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Ladaique P, Etienne JM, Pedini P, Chiaroni J, Vey N, Picard C, Chabrieres C. Therapeutic efficacy of platelet transfusion treated with amotosalen/UVA pathogen inactivation technology (INTERCEPT TM Blood System) in acute myeloid leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy with curative intent: a single center experience. Blood Transfus 2023; 21:400-408. [PMID: 36795348 PMCID: PMC10497385 DOI: 10.2450/2023.0143-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The INTERCEPTTM Blood System (Intercept Blood System, Cerus Europe BV, Amersfoort, the Netherlands) has been used to reduce or inactivate pathogen load in platelet concentrates in France for three years. MATERIALS AND METHODS After comparing the transfusion efficiency between pathogen-reduced platelets (PR_PLT) and untreated platelet products (U_PLT), our single-center observational study assessed the effectiveness of PR_PLT for the prevention of bleeding and for therapeutic treatment of WHO grade 2 bleeding in 176 patients undergoing chemotherapy with curative intent for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The main endpoints were the 24-hour (h) corrected count increment (24h_CCI) after each transfusion, and time to next transfusion. RESULTS Whereas the transfused doses tended to be higher in the PR_PLT group compared to U_PLT, there was a significant difference in intertransfusion interval (ITI) and 24h_CCI. In prophylactic transfusions, PR_PLT transfusions of >0.65×1011/10 kg, regardless of the age of the product (day 2 to day 5), resulted in a 24h_CCI similar to that of the untreated platelet product; this meant the patient could be transfused at least every 48h. In contrast, most PR_PLT transfusions of <0.55×1011/10 kg did not achieve a transfusion interval of 48h. In the context of WHO grade 2 bleeding, PR_PLT transfusions >0.65×1011/10 kg and storage of less than 4 days seems more effective in stopping bleeding. DISCUSSION These results, which must be confirmed by prospective studies, indicate the need for vigilance regarding the quantity and quality of PR_PLT products used to treat patients at risk of bleeding crisis. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ladaique
- Hematology Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Pascal Pedini
- EFS PACA-Corse, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Chiaroni
- EFS PACA-Corse, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Vey
- Hematology Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Picard
- EFS PACA-Corse, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
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Anuja MM, Nithya RS, Swathy SS, Rajamanickam C, Indira M. Spermicidal action of a protein isolated from ethanolic root extracts of Achyranthes aspera: an in vitro study. Phytomedicine 2011; 18:776-782. [PMID: 21306884 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A previous study conducted in our department, showed that 50% ethanolic extract of the roots of Achyranthes aspera possess spermatotoxic effects. Preliminary studies also revealed that the active principle may be a protein. In this study a 58 kDa Achyranthes protein (Ap) was isolated from Achyranthes aspera using standard protocols and their effects on the rat sperm was studied in vitro in comparison with nonoxynol-9 (N-9). The sperm immobilization studies showed that about 150 μg of Ap was able to immobilize sperms completely within seconds at a lower concentration than N-9 (250 μg). The sperm revival test revealed that the spermicidal effect was irreversible. There was also a significant reduction in sperm viability and hypo-osmotic swelling in the Ap-treated and N-9 treated groups in comparison to the control. In the Ap and N-9 treated groups the number of acrosome reacted cells were found to be high and it also caused agglutination of the sperms indicating the loss of intactness of the plasma membrane which was further supported by the significant reduction in the activity of membrane bound 5' nucleotidase and acrosin enzyme. Hence this study showed that the protein isolated from the roots of Achyranthes aspera possess spermicidal activity in vitro and can act as a spermicide similar to that of nonoxynol 9. Ap also possessed spermicidal activity against human sperms in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Anuja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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3
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Hjelm BE, Berta AN, Nickerson CA, Arntzen CJ, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Development and characterization of a three-dimensional organotypic human vaginal epithelial cell model. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:617-27. [PMID: 20007410 PMCID: PMC6366157 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro human vaginal epithelial cell (EC) model using the innovative rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor technology that recapitulates in vivo structural and functional properties, including a stratified squamous epithelium with microvilli, tight junctions, microfolds, and mucus. This three-dimensional (3-D) vaginal model provides a platform for high-throughput toxicity testing of candidate microbicides targeted to combat sexually transmitted infections, effectively complementing and extending existing testing systems such as surgical explants or animal models. Vaginal ECs were grown on porous, collagen-coated microcarrier beads in a rotating, low fluid-shear environment; use of RWV bioreactor technology generated 3-D vaginal EC aggregates. Immunofluorescence and scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed differentiation and polarization of the 3-D EC aggregates among multiple cell layers and identified ultrastructural features important for nutrient absorption, cell-cell interactions, and pathogen defense. After treatment with a variety of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokine production was quantified by cytometric bead array, confirming that TLRs 2, 3, 5, and 6 were expressed and functional. The 3-D vaginal aggregates were more resistant to nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a contraceptive and previous microbicide candidate, when compared to two-dimensional monolayers of the same cell line. A dose-dependent production of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, biomarkers of cervicovaginal inflammation, correlated to microbicide toxicity in the 3-D model following N-9 treatment. These results indicate that this 3-D vaginal model could be used as a complementary tool for screening microbicide compounds for safety and efficacy, thus improving success in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Hjelm
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
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4
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McKee FR, Levac J, Hallett RH. Effects of foliar surfactants on host plant selection behavior of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Environ Entomol 2009; 38:1387-1394. [PMID: 19825293 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a highly polyphagous insect pest of global distribution. L. huidobrensis feeds and lays its eggs on leaf tissue and reduces crop marketability because of stippling and mining damage. In field insecticide trials, it was observed that stippling was reduced on plants treated with surfactant alone. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of surfactants on host selection behaviors of female L. huidobrensis and to assess the phytotoxicity of two common surfactants to test plants. The application of the surfactant Sylgard 309 to celery (Apium graveolens) caused a significant reduction in stippling rates. The application of Agral 90 to cucumber leaves (Cucumis sativus) resulted in changes to the amount of effort invested by females in specific host plant selection behaviors, as well as causing a significant reduction in the amount of stippling damage. The recommended dose of Sylgard 309 does not induce phytotoxicity on celery over a range of age classes nor does Agral 90 cause a phytotoxic effect in 35-d-old cucumber. Thus, reductions in observed stippling and changes to host selection behaviors were caused by an antixenotic effect of the surfactant on L. huidobrensis rather than a toxic effect of the surfactant on the plant. The presence of surfactant on an otherwise acceptable host plant seems to have masked host plant cues and prevented host plant recognition. Results indicate that surfactants may be used to reduce leafminer damage to vegetable crops, potentially reducing the use of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser R McKee
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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5
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Ingram MJ, Zeller E, Moss GP, Hall CE. A potential anti-implantation and spermicidal strategy: Putative derivatives of nonoxynol-9 and anti-inflammatory agents and their spermicidal activity. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2009; 11:258-61. [PMID: 17484190 DOI: 10.1080/13625180600907487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report the synthesis of novel ester derivatives of nonoxynol-9, an approved spermicidal agent, using the non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ibuprofen and indomethacin. Indomethacin has previously been shown to inhibit the implantation of the fertilised ovum into the uterus wall of pregnant rats. It is proposed that nonoxynol-9, in combination with a non-selective NSAID may exhibit both anti-implantation and spermicidal properties. METHODS Both novel derivatives and nonoxynol-9 were then tested on boar spermatozoa in order to establish if spermicidal activity was retained following the esterification. RESULTS The results showed that both the ibuprofen and indomethacin derivatives enabled complete cell death of boar spermatozoa at a concentration of 100 microg ml(-1), which is comparable to nonoxynol-9 at the same concentration. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that NSAID derivatives of nonoxynol-9 retain the activity of the parent molecule and may have other advantages associated with the molecular incorporation of the NSAID moieties and their anti-implantation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ingram
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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6
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Abstract
The ability of mucus to function as a protective barrier at mucosal surfaces rests on its viscous and elastic properties, which are not well understood at length scales relevant to pathogens and ultrafine environmental particles. Here we report that fresh, undiluted human cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) transitions from an impermeable elastic barrier to non-adhesive objects sized 1 microm and larger to a highly permeable viscoelastic liquid to non-adhesive objects smaller than 500 nm in diameter. Addition of a nonionic detergent, present in vaginal gels, lubricants and condoms, caused CVM to behave as an impermeable elastic barrier to 200 and 500 nm particles, suggesting that the dissociation of hydrophobically-bundled mucin fibers created a finer elastic mucin mesh. Surprisingly, the macroscopic viscoelasticity, which is critical to proper mucus function, was unchanged. These findings provide important insight into the nanoscale structural and barrier properties of mucus, and how the penetration of foreign particles across mucus might be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Lai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Cone
- Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Hanes
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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7
