumulation of lead deposits. We verified our ecomorphologic results by means of infrared spectroscopy in cooperation with physicists and statistically evaluated occurrence of ADHD in particular age categories what helps to fill gaps in knowledge of ADHD etiology. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of lead in umbilical cord blood immediately after the child birth is forewarning against the possible rise of the ADHD. This finding facilitates early diagnostics and means preventing step against the rise, development and consequences of this disease. The obtained results give evidence about the serious influence of mother's dwelling in environment polluted with neurotoxic metal - lead on the prenatal and postnatal development of child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Foltinova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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33
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Qiao YF, Pang DZ, Lu JF, Hu BY, Liu D, Zhou GF, Yang B, Li RS, Jiang YS. [Effect of potassium iodide on prevention of experimental lead nephropathy and expression of nuclear factor-kappaB and fibronectin]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2009; 27:747-752. [PMID: 21141136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of potassium iodide on the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB and fibronectin. METHODS The experiment was performed with 72 SD rats weighing about 180-220 g. The animals were randomly assigned into nine groups. Group A, B, C (n=8) served as control and were fed with distilled water for 1 month, 2 month, 3 month respectively. Group D, E, F (n=8) served as lead exposed and were fed with water with 0.5% lead acetate for 1 month, 2 month, 3 month respectively. Group G, H, I (n=8) served as potassium iodide and lead exposed and were treated with 0.5% lead acetate simultaneously taking potassium iodide 3 mg/100 g weight by intragastric administration for 1 month, 2 month, 3 month respectively. Animals of different groups were sacrificed at the end of the treatment. Ultrastructure of kidney was observed by electron microscopy; Expression of NF-kappaB and FN protein and mRNA in kidney were measured respectively by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS Electron microscopic examination revealed potassium iodide could restrain the denaturalization in epithelial cells and mitochondrial cristae. The expressions of NF-kappaB protein (0.2315 +/- 0.0624, 0.3213 +/- 0.0740, 0.4729 +/- 0.0839) and mRNA (0.4370 +/- 0.0841, 0.5465 +/- 0.0503, 0.6443 +/- 0.0538) in all the lead exposed groups continuously increased compared with correspondent control groups; Group I was decreased obviously compared with group F. The expressions of FN protein (0.4243 +/- 0.0595, 0.4917 +/- 0.0891) and mRNA (0.8650 +/- 0.0880, 0.8714 +/- 0.0980) in group E and F increased compared with group B and C, but the expressions of FN protein in group I significantly decreased compared with group F; The expressions of FN mRNA in Group H and I significantly decreased compared with group E and F. CONCLUSION The potassium iodide can ameliorate renal ultrastructure and degrade expression of nuclear factor-kappaB and fibronectin induced by lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-feng Qiao
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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34
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Verheij J, Voortman J, van Nieuwkerk CMJ, Jarbandhan SVA, Mulder CJJ, Bloemena E. Hepatic morphopathologic findings of lead poisoning in a drug addict: a case report. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2009; 18:225-227. [PMID: 19565057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe the case of a 40-year old Iranian man who was admitted to our hospital with severe abdominal pain, abnormal liver function tests and normocytic anemia. Suffering from multiple sclerosis, he was a regular user of opium for pain relief. Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes pointed towards the diagnosis of lead intoxication, the most likely source being contaminated Iranian opium. Serum lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels were strongly elevated. To assess the hepatotoxic effects of lead poisoning a liver biopsy was performed. Pathomorphologic findings of hepatotoxicity, rarely reported in humans, included active hepatitis together with extensive microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis, hemosiderosis and cholestasis, and a lymphocytic cholangitis. Whilst treated with chelating therapy, liver enzymes returned to normal, suggesting reversibility of the histological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Lai LH, Chou SY, Wu FY, Chen JJH, Kuo HW. Renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia with low blood lead levels and ethnicity in community-based study. Sci Total Environ 2008; 401:39-43. [PMID: 18514766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between blood lead levels (BLL) with both renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia among aboriginals and non-aboriginals in Taiwan. 1318 aboriginals and 1247 non-aboriginals over 40 years of age volunteered for this study. During routine health examinations at a clinic, blood samples were taken and a questionnaire was administered. Male uric acid (BUA) concentration (7.2 mg/dL) in serum was higher than for females (5.9 mg/dL). BUA concentration among aboriginals was higher (6.9 mg/dL) than among non-aboriginals (5.9 mg/dL). A test for trend of odds ratio (OR) for renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia indicated a significant correlation with BLL for both ethnic groups. Multiple logistic regression showed people who had BLLs exceeding 7.5 microg/dL were at a higher risk for renal dysfunction (OR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.18-3.10) and hyperuricemia (OR=2.72, 95% CI: 1.64-4.52). We concluded that BLL was significantly correlated with renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia in both ethnic groups. Further research is needed to investigate the exact mechanism causing a higher incidence of related disease among aboriginal Taiwanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsing Lai
