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Ukraintseva S, Yashkin AP, Akushevich I, Arbeev K, Duan H, Gorbunova G, Stallard E, Yashin A. Associations of infections and vaccines with Alzheimer's disease point to a role of compromised immunity rather than specific pathogen in AD. Exp Gerontol 2024; 190:112411. [PMID: 38548241 PMCID: PMC11060001 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diverse pathogens (viral, bacterial, fungal) have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related traits in various studies. This suggests that compromised immunity, rather than specific microbes, may play a role in AD by increasing an individual's vulnerability to various infections, which could contribute to neurodegeneration. If true, then vaccines that have heterologous effects on immunity, extending beyond protection against the targeted disease, may hold a potential for AD prevention. METHODS We evaluated the associations of common adult infections (herpes simplex, zoster (shingles), pneumonia, and recurrent mycoses), and vaccinations against shingles and pneumonia, with the risks of AD and other dementias in a pseudorandomized sample of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). RESULTS Shingles, pneumonia and mycoses, diagnosed between ages 65 and 75, were all associated with significantly increased risk of AD later in life, by 16 %-42 %. Pneumococcal and shingles vaccines administered between ages 65-75 were both associated with a significantly lower risk of AD, by 15 %-21 %. These effects became less pronounced when AD was combined with other dementias. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that both the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and the live attenuated zoster vaccine can offer significant protection against AD. It remains to be determined if non-live shingles vaccine has a similar beneficial effect on AD. This study also found significant associations of various infections with the risk of AD, but not with the risks of other dementias. This indicates that vulnerability to infections may play a more significant role in AD than in other types of dementia, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Arseniy P Yashkin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Igor Akushevich
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Konstantin Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongzhe Duan
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Galina Gorbunova
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric Stallard
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anatoliy Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Vo AB, Thai TT, Pham DL, Pham HK. Manifestation and associated factors of systemic and local allergy among patients with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38084. [PMID: 38728514 PMCID: PMC11081618 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis, characterized by excessive immune responses to environmental molds or fungi. The diagnosis and classification of AFRS into systemic and local types remain clinically challenging due to overlapping characteristics. This study investigated the prevalence of AFRS, its manifestation and associated factors in systemic and local AFRS. A total of 200 patients diagnosed with fungal rhinosinusitis underwent both skin provocation tests (SPT) and nasal provocation tests (NPT) to confirm AFRS and classify systemic and local types. Patients were considered to have AFRS if either the SPT or NPT was positive. Among these, patients with systemic AFRS were those who had a SPT positive. Local AFRS was when patients had a negative SPT and a positive NPT. Medical history, serum total IgE level, nasal endoscopy examinations, and CT scans were also recorded. Most patients were female (65.8%), with a mean age of 55.6 years (SD = 14.4). Based on the SPT and NPT results, 31% of patients (n = 62) were diagnosed with AFRS. Among these, 54.8% (n = 34) had systemic AFRS, while 45.2% (n = 28) had local AFRS. Patients with AFRS exhibited significantly higher levels of total IgE, eosinophils, and more pronounced signs and symptoms compared to those without AFRS. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between patients with systemic AFRS and those with local AFRS. AFRS was prevalent in our study. Among patients with AFRS, both systemic AFRS and local AFRS were also prevalent. While allergic indicators and clinical presentations can aid in AFRS diagnosis, minimal distinctions were observed between systemic and local AFRS. A comprehensive assessment incorporating both local and systemic allergic responses through provocation tests, such as a combination of skin and nasal tests, is imperative for optimizing AFRS diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Binh Vo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truc Thanh Thai
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Le Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huu Kien Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Qiu Y, Li ZT, Zeng W, Yang JL, Tang MX, Wang Y, Wang HR, Li Y, Zhan YQ, Li SQ, Zhang JQ, Ye F. Th1 cell immune response in Talaromyces marneffei infection with anti-interferon-γ autoantibody syndrome. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0364623. [PMID: 38497717 PMCID: PMC11064527 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03646-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-interferon-γ autoantibody (AIGA) syndrome may be the basis of disseminated Talaromyces marneffei infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative adults. However, the pathogenesis of Th1 cell immunity in T. marneffei infection with AIGA syndrome is unknown. A multicenter study of HIV-negative individuals with T. marneffei infection was conducted between September 2018 and September 2020 in Guangdong and Guangxi, China. Patients were divided into AIGA-positive (AP) and AIGA-negative (AN) groups according to the AIGA titer and neutralizing activity. The relationship between AIGA syndrome and Th1 immune deficiency was investigated by using AP patient serum and purification of AIGA. Fifty-five HIV-negative adults with disseminated T. marneffei infection who were otherwise healthy were included. The prevalence of AIGA positivity was 83.6%. Based on their AIGA status, 46 and 9 patients were assigned to the AP and AN groups, respectively. The levels of Th1 cells, IFN-γ, and T-bet were higher in T. marneffei-infected patients than in healthy controls. However, the levels of CD4+ T-cell STAT-1 phosphorylation (pSTAT1) and Th1 cells were lower in the AP group than in the AN group. Both the serum of patients with AIGA syndrome and the AIGA purified from the serum of patients with AIGA syndrome could reduce CD4+ T-cell pSTAT1, Th1 cell differentiation and T-bet mRNA, and protein expression. The Th1 cell immune response plays a pivotal role in defense against T. marneffei infection in HIV-negative patients. Inhibition of the Th1 cell immune response may be an important pathological effect of AIGA syndrome.IMPORTANCEThe pathogenesis of Th1 cell immunity in Talaromyces marneffei infection with anti-interferon-γ autoantibody (AIGA) syndrome is unknown. This is an interesting study addressing an important knowledge gap regarding the pathogenesis of T. marneffei in non-HIV positive patients; in particular patients with AIGA. The finding of the Th1 cell immune response plays a pivotal role in defense against T. marneffei infection in HIV-negative patients, and inhibition of the Th1 cell immune response may be an important pathological effect of AIGA syndrome, which presented in this research could help bridge the current knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Cancer Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zheng-Tu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Xin Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Qing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Quan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Boucher MJ, Madhani HD. Convergent evolution of innate immune-modulating effectors in invasive fungal pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:435-447. [PMID: 37985333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections pose a major threat to human health. Bacterial and protozoan pathogens secrete protein effectors that overcome innate immune barriers to promote microbial colonization, yet few such molecules have been identified in human fungal pathogens. Recent studies have begun to reveal these long-sought effectors and have illuminated how they subvert key cellular pathways, including apoptosis, myeloid cell polarization, Toll-like receptor signaling, and phagosome action. Thus, despite lacking the specialized secretion systems of bacteria and parasites, it is increasingly clear that fungi independently evolved effectors targeting pathways often subverted by other classes of pathogens. These findings demonstrate the remarkable power of convergent evolution to enable diverse microbes to infect humans while also setting the stage for detailed dissection of fungal disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hiten D Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. The yeast-human coevolution: Fungal transition from passengers, colonizers, and invaders. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1639. [PMID: 38146626 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are the cause of more than a billion infections in humans every year, although their interactions with the host are still neglected compared to bacteria. Major systemic fungal infections are very unusual in the healthy population, due to the long history of coevolution with the human host. Humans are routinely exposed to environmental fungi and can host a commensal mycobiota, which is increasingly considered as a key player in health and disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on host-fungi coevolution and the factors that regulate their interaction. On one hand, fungi have learned to survive and inhabit the host organisms as a natural ecosystem, on the other hand, the host immune system finely tunes the response toward fungi. In turn, recognition of fungi as commensals or pathogens regulates the host immune balance in health and disease. In the human gut ecosystem, yeasts provide a fingerprint of the transient microbiota. Their status as passengers or colonizers is related to the integrity of the gut barrier and the risk of multiple disorders. Thus, the study of this less known component of the microbiota could unravel the rules of the transition from passengers to colonizers and invaders, as well as their dependence on the innate component of the host's immune response. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Treadwell S, Green M, Gowda G, Levetin E, Carlson JC. Fungal Sensitization and Human Allergic Disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2024; 24:281-288. [PMID: 38575791 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Fungal sensitizations have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions with variable levels of evidence available to link types of fungi with human disease. We conducted systematic reviews of the literature to identify the strength of evidence linking lesser-studied fungi for which there are commercially available extracts to identify populations in which they were useful in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Excluding five fungi for which hundreds of articles were identified, there are 54 articles on the remaining fungi with clinical data. For 12 of the fungi, the prevalence of fungal sensitization varies in different hypersensitivity disorders due to factors related to geographic areas, age, and other underlying medical conditions. There were no studies linking seven genera to human disease. Most of the commercially available fungal extracts are uncommonly associated with hypersensitivity reactions in humans. Specific extracts may be useful in particular disease states such as allergic fungal sinusitis or allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, or when routine testing fails to identify a cause of uncontrolled disease, such as in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scout Treadwell
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue New, Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Maxwell Green
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue New, Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Geetha Gowda
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue New, Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Estelle Levetin
- University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - John C Carlson
- Ochsner Health Center, 1401 Jefferson Hwy, New Orleans, LA, 70121, USA.