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Roberts JN, Buck CB, Thompson CD, Kines R, Bernardo M, Choyke PL, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Genital transmission of HPV in a mouse model is potentiated by nonoxynol-9 and inhibited by carrageenan. Nat Med 2007; 13:857-61. [PMID: 17603495 DOI: 10.1038/nm1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and virtually all cases of cervical cancer are attributable to infection by a subset of HPVs (reviewed in ref. 1). Despite the high incidence of HPV infection and the recent development of a prophylactic vaccine that confers protection against some HPV types, many features of HPV infection are poorly understood. It remains worthwhile to consider other interventions against genital HPVs, particularly those that target infections not prevented by the current vaccine. However, productive papillomavirus infection is species- and tissue-restricted, and traditional models use animal papillomaviruses that infect the skin or oral mucosa. Here we report the development of a mouse model of cervicovaginal infection with HPV16 that recapitulates the establishment phase of papillomavirus infection. Transduction of a reporter gene by an HPV16 pseudovirus was characterized by histology and quantified by whole-organ, multispectral imaging. Disruption of the integrity of the stratified or columnar genital epithelium was required for infection, which occurred after deposition of the virus on the basement membrane underlying basal keratinocytes. A widely used vaginal spermicide, nonoxynol-9 (N-9), greatly increased susceptibility to infection. In contrast, carrageenan, a polysaccharide present in some vaginal lubricants, prevented infection even in the presence of N-9, suggesting that carrageenan might serve as an effective topical HPV microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Roberts
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4263, USA
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8
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Jain RK, Maikhuri JP, Kiran Kumar STVS, Sharma VL, Dwivedi AK, Mitra K, Bajpai VK, Gupta G. Novel disulphide esters of carbothioic acid as potent, non-detergent spermicides with low toxicity to Lactobacillus and HeLa cells in vitro. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:708-16. [PMID: 17114195 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a novel series of non-detergent spermicides has led to the discovery of two unique molecules (DSE-36 and DSE-37) that were approximately 25 times more potent spermicides than nonoxynol-9 (N-9). METHODS Normal human spermatozoa were used to assess the spermicidal activity (Sander-Cramer Assay), the effect on sperm-membrane integrity [hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST)], supravital staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the induction of apoptosis [fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin-V and JC-1 labelling using flow cytometry] by the new class of compounds. HeLa and Lactobacillus cultures were used to assess the cytotoxicity of compounds and their compatibility to normal vaginal flora, respectively. RESULTS Compounds DSE-36 and DSE-37 exhibited a strong spermicidal activity [minimum effective concentration (MEC) = 0.002%], which was approximately 25 times more potent than that of N-9 and Sapindus saponins (MEC = 0.05%). As compared with surfactants, DSE-36 and DSE-37 were found to be safer at MEC towards the growth and survival of Lactobacilli and HeLa cells in vitro and to have a milder effect on sperm plasma membrane. At EC(50) both induced apoptosis in sperm cells as characterized by increased labelling with Annexin-V and decreased polarization of sperm mitochondria. CONCLUSION Preliminary studies have revealed that in sharp contrast to the non-specific surfactant action of N-9, DSE-36 and DSE-37 have a highly potent, mechanism-based, detrimental action on human sperm. The unique ability of these non-detergent molecules to selectively kill sperm and spare Lactobacilli and HeLa cells at MEC values much lower than that required for N-9 indicates their potential as superior ingredients for formulation into microbicidal contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Padesh, India
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9
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Xu JX, Huang ZR, Wu Y, Wang HY, Zhou XB, Xiao ZQ. [Contraceptive efficacy of bioadhesive benzalkonium chloride gel in comparison with nonoxynol-9 gel]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41:706-9. [PMID: 17199929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the contraceptive efficacy of a new spermicide, bioadhesive benzalkonium chloride (BZK) gel, with the traditional nonoxynol (NP-9) gel. METHODS A total of 240 child-bearing age women volunteers were randomly divided into two groups: 120 using the BZK gel for contraception, and the other 120 using the NP-9 gel. Using life table method and log-rank test, we compared the pregnancy rates and discontinuation rates after follow-up for 6 months in two groups. RESULTS No abnormal findings of cervical smears were detected before and after this clinical trial in all 240 women. The follow-up rates at 6 months were 100.0% and 99.2% in the BZK group and the NP-9 group, respectively. The 6-month gross cumulative pregnancy rates of typical use were 1.72 and 0.91 per 100 women (P > 0.05), respectively. If we excluded the 2 pregnant women (1 in each group), who did not correctly or consistently use the spermicides for every intercourse, the cumulative pregnancy rates at 6 months in perfect use would be 0.87 and 0 per 100 women (P > 0.05). And the gross cumulative discontinuation rates due to allergy or other adverse reactions at 6 months in typical use were 0 and 2.68 per 100 women (P > 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION The contraceptive efficacy of bioadhesive BZK gel is the same as that of the NP-9 gel, and it is more acceptable in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-xun Xu
- Science and Technology Division, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Population and Family Planning, Shanghai 200003, China
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10
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Abstract
Spermicidal effect of Jieze No. 1 (JZ1) in combination with nonoxynol-9 (N-9) was examined in vitro. The minimum spermicidal concentration of JZ1 decoction, N-9 and their mixture solution in 20 s and 3 min were examined by improved spermicidal test of Sander-cramer in vitro. The percentages of progressively moving spermatozoa, moving spermatozoa and viable spermatozoa were also observed 20 s, 3 min and 30 min after the addition of the liquid medicine. Our results showed that sperms did not recover their activities in a revival test when the minimum spermicidal concentration of either JZ1 decoction, or N-9, or the mixed solution of the two agents, was used. N-9 (JZ1 in the mixed group) showed significant differences in the percentages of progressively moving spermatozoa, moving spermatozoa, and visible spermatozoa in 20 s, 3 min, and 30 min, when compared with N-9 alone (P < 0.01). We are led to conclude that JZ1 decoction can improve N-9 spermicidal action in vitro, and when used in combination with N-9, it has synergic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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11
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Mantell JE, Morar NS, Myer L, Ramjee G. "We have our protector": misperceptions of protection against HIV among participants in a microbicide efficacy trial. Am J Public Health 2006; 96:1073-7. [PMID: 16670239 PMCID: PMC1470621 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2004.047514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined perceptions of the effectiveness and acceptability of a candidate microbicide among 94 South African female sex workers who had participated in a phase 3 microbicide trial for HIV prevention. METHODS Sixteen focus groups were conducted in 2001, 12 to 15 months after participants were informed that the candidate microbicide had been determined to be ineffective in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). RESULTS Participants clearly indicated that they understood the experimental nature of the candidate microbicide, and they recognized that they had been informed after the trial that the product was ineffective. Nevertheless, most continued to believe that the candidate microbicide helped prevent HIV and other STIs, alleviated reproductive tract pain and STI symptoms, and helped to clean the vagina. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of understanding women's perceptions of the efficacy of candidate microbicides and the rationale for these beliefs. These issues need to be addressed in counseling throughout microbicide trials for HIV prevention. These results also demonstrate how desperate many women at high risk of HIV infection may be for new HIV prevention technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Mantell
- MSPH, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Beer BE, Doncel GF, Krebs FC, Shattock RJ, Fletcher PS, Buckheit RW, Watson K, Dezzutti CS, Cummins JE, Bromley E, Richardson-Harman N, Pallansch LA, Lackman-Smith C, Osterling C, Mankowski M, Miller SR, Catalone BJ, Welsh PA, Howett MK, Wigdahl B, Turpin JA, Reichelderfer P. In vitro preclinical testing of nonoxynol-9 as potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus microbicide: a retrospective analysis of results from five laboratories. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:713-23. [PMID: 16436731 PMCID: PMC1366899 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.2.713-723.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first product to be clinically evaluated as a microbicide contained the nonionic surfactant nonoxynol-9 (nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol; N-9). Many laboratories have used N-9 as a control compound for microbicide assays. However, no published comparisons of the results among laboratories or attempts to establish standardized protocols for preclinical testing of microbicides have been performed. In this study, we compared results from 127 N-9 toxicity and 72 efficacy assays that were generated in five different laboratories over the last six years and were performed with 14 different cell lines or tissues. Intra-assay reproducibility was measured at two-, three-, and fivefold differences using standard deviations. Interassay reproducibility was assessed using general linear models, and interaction between variables was studied using step-wise regression. The intra-assay reproducibility within the same N-9 concentration, cell type, assay duration, and laboratory was consistent at the twofold level of standard deviations. For interassay reproducibility, cell line, duration of assay, and N-9 concentration were all significant sources of variability (P < 0.01). Half-maximal toxicity concentrations for N-9 were similar between laboratories for assays of similar exposure durations, but these similarities decreased with lower test concentrations of N-9. Results for both long (>24 h) and short (<2 h) exposures of cells to N-9 showed variability, while assays with 4 to 8 h of N-9 exposure gave results that were not significantly different. This is the first analysis to compare preclinical N-9 toxicity levels that were obtained by different laboratories using various protocols. This comparative work can be used to develop standardized microbicide testing protocols that will help advance potential microbicides to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte E Beer