- Department of Family Medicine, Pu-Li Christian Hospital, Taiwan
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36
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Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AdM) was originally discovered as a vasorelaxant peptide. The antioxidative properties of AdM have been reported recently. Through its antioxidative effect, adrenomedullin can protect organs from damage induced by stressors. Lead, commonly detected in air, soil, water and food, is a major source of oxidative stress. The effect of AdM in the liver of rats exposed to lead was investigated. Twenty-four female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a control group (C), adrenomedullin group (AdM), lead (Pb) group and lead + adrenomedullin (Pb + AdM) group. In the Pb-treated groups, the animals were exposed to lead in drinking water containing 250 ppm PbCl2 for 4 weeks. In the AdM-treated group, the animals received an i.p. injection of AdM (3000 ng kg(-1) body weight) in the third week of lead treatment for 1 week. The activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in the liver of rats. Histological changes in the liver were examined by light and electron microscopy as well. The MDA levels were increased significantly in the Pb-treated groups, but in the Pb + AdM group the MDA levels were decreased significantly when compared with the Pb group. AdM reduced hepatic damage in the Pb + AdM group, but the difference in the total histopathological scores between the Pb and Pb + AdM groups was not significant. When the results are taken together, it can be concluded that AdM may have protective or compensating effects in lead toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ilker Dogru
- Department of Biology, Arts and Science Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
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37
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Abstract
The biological effects of lead are well defined; however, neither the risk exposure level nor the subcellular mechanism of its action is completely clear. The present work was undertaken to investigate the effects of low level and long term lead exposure on the composition and expression of rat renal gangliosides. In order to identify ganglioside expression, frozen sections of kidneys were stained with monoclonal antibodies GMB16 (GM1 specific), GM28 (GM2 specific), AMR-10 (GM4 specific) and CDW 60 (9-O-Ac-GD3 specific). Strong reactivity was observed for GMB28, AMR-10 and CDW 60, while GMB16 developed only weak labelling in treated kidney compared with the control. The alterations in the expression of renal gangliosides observed by immunohistochemistry were accompanied by quantitative and qualitative changes in the thin layer chromatography of total gangliosides isolated from kidney tissues. Lead treatment produced a significant increase in 9-O-Ac GD3, a ganglioside involved in apoptotic processes. In agreement with this result, a significant decrease in the number of apoptotic glomerular cells was observed with the TUNEL assay. These findings lead us to suggest that alterations in renal gangliosides produced by low level lead exposure are associated with the apoptotic processes that take place in the kidney. These findings provide evidence that low level and long term lead exposure produces renal ganglioside alterations with urinary microalbumin excretion. The results suggest that lead levels within the limits of biological tolerance already cause molecular renal damage without clinical signs of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Pérez Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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38
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Mudipalli A. Lead hepatotoxicity & potential health effects. Indian J Med Res 2007; 126:518-527. [PMID: 18219078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to lead (Pb), one of the toxic metal pollutants, is of global concern. Health risks are increasingly associated with environmental exposures to Pb emissions from, for example, the widespread use of leaded gasoline in developing countries. Exposure occurs mainly through the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, and the ingested and absorbed Pb is stored primarily in soft tissues and bone. Autopsy studies of Pb-exposed patients have shown a large amount (approximately 33%) of the absorbed Pb in soft tissue stored in liver. In addition to neuronal encephalopathy observed in persons after exposure to very high concentrations of Pb, gastrointestinal colic (abdominal pain, constipation, intestinal paralysis) is a consistent early symptom of Pb poisoning in humans. Such severe gastrointestinal effects are consistently observed in patients with a blood Pb range of 30 to 80 microg/dl. Ingestion of Pb is one of the primary causes of its hepatotoxic effects. Hepatocarcinogenic effects of Pb reported in animal toxicology studies have led to new research into the biochemical and molecular aspects of Pb toxicology. Gains in the molecular understanding of Pb effects on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress, and hepatic hyperplasia suggest a potential role for Pb in damaging extrahepatic systems, including the cardiovascular system. This review also discusses the therapeutic potential of chelation therapy in treating Pb-induced hepatotoxicity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Mudipalli