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Cheng A, Kashyap A, Salvator H, Rosen LB, Colby D, Ardeshir-Larijani F, Loehrer PJ, Ding L, Lugo Reyes SO, Riminton S, Ballman M, Rocco JM, Marciano BE, Freeman AF, Browne SK, Hsu AP, Zelazny A, Rajan A, Sereti I, Zerbe CS, Lionakis MS, Holland SM. Anti-Interleukin-23 Autoantibodies in Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1105-1117. [PMID: 38507753 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2210665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies against interleukin-12 (anti-interleukin-12) are often identified in patients with thymoma, but opportunistic infections develop in only some of these patients. Interleukin-12 (with subunits p40 and p35) shares a common subunit with interleukin-23 (subunits p40 and p19). In a patient with disseminated Burkholderia gladioli infection, the identification of both anti-interleukin-23 and anti-interleukin-12 prompted further investigation. METHODS Among the patients (most of whom had thymoma) who were known to have anti-interleukin-12, we screened for autoantibodies against interleukin-23 (anti-interleukin-23). To validate the potential role of anti-interleukin-23 with respect to opportunistic infection, we tested a second cohort of patients with thymoma as well as patients without either thymoma or known anti-interleukin-12 who had unusual infections. RESULTS Among 30 patients with anti-interleukin-12 who had severe mycobacterial, bacterial, or fungal infections, 15 (50%) also had autoantibodies that neutralized interleukin-23. The potency of such neutralization was correlated with the severity of these infections. The neutralizing activity of anti-interleukin-12 alone was not associated with infection. In the validation cohort of 91 patients with thymoma, the presence of anti-interleukin-23 was associated with infection status in 74 patients (81%). Overall, neutralizing anti-interleukin-23 was detected in 30 of 116 patients (26%) with thymoma and in 30 of 36 patients (83%) with disseminated, cerebral, or pulmonary infections. Anti-interleukin-23 was present in 6 of 32 patients (19%) with severe intracellular infections and in 2 of 16 patients (12%) with unusual intracranial infections, including Cladophialophora bantiana and Mycobacterium avium complex. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with a variety of mycobacterial, bacterial, or fungal infections, the presence of neutralizing anti-interleukin-23 was associated with severe, persistent opportunistic infections. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristine Cheng
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Anuj Kashyap
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Helene Salvator
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Lindsey B Rosen
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Devon Colby
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Fatemeh Ardeshir-Larijani
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Patrick J Loehrer
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Li Ding
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Saul O Lugo Reyes
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Sean Riminton
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Madison Ballman
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Joseph M Rocco
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Beatriz E Marciano
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Sarah K Browne
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Amy P Hsu
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Adrian Zelazny
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Arun Rajan
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Irini Sereti
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
| | - Steven M Holland
- From the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (A.C., A.K., H.S., L.B.R., D.C., L.D., J.M.R., B.E.M., A.F.F., S.K.B., A.P.H., A.Z., I.S., C.S.Z., M.S.L., S.M.H.), and the Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (M.B., A.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Unité Mixte de Recherche 0892, Virology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Suresnes Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France (H.S.); Indiana University Melvin and Bren Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (F.A.-L., P.J.L.); Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City (S.O.L.R.); and the Department of Immunology, Repatriation General Hospital Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia (S.R.)
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A lethal fungal infection gets a hand from the body's own defences. Nature 2023; 619:675. [PMID: 37474771 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
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Wei W, Ning C, Huang J, Wang G, Lai J, Han J, He J, Zhang H, Liang B, Liao Y, Le T, Luo Q, Li Z, Jiang J, Ye L, Liang H. Talaromyces marneffei promotes M2-like polarization of human macrophages by downregulating SOCS3 expression and activating the TLR9 pathway. Virulence 2021; 12:1997-2012. [PMID: 34339354 PMCID: PMC8331029 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1958470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how Talaromyces marneffei, a thermally dimorphic fungus that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Southeast Asia, evades the human immune system. Polarization of macrophages into fungal-inhibiting M1-like and fungal-promoting M2-like types has been shown to play an important role in the innate immune response against fungal pathogens. This mechanism has not been defined for T. marneffei. Here, we demonstrated that T. marneffei promotes its survival in human macrophages by inducing them toward M2-like polarization. Our investigations of the mechanism revealed that T. marneffei infection led to SOCS3 protein degradation by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation, thereby relieving the inhibitory effect of SOCS3 on p-STAT6, a key factor for M2-like polarization. Our SOCS3-overexpression experiments showed that SOCS3 is a positive regulator of M1-like polarization and plays an important role in limiting M2-like polarization. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of the TLR9 pathway partially blocked T. marneffei-induced M2-like polarization and significantly enhanced the killing activity of macrophages against T. marneffei. Collectively, these results reveal a novel mechanism by which T. marneffei evades the immune response of human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudi Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Nursing College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingzhen Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinhao He
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Thuy Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qiang Luo
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Mushtaq MZ, Mahmood SBZ, Almas A, Ather Wasti S, Ahsan Ali S. Tocilizumab in critically ill COVID-19 patients: An observational study. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108384. [PMID: 34838490 PMCID: PMC8604692 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tocilizumab decreases inflammatory response in the cytokine storm which is one of the mechanisms behind the development of ARDS in COVID-19 patients. The objective of our study was to determine response of tocilizumab in patients suffering from COVID-19 by analyzing clinical parameters and inflammatory markers. A single-arm observational retrospective study was conducted from March 15, 2020 to March 15, 2021. Clinical outcomes in terms of mortality, weaning from mechanical ventilator, improvement in laboratory parameters including inflammatory cytokines, and length of hospital stay were documented. Reduction in values of inflammatory markers, and patients discharged home in stable condition were defined as an improvement after tocilizumab administration. A total of 514 patients received tocilizumab, majority of whom were critically sick 333 (64.8%). Out of the total sample 363 (70.6%) patients were discharged home in stable condition. Overall mean length of stay was 11.50 ± 8.4 days. There was significant difference in length of stay of patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation as compared to those who were kept only on supplemental oxygen (p < 0.05). Patients who were discharged home showed significant improvement in inflammatory markers and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as compared to those who expired (p < 0.05). A total of 21 (4.1%) patients had positive blood culture while 57 (11.1%) had positive culture of tracheal aspirate. Hence, tocilizumab is found to be a reasonable therapeutic option for worsening COVID-19 pneumonia by decreasing the need for mechanical ventilation. However, it is associated with adverse events including bacterial and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z Mushtaq
- Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saad B Z Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aysha Almas
- Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ather Wasti
- Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ahsan Ali
- Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Ma H, Chan JFW, Tan YP, Kui L, Tsang CC, Pei SLC, Lau YL, Woo PCY, Lee PP. NLRP3 Inflammasome Contributes to Host Defense Against Talaromyces marneffei Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760095. [PMID: 34912336 PMCID: PMC8666893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Talaromyce marneffei is an important thermally dimorphic pathogen causing disseminated mycoses in immunocompromised individuals in southeast Asia. Previous studies have suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in antifungal immunity. However, the mechanism underlying the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in host defense against T. marneffei remains unclear. We show that T. marneffei yeasts but not conidia induce potent IL-1β production. The IL-1β response to T. marneffei yeasts is differently regulated in different cell types; T. marneffei yeasts alone are able to induce IL-1β production in human PBMCs and monocytes, whereas LPS priming is essential for IL-1β response to yeasts. We also find that Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway mediates pro-IL-1β production, and NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 inflammasome is assembled to trigger the processing of pro-IL-1β into IL-1β. In vivo, mice deficient in NLRP3 or caspase-1 exhibit higher mortality rate and fungal load compared to wild-type mice after systemic T. marneffei infection, which correlates with the diminished recruitment of CD4 T cells into granulomas in knockout mice. Thus, our study first demonstrates that NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to host defense against T. marneffei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ma