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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Krebs FC, Miller SR, Ferguson ML, Labib M, Rando RF, Wigdahl B. Polybiguanides, particularly polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide, have activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 59:438-45. [PMID: 16154720 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is a polybiguanide (PBG) oligomer with antimicrobial activity that is used extensively and safely as a disinfectant. The reported mechanism of PHMB antimicrobial activity, which involves interactions with cell membrane components, suggested that PHMB or other PBG-based compounds might also have antiviral or virucidal activity against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). PHMB had modest in vitro activity against both cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1, as well as the ability to interfere with viral binding and entry. However, PHMB was comparable in cytotoxicity to the spermicidal agent nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a compound that has been characterized in previous studies as generally cytotoxic and detrimental to cervicovaginal epithelial integrity. To identify structural variants of PHMB with greater anti-HIV-1 activity and/or less cytotoxicity, modified versions of PHMB incorporating length changes in the hydrocarbon linker units were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity and inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity. These experiments demonstrated that the PHMB variant polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide (PEHMB) was just as active against HIV-1 as PHMB, yet was much less cytotoxic than either N-9 or PHMB, resulting in an in vitro therapeutic index (TI) approximately 114-fold greater than the TI of N-9. PEHMB, which has been identified in these studies as a promising microbicidal candidate in this family of compounds, will be the focus of further in vitro and in vivo evaluations of anti-HIV-1 activity, toxicity, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Sexually Transmitted Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129 USA
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14
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Catalone BJ, Ferguson ML, Miller SR, Malamud D, Kish-Catalone T, Thakkar NJ, Krebs FC, Howett MK, Wigdahl B. Prolonged exposure to the candidate microbicide C31G differentially reduces cellular sensitivity to agent re-exposure. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 59:460-8. [PMID: 16154719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative assays of in vitro cytotoxicity using nonoxynol-9 (N-9) and the candidate microbicides C31G and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) demonstrated that these agents, which are, respectively, characterized as nonionic, amphoteric, and anionic surfactants, differed in their concentration-dependent effects on cell viability, especially after prolonged exposure. We hypothesized that differences in cellular sensitivity may have been due, in part, to cellular changes induced by long-term exposure to each agent. To examine this possibility, HeLa cells were exposed to N-9, C31G, or SDS for extended periods of time and subsequently reassessed for sensitivity to each of these agents. Following 10 continuous days of C31G exposure, HeLa cells were less sensitive to a subsequent C31G exposure compared to cells that had not undergone long-term C31G treatment. Interestingly, long-term C31G exposure also changed subsequent sensitivity to N-9 but not SDS. In contrast, prolonged exposure to either N-9 or SDS did not reduce sensitivity to re-exposure. The effect of long-term C31G exposure was both concentration-dependent and transient, as treated cells reverted to pre-exposure sensitivity in a time-dependent manner following the cessation of C31G exposure. Lipid analyses of cells exposed to C31G for extended durations revealed altered phospholipid profiles relative to C31G-naïve cells. Experiments examining the individual components of C31G demonstrated the involvement of the amine oxide moiety in reductions in cellular sensitivity. These studies, which provide new information concerning the cytotoxicity of surfactant microbicides, suggest that cervicovaginal epithelial cells may have greater in vivo tolerance for products containing C31G through unique interactions between C31G and components of the cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Catalone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Products containing nonoxynol-9 have been used as spermicidal contraceptives for many years, but limited data have been published describing the long-term effects of nonoxynol-9 use on the vaginal microbial ecosystem. This longitudinal study was conducted to examine the effects of nonoxynol-9 on the vaginal ecology. METHODS Vaginal swabs were obtained from 235 women enrolled in a randomized clinical trial before initiation of use of 1 of 5 different formulations of nonoxynol-9 for contraception, and up to 3 more samples were gathered over 7 months of use. The swab samples were evaluated in a single laboratory. The prevalence of several constituents of the normal vaginal flora was evaluated. The associations between nonoxynol-9 dosage, formulation, average product use per week, and number of sex acts per week were calculated. RESULTS The changes in prevalence of vaginal microbes after nonoxynol-9 use were minimal for each of the different nonoxynol-9 formulations. However, when both nonoxynol-9 concentration and number of product uses are taken into account, nonoxynol-9 did have dose-dependant effects on the increased prevalence of anaerobic gram-negative rods (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-5.3), H2O2-negative lactobacilli (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.1), and bacterial vaginosis (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.7). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that most nonoxynol-9 users experienced minimal disruptions in their vaginal ecology. There were no differences between the different formulations evaluated with respect to changes in vaginal microflora. However, independent of the nonoxynol-9 formulation, there was a dose-dependent effect with increased exposure to nonoxynol-9 on the risk of bacterial vaginosis and its associated flora. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Schreiber
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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16
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Pascual LM, Daniele MB, Pájaro C, Barberis L. Lactobacillus species isolated from the vagina: identification, hydrogen peroxide production and nonoxynol-9 resistance. Contraception 2006; 73:78-81. [PMID: 16371300 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactic acid production is considered to be the major protection mechanism of lactobacilli against vaginal infections due to genital pathogens. Some species of Lactobacillus are also hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) producers. Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) is a nonionic detergent and is the active component of many spermicidal preparations. It immobilizes sperm by disrupting the cell membrane and is believed to act similarly on a number of bacteria and viruses. It is known that N-9 inhibits Lactobacilli in vitro at concentrations of 0.1% to 1%. PURPOSE The present study was conducted to identify the species of Lactobacillus isolated from vaginal fluids of reproductive-age women and to characterize the H(2)O(2)-producing and N-9-resistant strains in an Argentine population. RESULTS We identified Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, L. casei subsp. casei, L. brevis and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii as the most frequent species. In this Argentine, South American population, 62% of women had H(2)O(2)-producing vaginal lactobacilli. We found a high number of sensitive strains. Sixty-two H(2)O(2)-producer strains were detected, 50 (80.6%) strains were sensitive to N-9 and 12 (19.4%) strains were resistant to the inhibitory effect of N-9. DISCUSSION The vaginal microecologic findings are comparable to those found in other populations and suggest that (1) vaginal microecologic conditions are likely to be similar among Argentine women as in other countries, and (2) N-9 may have deleterious effects as in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Pascual
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Exact, Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences, University National of Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Watanabe K, Matsunaga T, Kimura T, Funahashi T, Yamaori S, Shoyama Y, Yamamoto I. Stereospecific and regioselective hydrolysis of cannabinoid esters by ES46.5K, an esterase from mouse hepatic microsomes, and its differences from carboxylesterases of rabbit and porcine liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1743-7. [PMID: 16141551 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The properties of ES46.5K, an esterase from mouse hepatic microsomes, were compared with those of carboxylesterases from rabbit and porcine liver. The inhibitory profile with a serine hydrolase inhibitor (bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate) and detergents (sodium dodecylsulfate, Emulgen 911) was different between ES46.5K and the carboxylesterases. Bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate (0.1 mM) markedly inhibited the catalytic activity of the carboxylesterases but not that of ES46.5K. Emulgen 911 (0.05-0.25%) inhibited the catalytic activity of the carboxylesterases, whereas the detergent conversely stimulated that of ES46.5K by 150%. The two carboxylesterases catalyzed the hydrolysis of acetate esters of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) analogues with different side chain lengths (C1-C5), although ES46.5K showed marginal activity only against the acetate of Delta8-tetrahydrocannabiorcol, a methyl side chain derivative of Delta8-THC. ES46.5K hydrolyzed cannabinoid esters stereospecifically and regioselectively. The esterase hydrolyzed 8alpha-acetoxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (8alpha-acetoxy-Delta9-THC, 5.62 nmol/min/mg protein), while the enzyme did not hydrolyze 8beta-acetoxy-Delta9-THC, 7alpha-acetoxy-, and 7beta-acetoxy-Delta8-THC at all. In contrast, the carboxylesterases from rabbit and porcine liver hydrolyzed 8beta-acetoxy-Delta9-THC efficiently but not 8alpha-acetoxy-Delta9-THC. ES46.5K hydrolyzed side chain acetoxy derivatives of Delta8-THC at the 3'- and 4'-positions, and a methyl ester of 5'-nor-Delta8-THC-4'-oic acid. The enzyme, however, could not hydrolyze methyl esters of Delta8- and Delta9-THC-11-oic acid, while both carboxylesterases hydrolyzed side chain acetoxy derivatives of Delta8-THC and three methyl esters of THC-oic acids. These differences in stereospecificity and regioselectivity between ES46.5K and carboxylesterases suggest that the configurations of important amino acids for the catalytic activities of these enzymes are different from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand why clinical trials failed to demonstrate efficacy of nonoxynol-9 in preventing gonorrhea. GOAL To test the hypothesis that nonoyxnol-9 failed to prevent acquisition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae because most isolates are resistant to killing by nonoyxnol-9 at the level attainable with intravaginal use. STUDY The lowest concentrations of nonoxynol-9 required to kill or inhibit growth of clinical isolates of N gonorrhoeae and Lactobacillus were determined. RESULTS Most strains (17 of 25) of N gonorrhoeae (68%) were resistant to the highest concentration of nonoxynol-9 tested (20%). L crispatus (100%), L jensenii (90%), and L iners (79%) were also resistant to nonoxynol-9. CONCLUSIONS N gonorrhoeae and H2O2-producing strains of vaginal lactobacilli were not killed by nonoxynol-9 at concentrations greater than those achievable in vivo. Earlier studies that formed the basis for subsequent trials most likely did not detect resistance because too few isolates were evaluated. Large numbers of clinical isolates should be examined before the initiation of clinical trial using microbicidal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Moncla
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3180, USA.