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research & Development, U.S. EPA, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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39
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Chen WH, Wang M, Yu SS, Su L, Zhu DM, She JQ, Cao XJ, Ruan DY. Clioquinol and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) synergistically rescue the lead-induced impairments of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal dentate gyrus area of the anesthetized rats in vivo. Neuroscience 2007; 147:853-64. [PMID: 17555879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb(2+)) exposure in development induces impairments of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) area of the anesthetized rats in vivo. The common chelating agents have many adverse effects and are incapable of alleviating lead-induced neurotoxicity. Recently, CQ, clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxy-quinoline), which is a transition metal ion chelator and/or ionophore with low affinity for metal ions, has yielded some promising results in animal models and clinical trials related to dysfunctions of metal ions. In addition, CQ-associated side effects are believed to be overcome with vitamin B12 (VB12) supplementation. To determine whether CQ treatment could rescue impairments of synaptic plasticity induced by chronic Pb(2+) exposure, we investigated the input/output functions (I/Os), paired-pulse reactions (PPRs) and long-term potentiation (LTP) of different treatment groups in hippocampal DG area of the anesthetized rat in vivo by recording field potentials and measured hippocampal Pb(2+) concentrations of different treatment groups by PlasmaQuad 3 inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The results show: CQ alone does not rescue the lead-induced impairments of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal DG area of the anesthetized rats in vivo; VB12 alone partly rescues the lead-induced impairments of LTP; however the co-administration of CQ and VB12 totally rescues these impairments of synaptic plasticity and moreover, the effects of CQ and VB12 co-administration are specific to the lead-exposed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-H Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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40
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Krametter-Froetscher R, Tataruch F, Hauser S, Leschnik M, Url A, Baumgartner W. Toxic effects seen in a herd of beef cattle following exposure to ash residues contaminated by lead and mercury. Vet J 2007; 174:99-105. [PMID: 16753317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lead poisoning was diagnosed in three cattle along with increased mercury levels in the liver and kidney tissues of two of these animals. The clinical signs were different in each case and included salivation, anorexia, delayed menace response, delayed withdrawal reflex, head pressing, localized muscle fasciculation, reduced tongue tone, ataxia, rumen atony and seizures. Blood lead concentration was increased in all three cases to 0.76, 0.37 and 0.454ppm. Post mortem changes characteristic of lead poisoning were only recognized in one case and included cerebro-cortical oedema, cortical neuronal necrosis and endothelial proliferation, especially at the tips of the cerebral gyri. The animals were poisoned by ingestion of lead-contaminated ash residues from a bonfire. The abnormal levels of mercury in the liver and kidney tissues of two animals may also be at least partly attributable to the intake of the metal in the ash residues. The levels of mercury in the three samples from the ash residue were relatively low (1.31, 0.7 and 2.1ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krametter-Froetscher
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Herd Health Management, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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41