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jasper F. W. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yen Pei Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Kui
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ching Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven L. C. Pei
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick C. Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pamela P. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Geng T, Lu F, Zhu F, Wang S. Lineage-specific gene evolution of innate immunity in Bombyx mori to adapt to challenge by pathogens, especially entomopathogenic fungi. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 123:104171. [PMID: 34118279 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is a model species of Lepidoptera, in which 21 gene families and 220 genes have been identified as involved in immunity. However, only 45 B. mori - Drosophila melanogaster - Anopheles gambiae - Apis mellifera - Tribolium castaneum 1:1:1:1:1 orthologous genes were identified. B. mori has unique immune factors not found in D. melanogaster - A. gambiae - A. mellifera - T. castaneum. Pattern recognition receptors, signal transducers and effector genes for antifungal immune responses in B. mori have evolved through expansion and modification of existing genes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the antifungal immune responses of B. mori and focuses on the lineage-specific gene evolution used by Lepidoptera to adapt to the challenge by pathogens, especially entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Sericulture Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Fuping Lu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Sericulture Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Shuchang Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Sericulture Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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13
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Grizanova EV, Coates CJ, Butt TM, Dubovskiy IM. RNAi-mediated suppression of insect metalloprotease inhibitor (IMPI) enhances Galleria mellonella susceptibility to fungal infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 122:104126. [PMID: 33965446 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The co-evolutionary arms race between disease-causing agents and their insect victims is ancient and complex - leading to the development of specialised attack and defence strategies. Among such strategies is the capacity of fungal and oomycete pathogens to deploy degradative enzymes, notably proteases, to facilitate infection directly across the integument. To counter these proteases, insects such as the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella release metalloprotease inhibitors and other immune factors to thwart the invading fungus. To date, molecular-based confirmation of insect metalloprotease inhibitor's incontrovertible role in antifungal defence has been lacking. We targeted the IMPI gene for suppression using RNAi and exposed those insects to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum ARSEF4556. Levels of IMPI were reduced significantly in the integument (10-fold) and fat body (5-fold) of RNAi-treated insects when compared to control larvae, and displayed a significantly higher mortality rate. We also surveyed candidate immune/detoxification gene expression levels (e.g., DOPA decarboxylase, galiomycin) in three tissues (integument, midgut, fat body) in order to gauge any potential non-target effects of RNAi. The loss of IMPI via RNAi compromises antifungal defences and leaves G. mellonella vulnerable to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Grizanova
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ivan M Dubovskiy
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039, Novosibirsk, Russia; Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
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Scherer AK, Hopke A, Sykes DB, Irimia D, Mansour MK. Host defense against fungal pathogens: Adaptable neutrophil responses and the promise of therapeutic opportunities? PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009691. [PMID: 34324592 PMCID: PMC8321001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Scherer
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKS); (MKM)
| | - Alex Hopke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David B. Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Mansour
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKS); (MKM)
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15
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Yu M, Song XT, Liu B, Luan TT, Liao SL, Zhao ZT. The Emerging Role of Mast Cells in Response to Fungal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688659. [PMID: 34149729 PMCID: PMC8209461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have been considered as the core effector cells of allergic diseases. However, there are evidence suggesting that MCs are involved in the mechanisms of fungal infection. MCs are mostly located in the border between host and environment and thus may have easy contact with the external environmental pathogens. These cells express receptors which can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2/4) and C-type Lectins receptors (Dectin-1/2). Currently, more and more data indicate that MCs can be interacted with some fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Sporothrix schenckii). It is demonstrated that MCs can enhance immunity through triggered degranulation, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, neutrophil recruitment, or provision of extracellular DNA traps in response to the stimulation by fungi. In contrast, the involvement of MCs in some immune responses may lead to more severe symptoms, such as intestinal barrier function loss, development of allergic bronchial pulmonary aspergillosis and increased area of inflammatory in S. schenckii infection. This suggests that MCs and their relevant signaling pathways are potential treatment regimens to prevent the clinically unwanted consequences. However, it is not yet possible to make definitive statements about the role of MCs during fungal infection and/or pathomechanisms of fungal diseases. In our article, we aim to review the function of MCs in fungal infections from molecular mechanism to signaling pathways, and illustrate the role of MCs in some common host-fungi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-ting Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-ting Luan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-lu Liao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo-tao Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zuo-tao Zhao,
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16
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Abstract
Complex processes mediate immunity to fungal infections. Responses vary depending on the organism, morphogenic state, and infection site. Innate immune effectors such as epithelia, phagocytes, and soluble molecules detect pathogens, kill fungi, release cytokines, and prime the adaptive response. Adaptive responses to mucocutaneous or invasive disease are markedly different but intersect at certain pathways (molecules required for IL-23 and IL-12 signaling). Many of these pathways have been elucidated from the study of inborn errors of immunity. This review explores the general aspects of antifungal immunity and delves into the mechanisms that mediate protection from frequently encountered fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Fernández-García
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jennifer M Cuellar-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Building 10CRC 3-3264, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. The Anti-Infectious Role of Sphingosine in Microbial Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051105. [PMID: 34064516 PMCID: PMC8147940 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important structural membrane components and, together with cholesterol, are often organized in lipid rafts, where they act as signaling molecules in many cellular functions. They play crucial roles in regulating pathobiological processes, such as cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases. The bioactive metabolites ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and sphingosine have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several microbes. In contrast to ceramide, which often promotes bacterial and viral infections (for instance, by mediating adhesion and internalization), sphingosine, which is released from ceramide by the activity of ceramidases, kills many bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. In particular, sphingosine is an important natural component of the defense against bacterial pathogens in the respiratory tract. Pathologically reduced sphingosine levels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells are normalized by inhalation of sphingosine, and coating plastic implants with sphingosine prevents bacterial infections. Pretreatment of cells with exogenous sphingosine also prevents the viral spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from interacting with host cell receptors and inhibits the propagation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in macrophages. Recent examinations reveal that the bactericidal effect of sphingosine might be due to bacterial membrane permeabilization and the subsequent death of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (E.G.)