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19
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Cao J, Li WD. [Effect of compound nonoxinol on the inhibition of bacteria in vitro]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2005; 11:661-3. [PMID: 16209204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of compound nonoxinol on the inhibition of bacteria in vitro. METHODS The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal bactericidal time (MBT) of nonoxinol providine iodine and compound nonoxinol, composed of nonoxinol and providine iodine were determined by inhibiting C. albicans and N. gonorrhoeae. RESULTS Nonoxinol alone showed no inhibiting effects on bacteria. The MBT was 2 minutes for both compound nonoxinol and providine iodine, but the MBC of providine iodine was higher than that of compound nonoxinol. CONCLUSION Compound nonoxinol works better in inhibiting bacteria than either nonoxinoother or providine iodine used alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Jain JK, Li A, Nucatola DL, Minoo P, Felix JC. Nonoxynol-9 Induces Apoptosis of Endometrial Explants by Both Caspase-Dependent and -Independent Apoptotic Pathways1. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:382-8. [PMID: 15829625 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.037168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraceptive microbicides formulated as vaginal gels offer the possibility of women-controlled contraception and prevention of HIV infection. The effects of these gels on the upper reproductive tract are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nonoxynol-9 (N-9) induces apoptosis in human endometrium using endometrial explant as a model. Apoptosis was determined by gel electrophoresis for the detection of DNA fragmentation and by immunohistochemistry using the M30 CytoDEATH and anti-cleaved caspase-3 (CASP3) antibodies for the detection of caspase activity. The ability of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor and CASP3-specific inhibitor to prevent N-9-induced cell death was measured. Expression of apoptosis-related genes such as BCL2, BAX, Fas receptor (FAS), and Fas ligand (FASLG) was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. This study demonstrated that N-9 induced DNA fragmentation and caspase activity in endometrial explants in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Caspase inhibitors did not fully prevent the N-9-induced DNA fragmentation. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that FAS and FASLG were largely increased following N-9 treatment. Together, these results suggested that apoptosis triggered by N-9 in endometrial explants is mediated upstream via FAS and FASLG, followed by CASP3 activation leading to final cell death. It appears that other factors besides caspases are also involved in the N-9-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Jain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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21
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El Bassiouni SO, Riad RM. Nonoxynol 9 as an additive therapy in metronidazole-resistant cases of vaginal trichomoniasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2005; 35:551-62. [PMID: 16083067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted on 30 female patients with metronidazole resistant vaginal trichomoniasis to investigate the efficacy of nonoxynol 9 (N-9), a non hormonal contraceptive with spermicidal effect, as an additive therapy to metronidazole (MNZ). Study population were randomly divided into 3 groups according to treatment regimen: G.I: patients received high dose MNZ (2 g daily for 7 days) n = 10; G. II: patients received (100 mg N-9 vaginal suppository daily for 7 days) n = 10; G. III: patients receiving conventional MNZ dose (1 g daily for 7 days) plus (a 100 mg N-9 suppository for 7 days) n = 10. Clinical and parasitological evaluation of cure was performed at return visits 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks post treatment. Negative T. vaginalis vaginal smears were ensured by direct microscopic visualization and In Pouch TV culture technique. Most of the patients were in the 30-39 years age group (60%) and burning was the most frequent symptom (96.67%). The cure rates were 70%, 40% and 90% for Gs I, II & III respectively, while adverse effects of treatment were recorded most frequently by patients of G.I. So, MNZ resistant trichomoniasis incidence seems to be on the rise. Topical therapy alone has a low cure rate while combined oral conventional doses of MNZ and intravaginal nonoxynol 9 treatment appears to be a good clinical trial with fairly good cure rate thus, avoiding the adverse side effects of high doses MNZ therapy and T. vaginalis health hazards potentiality.
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22
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Fichorova RN, Zhou F, Ratnam V, Atanassova V, Jiang S, Strick N, Neurath AR. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 microbicide cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate in a human in vitro model of vaginal inflammation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:323-35. [PMID: 15616312 PMCID: PMC538889 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.1.323-335.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is facilitated by inflammation and related epithelial barrier perturbation. Microbicides for vaginal applications are currently being developed to reduce the risk of HIV-1 transmission. However, little is known about their interference with epithelial immune function. In recent clinical trials, nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a virucide with a long history of intravaginal use as a contraceptive, failed to protect against HIV-1 possibly due to mucosal inflammatory damage. Cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, also named CAP (for "controls AIDS pandemic"), is an anti-HIV-1 microbicide selected from pharmaceutical excipients that are regarded as safe for oral administration but have not been assessed for potential effects on inflammatory factors in the vaginal environment. Here we use a sensitive human cell culture system to evaluate proinflammatory profiles of soluble CAP in reference to N-9 and known epithelial activators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and bacterial lysates. Within 6 h of exposure, TNF-alpha and N-9 triggered NF-kappaB and AP-1/cFos activation and upregulated interleukins and an array of chemokines by vaginal and polarized cervical epithelial cells. The induced proinflammatory status continued after removal of stimuli and was confirmed by enhanced transepithelial neutrophil migration. While sustaining stability and anti-HIV-1 activity in the epithelial environment, CAP did not increase the production of proinflammatory mediators during or after exposure, nor did it modify the epithelial resistance to leukocyte traffic. CAP attenuated some TNF-alpha-induced responses but did not interfere with epithelial cytokine responsiveness to gonococcal determinants. The described system may be useful for predicting proinflammatory side effects of other microbicide candidates for vaginal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave. RF468, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Jain JK, Li A, Minoo P, Nucatola DL, Felix JC. The effect of nonoxynol-9 on human endometrium. Contraception 2005; 71:137-42. [PMID: 15707564 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contraceptive microbicides formulated as vaginal gels offer the possibility of women-controlled contraception and prevention of HIV infection. However, the effects of these gels on the upper reproductive tract is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) on human endometrium. Human endometrial biopsies were cultured and incubated with various dosages of N-9 for 6 or 24 h. Endometrial histology was assessed by light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin. Inflammatory response was determined by analyzing proinflammatory cytokines with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Endometrial mucin was assessed by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Histological changes consistent with focal coagulative necrosis were seen after 6 and 24 h of culture. All cytokines (interleukin 1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 8) decreased at all concentrations of N-9 after 24 h of incubation. The expression of Mucin1 (MUC-1) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner at both the protein and messenger RNA levels. These results demonstrate for the first time that N-9 has multiple, potential deleterious effects on the human endometrium characterized by necrosis, alteration of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of MUC-1 expression. Taken together, these in vitro findings suggest that N-9 can interrupt the functional barrier provided by the endometrium and, thus, facilitate infection with HIV and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Jain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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24
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Lambert PC, Peters C, Centurión SA. Mutagenicity of vaginal spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 in a bacterial assay. J Reprod Med 2004; 49:817-24. [PMID: 15568406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential mutagenicity of 3 commonly used over-the-counter spermicidal gels containing nonoxynol-9 as the active ingredient. STUDY DESIGN The gels were examined for their ability to produce mutations in a bacterial assay (Ames test). The results were compared with those from testing a series of nonantibacterial and antibacterial personal prwhen there is antibacterial personal products that come into contact with mucous membranes as well as some caustic, nonpersonal home products and a known mutagen. RESULTS All 3 spermicidal gels were as mutagenic or more mutagenic than the other products tested in each category. Although activation by liver extract was required for 2 of the gels to show mutagenicity in this assay, the third was mutagenic without liver activation. CONCLUSION Because of the intimate contact of spermicidal gels with human gametes and the possibility that components of the gels may be absorbed systemically and reach the unfertilized or fertilized ovum, the fact that these gels have mutagenic potential raises concern in cases in which conception occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Lambert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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25