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Liao Y, Zhang J, Jin Y, Lu C, Li G, Yu F, Zhi X, An L, Yang J. Therapeutic potentials of combined use of DMSA with calcium and ascorbic acid in the treatment of mild to moderately lead intoxicated mice. Biometals 2007; 21:1-8. [PMID: 17287888 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-007-9086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic efficacies of combined use of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) with calcium and ascorbic acid in the treatment of mild to moderately lead-intoxicated mice. Female albino mice were exposed to lead by drinking water contaminated with 0.1% (moderate lead exposure) or 0.05% (mild lead exposure) lead acetate. After the cessation of lead exposure, mice were supplemented by gavage with saline solution, 50 mg/kg body weight (b.w) DMSA, 100 mg/kg b.w DMSA, calcium and ascorbic acid, or 50 mg/kg b.w DMSA and calcium as well as ascorbic acid, respectively. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was used to analyze lead levels in blood, bone, liver, kidney and brain. Activities of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) were determined by colorimetric method. DMSA supplemented alone could reduce lead levels in both soft tissues and bone and reverse lead-inhibited activities of blood ALAD in mild to moderately lead-intoxicated mice. On the other hand, combined use of DMSA with calcium and ascorbic acid achieved better therapeutic efficacies in mobilizing lead in blood, liver and kidney, and reversing lead-inhibited activities of blood ALAD in moderately lead intoxicated mice than DMSA supplemented alone. Moreover, the better therapeutic efficacies were also found in mildly lead intoxicated mice in mobilizing lead in blood and bone achieved by combined use of DMSA with calcium and ascorbic acid. Combined use of DMSA with calcium and ascorbic acid seems to be the better choice in the treatment of mild to moderate lead-intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
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42
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Abstract
The study of neurological impacts of toxicants has emphasized neuropsychological tests as important outcome variables. Direct assessment of neural substrates of environmental impacts could offer many advantages. I discuss our use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the neurological assessment of adult lead poisoning of monozygotic twins as an example. Cognitive testing showed frontal lobe dysfunction in both twins, and more dramatic hippocampal dysfunction in the twin with higher lead exposure (JG). MRS showed lower N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratios in JG. The findings illustrate the potential utility of MRS in assessing impacts of not only lead, but other toxicants as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Occupational Health Program, Landmark Center, 401 Park Dr., P.O. Box 15697, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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43
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Massó EL, Corredor L, Antonio MT. Oxidative damage in liver after perinatal intoxication with lead and/or cadmium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:210-6. [PMID: 17697960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lead acetate (300 mg Pb/L) and/or cadmium acetate (10mg Cd/L) in blood and liver were administrated as drinking water to pregnant Wistar rats from day 1 of pregnancy to parturition (day 0) or until weaning (day 21), to investigate the toxic effects in blood and in the liver. Both metals produced mycrocitic anaemia in the pups as well as oxidative damage in the liver, as suggested by the significant increase in TBARS production and the high catalase activity. Moreover, intense alkaline and acid phosphatase activity, used as biomarkers of liver adaptation to damaging factors, was observed. In addition, the toxikinetics are different for Pb and Cd: while Cd is a hepatotoxic from day 0, Pb is not until day 21. Finally, simultaneous perinatal administration of both metals seems to protect, at least, in the liver TBARS production against the toxicity produced by Cd or Pb separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Luján Massó
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Biology College, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
In this treatise we will examine complexities in the development and function of cells of the musculoskeletal system. Specifically, the role of chondrocytes and their ontogeny and osteoblasts and their ontogeny will be discussed as they regulate cartilage and bone formation. This background information will provide the foundation for evaluating the effects of environmental toxicants on skeletal development. A number of agents such as heavy metals (i.e. lead) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e. pesticides and cigarette smoke) interact with cells of the skeletal system and adversely affect development. These agents have not been of major research interest, nevertheless, given changes in the environmental profile of the United States and other developed countries, it is important that we understand their effects in bone and cartilage. Research in this area will identify strategies that may be used to help prevent musculoskeletal diseases due to toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Holz
- Department of Orthopaedics and the Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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45
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Abstract
A 35-year-old female who had suffered from acute lead poisoning when she was 22 years old, presented 13 years later with loss of vision in the right eye and normal vision in the left eye. She had a pale disc, narrowed arterioles and mid-peripheral heavy pigmentation, right eye being more affected than the left eye. Electrodiagnostic tests identified marked asymmetry of visual function. We would postulate lead retinal toxicity as the cause of the asymmetric findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gilhotra
- University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Auckland, NewZealand.