- Department of Thoracic Transplantation, Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (E.G.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-2133
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18
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Desamero MJM, Chung SH, Kakuta S. Insights on the Functional Role of Beta-Glucans in Fungal Immunity Using Receptor-Deficient Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4778. [PMID: 33946381 PMCID: PMC8125483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the host anti-fungal immunity induced by beta-glucan has been one of the most challenging conundrums in the field of biomedical research. During the last couple of decades, insights on the role of beta-glucan in fungal disease progression, susceptibility, and resistance have been greatly augmented through the utility of various beta-glucan cognate receptor-deficient mouse models. Analysis of dectin-1 knockout mice has clarified the downstream signaling pathways and adaptive effector responses triggered by beta-glucan in anti-fungal immunity. On the other hand, assessment of CR3-deficient mice has elucidated the compelling action of beta-glucans in neutrophil-mediated fungal clearance, and the investigation of EphA2-deficient mice has highlighted its novel involvement in host sensing and defense to oral mucosal fungal infection. Based on these accounts, this review focuses on the recent discoveries made by these gene-targeted mice in beta-glucan research with particular emphasis on the multifaceted aspects of fungal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Joseph Maranan Desamero
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan;
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
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19
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F. Q. Smith D, Casadevall A. Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftab013. [PMID: 33544836 PMCID: PMC7981337 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) have emerged as a model system to explore experimental aspects of fungal pathogenesis. The benefits of the G. mellonella model include being faster, cheaper, higher throughput and easier compared with vertebrate models. Additionally, as invertebrates, their use is subject to fewer ethical and regulatory issues. However, for G. mellonella models to provide meaningful insight into fungal pathogenesis, the G. mellonella-fungal interactions must be comparable to mammalian-fungal interactions. Indeed, as discussed in the review, studies suggest that G. mellonella and mammalian immune systems share many similarities, and fungal virulence factors show conserved functions in both hosts. While the moth model has opened novel research areas, many comparisons are superficial and leave large gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed concerning specific mechanisms underlying G. mellonella-fungal interactions. Closing these gaps in understanding will strengthen G. mellonella as a model for fungal virulence in the upcoming years. In this review, we provide comprehensive comparisons between fungal pathogenesis in mammals and G. mellonella from immunological and virulence perspectives. When information on an antifungal immune component is unknown in G. mellonella, we include findings from other well-studied Lepidoptera. We hope that by outlining this information available in related species, we highlight areas of needed research and provide a framework for understanding G. mellonella immunity and fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Q. Smith
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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20
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Valencia-Giraldo SM, Niño-Castro A, López-Peña A, Trejos-Vidal D, Correa-Bueno O, Montoya-Lerma J. Immunity and survival response of Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) workers to Metarhizium anisopliae infection: Potential role of their associated microbiota. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247545. [PMID: 33626077 PMCID: PMC7904218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex are at constant risk of epizootics due to their dense living conditions and frequent social interactions between genetically related individuals. To help mitigate the risk of epizootics, these ants display individual and collective immune responses, including associations with symbiotic bacteria that can enhance their resistance to pathogenic infections. For example, Acromyrmex spp. harbor actinobacteria that control infection by Escovopsis in their fungal gardens. Although Atta spp. do not maintain symbiosis with protective actinobacteria, the evidence suggests that these insects are colonized by bacterial microbiota that may play a role in their defense against pathogens. The potential role of the bacterial microbiome of Atta workers in enhancing host immunity remains unexplored. We evaluated multiple parameters of the individual immunity of Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) workers, including hemocyte count, encapsulation response, and the antimicrobial activity of the hemolymph in the presence or absence of bacterial microbiota. Experiments were performed on ants reared under standard conditions as well as on ants previously exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Metharrizium anisopliae. Furthermore, the effects of the presence/absence of bacteria on the survival of workers exposed to M. anisopliae were evaluated. The bacterial microbiota associated with A. cephalotes workers does not modulate the number of hemocytes under control conditions or under conditions of exposure to the fungal pathogen. In addition, infection by M. anisopliae, but not microbiota, increases the encapsulation response. Similarly, the exposure of workers to this fungus led to increased hemolymph antimicrobial activity. Conversely, the removal of bacterial microbiota did not have a significant impact on the survival of workers with M. anisopliae. Our results suggest that the bacterial microbiota associated with the cuticle of A. cephalotes workers does not play a role as a modulator of innate immunity, either at baseline or after exposure to the entomopathogen M. anisopliae. Further, upon infection, workers rely on mechanisms of humoral immunity to respond to this threat. Overall, our findings indicate that the bacterial microbiota associated with A. cephalotes workers does not play a defensive role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Niño-Castro
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- * E-mail: (SMVG); (ANC)
| | - Andrea López-Peña
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Danna Trejos-Vidal
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Odair Correa-Bueno
- Center for the Study of Social Insects (CEIS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James Montoya-Lerma
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R. Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that were historically considered to be terminally differentiated at the time of bone marrow egress. However, more recent evidence provides a new outlook on these cells as complex immunomodulators that are involved in host defense and homeostasis. Our work established a role for eosinophils as mediators of antiviral immune responses during influenza in hosts that were sensitized and challenged with fungal allergens. Herein, we describe methods for working with murine eosinophils in the context of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwary
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Neutrophil migration to the site of infection is an essential process for the control and clearance of microbial growth within the host. Identifying the molecular factors that mediate neutrophil chemotaxis is therefore critical for our understanding of disease pathogenesis and the mechanisms underlying protective immunity. Here, we describe a protocol that enables analysis of neutrophil recruitment from the blood into fungal-infected organs in vivo, using mixed bone marrow chimeras and flow cytometry. This method directly assesses the relative contribution of a receptor or intracellular molecule in controlling neutrophil chemotaxis during fungal infection and can be adapted to a variety of other non-fungal infection experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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24
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Amich J. Murine Models of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation to Investigate Fungal Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2260:207-214. [PMID: 33405040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1182-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are fundamental to unravel the complex nature of fungal infections in the host context. Here, a versatile murine model of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is described. This model can be used to investigate the establishment and progression of fungal infections after HCT and to elucidate how different transplant variables affect the recovery of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Amich
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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25
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Abstract
The invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of mortality due to infectious disease worldwide. Majority of the IFIs are caused by opportunistic fungi including Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species. Lack of approved antifungal vaccines and the emergence of antifungal drug-resistant strains pose major constraints in controlling IFIs. A comprehensive understanding of the host immune response is required to develop novel fungal vaccines to prevent death from IFIs. In this review, we have discussed the challenges associated with the development of antifungal vaccines. We mentioned how host-pathogen interactions shape immunological memory and development of long-term protective immunity to IFIs. Furthermore, we underscored the contribution of long-lived innate and adaptive memory cells in protection against IFIs and summarized the current vaccine strategies.