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Raymond EG, Chen PL, Pierre-Louis B, Luoto J, Barnhart KT, Bradley L, Creinin MD, Poindexter A, Wan L, Martens M, Schenken R, Nicholas CF, Blackwell R. Participant characteristics associated with withdrawal from a large randomized trial of spermicide effectiveness. BMC Med Res Methodol 2004; 4:23. [PMID: 15458571 PMCID: PMC524176 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-4-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most recent large efficacy trials of barrier contraceptive methods, a high proportion of participants withdrew before the intended end of follow-up. The objective of this analysis was to explore characteristics of participants who failed to complete seven months of planned participation in a trial of spermicide efficacy. Methods Trial participants were expected to use the assigned spermicide for contraception for 7 months or until pregnancy occurred. In bivariable and multivariable analyses, we assessed the associations between failure to complete the trial and 17 pre-specified baseline characteristics. In addition, among women who participated for at least 6 weeks, we evaluated the relationships between failure to complete, various features of their first 6 weeks of experience with the spermicide, and characteristics of the study centers and population. Results Of the 1514 participants in this analysis, 635 (42%) failed to complete the study for reasons other than pregnancy. Women were significantly less likely to complete if they were younger or unmarried, had intercourse at least 8 times per month, or were enrolled at a university center or at a center that enrolled fewer than 4 participants per month. Noncompliance with study procedures in the first 6 weeks was also associated with subsequent early withdrawal, but dissatisfaction with the spermicide was not. However, many participants without these risk factors withdrew early. Conclusions Failure to complete is a major problem in barrier method trials that seriously compromises the interpretation of results. Targeting retention efforts at women at high risk for early withdrawal is not likely to address the problem sufficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pai Lien Chen
- Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Joanne Luoto
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kurt T Barnhart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynn Bradley
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Johns Hopkins Community Physicians, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell D Creinin
- University of Pittsburgh and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Livia Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Martens
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Current affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA)
| | - Robert Schenken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cate F Nicholas
- Vermont Women's Choice Program of Planned Parenthood, Burlington, VT, USA
- Current affiliation: University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Richard Blackwell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison de Souza
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, London, UK
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Ingram MJ, Glantz R, Hall CE. Synthesis and spermicidal activity of a putative nitric oxide-releasing derivative of nonoxynol-9. Contraception 2004; 70:73-6. [PMID: 15208056 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report on the synthesis of a potential nitric oxide releasing derivative of nonoxynol-9 (N9). METHODS This derivative was synthesised via AgNO3 mediated nitroxylation of a chloride derivative of a N9 which itself was synthesised by thionyl chloride mediated chlorination of N9. In an initial in vitro study the spermicidal efficacy of the nitric oxide derivative and the parent compound (N9) was examined using boar spermatozoa. Sperm motility and viability were examined. RESULTS The data showed that nitroxylation of N9 did not disrupt spermicidal activity; both sperm motility and viability were comparable between N9 and its nitroxylated derivative. For both compounds, low doses (1-10 microg/mL) were sufficient to induce significant immobilization of sperm after 1 min, whereas concentrations of 10-100 microg/mL were required to achieve significant increase in membrane permeability. CONCLUSION The results show that a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of N9 retains the spermicidal activity of the parent compound and may have other beneficial effects associated with the release of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ingram
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, BN2 4GJ, UK.
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28
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Wang Z, Zheng Y, Guo K. [Experimental research on tea saponin ameliorating nonoxynol spermicidal action in vitro]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2004; 10:397-9. [PMID: 15190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of tea saponin in ameliorating nonoxynol(N-9) spermicidal action in vitro. METHODS According to the improved spermicidal test method in vitro recommended by International Planned Parenthood Foundation (IPPF), we evaluated the minimum spermicidal concentration of N-9, tea saponin and their mixed solution in 20 s and 3 min. RESULTS The minimum spermicidal concentration of N-9 in the mixed solution was (0.13 +/- 0.05) g/L in 20 s and (0.05 +/- 0.004) g/L in 3 min, and that of the tea saponin in the mixed solution was (2.40 +/- 1.07) g/L in 20 s and (1.27 +/- 0.38) g/L in 3 min, compared with the single ingredient N-9 [(0.48 +/- 0.15) g/L in 20 s, (0.34 +/- 0.079 g/L in 3 min], and tea saponin [(5.78 +/- 1.40) g/L in 20 s, (1.71 +/- 0.176) g/L in 3 min], P < 0.01. CONCLUSION Tea saponin can improve N-9 spermicidal action in vitro, and tea saponin and nonoxynol have proved of synergic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Wang
- United Postdoctoral Workshop, Traditional Chinese Medical University & Enwei Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Dhondt MMM, Adriaens E, Remon JP. The Evaluation of the Local Tolerance of Vaginal Formulations, With or Without Nonoxynol-9, Using the Slug Mucosal Irritation Test. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31:229-35. [PMID: 15028937 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000118422.62336.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent use of some vaginal formulations can induce mucosal irritation. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their vaginal tolerance. GOAL The goal of this study was to optimize the mucosal irritation test using slugs for the evaluation of the local tolerance of vaginal gels and investigate the relevance of the test. STUDY DESIGN The irritation potential of the gels was assessed by the amount of mucus produced during a repeated 30-minute contact period. Membrane damage was estimated from the release of proteins and enzymes. After optimization of the procedure, the local tolerance of several vaginal gels was evaluated. RESULTS Hydroxyethyl cellulose gel induced no irritation, because the mucus production and the protein release were low and no enzyme release was detected. Replens and K-Y jelly resulted in an increased mucus production; however, no increased protein and no enzyme release were detected. The nonoxynol-9-containing gels Protectaid, Advantage S, and Conceptrol caused a higher mucus production and an increased protein release and/or enzyme release, indicating severe irritation. CONCLUSION The mucosal irritation test using slugs can be used for local tolerance testing of vaginal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M M Dhondt
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Xu JX, Shi LT, Zhou XB, Xiao ZQ. [Contraceptive efficacy of bioadhesive nonoxynol-9 Gel: comparison with nonoxynol-9 suppository]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2003; 38:629-31. [PMID: 14728869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the contraceptive efficacy of a new spermicide, bioadhesive nonoxynol (N-9) gel, with a traditional N-9 suppository. METHODS A total of 240 child-bearing aged woman volunteers were randomly divided into two groups: 120 cases using the gel for contraception, and another 120 using the suppository. Using lifetable method and log rank test, we compared the pregnancy rates and other discontinuation rates after follow-up for 6 months in two groups. RESULTS No abnormal findings of cervical smears were detected before and after this clinical trial in all 240 women. The follow-up rates at 6 months were 100.0% and 97.5% in the gel group and the suppository group, respectively. The 6-month gross cumulative pregnancy rates of typical use were 6.39 and 2.95 per 100 women (P > 0.05), respectively. If we eliminated the 5 pregnancy women (3 in the gel group, and 2 in the suppository one), who did not consistently use the spermisides for every intercourse, the cumulative pregnancy rates at 6 month in perfect use would be 3.71 and 2.03 (P > 0.05). And the discontinuation rates due to allergy or other side effects at 6 months in typical use were 3.45 and 4.57 (P > 0.05), respectively. All of the results observed between two groups in this study were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The contraceptive efficacy of bioadhesive N-9 gel is as same as that of the N-9 suppository, and its clinical use is quite safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-xun Xu
- Science and Technology Division, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Population and Family Planning, Shanghai 200002, China
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31
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Abstract
Saponins extracted from the fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorosii were tested for their bactericidal/bacteriostatic property against Lactobacillus acidophilus. Nonoxynol-9 was used as a reference compound for the comparison of activity. Lactobacillus colonies were grown on specific medium (Rogosa SL agar) containing different concentrations of saponins and nonoxynol-9 in an atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air at 37 degrees C for 72 h. The number and size of colonies were recorded at the end of the experiment and compared with controls. Results indicated that nearly 90% of Lactobacillus colonies with minor reduction in size thrived at 0.05% concentration of saponins whereas only 18% of colonies with approximately 75% reduction in size grew in dishes containing 0.05% nonoxynol-9. At higher concentrations of saponins, there was a gradual, dose-dependent reduction in the number and size of colonies and at 2.5% concentration there was an approximately 55% reduction in the number and 60% reduction in the size of surviving colonies. No lactobacillus colonies, however, grew in dishes containing 0.1% and higher concentrations of nonoxynol-9. The studies indicate that Sapindus saponins as compared to nonoxynol-9 are far less toxic to lactobacillus species and therefore saponins containing spermicidal preparations are likely to be more vaginal-friendly than equivalent nonoxynol-9 preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ojha