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46
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Abstract
Chronic lead exposure is recognized as a potential cause of hyperuricaemia, kidney damage and hypertension. The fascinating story of lead poisoning and nephrotoxicity illustrates the utility of descriptive studies in the early elucidation of a new disease entity. The pursuit towards understanding lead nephropathy is presented as a successful illustration of human occupational and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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47
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Zabka TS, Haulena M, Puschner B, Gulland FMD, Conrad PA, Lowenstine LJ. Acute Lead Toxicosis in a Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) Consequent to Ingestion of a Lead Fishing Sinker. J Wildl Dis 2006; 42:651-7. [PMID: 17092897 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An adult female harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) stranded in northern California on 25 June 2004, exhibited progressive weakness, disorientation, and seizures, and despite therapy, died within 4 days. On pathologic examination, a lead fishing sinker was in the stomach, and changes in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lymph nodes, and spleen were supportive of acute lead toxicosis. The diagnosis was made on the basis of concentrations of lead in the sinker (90-98% lead), antemortem whole blood (0.66 ppm), and postmortem tissues (84 ppm, wet weight liver). This first documented case of lead toxicosis in a wild marine mammal demonstrates an additional way in which human fishing activities can harm marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S Zabka
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Stewart WF, Schwartz BS, Davatzikos C, Shen D, Liu D, Wu X, Todd AC, Shi W, Bassett S, Youssem D. Past adult lead exposure is linked to neurodegeneration measured by brain MRI. Neurology 2006; 66:1476-84. [PMID: 16717205 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000216138.69777.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether cumulative lead dose in former organolead workers was associated with MRI measures of white matter lesions (WML) and global and structure-specific brain volumes. METHODS MRIs, tibia lead, and other measures were obtained from 532 former organolead workers with a mean age of 56 years and a mean of 18 years since last occupational exposure to lead. Cumulative lead dose was measured by tibia lead, obtained by X-ray fluorescence, and expressed as microg lead per gram of bone mineral (microg Pb/g). WML were evaluated using the Cardiovascular Health Study grading scale. A total of 21 global and specific brain regions were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 36% of individuals had WML grade of 1 to 7 (0 to 9 scale). Increasing peak tibia lead was associated with increasing WML grade (p = 0.004). The adjusted OR for a 1 microg Pb/g increase in tibia lead was 1.042 (95% CI = 1.021, 1.063) for a CHS grade of 5+ (> or = 5 vs < 5). In linear regression, the coefficient for tibia lead was negative for associations with all structures. Higher tibia lead was significantly related to smaller total brain volume, frontal and total gray matter volume, and parietal white matter volume. Of nine smaller specific regions of interest, higher tibia lead was associated with smaller volumes for the cingulate gyrus and insula. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that cumulative lead dose is associated with persistent brain lesions, and may explain previous findings of a progressive decline in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Stewart
- Center for Health Research and Rural Advocacy, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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Bleecker ML, Ford DP, Vaughan CG, Walsh KS, Lindgren KN. The association of lead exposure and motor performance mediated by cerebral white matter change. Neurotoxicology 2006; 28:318-23. [PMID: 16781776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The goals were to determine if lead exposure is associated with cerebral white matter changes (WMC) and if so, does WMC mediate the relation between lead and psychomotor slowing as measured by Grooved Pegboard (GP). In the literature, age is the strongest predictor of WMC and therefore 61 lead smelter workers age 50 and under were included in the study population. Mean (range) age was 40 (23-50) years, years of education was 9 (0-13), duration of employment was 19 (1-26), current blood lead (PbB) was 29 (16-42) microg/dl, working lifetime weighted integrated blood lead (IBL) was 826 (65-1451) microg year/dl, working lifetime weighted average blood lead (TWA) was 42 (17-59) microg/dl, and bone lead (PbBn) was 39 (-12-90) microg Pb/g bone mineral. WMC, recorded as hyperintensities on T2-weighted MRI of the brain were graded. Lead variables were entered in a logistic regression attempting to differentiate normal versus abnormal MRI, after controlling for age and cerebrovascular risk factors. Direct effects of lead on GP and indirect effects of lead on GP through WMC was modeled using multiple linear regression analyses after controlling for the covariates. WMC were present in 23% of MRIs. Logistic regression of WMC on lead exposure metrics demonstrated significantly elevated odds ratios for IBL, TWA, and PbBn after the covariates. Of the lead exposure variables, IBL (beta=0.339, p<0.10) had a larger direct effect on GP after adjusting for the covariates than PbBn (beta=0.265, p<0.10). After adjusting for the lead term and covariates WMC accounted for an additional effect on GP performance after PbBn (beta=0.261, p<0.10) and after IBL (beta=0.278, p<0.05). Path analysis demonstrated that some of the relationship of both PbBn and IBL with GP is mediated by WMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit L Bleecker
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Neurology, 2 Hamill Road, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
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