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26
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Kong H, Yuan L, Dong C, Zheng M, Jing W, Tian Z, Hou Q, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Jiang X, Luo L. Immunological regulation by a β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor gene in crowded larvae of the oriental Armyworm, Mythmina separata. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 113:103802. [PMID: 32712170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrate that octopamine plays an important immunological role in crowded larvae of the Oriental Armyworm, Mythmina separata. We identified an octopamine receptor, the β-adrenergic-like gene (designated MsOctβ2R), with a 1191 bp open reading frame that encodes 396 amino acids and contains seven conserved hydrophobic transmembrane domains. Multiple sequence alignments and a phylogenetic analysis indicated that MsOctβ2R was orthologous to Octβ2R that is present in other lepidopterans. MsOctβ2R was expressed throughout all developmental stages with higher relative expression during the fourth instar and adult stages. MsOctβ2R was highly expressed in the ventral nerve cord and the fat body relative to other examined tissues. Elevated MsOctβ2R expression was observed in larvae that were under higher-density conditions (7 and 10 larvae per jar). Silencing MsOctβ2R expression via dsRNA injections in larvae from higher-density conditions significantly decreased phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme activity, total haemocyte counts, and survival rates against Beauveria bassiana infections (54.06%, 9.91%, 36.22%, and 23.53%, respectively) when compared with control larvae. These results suggest that high-density conditions might alter prophylactic immunity in larvae by regulating the MsOctβ2R gene in M. separara and provide new insights into density-dependent prophylaxis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Kong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Chuanlei Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Minyuan Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Wanghui Jing
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Qiuli Hou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Lizhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China
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Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic carbohydrate based anti-fungal vaccines. Drug Discov Today Technol 2020; 35-36:35-43. [PMID: 33388126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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28
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Yamazhan T, Bulut Avşar C, Zeytunlu M, Taşbakan M, Sertöz R, Zeytinoğlu A, Aydemir Ş, Ünalp Ö, Ergün O, Uğuz A, Özgenç F, Günşar F, Turan İ, Ulukaya S, Deniz N, Yilmaz F, Nart D, Güler E, Turhan K, Karasu Z. Infections developing in patients undergoing liver transplantation: Recipients of living donors may be more prone to bacterial/fungal infections. Turk J Gastroenterol 2020; 31:894-901. [PMID: 33626002 PMCID: PMC7928243 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Despite surgical advances in liver transplantation and effective prophylactic strategies, posttransplant infections are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and management of infections because of developing immunosuppression is difficult and adversely affects mortality. This study aimed to review bacterial and fungal infections in patients after liver transplantation and to reveal the resistance rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 107 patients who underwent liver transplantation between January 2017 and February 2018 were evaluated retrospectively with regard to demographic characteristics, causes of transplantation, conditions that may lead to infection, postoperative infections, pathogens, and resistance patterns. RESULTS Of the 107 patients who underwent liver transplantation, 48 (44.8%) had an infection. Bacterial infections were detected in 41% of the patients, and fungal infections were found in 13%. When we compared living and cadaveric transplants in terms of infection development, these rates were found to be 53% and 33%, respectively (p=0.034). No statistically significant results could be obtained when evaluating conditions such as sex, presence of underlying primary disease, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease MELD score, diabetes status, total parenteral nutrition, and risk factors for infection. CONCLUSION After liver transplantation, infections are often seen in the first month of the postoperative period. Knowing the most common pathogens and resistance states in this process reduces infection-related deaths by providing appropriate treatment regimens at the right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansu Yamazhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cansu Bulut Avşar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Zeytunlu
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Taşbakan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Rüçhan Sertöz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşın Zeytinoğlu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şöhret Aydemir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ömer Ünalp
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Orkan Ergün
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Alper Uğuz
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Funda Özgenç
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fulya Günşar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İlker Turan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Ulukaya
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nuri Deniz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Funda Yilmaz
- Department of Pathology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Deniz Nart
- Department of Pathology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Güler
- Department of Radiology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Kutsal Turhan
- Director of Transplantation Council, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Zeki Karasu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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29
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Bitencourt RDOB, Salcedo-Porras N, Umaña-Diaz C, da Costa Angelo I, Lowenberger C. Antifungal immune responses in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): A review. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 178:107505. [PMID: 33238166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit many parasites and pathogens to humans that cause significant morbidity and mortality. As such, we are constantly looking for new methods to reduce mosquito populations, including the use of effective biological controls. Entomopathogenic fungi are excellent candidate biocontrol agents to control mosquitoes. Understanding the complex ecological, environmental, and molecular interactions between hosts and pathogens are essential to create novel, effective and safe biocontrol agents. Understanding how mosquitoes recognize and eliminate pathogens such as entomopathogenic fungi may allow us to create insect-order specific biocontrol agents to reduce pest populations. Here we summarize the current knowledge of fungal infection, colonization, development, and replication within mosquitoes and the innate immune responses of the mosquitoes towards the fungal pathogens, emphasizing those features required for an effective mosquito biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- Program in Veterinary Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Salcedo-Porras
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claudia Umaña-Diaz
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada.
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30
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Lu Y, Su F, Zhu K, Zhu M, Li Q, Hu Q, Zhang J, Zhang R, Yu XQ. Comparative genomic analysis of C-type lectin-domain genes in seven holometabolous insect species. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 126:103451. [PMID: 32841718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) recognize various glycoconjugates through carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and they play important roles in immune responses. In this study, comparative genomic analysis of CTLs were performed in 7 holometabolous species. CTL-S1 to S8 and CTL-X1 to X4 orthologous groups existed in the 7 species, while CTL-X5 group with dual-CRD, CTL-S11 group with triple-CRD, CTL-S9 group with a long C-terminus and Lepidopteran specific CTL-S10 group were not conserved. SliCTL-S12 to S14 cluster was only present in Spodoptera litura, and CTL-S genes were expanded on chromosomes 2 L and 2 R in Drosophila melanogaster. Most IMLs were clustered into three groups and the numbers of IMLs vary among species due to gene duplications. D. melanogaster specific CTLs and Lepidopteran IMLs within each of the three groups evolved more rapidly with higher dN/dS ratios. Two CRDs in IMLs clustered into two clades, with conserved Cys4-Cys5 and Cys1-Cys2 bonds in the first and second CRDs, respectively. The CTL-S and CTL-X family members in S. litura were mainly expressed in the fat body of 5th but not 6th instar larvae, and responded differently to S. litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) and Nomuraea rileyi infection. The transcription levels of SliCTLs that expressed in fat body but not highly expressed in hemocytes were decreased at the middle and late stages of SpltNPV infection, and the mRNA levels of SliCTLs highly or specifically expressed in hemocytes were mainly decreased by SpltlNPV, N. rileyi and Bacillus thuringiensis infection. These results provide valuable information for further exploration of CTL functions in host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kesen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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Widaty S, Santoso ID, Ricky D, Yunihastuti E, Rihatmadja R, Wahyuningsih R. Talaromycosis clinically and histopathologically mimicking histoplasmosis in an immunocompromised patient. Dermatol Online J 2020; 26:13030/qt9r49g227. [PMID: 33054937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromycosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Talaromyces marneffei (formerly Penicillium marneffei) endemic in South and Southeast Asia. Its clinical similarity with other dimorphic fungal infections (sometimes) make the diagnosis challenging. We report an immunocompromised patient with talaromycosis mimicking histoplamosis. A 26-year-old HIV-positive man had suffered from rashes over the face, trunk, and extremities for three months. His physical examination showed centrally necrotic, ulcerated papules and nodules. A biopsied papule revealed granulomas containing numerous oval, yeast-like cells, some displaying central septation. Saboraud agar culture grew mold with diffuse red pigment consistent with T. marneffei. Careful histopathological examination and microbiological culture are important for the accurate diagnosis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Widaty
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.
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Abstract
While behaving as a commensal yeast in healthy people, Candida albicans remains the deadliest fungal pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Halder et al. deciphered unprecedented immunomodulatory properties of monocyte extracellular vesicles in response to Candida infections, paving the way to consider therapeutic innovations for fungal infections but also inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina
- SOPAM, U1063, INSERM, UNIV Angers, Angers, France; Federative Structure of Research Cellular Interactions and Therapeutic Applications, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Angers, France.
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Federative Structure of Research Cellular Interactions and Therapeutic Applications, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Angers, France; Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (GEIHP, EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
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33
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Lindenwald DL, Lepenies B. C-Type Lectins in Veterinary Species: Recent Advancements and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145122. [PMID: 32698416 PMCID: PMC7403975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of glycan-binding receptors, play a pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis of higher animals and humans. CTLs in innate immunity serve as pattern recognition receptors and often bind to glycan structures in damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While CTLs are found throughout the whole animal kingdom, their ligand specificities and downstream signaling have mainly been studied in humans and in model organisms such as mice. In this review, recent advancements in CTL research in veterinary species as well as potential applications of CTL targeting in veterinary medicine are outlined.
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Abstract
Fungal pathogens can affect humans, animals, and plants, and they can be found in the environment or as part of the host microbiome. Fungal diseases present a broad clinical spectrum, ranging from superficial to invasive infections, and can cause outbreaks. During an outbreak investigation, the laboratory plays an essential role in verifying the diagnosis and helping to confirm the source of the outbreak. Immunodiagnostic assays are important tools and often relied upon for the diagnosis of fungal infections, since the gold standard assays of culture and histopathology are time-consuming and often require invasive procedures. Immunodiagnostic assays range from complement fixation and immunodiffusion to enzyme immunoassays and, most recently, to point-of-care lateral flow devices. In general, these assays provide results faster and offer good analytical performance. These characteristics make immunodiagnostic assays good laboratory tools for outbreak investigations. The aim of this review is to describe the principles, advantages, limitations, and availability of immunodiagnostics assays in outbreak investigations, based on the experience of a reference laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego H Caceres
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Chiller
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Mark D Lindsley
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, MS H17-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA.