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, 226 001 Lucknow, India
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Haineault C, Gourde P, Perron S, Désormeaux A, Piret J, Omar RF, Tremblay RR, Bergeron MG. Thermoreversible gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate as a potential contraceptive device. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:687-94. [PMID: 12724280 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.014043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The contraceptive properties of a gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate were investigated in both in vitro and in vivo models. Results showed that sodium lauryl sulfate inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the activity of sheep testicular hyaluronidase. Sodium lauryl sulfate also completely inhibited human sperm motility as evaluated by the 30-sec Sander-Cramer test. The acid-buffering capacity of gel formulations containing sodium lauryl sulfate increased with the molarity of the citrate buffers used for their preparations. Furthermore, experiments in which semen was mixed with undiluted gel formulations in different proportions confirmed their physiologically relevant buffering capacity. Intravaginal application of the gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate to rabbits before their artificial insemination with freshly ejaculated semen completely prevented egg fertilization. The gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate was fully compatible with nonlubricated latex condoms. Taken together, these results suggest that the gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate could represent a potential candidate for use as a topical vaginal spermicidal formulation to provide fertility control in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Haineault
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the vaginal contraceptive activity of WHI-07 in the rabbit model. DESIGN Prospective, controlled study. SETTING Center for advanced preclinical sciences. ANIMAL(S) Subgroups of 15, 16, or 24 New Zealand White does and 24 bucks per experiment. INTERVENTION(S) Ex vivo (Experiment 1) and in vivo (Experiments 2 and 3) treatment of semen with WHI-07 or Nonoxynol-9 (N-9). In Experiment I, ovulated does in subgroups of 15 were artificially inseminated with semen mixed with WHI-07 or vehicle. In Experiment 2, ovulated does in subgroups of 24 were artificially inseminated within 2 min after intravaginal administration of 2% WHI-07 gel-microemulsion or 2% N-9 gel and allowed to complete term pregnancy. In Experiment 3, ovulated does in subgroups of 16 were artificially inseminated at 15, 30, or 60 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The numbers of implanted embryos on postinsemination day 8 or the proportion of does that became pregnant and delivered newborn rabbits; the litter size, weight, growth, and viability of pups until lactation day 5. RESULT(S) Exposure of semen to WHI-07 at the time of artificial insemination completely inhibited pregnancy rates (WHI-07-pretreated, 0%, vs. control, 60%) and embryo implantation (WHI-07-pretreated, 0/175 vs. control, 68/170). Intravaginal administration of a 2% WHI-07 gel-microemulsion or 2% N-9 gel before artificial insemination significantly inhibited pregnancy rates (81% and 85% inhibition, respectively) when compared with control. Furthermore, the 2% WHI-07 gel-microemulsion provided >90% inhibition of fertility even when insemination was delayed until 60 minutes after intravaginal application. Rabbits that delivered litters despite intravaginal application of 2% WHI-07 gel-microemulsion had healthy offsprings with no perinatal or postnatal repercussions. CONCLUSION(S) WHI-07 is a potent contraceptive agent in vivo. Intravaginal use of WHI-07 gel-microemulsion has clinical potential as a safe prophylactic contraceptive, in addition to its microbicide activity to curb the sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Reproductive Biology, Parker Hughes Institute and Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, LLC, St Paul, Minnesota 55113, USA.
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34
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Abstract
The effects of nonoxynol-9 on etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol release and absorption from NuvaRing were studied in 12 subjects for two cycles: one control and one interaction cycle (nonoxynol-9 was administered on day 8). Nonoxynol-9 had no effect on release or absorption and, consequently, serum levels. Therefore, nonoxynol-9 did not compromise the contraceptive efficacy of NuvaRing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Haring
- Kendle Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
In January, the International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM), a nonprofit group dedicated to advancing a promising but undeveloped strategy for fighting HIV--using topical microbicides to block transmission--will open its doors. With $30 million in committed support, IPM intends to help evaluate an estimated 50 candidate compounds, clear barriers to testing, and facilitate access to microbicides that prove effective. IPM joins several other organizations supporting research in the area, but it will be the first to focus so intensely on coordinating microbicide R&D and reviewing products.
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World Health Organization. WHO/CONRAD technical consultation on nonoxynol-9, World Health Organization, Geneva, 9-10 October 2001: summary report. Reprod Health Matters 2002; 10:175-81. [PMID: 12569895 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-8080(02)00085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This report summarises the evidence presented to a technical consultation on the safety of N-9 and its effectiveness for protection against pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and HIV, organized by the World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research with CONRAD in October 2001. Key conclusions from the meeting include: 1. Although Nonoxynol-9 has been shown to increase the risk of HIV infection when used frequently by women at high risk of infection, it remains a contraceptive option for women at low risk. 2. Nonoxynol-9 offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia. 3. There is no evidence that condoms lubricated with nonoxynol-9 are any more effective in preventing pregnancy or infection than condoms lubricated with silicone, and such condoms should no longer be promoted. However, it is better to use a nonoxynol-9 lubricated condom than no condom at all. 4. Nonoxynol-9 should not be used rectally.
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37
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Achilles SL, Shete PB, Whaley KJ, Moench TR, Cone RA. Microbicide efficacy and toxicity tests in a mouse model for vaginal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29:655-64. [PMID: 12438901 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200211000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbicides are being developed for woman-controlled protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). GOAL The goal of the study was to test candidate microbicides in a mouse model for preventing vaginal transmission of and for acute toxicity to columnar epithelium. STUDY DESIGN Progestin-sensitized CF-1 mice were treated vaginally with 50 microl of microbicide, followed either by vaginal inoculation with 10 ID(50) of serovar D or by examination of the epithelial surface for acute toxicity with a viability stain (ethidium homodimer-1). RESULTS Nonoxynol-9 (N9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), chlorhexidine digluconate, and BufferGel all provided significant though incomplete protection against vaginal transmission. Other candidates, all of which were effective in vitro, provided no vaginal protection: kappa-carrageenan, dextran sulfate, polystyrene sulfonate, Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and agglutinin. The surface-active agents (N9, SDS, and chlorhexidine) caused significant acute epithelial toxicity: 3 days after chlorhexidine exposure, mice also had vaginal friability and markedly increased susceptibility to. BufferGel was the only candidate tested that was both protective and relatively nontoxic. CONCLUSION Microbicides can provide vaginal protection against in highly susceptible progestin-sensitized mice. Since N9 does not inactivate, it likely protects by killing target cells in the vagina. Despite the ability to both potently inactivate and kill target cells, two surface-active agents, SDS and chlorhexidine, failed to provide complete protection, a circumstance which emphasizes the importance of distributing microbicides to all susceptible surfaces.
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38
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to develop topical microbicide products have all but ignored evaluation for rectal use. GOAL The goal of this study was to assess the effects of multiple rectal applications of Conceptrol (containing 4% nonoxynol-9) on flora and mucosal tissues in the pig-tailed macaque model. STUDY DESIGN Monkeys (8 per group) received daily rectal applications of Conceptrol, placebo gel, or no product, for 3 days. At each visit, a preapplication rectal lavage specimen and swab specimen for microbiology and pH determination were collected. Conceptrol or placebo gel (2.5 ml) was then administered intrarectally. Fifteen minutes after application, samples were again collected. RESULTS Gross observation of rectal lavage indicated sheets of epithelium 15 minutes after application of the nonoxynol-9 product. Histopathology of these samples revealed epithelial sheets with stroma attached. The presence of H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli remained relatively constant, whereas that of H(2)O(2)-producing viridans streptococci diminished in all nonoxynol-9-exposed animals in which these organisms were detected at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Repeated applications of nonoxynol-9 disrupts the rectal mucosa of the pig-tailed macaque. The disruption of these tissues could have serious implications for an increase in likelihood of acquisition of sexually transmitted infection/HIV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L Patton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6460, USA.