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35
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Harreld JH, Kaufman RA, Kang G, Maron G, Mitchell W, Thompson JW, Srinivasan A. Utility of Pre-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Sinus CT Screening in Children and Adolescents. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:911-916. [PMID: 32273266 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The clinical benefit of pre-hematopoietic cell transplantation sinus CT screening remains uncertain, while the risks of CT radiation and anesthesia are increasingly evident. We sought to re-assess the impact of screening sinus CT on pretransplantation patient management and prediction of posttransplantation invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pretransplantation noncontrast screening sinus CTs for 100 consecutive patients (mean age, 11.9 ± 5.5 years) were graded for mucosal thickening (Lund-Mackay score) and for signs of noninvasive or invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (sinus calcification, hyperattenuation, bone destruction, extrasinus inflammation, and nasal mucosal ulceration). Posttransplantation sinus CTs performed for sinus-related symptoms were similarly graded. Associations of Lund-Mackay scores, clinical assessments, changes in pretransplantation clinical management (additional antibiotic or fungal therapy, sinonasal surgery, delayed transplantation), and subsequent development of sinus-related symptoms or invasive fungal rhinosinusitis were tested (exact Wilcoxon rank sums, Fisher exact test, significance P < .05). RESULTS Mean pretransplantation screening Lund-Mackay scores (n = 100) were greater in patients with clinical symptoms (8.07 ± 6.00 versus 2.48 ± 3.51, P < .001) but were not associated with pretransplantation management changes and did not predict posttransplantation sinus symptoms (n = 21, P = .47) or invasive fungal rhinosinusitis symptoms (n = 2, P = .59). CONCLUSIONS Pre-hematopoietic cell transplantation sinus CT does not meaningfully contribute to pretransplantation patient management or prediction of posttransplantation sinus disease, including invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, in children. The risks associated with CT radiation and possible anesthesia are not warranted in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harreld
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.H., R.A.K.),
| | - R A Kaufman
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.H., R.A.K.)
| | | | | | - W Mitchell
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (W.M., A.S.), and
| | - J W Thompson
- Surgery (J.W.T.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Otolaryngology (J.W.T.), University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - A Srinivasan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (W.M., A.S.), and
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Zheng X, Li S, Si Y, Hu J, Xia Y. Locust can detect β-1, 3-glucan of the fungal pathogen before penetration and defend infection via the Toll signaling pathway. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 106:103636. [PMID: 32014469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The timing and mechanism by which a host insect initiates an immune response are critical to successful defense against infection. Pathogen recognition, a prerequisite for host defense, has long been recognized to take place during the insect epidermis invasion by fungus. Here we report that insect can sense the fungal pathogen before host cuticle is penetrated by fungus. We discovered the upstream pattern recognition receptor (PRR) genes of the Toll pathway were upregulated in both the integument and fat body early during fungal germination on the epicuticle of Locusta migratoria manilensis. The Toll signaling pathway was strongly activated in the fat body at the penetration stage. RNAi of Myd88 increased the susceptibility of locusts to fungal infection, but that of Cactus showed the opposite effect. In addition, β-1, 3-glucan (laminarin), the main component of the cell wall of the pathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum, was capable of activating the Toll signaling pathway (Spaetzle and Cactus) when it was applied on the host cuticle. These results demonstrate that host epidemis can effectively defend fungal infection by detecting β-1, 3-glucan on the fungal cell wall and activate the Toll signaling pathway even before fungal penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zheng
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Sai Li
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Yang Si
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Jun Hu
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
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Dobson HE, Dias LDS, Kohn EM, Fites S, Wiesner DL, Dileepan T, Kujoth GC, Abraham A, Ostroff GR, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. Antigen discovery unveils resident memory and migratory cell roles in antifungal resistance. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:518-529. [PMID: 31900406 PMCID: PMC7183437 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Priming at the site of natural infection typically elicits a protective T cell response against subsequent pathogen encounter. Here, we report the identification of a novel fungal antigen that we harnessed for mucosal vaccination and tetramer generation to test whether we can elicit protective, antigen-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD4+ T cells in the lung parenchyma. In contrast to expectations, CD69+, CXCR3+, CD103- Trm cells failed to protect against a lethal pulmonary fungal infection. Surprisingly, systemic vaccination induced a population of tetramer+ CD4+ T cells enriched within the pulmonary vasculature, and expressing CXCR3 and CX3CR1, that migrated to the lung tissue upon challenge and efficiently protected mice against infection. Mucosal vaccine priming of Trm may not reliably protect against mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Dobson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucas Dos Santos Dias
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine M Kohn
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott Fites
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Darin L Wiesner
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory C Kujoth
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Song Z, Huang G, Chiquetto Paracatu L, Grimes D, Gu J, Luke CJ, Clemens RA, Dinauer MC. NADPH oxidase controls pulmonary neutrophil infiltration in the response to fungal cell walls by limiting LTB4. Blood 2020; 135:891-903. [PMID: 31951647 PMCID: PMC7082617 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte reduced NADP (NADPH) oxidase plays a key role in host defense and immune regulation. Genetic defects in NADPH oxidase result in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and aberrant inflammation. Key drivers of hyperinflammation induced by fungal cell walls in CGD are still incompletely defined. In this study, we found that CGD (CYBB-) neutrophils produced higher amounts of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in vitro after activation with zymosan or immune complexes, compared with wild-type (WT) neutrophils. This finding correlated with increased calcium influx in CGD neutrophils, which was restrained in WT neutrophils by the electrogenic activity of NADPH oxidase. Increased LTB4 generation by CGD neutrophils was also augmented by paracrine cross talk with the LTB4 receptor BLT1. CGD neutrophils formed more numerous and larger clusters in the presence of zymosan in vitro compared with WT cells, and the effect was also LTB4- and BLT1-dependent. In zymosan-induced lung inflammation, focal neutrophil infiltrates were increased in CGD compared with WT mice and associated with higher LTB4 levels. Inhibiting LTB4 synthesis or antagonizing the BLT1 receptor after zymosan challenge reduced lung neutrophil recruitment in CGD to WT levels. Thus, LTB4 was the major driver of excessive neutrophilic lung inflammation in CGD mice in the early response to fungal cell walls, likely by a dysregulated feed-forward loop involving amplified neutrophil production of LTB4. This study identifies neutrophil LTB4 generation as a target of NADPH oxidase regulation, which could potentially be exploited therapeutically to reduce excessive inflammation in CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO
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Renaud L, da Silveira WA, Takamura N, Hardiman G, Feghali-Bostwick C. Prominence of IL6, IGF, TLR, and Bioenergetics Pathway Perturbation in Lung Tissues of Scleroderma Patients With Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:383. [PMID: 32210969 PMCID: PMC7075854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleroderma-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SSc-PF) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are two of many chronic fibroproliferative diseases that are responsible for nearly 45% of all deaths in developed countries. While sharing several pathobiological characteristics, they also have very distinct features. Currently no effective anti-fibrotic treatments exist that can halt the progression of PF or reverse it. Our goal is to uncover potential gene targets for the development of anti-fibrotic therapies efficacious in both diseases, and those specific to SSc-PF, by identifying universal pathways and molecules driving fibrosis in SSc-PF and IPF tissues as well as those unique to SSc-PF. Using DNA microarray data, a meta-analysis of the differentially expressed (DE) genes in SSc-PF and IPF lung tissues (diseased vs. normal) was performed followed by a full systems level analysis of the common and unique transcriptomic signatures obtained. Protein-protein interaction networks were generated to identify hub proteins and explore the data using the centrality principle. Our results suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting IL6 trans-signaling, IGFBP2, IGFL2, and the coagulation cascade may be efficacious in both SSc-PF and IPF. Further, our data suggest that the expression of matrikine-producing collagens is also perturbed in PF. Lastly, an overall perturbation of bioenergetics, specifically between glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism, was uncovered in SSc-PF. Our findings provide insights into potential targets for the development of anti-fibrotic therapies that could be effective in both IPF and SSc-PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Renaud
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Willian A. da Silveira
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Naoko Takamura
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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40
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Jiang S, Ao D, Ni J, Chen N, Meurens F, Zhu J. The signaling relations between three adaptors of porcine C-type lectin receptor pathway. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 104:103555. [PMID: 31751629 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As one family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), The C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) play a key role in the anti-fungal infection. The CLR pathway signaling is relayed by adaptor complex which comprises CARD9, BCL10 and MALT1. However, the relationship between these three adaptors has not been investigated. In this study, we isolated porcine CARD9, BCL10 and MALT1 and examined their signaling functions. The three ectopic adaptors were similarly and uniformly expressed in cytoplasm, with CARD9 inactive, BCL10 significant active, and MALT1 slightly active for downstream NF-κB signaling and gene expressions. With the three adaptors together, NF-κB signaling and gene expressions were strongly activated, however, no IFN signal was activated in any case. The signaling relationship between the adaptors were dissected, the NF-κB signaling results showed that CARD9 could inhibit both BCL10 and MALT1 activities, while BCL10 and MALT1 synergized each other particularly when moderate amount of BCL10 plus low amount of MALT1 were considered. Low amount of CARD9 could further synergized with BCL10 and MALT1, maximizing signaling activity of the adaptor complex. This study revealed the porcine CLR pathway adaptor signaling functions and their optimal collective activity, thus providing a unique insight into the porcine innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Jiang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Da Ao
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jinghua Ni
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | | | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Borriello F, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of antifungal innate immunity at epithelial barriers: The role of C-type lectin receptors. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:317-325. [PMID: 31986556 PMCID: PMC10668919 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to fungi, either in the form of commensals at epithelial barriers or as inhaled spores. Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in maintaining commensal relationships and preventing skin, mucosal, or systemic fungal infections due to the expression of pattern recognition receptors that recognize fungal cell wall components and modulate both their activation status and the ensuing adaptive immune response. Commensal fungi also play a critical role in the modulation of homeostasis and disease susceptibility at epithelial barriers. This review will outline cellular and molecular mechanisms of anti-fungal innate immunity focusing on C-type lectin receptors and their relevance in the context of host-fungi interactions at skin and mucosal surfaces in murine experimental models as well as patients susceptible to fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,", Milan, Italy
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Zhang W, Zheng X, Chen J, Keyhani NO, Cai K, Xia Y. Spatial and temporal transcriptomic analyses reveal locust initiation of immune responses to Metarhizium acridum at the pre-penetration stage. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 104:103524. [PMID: 31634520 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect hemocyte and fat body tissues play critical functional roles in insect immunity. Little, however, is known concerning the dynamic responses of these tissues to fungal infection. Here, we report on a time course of locust hemocyte and fat body transcriptomic responses to infection by the acridid specific fungal pathogen, Metarhizium acridum. Fat body responses were more pronounced at all infection stages as compared to hemocytes. Immune and other related genes were induced far earlier than previously considered including at pre-penetration stages. Differential expression in hemocyte and fat body tissues persisted throughout the course of infection up until host death. Our data indicate selective pressure on the host to recognize the infection as early as possible in order to limit its spread. Overall, fat body and hemocyte tissues launch a robust multi-tiered response to combat the fungal pathogen, with our data providing potential host targets for exploitation in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing, 400030, China; Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Bldg. 981, Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL32611, USA.
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing, 400030, China; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, PR China.
| | - Jianhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing, 400030, China; Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Bldg. 981, Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL32611, USA.
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Abstract
We report a case of a 3-year-old boy who presented with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and a known diagnosis of partial DiGeorge (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome. The nature and severity of his infections were more than normally expected in partial DiGeorge syndrome with normal T-cell counts and T-cell proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin. This prompted further investigation of the immune system. An abnormal neutrophil respiratory oxidative burst, but normal protein expression of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system, led to the identification of myeloperoxidase deficiency. DiGeorge syndrome has a heterogeneous clinical phenotype and may not be an isolated diagnosis. It raises awareness of the possibility of two rare diseases occurring in a single patient and emphasises that even when a rare diagnosis is confirmed, if the clinical features remain atypical or unresponsive, then further investigation for additional cofactors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Anne Devlin
- Regional Immunology Service, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
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Vendele I, Willment JA, Silva LM, Palma AS, Chai W, Liu Y, Feizi T, Spyrou M, Stappers MHT, Brown GD, Gow NAR. Mannan detecting C-type lectin receptor probes recognise immune epitopes with diverse chemical, spatial and phylogenetic heterogeneity in fungal cell walls. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1007927. [PMID: 31999794 PMCID: PMC7012452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of fungal infection, pathogen recognition by the innate immune system is critical to initiate efficient protective immune responses. The primary event that triggers immune responses is the binding of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), which are expressed at the surface of host immune cells, to Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) located predominantly in the fungal cell wall. Most fungi have mannosylated PAMPs in their cell walls and these are recognized by a range of C-type lectin receptors (CTLs). However, the precise spatial distribution of the ligands that induce immune responses within the cell walls of fungi are not well defined. We used recombinant IgG Fc-CTLs fusions of three murine mannan detecting CTLs, including dectin-2, the mannose receptor (MR) carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) 4–7 (CRD4-7), and human DC-SIGN (hDC-SIGN) and of the β-1,3 glucan-binding lectin dectin-1 to map PRR ligands in the fungal cell wall of fungi grown in vitro in rich and minimal media. We show that epitopes of mannan-specific CTL receptors can be clustered or diffuse, superficial or buried in the inner cell wall. We demonstrate that PRR ligands do not correlate well with phylogenetic relationships between fungi, and that Fc-lectin binding discriminated between mannosides expressed on different cell morphologies of the same fungus. We also demonstrate CTL epitope differentiation during different phases of the growth cycle of Candida albicans and that MR and DC-SIGN labelled outer chain N-mannans whilst dectin-2 labelled core N-mannans displayed deeper in the cell wall. These immune receptor maps of fungal walls of in vitro grown cells therefore reveal remarkable spatial, temporal and chemical diversity, indicating that the triggering of immune recognition events originates from multiple physical origins at the fungal cell surface. Invasive fungal infections remain an important health problem in immunocompromised patients. Immune recognition of fungal pathogens involves binding of specific cell wall components by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and subsequent activation of immune defences. Some cell wall components are conserved among fungal species while other components are species-specific and phenotypically diverse. The fungal cell wall is dynamic and capable of changing its composition and organization when adapting to different growth niches and environmental stresses. Differences in the composition of the cell wall lead to differential immune recognition by the host. Understanding how changes in the cell wall composition affect recognition by PRRs is likely to be of major diagnostic and clinical relevance. Here we address this fundamental question using four soluble immune receptor-probes which recognize mannans and β-glucan in the cell wall. We use this novel methodology to demonstrate that mannan epitopes are differentially distributed in the inner and outer layers of fungal cell wall in a clustered or diffuse manner. Immune reactivity of fungal cell surfaces was not correlated with relatedness of different fungal species, and mannan-detecting receptor-probes discriminated between cell surface mannans generated by the same fungus growing under different conditions. These studies demonstrate that mannan-epitopes on fungal cell surfaces are differentially distributed within and between the cell walls of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrida Vendele
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janet A. Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Lisete M. Silva
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelina S. Palma
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCIBIO, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Spyrou
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. T. Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Talaromycosis is a rare deep fungal infection caused by Talaromyces marneffei. Currently, methamphetamine has become the second-largest drug abuse category in the world after cannabis and has become a serious public health problem. Methamphetamine can inhibit human immune system and increase the probability of pathogenic microorganism infection. On 8 October 2016, a 20-year-old man with a fever history of 2 months was admitted to our hospital. He had bloody stools and abdominal pain during hospitalization. There was no significant abnormality in physical examination. Because of the misdiagnosis, he underwent improper treatment. Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS) staining showed that the mucosa of distal ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon were infiltrated by a large number of tissue cells, which contained a large number of blue purple particles. In addition, a large number of histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells can be seen in the lamina propria of ileum mucosa, and fungal spores can be seen in histiocytes. Finally, he was diagnosed as talaromycosis and took itraconazole 0.2 g twice a day. After 5 days, the temperature dropped to normal and the inflammation disappeared, and he continued to take itraconazole for 6 months. Due to the neglect of the history of drug abuse and the concealment, drug-related talaromycosis is often misdiagnosed. Pathological examination is warranted for diagnosis talaromycosis. This condition requires a long-term anti-fungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Abstract