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39
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Arambasić MB, Zlatković V, Dimitrijević R, Ilić N. Biological and chemical quality control of spermicidal raw material nonoxynol-9 and nonoxynol-9 containing vaginal contraceptive (ABF contraceptive film): determination of spermicidal activity and assay of nonoxynol-9. Boll Chim Farm 2002; 141:343-7. [PMID: 12481374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a routine biological and chemical quality control of nonoxynol-9 raw material and pharmaceutical formulation containing nonoxynol-9 (ABF contraceptive film). The biological control performed based on the determination and comparison of the spermicidal activities different dilutions of the standard raw materials solution and assay raw material or nonoxynol-9 pharmaceutical formulation solution on the human or breeding bull sperm using a modified Sander-Cramer method. The test preparations of the nonoxynol-9 raw materials or pharmaceutical formulation should show equal or higher spermicidal activity than the standard. The spermicidal activity should not be lower than dilution 1:90. The chemical control is performed based on the determination and comparison of nonoxynol-9 content in the standard raw material solution and assay raw material or nonoxynol-9 pharmaceutical formulation solution using UV-spectrophotometric method determining and comparing the absorbances at the maximum absorbance wavelength (275 nm). The content of nonoxynol-9 in the raw material assay solution or pharmaceutical formulation (ABF contraceptive film) should be within 90-110% of the declared value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Arambasić
- Pharmaceutical Factory GALENIKA a.d., Quality Control Sector, Department of Biological Control, Batajnicki put b.b., Beograd-Zemun, Yugoslavia
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40
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Abstract
The increased incidence of HIV/AIDS disease in women aged 15 - 49 years has identified the urgent need for a female-controlled, efficacious and safe vaginal topical microbicide. To meet this challenge, new topical microbicide candidates consisting of molecules or formulations that modify the genital environment (BufferGel, engineered Lactobacillus, over-the-counter lubricants), surfactants (C31D/Savvy, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate), polyanionic polymers (PRO 2000, beta-cyclodextrin, Carraguard, CAP, D2S, SPL-7013), proteins (cyanovirin-N, monoclonal antibodies, thromspondin-1 peptides, Pokeweed antiviral protein and others), reverse transcription inhibitors (PMPA [Tenofovir ]), UC-781, SJ-3366, DABO and thiourea) and other molecules (NCp7-specific virucides, chemokine receptor agonists/antagonists, WHI-05 and WHI-07) are currently being investigated for activity, safety and efficacy. This review will assess the development of these molecules in the context of cervicovaginal defences and the clinical failure of nonoxynol-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Turpin
- TherImmune Research Corporation, Infectious Disease and Immunology Department, 18761 North Frederick Avenue, Suite A, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
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41
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Krebs FC, Miller SR, Catalone BJ, Fichorova R, Anderson D, Malamud D, Howett MK, Wigdahl B. Comparative in vitro sensitivities of human immune cell lines, vaginal and cervical epithelial cell lines, and primary cells to candidate microbicides nonoxynol 9, C31G, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2292-8. [PMID: 12069993 PMCID: PMC127292 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.7.2292-2298.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In experiments to assess the in vitro impact of the candidate microbicides nonoxynol 9 (N-9), C31G, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on human immune and epithelial cell viability, cell lines and primary cell populations of lymphocytic and monocytic origin were generally shown to be equally sensitive to exposures ranging from 10 min to 48 h. However, U-937 cells were more sensitive to N-9 and C31G after 48 h than were primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Cytokine activation of monocytes and lymphocytes had no effect on cell viability following exposure to these microbicidal compounds. Primary and passaged vaginal epithelial cultures and cell lines differed in sensitivity to N-9 and C31G but not SDS. These studies provide a foundation for in vitro experiments in which cell lines of human immune and epithelial origin can be used as suitable surrogates for primary cells to further investigate the effects of microbicides on cell metabolism, membrane composition, and integrity and the effects of cell type, proliferation, and differentiation on microbicide sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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42
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Abstract
As an ongoing effort to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the calcium-dependent fertility regulation process, the viscoelastic properties of the mucus obtained from lamb cervix and human semen, as well as their water and total protein contents after exposure to EDTA, a chelating agent, or Nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a spermicidal agent, were examined. The viscosity was measured using a Cone Plate Digital Viscometer, while the water and total protein contents were determined by the lyophilization process and the Lowry method, respectively. The significant changes in the rheological properties of mucus, such as its viscosity and the water content, upon exposure to EDTA were demonstrated. The viscosity of cervical mucus and human semen were significantly increased by EDTA treatment (as compared to the controls): lamb cervical mucus (2.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3 cps) and human semen (5.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.3 cps), respectively. The hydration rate was decreased by EDTA treatment as compared with the control (93.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 96.8 +/- 0.8%). Among tested samples, the reduction in the percentage of sperm penetration through the cervical mucus was the highest in the mucus containing EDTA, which had the lowest water content (93.6 +/- 0.7%), indicating that there is a positive relationship between the hydration rate of the cervical mucus and its ability to permit the penetration of spermatozoa. This result indicates that spermicidal activity exerted by high concentrations of EDTA is in part due to its effect on the rheological properties of cervical mucus or semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi H Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Creatsas G, Elsheikh A, Colin P. Safety and tolerability of the new contraceptive sponge Protectaid. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2002; 7:91-5. [PMID: 12201327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of two different-dose regimens of the Protectaid contraceptive sponge. METHODS The toxic effects of two forms of the new vaginal contraceptive sponge, Protectaid, in the cervical and vaginal tissues were studied. Both types were impregnated with F-5 gel containing different doses of nonoxynol-9 (NX9; 0.5% and 0.125%). The sponge was used by 35 women aged 20-35 years (mean 28.7 years) randomly allocated into two groups (Group A: 0.5% NX9, n = 20; Group B: 0.125% NX9, n = 15). RESULTS During a 12-month period both regimens demonstrated a 91.4% overall contraceptive efficacy. Colposcopic examinations showed no significant cervical or vaginal lesions in either group, except for two cases at the 2-week and 3-month examinations in Group A women. In the former, inflammatory changes of little clinical significance were seen and the colposcopic appearance of the vagina was non-specific. In this case, the focal lesions were accompanied by dilated capillaries (hyperemia). In the second case, degenerative inflammatory changes, with the inflammatory foci varying in shape and distribution, were observed. Cervical cultures taken 6 months after the start of treatment showed the presence of Mycoplasma hominis and Candida albicans in one and two cases, respectively, in Group A. In Group B, cervical cultures taken at 3 months showed Gardnerella vaginalis and beta-hemolytic streptococci group B in one and two cases, respectively. CONCLUSION The potent spermicidal and protective properties of this new contraceptive sponge may be of benefit to the sexually active female. Since the sponge was very well accepted by both the study participants and their sexual partners, it can be considered as a valuable barrier method.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Creatsas
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
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44
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Zeitlin L, Whaley KJ. Microbicides for preventing transmission of genital herpes. Herpes 2002; 9:4-9. [PMID: 11916493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2001] [Accepted: 11/06/2001] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Available technologies for preventing sexual transmission of genital herpes infection are limited. This article focuses on the ongoing development of a new technology, topical microbicides, for preventing sexually transmitted infection. Recent data evaluating detergent-based spermicides as potential microbicides are reviewed. The first generation of broad-spectrum, non-detergent microbicides that are currently in clinical development, including the sulphated polymer-based inhibitors and acid buffers, are discussed. Finally, the potential of monoclonal antibodies as an example of a specific microbicide in late pre-clinical development is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Zeitlin
- Epicyte Pharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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45
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Mauck C, Weiner DH, Ballagh S, Creinin M, Archer DF, Schwartz J, Pymar H, Lai JJ, Callahan M. Single and multiple exposure tolerance study of cellulose sulfate gel: a Phase I safety and colposcopy study. Contraception 2001; 64:383-91. [PMID: 11834238 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaginally applied gels offer a promising approach for preventing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Cellulose sulfate (CS) is a non-cytotoxic antifertility agent that also exhibits in vitro antimicrobial activity against sexually transmitted pathogens, including HIV. This was a randomized, double-blinded, Phase I study of 2.5 mL and 5.0 mL doses of 6% CS gel. A single vaginal application of the gel followed by five consecutive daily doses was assessed for genital irritation, safety, vaginal leakage, and product acceptability compared to two controls, Conceptrol, which is a marketed contraceptive gel containing nonoxynol-9, and K-Y jelly. The results suggest that the safety of 6% CS was comparable to that of Conceptrol and K-Y jelly, and it may be associated with less genital irritation. The 2.5 mL dose of CS may be preferable according to the participants' reports of leakage. All the products had similar acceptability profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mauck
- CONRAD Program, Arlington, VA, USA.