Fungi are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised patients and are responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths every year. The antifungal innate immune response is mediated through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are immune receptors that ensure the internalisation and the killing of fungal pathogens. They also mount the inflammatory response, which contributes to initiate and polarise the adaptive response, controlled by lymphocytes. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are required to control fungal infections. The immune recognition of fungal pathogen primarily occurs at the interface between the membrane of innate immune cells and the fungal cell wall, which contains a number of PAMPs. This chapter will focus on describing the main mammalian PRRs that have been shown to bind to PAMPs from the fungal cell wall of the four main fungal pathogens: Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii. We will describe these receptors, their functions and ligands to provide the reader with an overview of how the immune system recognises fungal pathogens and responds to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Hatinguais
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet A Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
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Imashioya T, Kodama Y, Ooka T, Nakagawa S, Nishikawa T, Tanabe T, Okamoto Y, Imuta N, Kirishima M, Tanimoto A, Koriyama T, Nishi J, Kawano Y. Liver abscess due to Sterigmatomyces halophilus in a boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:1047-1049. [PMID: 31196773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the first case of liver abscess due to Sterigmatomyces halophilus. Because this pathogen grows poorly in culture medium without added salts, it was identified by sequencing analysis targeting the rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This method could be useful for pathogens that cannot be cultured using standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Imashioya
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kodama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Nishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naoko Imuta
- Department of Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mari Kirishima
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toyoyasu Koriyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Junichiro Nishi
- Department of Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Waddle AW, Levy JE, Rivera R, van Breukelen F, Nash M, Jaeger JR. Population-Level Resistance to Chytridiomycosis is Life-Stage Dependent in an Imperiled Anuran. Ecohealth 2019; 16:701-711. [PMID: 31654279 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian declines caused by chytridiomycosis have been severe, but some susceptible populations have persisted or even recovered. Resistance to the causal agent Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) could result from alleles of the adaptive immune system. During metamorphosis, however, immune systems may not be fully functional, implying that an effective immune response to Bd may be life-stage dependent. We evaluated the susceptibility of the relict leopard frog (Rana onca) sourced from two areas where Bd was present or absent, and where the populations appeared to show differences in pathogen resistance. We evaluated whether population-level resistance manifested across life stages using challenge experiments with late-stage tadpoles (Gosner stage 31-38), metamorphs (stage 45-46), and juvenile frogs. We used three different Bd isolates including one from wild R. onca to challenge juvenile frogs and focused on the isolate from R. onca to challenge tadpoles and resulting metamorphs. We found that juveniles from the Bd exposed population were 5.5 times more likely to survive Bd infection and 10 times more likely to clear infections than those from the area without Bd. In contrast, and regardless of the source area, we observed 98% survivorship of tadpoles, but only 19% survivorship of resulting metamorphs following re-exposure. Given the low survivorship of exposed metamorphs in the laboratory, we speculate on how resistance characteristics, whether adaptive or innate, that do not manifest at each life stage could develop in the wild. We suggest that seasonal high temperatures during times when metamorphosis appears common may modulate the effects of the pathogen during this most susceptible life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Waddle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | - Joshua E Levy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Rebeca Rivera
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Frank van Breukelen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Maliha Nash
- , 2111 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Jef R Jaeger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
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Niederle MV, Bosch J, Ale CE, Nader-Macías ME, Aristimuño Ficoseco C, Toledo LF, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Soto-Azat C, Pasteris SE. Skin-associated lactic acid bacteria from North American bullfrogs as potential control agents of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223020. [PMID: 31560707 PMCID: PMC6764794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and has been a key driver in the catastrophic decline of amphibians globally. While many strategies have been proposed to mitigate Bd outbreaks, few have been successful. In recent years, the use of probiotic formulations that protect an amphibian host by killing or inhibiting Bd have shown promise as an effective chytridiomycosis control strategy. The North American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is a common carrier of Bd and harbours a diverse skin microbiota that includes lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a microbial group containing species classified as safe and conferring host benefits. We investigated beneficial/probiotic properties: anti-Bd activity, and adhesion and colonisation characteristics (hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide-EPS production) in two confirmed LAB (cLAB-Enterococcus gallinarum CRL 1826, Lactococcus garvieae CRL 1828) and 60 presumptive LAB (pLAB) [together named as LABs] isolated from bullfrog skin.We challenged LABs against eight genetically diverse Bd isolates and found that 32% of the LABs inhibited at least one Bd isolate with varying rates of inhibition. Thus, we established a score of sensitivity from highest (BdGPL AVS7) to lowest (BdGPL C2A) for the studied Bd isolates. We further reveal key factors underlying host adhesion and colonisation of LABs. Specifically, 90.3% of LABs exhibited hydrophilic properties that may promote adhesion to the cutaneous mucus, with the remaining isolates (9.7%) being hydrophobic in nature with a surface polarity compatible with colonisation of acidic, basic or both substrate types. We also found that 59.7% of LABs showed EPS synthesis and 66.1% produced biofilm at different levels: 21% weak, 29% moderate, and 16.1% strong. Together all these properties enhance colonisation of the host surface (mucus or epithelial cells) and may confer protective benefits against Bd through competitive exclusion. Correspondence analysis indicated that biofilm synthesis was LABs specific with high aggregating bacteria correlating with strong biofilm producers, and EPS producers being correlated to negative biofilm producing LABs. We performed Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis and demonstrated a higher degree of genetic diversity among rod-shaped pLAB than cocci. Based on the LAB genetic analysis and specific probiotic selection criteria that involve beneficial properties, we sequenced 16 pLAB which were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus thailandicus, Lactobacillus pentosus/L. plantarum, L. brevis, and L. curvatus. Compatibility assays performed with cLAB and the 16 species described above indicate that all tested LAB can be included in a mixed probiotic formula. Based on our analyses, we suggest that E. gallinarum CRL 1826, L. garvieae CRL 1828, and P. pentosaceus 15 and 18B represent optimal probiotic candidates for Bd control and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Niederle
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - J. Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), Oviedo University—Campus Mieres, Spain
| | - C. E. Ale
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M. E. Nader-Macías
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - C. Aristimuño Ficoseco
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - L. F. Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Organización No Gubernamental (ONG) Ranita de Darwin, Santiago, Chile
- Organización No Gubernamental (ONG) Ranita de Darwin, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C. Soto-Azat
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - S. E. Pasteris
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Denham ST, Wambaugh MA, Brown JCS. How Environmental Fungi Cause a Range of Clinical Outcomes in Susceptible Hosts. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2982-3009. [PMID: 31078554 PMCID: PMC6646061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental fungi are globally ubiquitous and human exposure is near universal. However, relatively few fungal species are capable of infecting humans, and among fungi, few exposure events lead to severe systemic infections. Systemic infections have mortality rates of up to 90%, cost the US healthcare system $7.2 billion annually, and are typically associated with immunocompromised patients. Despite this reputation, exposure to environmental fungi results in a range of outcomes, from asymptomatic latent infections to severe systemic infection. Here we discuss different exposure outcomes for five major fungal pathogens: Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma species. These fungi include a mold, a budding yeast, and thermal dimorphic fungi. All of these species must adapt to dramatically changing environments over the course of disease. These dynamic environments include the human lung, which is the first exposure site for these organisms. Fungi must defend themselves against host immune cells while germinating and growing, which risks further exposing microbe-associated molecular patterns to the host. We discuss immune evasion strategies during early infection, from disruption of host immune cells to major changes in fungal cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Denham
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Morgan A Wambaugh
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jessica C S Brown
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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