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46
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Weber J, Nunn A, O'Connor T, Jeffries D, Kitchen V, McCormack S, Stott J, Almond N, Stone A, Darbyshire J. 'Chemical condoms' for the prevention of HIV infection: evaluation of novel agents against SHIV(89.6PD) in vitro and in vivo. AIDS 2001; 15:1563-8. [PMID: 11504989 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200108170-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal agents which are antiviral and/or inhibit the entry of HIV into the cell could prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV, and protect women who cannot negotiate condom use. METHODS Four agents have been investigated for activity in vitro and in vivo against SHIV(89.6PD): two anionic polymers, dextrin-2-sulphate (D2S) and PRO 2000 (P2K), and two virucidal agents; a non-ionic detergent, nonoxynol-9 (N9) and a cyclic peptide ionophore, gramicidin-D (GD). All four agents were investigated in rhesus macaques, using an intra-vaginal challenge of two inoculations of 1 x 104 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID)50 of SHIV(89.6PD). RESULTS D2S, P2K, GD and N9 all inhibited SHIV(89.6PD) in vitro. In vivo, three out of four control macaques were infected as judged by viral culture, seroconversion, DNA and RNA PCR; infection was confirmed in four out of eight macaques pre-treated with P2K, two out of four pre-treated with D2S, one out of four pre-treated with N9, two out of four pre-treated with GD and four out of four pre-treated with D2S + GD, a combination additive in vitro. INTERPRETATION D2S and PRO-2000, novel inhibitors of HIV entry, showed evidence of protection in vivo, comparable to that seen with the virucide, N9. These data, together with the results of phase I and phase II studies in healthy women which have shown minimal toxicity, support plans for a phase III efficacy trial of chemically simple inhibitors of HIV entry with low toxicity, for the prevention of HIV infection in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weber
- Division of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, London UK.
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47
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Mahony MC. Evaluation of the effect of a cervical cap device on sperm functional characteristics in vitro. Andrologia 2001; 33:207-13. [PMID: 11472332 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2001.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracervical insemination continues to be employed for homologous and donor insemination in natural and stimulated cycles. Efficacy studies for potential fertility involve in vivo assessment; however, in vitro testing of particular sperm function(s) critically involved in fertilization is an important component of such evaluation. We report here on the in vitro evaluation of the effects of the silicone Veos cervical cap (Veos, London, UK) on sperm function. Donor semen was exposed to the Veos cervical cap or a sterile 15-cc centrifuge tube (control), or treated with the spermicide nonoxynol-9 (5 mg x ml(-1) in saline) for 4 h at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2 in water-saturated air. After exposure, motility characteristics, both in semen and in spermatozoa processed by standard swim-up procedure, cervical mucus penetration and sperm-zona pellucida interaction using the hemizona assay were assessed. Results indicated that exposure to the Veos cervical cap had no effect on either sperm motility characteristics or sperm-zona pellucida interaction. A small but significant difference was observed for cervical mucus penetration (P = 0.05); however, for both the control and treated groups, vanguard spermatozoa exceeded manufacturer's guidelines for a normal test, a penetration distance of > or = 30 mm. As expected, nonoxynol-9 was a potent inhibitor of sperm function. Lack of adverse effects on in vitro spermatozoa functional characteristics after exposure to the silicone Veos cervical cap supports its addition to the repertoire of fertility treatment modalities when cervical insemination is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Mahony
- The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA.
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Zaneveld LJ, Waller DP, Ahmad N, Quigg J, Kaminski J, Nikurs A, De Jonge C. Properties of a new, long-lasting vaginal delivery system (LASRS) for contraceptive and antimicrobial agents. J Androl 2001; 22:481-90. [PMID: 11330649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In view of the need for improved vaginal formulations that are contraceptive, that may prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections, or both, a new delivery system (base formulation; called Long Acting, Sustained Release of Spermicide, or LASRS) was developed that contains bioadhesive and other ingredients with a long history of safety, and was designed to provide long-lasting vaginal retention of the formulation and to minimize possible vaginal irritation caused by incorporated active ingredients. Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) was added as an active ingredient to study the vaginal irritating properties of the formulation and to assess its long-term effectiveness by postcoital spermicidal tests. In the first series of experiments, in vitro studies showed that the formulation spreads rapidly over a cellulose membrane, forming a bioadhesive layer that remained for at least 12 hours. The second series of experiments addressed the safety of the LASRS suppository in rabbits and primates. Even with a very high concentration of N-9 (20.5%), LASRS caused only mild/moderate but acceptable irritation in the rabbit. No vaginal irritation occurred in the primate at an even higher concentration (22.5%). During the third series of experiments, the long-lasting vaginal retention properties were evaluated by postcoital spermicidal tests in the primate. LASRS with N-9 was highly spermicidal even when mating was delayed for 12 hours after placement of the formulation. Spermicidal activity was also observed when 1) mating was delayed for 24 hours after insertion of the formulation, and 2) if the females were mated 2 or even 3 times without reinsertion of the suppository before collection of the vaginal contents. In the final series of tests, the postcoital spermicidal properties of menfegol, another cytotoxic spermicide, were evaluated as were several modifications in the base formulation. Menfegol produced essentially the same results as N-9. Altering the base formulation proved to be nonbeneficial because a decrease in the long-term spermicidal effectiveness was obtained. These results suggest that the LASRS suppository has good vehicle properties for the delivery of active ingredients to the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Zaneveld
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Rush University, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Abstract
In a systematic effort to develop a dual-function intravaginal spermicide as well as a drug delivery vehicle against sexually transmitted pathogens, a submicron particle size (30-80 nm), lipophilic and spermicidal gel-microemulsion (viz GM-144) containing the pharmaceutical excipients propylene glycol, Captex 300, Cremophor EL, Phospholipon 90G, Rhodigel, Pluronic F-68, and sodium benzoate was formulated. GM-144 completely immobilized sperm in human or rabbit semen in less than 30 seconds. Therefore, the in vivo contraceptive potency of intravaginally applied GM-144 was compared in the standard rabbit model to those of the detergent spermicide, nonoxynol-9 (N-9)-containing formulation. Eighty-four ovulated New Zealand White rabbits in subgroups of 28 were artificially inseminated with and without intravaginal administration of GM-144 or 2% N-9 (Gynol II) formulation and allowed to complete term pregnancy. GM-144 showed remarkable contraceptive activity in the rigorous rabbit model. When compared with control, intravaginal administration of GM-144 and Gynol II resulted in 75% and 70.8% inhibition of fertility (P <.0001 versus control, Fisher's exact test), respectively. Thus, GM-144 as a vaginal contraceptive was as effective as the commercially available N-9 gel. In the rabbit vaginal irritation test, none of the 6 rabbits given daily intravaginal application of spermicidal GM-144 for 10 days developed epithelial ulceration, edema, leukocyte influx, or vascular congestion characteristic of inflammation (total score = 5). Therefore, GM-144 has the potential to become a clinically useful safe vaginal contraceptive and a vehicle for formulating lipophilic drugs used in reducing the risk of heterosexual transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravaginal
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena/methods
- Biomechanical Phenomena/statistics & numerical data
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/chemistry
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/pharmacology
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Carriers/administration & dosage
- Drug Carriers/adverse effects
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Emulsions/administration & dosage
- Emulsions/adverse effects
- Emulsions/chemistry
- Emulsions/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Nonoxynol/pharmacology
- Oils/administration & dosage
- Oils/adverse effects
- Oils/chemistry
- Oils/pharmacology
- Pregnancy
- Rabbits
- Semen/drug effects
- Semen/metabolism
- Semen/physiology
- Sperm Motility/drug effects
- Spermatocidal Agents/administration & dosage
- Spermatocidal Agents/adverse effects
- Spermatocidal Agents/pharmacology
- Vagina/drug effects
- Vagina/pathology
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/administration & dosage
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/adverse effects
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/chemistry
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- O J D'Cruz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Drug Discovery Program, Parker Hughes Institute, St Paul, MN, USA.
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50
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Van Damme L. Clinical research with topical microbicides as a potential HIV prevention method. AIDS Read 2000; 10:552-4. [PMID: 11019454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the different phases in microbicide research is given with special attention to nonoxynol-9, the only ingredient that has been tested in phase III trials so far. The methodological and ethical challenges in conducting phase III studies are described. These include study population, compliance data, standardization, therapy for HIV-positive women, and informed consent. Despite these challenges, phase III trials are feasible and should be initiated now.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Van Damme
- HIV/STD Research and Intervention Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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